1
|
Galogre M, Rodin D, Pyatnitskiy M, Mackelprang M, Koman I. "A Review of HER2 overexpression and somatic mutations in cancers". Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 186:103997. [PMID: 37062337 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.103997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (HER) proteins family, which includes HER2, are membrane-bound receptors that activate many intracellular pathways associated with growth and development. When there are mutations in HER2, or when it becomes overexpressed, it can cause oncogenesis and offer differential prognosis and treatment across almost all cancer types. Both mutations in HER2 and its overexpression have distinct mechanisms by which they can cause these effects in cancers. This review outlines how HER2's normal pathway is altered in both overexpression and mutation and compiles all the well-known mechanisms by which HER2 can cause oncogenesis. Finally, this review briefly outlines how HER2 mutants and HER2 overexpression is detected, and how their detection can lead to different prognosis and treatment in cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitry Rodin
- Institute of Personalised and Translational Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel Kiryat Hamada
| | - Mikhail Pyatnitskiy
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry RAMS, Solianka st.,14, 109544, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Igor Koman
- SmartOmica, Tērbatas iela 36 - 4, Latvia Rīga, LV-1011; Institute of Personalised and Translational Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel Kiryat Hamada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee S, Kim J, Jo J, Chang JW, Sim J, Yun H. Recent advances in development of hetero-bivalent kinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 216:113318. [PMID: 33730624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Identifying a pharmacological agent that targets only one of more than 500 kinases present in humans is an important challenge. One potential solution to this problem is the development of bivalent kinase inhibitors, which consist of two connected fragments, each bind to a dissimilar binding site of the bisubstrate enzyme. The main advantage of bivalent (type V) kinase inhibitors is generating more interactions with target enzymes that can enhance the molecules' selectivity and affinity compared to single-site inhibitors. Earlier type V inhibitors were not suitable for the cellular environment and were mostly used in in vitro studies. However, recently developed bivalent compounds have high kinase affinity, high biological and chemical stability in vivo. This review summarized the hetero-bivalent kinase inhibitors described in the literature from 2014 to the present. We attempted to classify the molecules by serine/threonine and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and then each target kinase and its hetero-bivalent inhibitor was assessed in depth. In addition, we discussed the analysis of advantages, limitations, and perspectives of bivalent kinase inhibitors compared with the monovalent kinase inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungbeom Lee
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 11160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeyun Jo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Chang
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jaehoon Sim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hwayoung Yun
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Krebs S, Veach DR, Carter LM, Grkovski M, Fornier M, Mauro MJ, Voss MH, Danila DC, Burnazi E, Null M, Staton K, Pressl C, Beattie BJ, Zanzonico P, Weber WA, Lyashchenko SK, Lewis JS, Larson SM, Dunphy MPS. First-in-Humans Trial of Dasatinib-Derivative Tracer for Tumor Kinase-Targeted PET. J Nucl Med 2020; 61:1580-1587. [PMID: 32169913 PMCID: PMC8524123 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.234864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a first-of-kind dasatinib-derivative imaging agent, 18F-SKI-249380 (18F-SKI), and validated its use for noninvasive in vivo tyrosine kinase-targeted tumor detection in preclinical models. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of using 18F-SKI for PET imaging in patients with malignancies. Methods: Five patients with a prior diagnosis of breast cancer, renal cell cancer, or leukemia underwent whole-body PET/CT imaging 90 min after injection of 18F-SKI (mean, 241.24 ± 116.36 MBq) as part of a prospective study. In addition, patients underwent either a 30-min dynamic scan of the upper abdomen including, at least partly, cardiac left ventricle, liver, spleen, and kidney (n = 2) or three 10-min whole-body PET/CT scans (n = 3) immediately after injection and blood-based radioactivity measurements to determine the time course of tracer distribution and facilitate radiation dose estimates. A subset of 3 patients had a delayed whole-body PET/CT scan at 180 min. Biodistribution, dosimetry, and tumor uptake were quantified. Absorbed doses were calculated using OLINDA/EXM 1.0. Results: No adverse events occurred after injection of 18F-SKI. In total, 27 tumor lesions were analyzed, with a median SUVpeak of 1.4 (range, 0.7-2.3) and tumor-to-blood ratios of 1.6 (range, 0.8-2.5) at 90 min after injection. The intratumoral drug concentrations calculated for 4 reference lesions ranged from 0.03 to 0.07 nM. In all reference lesions, constant tracer accumulation was observed between 30 and 90 min after injection. A blood radioassay indicated that radiotracer clearance from blood and plasma was initially rapid (blood half-time, 1.31 ± 0.81 min; plasma, 1.07 ± 0.66 min; n = 4), followed variably by either a prolonged terminal phase (blood half-time, 285 ± 148.49 min; plasma, 240 ± 84.85 min; n = 2) or a small rise to a plateau (n = 2). Like dasatinib, 18F-SKI underwent extensive metabolism after administration, as evidenced by metabolite analysis. Radioactivity was predominantly cleared via the hepatobiliary route. The highest absorbed dose estimates (mGy/MBq) in normal tissues were to the right colon (0.167 ± 0.04) and small intestine (0.153 ± 0.03). The effective dose was 0.0258 mSv/MBq (SD, 0.0034 mSv/MBq). Conclusion:18F-SKI demonstrated significant tumor uptake, distinct image contrast despite low injected doses, and rapid clearance from blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Krebs
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Darren R Veach
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Lukas M Carter
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Milan Grkovski
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Monica Fornier
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Michael J Mauro
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Martin H Voss
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Daniel C Danila
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Eva Burnazi
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Probes Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Manda Null
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kevin Staton
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Probes Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Christina Pressl
- Laboratory of Neural Systems, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Bradley J Beattie
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Pat Zanzonico
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Wolfgang A Weber
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Serge K Lyashchenko
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Probes Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Probes Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York
| | - Steven M Larson
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York
| | - Mark P S Dunphy
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dasatinib prevents skeletal metastasis of osteotropic MDA-MB-231 cells in a xenograft mouse model. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2020; 301:1493-1502. [PMID: 32170411 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-020-05496-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bone metastasis in breast cancer has been linked to activity of c-Src kinase, one of the extensively explored tyrosine kinases in cell biology. The impact of TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) and TRAIL receptors has just recently been integrated into this conception. METHODS An osteotropic clone of MDA-MB-231 cells simulated a model for bone metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The effects of Dasatinib, a clinically established inhibitor of Src kinases family and Abl were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In vivo effects of Dasatinib treatment on the occurrence of skeletal metastases were tested in a xenograft mouse model after intra-cardiac injection of osteotropic MDA-MB-231-cells. Ex vivo analyses of the bone sections confirmed intraosseous growth of metastases and allowed determination of osteoclastic activity. RESULTS Treatment of osteotropic MDA-MB-231 cells with Dasatinib inhibited proliferation rates in vitro. A shift in TRAIL-receptor expression towards an induction of oncogenic TRAIL-R2 was observed. In vivo, 15 of 30 mice received an intra-peritoneal treatment with Dasatinib. These mice showed significantly less skeletal metastases in bioluminescence scans. Moreover, a pronounced increase in bone volume was observed in the treatment group, as detected by µ-Computed Tomography. Dasatinib treatment also led to a greater increase in bone density in tibiae without metastatic affection, which was accompanied by reduced recruitment of osteoclasts. CONCLUSION Our observations support the concept of utilizing Dasatinib in targeting early-stage bone metastatic TNBC and sustaining bone health.
Collapse
|
5
|
Rachner TD, Jakob F, Hofbauer LC. Cancer-targeted therapies and radiopharmaceuticals. BONEKEY REPORTS 2015; 4:707. [PMID: 26131359 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2015.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of bone metastases remains a clinical challenge. Although a number of well-established agents, namely bisphosphonates and denosumab, are available to reduce the occurrence of skeletal-related events, additional cancer-targeted therapies are required to improve patients' prognosis and quality of life. This review focuses on novel targets and agents that are under clinical evaluation for the treatment of malignant bone diseases such as activin A, src and endothelin-1 inhibition or agents that are clinically approved and may positively influence bone, such as the mTOR inhibitor everolimus. In addition, the potential of alpharadin, a novel radiopharmaceutical approved for the treatment of prostatic bone disease, is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tilman D Rachner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Dresden University Medical Center , Dresden, Germany
| | - Franz Jakob
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University Hospital Wuerzburg , Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Dresden University Medical Center , Dresden, Germany ; Center for Regenerative Therapies, Dresden Technical University , Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Wang N, Li Q, Feng NH, Cheng G, Guan ZL, Wang Y, Qin C, Yin CJ, Hua LX. miR-205 is frequently downregulated in prostate cancer and acts as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting tumor growth. Asian J Androl 2013; 15:735-41. [PMID: 23974361 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2013.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of microRNA-205 (miR-205) as a tumor suppressor in prostate cancer (PCa). In the present study, microRNA microarray analysis suggested that the expression of miR-205 was significantly decreased in advanced PCa compared with early PCa. Real-time PCR analysis also indicated that miR-205 expression was significantly decreased in PCa tissues compared with non-cancerous tissues. Moreover, the expression of miR-205 has been demonstrated to be associated with the clinicopathological stage and total/free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level of PCa. Functional analyses showed that both the overexpression of miR-205 and the knockdown of c-SRC in PCa cell lines could inhibit cell growth, colony formation, migration, invasion and the cell cycle as well as induce cell apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, over-expressing miR-205 reduced tumorigenicity in vivo. Through a luciferase activity assay and Western blotting, c-SRC was identified as a target of miR-205 in cells. The overexpression of miR-205 suppressed c-SRC and its downstream signaling molecules, including FAK, p-FAK, ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2, and attenuated cell proliferation, invasion and tumor growth.
Collapse
|
8
|
Differential expression of immune-related markers in breast cancer by molecular phenotypes. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 137:417-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2383-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
9
|
Xu C, Yang Y, Yang J, Chen X, Wang G. Analysis of the role of the integrin signaling pathway in hepatocytes during rat liver regeneration. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2012; 17:274-88. [PMID: 22396140 PMCID: PMC6275568 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-012-0011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the role of the integrin signaling pathway in hepatocytes during rat liver regeneration, the integrin signaling pathway-related gene expression profile in hepatocytes of regenerative liver was detected using Rat Genome 230 2.0 array. The chip data showed that 265 genes of the integrin signaling pathway were included by Rat Genome 230 2.0 array and 132 genes showed significant expression changes in hepatocytes of regenerative liver. The numbers of up-, down- and up/down-regulated genes were 110, 15 and 7 respectively. In addition, bioinformatics and systems biology methods were used to analyze the role of the integrin signaling pathway in hepatocytes. The analysis of gene synergy value indicated that paths 1, 8, 12, and 15 promoted hepatocyte proliferation at the priming phase of liver regeneration; paths 1, 3, 8, and 12-15 enhanced hepatocyte proliferation at the progressing phase; paths 11 and 14 promoted hepatocyte proliferation, while paths 12 and 13 reduced hepatocyte proliferation at the terminal phase. Additionally, the other 8 paths (2, 4, 5-7, 9-10, and 16) were not found to be related to liver regeneration. In conclusion, 132 genes and 8 cascades of the integrin signaling pathway participated in regulating hepatocyte proliferation during rat liver regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cunshuan Xu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, P.R. China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Anbalagan M, Moroz K, Ali A, Carrier L, Glodowski S, Rowan BG. Subcellular localization of total and activated Src kinase in African American and Caucasian breast cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33017. [PMID: 22457730 PMCID: PMC3310861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase is elevated in cancer with expression and activity correlated with cell proliferation, adhesion, survival, motility, metastasis and angiogenesis. There is limited data on Src expression and subcellular localization in breast cancer and no information about expression in racial/ethnic groups. Methodology/Principal Findings The present study evaluated Src expression, activity, and subcellular localization in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and ERα positive breast cancer (ER+BC), cancer tissue and adjacent normal epithelial ducts, and Caucasian and African American cases. 79 paraffin embedded breast carcinoma cases were obtained from Tulane University Hospital between 2007–2009. 39 cases represented TNBC (33-African Americans, 4-Caucasians, 2-unknowns) and 40 cases represented ER+BC (21-African Americans, 16-Caucasians, 3-unknowns). Immunohistochemistry was used to measure staining distribution and intensity of total Src and activated phospho-SrcY416 (p-Y416Src) in carcinoma tissue and adjacent normal mammary ducts. In TNBC and ER+BC, total Src was significantly higher in cancer compared to adjacent normal ducts (P<0.0001) in both cell membrane and cytoplasm. In membranes, p-Y416Src was elevated in cancer compared to normal ducts. Total Src in the tumor cytoplasm was significantly higher in TNBC compared to ER+BC (P = 0.0028); conversely, p-Y416Src in the tumor cell membranes was higher in TNBC compared to ER+BC (P = 0.0106). Comparison between African American (n = 21) and Caucasian ER+BC (n = 16) revealed no significant difference in expression and localization of total Src and p-Y416Src. TNBC cases positive for lymph node metastasis showed elevated membrane p-Y416Src compared to lymph node negative TNBC (P = 0.027). Conclusion/Significance Total Src and p-Y416Src were expressed higher in cancer compared to adjacent normal ducts. Cytoplasmic total Src and membrane p-Y416Src were significantly higher in TNBC compared to ER+BC. TNBC cases with lymph node metastasis showed elevated membrane p-Y416Src. Taken together, Src was elevated in the membrane and cytoplasm of more aggressive TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muralidharan Anbalagan
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Krzysztof Moroz
- Section of Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Alaa Ali
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Latonya Carrier
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Seth Glodowski
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Brian G. Rowan
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cheng SJ, Kok SH, Lee JJ, Yen-Ping Kuo M, Cheng SL, Huang YL, Chen HM, Chang HH, Chiang CP. Significant association of SRC protein expression with the progression, recurrence, and prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma in Taiwan. Head Neck 2011; 34:1340-5. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.21923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
|
12
|
Identification of a Src tyrosine kinase/SIAH2 E3 ubiquitin ligase pathway that regulates C/EBPδ expression and contributes to transformation of breast tumor cells. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 32:320-32. [PMID: 22037769 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.05790-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta (C/EBPδ, CEBPD) is a tumor suppressor that is downregulated during breast cancer progression but may also promote metastasis. Here, we have investigated the mechanism(s) regulating C/EBPδ expression and its role in human breast cancer cells. We describe a novel pathway by which the tyrosine kinase Src downregulates C/EBPδ through the SIAH2 E3 ubiquitin ligase. Src phosphorylates SIAH2 in vitro and leads to tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of SIAH2 in breast tumor cell lines. SIAH2 interacts with C/EBPδ, but not C/EBPβ, and promotes its polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Src/SIAH2-mediated inhibition of C/EBPδ expression supports elevated cyclin D1 levels, phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (Rb), motility, invasive properties, and survival of transformed cells. Pharmacological inhibition of Src family kinases by SKI-606 (bosutinib) induces C/EBPδ expression in an SIAH2-dependent manner, which is necessary for "therapeutic" responses to SKI-606 in vitro. Ectopic expression of degradation-resistant mutants of C/EBPδ, which do not interact with SIAH2 and/or cannot be polyubiquitinated, prevents full transformation of MCF-10A cells by activated Src (Src truncated at amino acid 531 [Src-531]) in vitro. These data reveal that C/EBPδ expression can be regulated at the protein level by oncogenic Src kinase signals through SIAH2, thus contributing to breast epithelial cell transformation.
Collapse
|
13
|
Alt-Holland A, Sowalsky AG, Szwec-Levin Y, Shamis Y, Hatch H, Feig LA, Garlick JA. Suppression of E-cadherin function drives the early stages of Ras-induced squamous cell carcinoma through upregulation of FAK and Src. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:2306-15. [PMID: 21716326 PMCID: PMC3188385 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Advanced stages of epithelial carcinogenesis involve the loss of intercellular adhesion, but it remains unclear how proteins that regulate alterations in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion are deregulated to promote the early stages of cancer development. To address this, a three-dimensional human tissue model that mimics the incipient stages of Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) was used to study how E-cadherin suppression promotes tumor progression in Ras-expressing human keratinocytes. We found that E-cadherin suppression triggered elevated mRNA and protein expression levels of Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK), and increased FAK and Src activities above the level seen in Ras-expressing E-cadherin-competent keratinocytes. sh-RNA-mediated depletion of FAK and Src restored E-cadherin expression levels by increasing its stability in the membrane, and blocked tumor cell invasion in tissues. Surface transplantation of these tissues to mice resulted in reversion of the tumor phenotype to low-grade tumor islands in contrast to control tissues that manifested an aggressive, high-grade SCC. These findings suggest that the tumor-promoting effect of E-cadherin suppression, a common event in SCC development, is exacerbated by enhanced E-cadherin degradation induced by elevated FAK and Src activities. Furthermore, they imply that targeting FAK or Src in human epithelial cells with neoplastic potential may inhibit the early stages of SCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Addy Alt-Holland
- Division of Cancer Biology and Tissue Engineering, School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yan SC, Liu YP, Zhang LY, Qu JL, Xu L, Liu J, Zhang Y, Hou KZ, Teng YE, Qu XJ. Ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl is involved in tamoxifen-induced apoptosis of MCF-7 cells by downregulating the survival signals. Acta Oncol 2011; 50:693-9. [PMID: 21175263 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2010.543144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tamoxifen (TAM) is a nonsteroidal antiestrogen that has been widely used in the treatment of breast cancer through its anti-estrogen activity. Recent studies show that TAM is cytotoxic to both estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and ER-negative cells via the induction of apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanisms of this effect are not well understood. In the present study, we investigated the roles of c-Src, ERK, AKT and c-Cbl ubiquitin ligases during TAM-induced apoptosis of MCF-7 cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS MCF-7 cell proliferation and apoptosis were measured by 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and flow cytometry, respectively. c-Cbl expression, and the activity of c-Src, ERK, AKT were assayed by Western blotting. Overexpression of the wild and the dominant-negative type of c-Cbl (70Z/Cbl) were achieved by transient transfection of plasmids encoding c-Cbl and 70Z/Cbl, respectively, and were confirmed by Western blotting. Statistical analysis was performed using the t-test, and a p-value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS A high concentration of TAM (25 μM) induced a time-dependent apoptosis of MCF-7 cells. ERK1/2 and AKT were activated during TAM-induced apoptosis. The ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059, the PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002, and the c-Src inhibitor PP2 all enhanced TAM action. Moreover, the ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl was up-regulated during this process. Over-expression of c-Cbl significantly enhanced the apoptosis-inducing effects of TAM, while 70Z/Cbl suppressed the apoptosis-inducing effects of TAM. Further investigation revealed that, overexpression of c-Cbl significantly downregulated the c-Src protein levels and TAM-induced AKT activity. But 70Z/Cbl significantly upregulated TAM-induced ERK and AKT activity. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that c-Src, ERK, and AKT played a protective role during TAM-induced apoptosis, and that c-Cbl sensitized MCF-7 cells to TAM by modulating the expression of c-Src, and TAM-induced ERK and AKT activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Chao Yan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hiscox S, Nicholson RI. Src kinase: a therapeutic opportunity in endocrine-responsive and resistant breast cancer. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2011; 6:423-435. [PMID: 30754115 DOI: 10.1586/eem.11.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular kinase, Src, interacts with a diverse array of signaling elements, including the estrogen receptor to regulate breast cancer progression. Recent evidence has also implicated Src in mediating the response of breast cancer to endocrine agents and in the acquisition of antihormone resistance, a significant limiting factor to the clinical effectiveness of systemic endocrine therapy. A number of pharmacological inhibitors of Src kinase have been developed that are effective at suppressing breast cancer growth and invasion in vitro and inhibiting disease spread in vivo. Significantly, there appears to be added benefit when these agents are given in combination with anti-estrogens in endocrine-sensitive and -resistant models. These new findings suggest that Src inhibitors might have therapeutic value in breast cancer patients to improve endocrine response and circumvent resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hiscox
- a Breast Cancer (Molecular Pharmacology) Group, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Redwood Building, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
- b
| | - Robert I Nicholson
- a Breast Cancer (Molecular Pharmacology) Group, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Redwood Building, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
KX-01, a novel Src kinase inhibitor directed toward the peptide substrate site, synergizes with tamoxifen in estrogen receptor α positive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 132:391-409. [PMID: 21509526 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
KX-01 is the first clinical Src inhibitor of the novel peptidomimetic class that targets the peptide substrate site of Src providing more specificity toward Src kinase. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of KX-01 as a single agent and in combination with tamoxifen (TAM) on cell growth and apoptosis of ERα positive breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. Flow cytometry demonstrated that KX-01 induced cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase. Immunofluorescent staining for mitotic phase markers and TUNEL staining indicated that cells had arrested in the mitotic phase and mitotic arrested cells were undergoing apoptosis. KX-01 induced nuclear accumulation of cyclin B1, and activation of CDK1, MPM2, and Cdc25C that is required for progression past the G2/M checkpoint. Apoptosis resulted from activation of caspases 6, 7, 8, and 9. Combinational index analysis revealed that combinations of KX-01 with TAM resulted in synergistic growth inhibition of breast cancer cell lines. KX-01 combined with TAM resulted in decreased ERα phosphorylation at Src-regulated phosphorylation sites serines 118 and 167 that were associated with reduced ERα transcriptional activity. Orally administered KX-01 resulted in a dose dependent growth inhibition of MCF-7 tumor xenografts, and in combination with TAM exhibited synergistic growth inhibition. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that combinational treatment reduced angiogenesis, and ERα signaling in tumors compared to either drug alone that may underlie the synergistic tumor growth inhibition. Combinations of KX-01 with endocrine therapy present a promising new strategy for clinical management of ERα positive breast cancer.
Collapse
|
17
|
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of thieno[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives as novel c-Src inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2517-28. [PMID: 21459579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Among the recently investigated targets for cancer therapy is the c-Src non-receptor tyrosine kinase. Indeed research around deregulated activity of this enzyme has proven its role in tumor progression, while the beneficial effects of c-Src inhibitors in several pathological models has also been demonstrated. We report here the preparation and pharmacological profile of a novel series of c-Src inhibitors that was elaborated around a 3-amino-thieno[2,3-b]pyridine discovered during an HTS campaign. c-Src enzyme inhibition and c-Src inhibition were investigated in a series of related compounds derived from the initial hit. Molecular modeling as well as X-ray studies on one active compound allowed us to hypothesize on ligand orientation and interactions within the ATP hydrophobic pocket. Design and synthesis of structural analogs then led to new ligands possessing quite efficient enzymatic and c-Src inhibition. The structure-activity elements disclosed in this study shed light on the role played by substituents on the thienopyridine ring as well as the impact of other aromatic moieties in the molecule when interacting with the enzyme.
Collapse
|
18
|
Araujo J, Logothetis C. Dasatinib: a potent SRC inhibitor in clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors. Cancer Treat Rev 2010; 36:492-500. [PMID: 20226597 PMCID: PMC3940067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SRC is a tyrosine kinase that plays a role in oncogenic, invasive and bone-metastatic processes. It has therefore been prioritized as a candidate therapeutic target in patients with solid tumors. Several SRC inhibitors are now in development, of which dasatinib has been most explored. Preclinical studies in a wide variety of solid tumor cell lines, including prostate, breast and glioma, have shown that that dasatinib acts as a cytostatic agent, inhibiting the processes of cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Dasatinib also inhibits the activity of osteoclasts, which have a major role in the development of metastatic bone lesions. Dasatinib has additive or synergistic activity in combination with a number of other agents, including cytotoxic agents and targeted therapies, providing a rationale for combination treatment in a clinical setting. Emerging clinical data with dasatinib support experimental observations, with preliminary phase 1 and 2 data demonstrating activity, both as a single agent and as combination therapy, in a range of solid tumors. Future clinical trials will further assess the clinical value of SRC inhibition with dasatinib.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Araujo
- Genitourinary Center, M.D. Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lee JH, Pyon JK, Kim DW, Lee SH, Nam HS, Kim CH, Kang SG, Lee YJ, Park MY, Jeong DJ, Cho MK. Elevated c-Src and c-Yes expression in malignant skin cancers. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2010; 29:116. [PMID: 20796316 PMCID: PMC2936336 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-29-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Src family kinases (SFKs) play an important role in cancer proliferation, survival, motility, invasiveness, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Among the SFKs, c-Src and c-Yes are particularly over-expressed or hyper-activated in many human epithelial cancers. However, only a few studies have attempted to define the expression and role of c-Src and c-Yes in cutaneous carcinomas. OBJECTIVES To investigate the expression of c-Src and c-Yes in cutaneous carcinomas to include malignant melanoma (MM), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). METHODS We examined 6 normal skin tissues and 18 malignant skin tumor tissues using western blotting for the expression of c-Src and c-Yes. In another set, 16 specimens of MM, 16 SCCs and 16 BCCs were analyzed for the expression of c-Src and c-Yes using immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Western blotting showed that c-Src was expressed in all malignant skin tumors, but not in normal skin, while c-Yes was expressed in MM and SCC, but not in BCC and normal skin. Immunohistochemical staining results of c-Src and c-Yes in MM, SCC, and BCC mirrored those of the western blot analysis. CONCLUSIONS c-Src, rather than c-Yes, plays a key role in the proliferation and progression of malignant skin cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jang Hyun Lee
- Molecular Cancer Research Center, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Chunan, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Draper JM, Smith CD. DHHC20: a human palmitoyl acyltransferase that causes cellular transformation. Mol Membr Biol 2010; 27:123-36. [PMID: 20334580 DOI: 10.3109/09687681003616854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Palmitoylation is required for the activities of several cancer-associated proteins, making the palmitoyl acyltransferase (PAT) enzymes that catalyze these reactions potential targets for anticancer therapeutics. In this study, we sought to identify and characterize a human PAT with activity toward N-terminally myristoylated and palmitoylated proteins. NIH/3t3 cells were stably transfected with vectors containing no insert, wild type human DHHC20, or a serine-substituted DHHS20 mutant. Compared with control cells, cells overexpressing wild-type DHHC20 displayed an increase in palmitoylation activity toward a peptide that mimics the N-terminus of myristoylated and palmitoylated proteins, but had no change in activity toward a peptide that mimics the C-terminus of farnesylated and palmitoylated proteins. Cells expressing DHHS20 had no significant change in activity toward either peptide. Overexpression of DHHC20 also caused phenotypic changes consistent with cellular transformation, including colony formation in soft agar, decreased contact inhibition of growth, and increased proliferation under low-serum conditions. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses of human tissues demonstrated that DHHC20 is expressed in a tissue-specific manner, and is overexpressed in several types of human tumors, including ovarian, breast and prostate. Overall, these results demonstrate that DHHC20 is a human N-terminal-myristoyl-directed PAT involved in cellular transformation, that may play a role in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah M Draper
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Glondu-Lassis M, Dromard M, Lacroix-Triki M, Nirdé P, Puech C, Knani D, Chalbos D, Freiss G. PTPL1/PTPN13 regulates breast cancer cell aggressiveness through direct inactivation of Src kinase. Cancer Res 2010; 70:5116-26. [PMID: 20501847 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-4368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPL1/PTPN13, the activity of which is decreased through allelic loss, promoter methylation, or somatic mutations in some tumors, has been proposed as a tumor suppressor gene. Moreover, our recent clinical study identified PTPL1 expression level as an independent prognostic indicator of a favorable outcome for patients with breast cancer. However, how PTPL1 can affect tumor aggressiveness has not been characterized. Here, we first show that PTPL1 expression, assessed by immunohistochemistry, is decreased in breast cancer and metastasis specimens compared with nonmalignant tissues. Second, to evaluate whether PTPL1 plays a critical role in breast cancer progression, RNA interference experiments were performed in poorly tumorigenic MCF-7 breast cancer cells. PTPL1 inhibition drastically increased tumor growth in athymic mice and also enhanced several parameters associated with tumor progression, including cell proliferation on extracellular matrix components and cell invasion. Furthermore, the inhibition of Src kinase expression drastically blocked the effects of PTPL1 silencing on cell growth. In PTPL1 knockdown cells, the phosphorylation of Src on tyrosine 419 is increased, leading to the activation of its downstream substrates Fak and p130cas. Finally, substrate-trapping experiments revealed that Src tyrosine 419 is a direct target of the phosphatase. Thus, by identification of PTPL1 as the first phosphatase able to inhibit Src through direct dephosphorylation in intact cells, we presently describe a new mechanism by which PTPL1 inhibits breast tumor aggressiveness.
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu Q, Wang X, Liu Y, Lu R, Yuan Q, Yang B, Zhou J, Wang Y, Wang Z. RACK1 inhibits morphine re-exposure via inhibition of Src. Neurol Res 2010; 33:56-62. [PMID: 20483033 DOI: 10.1179/016164110x12714125204236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously demonstrated that receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) inhibited phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) during morphine reward in mice. In the present study, we examined the role of Src in regulating the inhibition of p-ERK in the brain following RACK1 over-expression during morphine reward. METHODS Mice were subcutaneously injected with morphine on days 2, 4, 6, and 8 after pre-test (day 1), and saline was delivered the following day. After mice showed place preference, RACK1 over-expression plasmid was administered by intraventricular injection 20 minutes after morphine injection on days 11 and 13. Conditioned place preference (CPP) was measured on days 14, 15, 19, and 20. RESULTS Chronic morphine injection increased Src and p-ERK expression in cortex and hippocampus, and mice exhibited increased place preference. Intraventricular administration of RACK1 reduced Src and p-ERK levels in cortex and hippocampus, as well as morphine reward. At 7 days of final RACK1 administration, the effects of RACK1 on Src and p-ERK disappeared, and morphine place preference was restored. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that RACK1 acts on ERK activation via Src in morphine reward in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, School of Huaxi Preclinical Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Combining Src inhibitors and aromatase inhibitors: a novel strategy for overcoming endocrine resistance and bone loss. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:2187-95. [PMID: 20471823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aromatase inhibitors have largely replaced tamoxifen as the first-line treatment for postmenopausal women with metastatic, hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer. However, many patients develop clinical resistance with prolonged treatment, and oestrogen deprivation following aromatase inhibition can result in loss of bone mineral density. Furthermore, most patients with metastatic breast cancer develop bone metastases, and the resulting adverse skeletal-related events are a significant cause of patient morbidity. Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is a component of signalling pathways that regulate breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis as well as osteoclast-mediated bone turnover. Preclinical evidence also suggests a role for Src in acquired endocrine resistance. As such, Src inhibition represents a logical strategy for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. In vitro, combination therapy with Src inhibitors and endocrine agents, including aromatase inhibitors, has been shown to inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of both endocrine-responsive and endocrine-resistant breast cancer cell lines more effectively than either of the therapy alone. Src inhibition has also been shown to suppress osteoclast formation and activity. Combination therapy with aromatase inhibitors and Src inhibitors therefore represents a novel approach through which the development of both acquired resistance and bone pathology could be delayed. Data from clinical trials utilising such combinations will reveal if this strategy has the potential to improve patient outcomes.
Collapse
|
24
|
Saad F, Lipton A. SRC kinase inhibition: targeting bone metastases and tumor growth in prostate and breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2009; 36:177-84. [PMID: 20015594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prostate and breast cancer cells preferentially metastasize to bone, whereupon a complex interaction between metastatic tumor cells, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts results in the development of bone lesions that cause significant pain and patient morbidity. For patients with bone lesions, the goals of treatment are to decrease tumor growth, prevent further metastases, and inhibit tumor-associated bone pathology. Preclinical data suggest that SRC, a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, is an important signaling molecule during the processes of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, tumor growth, and metastasis, and that SRC has a role in hormone receptor signaling and resistance. As such, SRC represents a logical target for the treatment of advanced metastatic prostate or breast cancer. SRC-targeting agents, including dasatinib, saracatinib, and bosutinib, are currently in clinical development for patients with solid tumors. Preliminary data from phase 1/2 trials, including tumor responses and bone-specific activity in patients with prostate or breast cancer, demonstrate that SRC inhibitors have potential in the clinical setting. Data arising from ongoing and future clinical trials will confirm whether SRC inhibitors provide clinical benefits for patients with advanced disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fred Saad
- University of Montreal, CHU Montreal, 1560 Sherbrooke East, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhao Y, Planas-Silva MD. Mislocalization of cell-cell adhesion complexes in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells with elevated c-Src tyrosine kinase activity. Cancer Lett 2008; 275:204-12. [PMID: 19026486 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
c-Src activation has been implicated in metastasis of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer. Here we investigated how c-Src activity affects cell adhesion using a tamoxifen-resistant variant of MCF-7 cells (MTR-3) containing elevated c-Src activity. In MTR-3 cells, adhesion proteins beta-catenin and E-cadherin are mislocalized, forming novel structures perpendicular to cell-cell junctions. c-Src is associated with beta-catenin/E-cadherin complexes and beta-catenin tyrosine phosphorylation is enhanced. Blocking c-Src tyrosine kinase activity decreased beta-catenin tyrosine phosphorylation and restored localization of beta-catenin and E-cadherin at cell-cell junctions. These findings suggest that inhibition of c-Src signaling may prevent metastasis of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sheen-Chen SM, Huang CC, Tang RP, Chou FF, Eng HL. Prognostic value of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 in breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:2286-90. [PMID: 18768494 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Constitutively activated signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins are found in various types of tumors. However, there is still very limited information about the role of STATs in breast cancer. The power of tissue microarray technique is the capability of doing a series of analyses of thousands specimens in a parallel fashion with minimal damage to the origin blocks. This study was designed with the application of tissue microarray to analyze the STAT3 status in breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Archival tissue specimens from 102 patients with primary invasive breast cancer were selected, and STAT3 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining with tissue microarray. The data of primary tumor staging, age, estrogen receptor status, lymph node status, histologic grading, and tumor-node-metastasis staging were also collected. RESULTS By multivariate analysis, the STAT3 expression turned out to be significantly related to the overall 5-year survival rate (P = 0.024). CONCLUSION Immunohistochemical staining with tissue microarray was convenient and feasible for the analysis of STAT3 expression status in breast cancer. Our preliminary results are promising and deserve further evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shyr-Ming Sheen-Chen
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung Hsien, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Vultur A, Buettner R, Kowolik C, Liang W, Smith D, Boschelli F, Jove R. SKI-606 (bosutinib), a novel Src kinase inhibitor, suppresses migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:1185-94. [PMID: 18483306 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Src family kinase activity is elevated in many human tumors, including breast cancer, and is often associated with aggressive disease. We examined the effects of SKI-606 (bosutinib), a selective Src family kinase inhibitor, on human cancer cells derived from breast cancer patients to assess its potential for breast cancer treatment. Our results show that SKI-606 caused a decrease in cell motility and invasion of breast cancer cell lines with an IC50 of approximately 250 nmol/L, which was also the IC50 for inhibition of cellular Src kinase activity in intact tumor cells. These changes were accompanied by an increase in cell-to-cell adhesion and membrane localization of beta-catenin. By contrast, cell proliferation and survival were unaffected by SKI-606 at concentrations sufficient to block cell migration and invasion. Analysis of downstream effectors of Src revealed that SKI-606 inhibits the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), and Crk-associated substrate (p130Cas), with an IC50 similar to inhibition of cellular Src kinase. Our findings indicate that SKI-606 inhibits signaling pathways involved in controlling tumor cell motility and invasion, suggesting that SKI-606 is a promising therapeutic for breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adina Vultur
- Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Jones RJ, Young O, Renshaw L, Jacobs V, Fennell M, Marshall A, Green TP, Elvin P, Womack C, Clack G, Dixon JM. Src inhibitors in early breast cancer: a methodology, feasibility and variability study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 114:211-21. [PMID: 18409068 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-9997-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Early clinical trials of anticancer agents may be enriched by robust biomarkers of activity. Surrogate measures used in trials of cytotoxic agents, such as tumor size regression, may not be informative when investigating targeted agents that act principally to inhibit invasion or proliferation. This study aimed to determine the validity of invasion-related biomarkers of activity for AZD0530, a potent Src inhibitor currently in clinical development. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin are downstream phosphorylation substrates of Src and mediate tumor cell adhesion and invasiveness. These were therefore selected as biologically relevant markers of Src inhibition. Early breast cancer was chosen as a model as multiple samples can be collected during standard treatment and there is an intervening period in which experimental intervention can be applied. Tumor tissue was collected from diagnostic core biopsies and subsequent surgical tumor excision samples in 29 women with early breast cancer attending a single center. Protein levels were assessed quantitatively by Luminex and qualitatively by immunohistochemistry. AZD0530 inhibited tumor growth in a manner independent of dose and inhibited phosphorylation of FAK and paxillin in a dose-dependent manner in a Calu-6 xenograft model. In the clinical study, agreement of within-visit and also of between-visit measurements was high and the estimated number of patients required to detect a drug effect would be low enough to allow use of these markers as endpoints in future dose selection studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Jones
- Centre for Oncology and Applied Pharmacology, CRUK Beatson Laboratories, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
The Src family kinases (SFKs) are the largest family of nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases and are responsible for signal transduction during many cellular activities, including differentiation, adhesion, and migration. Aberrant Src/SFK activity has been widely implicated in cancer development. Several lines of evidence indicate a role for SFKs in the development of prostate cancer, e.g. SFK overexpression in prostate cancer cell lines and tissues and reduced cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration following Src inhibition. In particular, Src may be involved in androgen-independent growth during advanced stages of disease. Src signaling is also a key pathway during normal and dysregulated bone functioning, and bone metastases are responsible for substantial morbidity in advanced prostate cancer. Src/SFK inhibition therefore represents a potentially useful therapeutic strategy for patients with various stages of prostate cancer. To date, four Src inhibitors have reached clinical trials. Of these, the broadest range of in vitro prostate cancer data are available for dasatinib, which inhibits several SFKs as well as other tyrosine kinases. Src inhibitors may be specifically evaluated in prostate cancer clinical trials in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Fizazi
- Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave-Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94800 Villejuif, France.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Herynk MH, Beyer AR, Cui Y, Weiss H, Anderson E, Green TP, Fuqua SAW. Cooperative action of tamoxifen and c-Src inhibition in preventing the growth of estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 5:3023-31. [PMID: 17172405 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has long been appreciated that estrogenic signaling contributes to breast cancer progression. c-Src is also required for a number of processes involved in tumor progression and metastasis. We have previously identified the K303R mutant estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) that confers hypersensitivity to low levels of estrogen. Because ERalpha and c-Src have been shown to interact in a number of different systems, we wanted to evaluate the role of c-Src kinase in estrogen-stimulated growth and survival of ERalpha-positive breast cancer cells. MCF-7 cells stably expressing the mutant receptor showed increased c-Src kinase activity and c-Src tyrosine phosphorylation when compared with wild-type ERalpha-expressing cells. A c-Src inhibitor, AZD0530, was used to analyze the biological effects of pharmacologically inhibiting c-Src kinase activity. MCF-7 cells showed an anchorage-dependent growth IC50 of 0.47 micromol/L, which was increased 4-fold in the presence of estrogen. In contrast, cells stably expressing the mutant ERalpha had an elevated IC50 that was only increased 1.4-fold by estrogen stimulation. The c-Src inhibitor effectively inhibited the anchorage-independent growth of both of these cells, and estrogen was able to reverse these effects. When cells were treated with suboptimal concentrations of c-Src inhibitor and tamoxifen, synergistic inhibition was observed, suggesting a cooperative interaction between c-Src and ERalpha. These data clearly show an important role for ERalpha and estrogen signaling in c-Src-mediated breast cancer cell growth and survival. Here, we show that c-Src inhibition is blocked by estrogen signaling; thus, the therapeutic use of c-Src inhibitors may require inhibition of ERalpha in estrogen-dependent breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Herynk
- Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Mailstop 600, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Moasser MM. The oncogene HER2: its signaling and transforming functions and its role in human cancer pathogenesis. Oncogene 2007; 26:6469-87. [PMID: 17471238 PMCID: PMC3021475 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 726] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The year 2007 marks exactly two decades since Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2 (HER2) was functionally implicated in the pathogenesis of human breast cancer. This finding established the HER2 oncogene hypothesis for the development of some human cancers. The subsequent two decades have brought about an explosion of information about the biology of HER2 and the HER family. An abundance of experimental evidence now solidly supports the HER2 oncogene hypothesis and etiologically links amplification of the HER2 gene locus with human cancer pathogenesis. The molecular mechanisms underlying HER2 tumorigenesis appear to be complex and a unified mechanistic model of HER2-induced transformation has not emerged. Numerous hypotheses implicating diverse transforming pathways have been proposed and are individually supported by experimental models and HER2 may indeed induce cell transformation through multiple mechanisms. Here I review the evidence supporting the oncogenic function of HER2, the mechanisms that are felt to mediate its oncogenic functions, and the evidence that links the experimental evidence with human cancer pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Moasser
- Department of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0875, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mahanivong C, Yu J, Huang S. Elevated urokinase-specific surface receptor expression is maintained through its interaction with urokinase plasminogen activator. Mol Carcinog 2007; 46:165-75. [PMID: 17186542 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) are overexpressed in various neoplasms, and play a key role in tumor progression and metastasis. In this study, we examined uPA and uPAR expression in a variety of human breast cancer cell lines and found that lines with elevated uPA expression also exhibited high uPAR expression, suggesting the possibility that uPA and uPAR are regulated in concert. To test this possibility, we introduced antisense uPA RNA and antisense uPAR RNA in MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 lines that express high levels of uPA and uPAR. Antisense uPA RNA not only downregulated uPA expression, but also greatly reduced uPAR expression in both lines. However, antisense uPAR RNA-reduced uPAR expression with no apparent inhibitory effect on the levels of uPA. These results indicate that expression of uPAR requires uPA but not vice versa. With a panel of uPA and uPAR monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), we observed that the mAbs disrupting uPA and uPAR interaction, rather than mAb inhibiting uPA protease activity, reduced uPAR expression. Moreover, adding soluble single chain uPA (scuPA) to MDA-MB-231 or BT-549 cells expressing antisense uPA mRNA-restored uPAR expression. These findings suggest that uPA dictates uPAR expression and that uPA binding to uPAR transmits signals for uPAR expression. Finally, we provided evidence that Fyn, a Src family kinase, is involved in uPA-induced uPAR expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chitladda Mahanivong
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Summy JM, Trevino JG, Lesslie DP, Baker CH, Shakespeare WC, Wang Y, Sundaramoorthi R, Metcalf CA, Keats JA, Sawyer TK, Gallick GE. AP23846, a novel and highly potent Src family kinase inhibitor, reduces vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-8 expression in human solid tumor cell lines and abrogates downstream angiogenic processes. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 4:1900-11. [PMID: 16373705 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
c-Src is frequently activated in human malignancies, including colon, breast, and pancreatic carcinomas. Several recent studies have shown that activation of Src family kinases leads to tumor progression and metastasis by increasing cellular migration and invasion, promoting cell growth and survival, and deregulating expression of proangiogenic molecules. Therefore, selective inhibitors of Src are being developed for cancer therapy. In this study, we characterize the biological effects of the novel ATP-based Src family kinase inhibitor, AP23846, in tumor cells with high Src activity. As a lead compound, AP23846 is a potent c-Src kinase inhibitor (IC50 approximately 0.5 nmol/L in vitro, approximately 10-fold more potent than PP2, the most widely used commercially available Src family kinase inhibitor). At concentrations of 1 micromol/L, AP23846 led to complete Src inhibition for 48 hours in cells. No cytotoxicity was observed under these conditions, although proliferation rates were slower. Therefore, this was an excellent inhibitor to examine Src-regulated signaling pathways in tumor cells. AP23846 reduced cellular migration, vascular endothelial growth factor, and interleukin-8 in a dose-dependent fashion in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells grown in vitro. Correspondingly, cell culture supernatants from L3.6pl pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells pretreated with AP23846 failed to promote migration of hepatic endothelial cells in vitro and failed to support angiogenesis into gel foams implanted s.c. in mice in vivo. These results suggest that Src inhibitors affect biological properties of tumor progression and may be useful as cancer therapeutic agents in more advanced disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Summy
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Barlaam B, Fennell M, Germain H, Green T, Hennequin L, Morgentin R, Olivier A, Plé P, Vautier M, Costello G. New heterocyclic analogues of 4-(2-chloro-5-methoxyanilino)quinazolines as potent and selective c-Src kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:5446-9. [PMID: 16203139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.08.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 08/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 5,7-disubstituted quinazolines, bearing 4-heteroaryl substituents such as 2-pyridinylamine or 2-pyrazinylamine, has been synthetised and evaluated as c-Src kinase inhibitors. Highly potent inhibition, high selectivity and physical properties suitable for oral dosing were achieved within this series: 23d and 42 were identified as sub-0.1muM inhibitors in a c-Src-driven cell proliferation assay and displayed adequate rat pharmacokinetics after oral administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Barlaam
- AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches, Z.I.S.E. La Pompelle B.P.1050, 51689 Reims, Cedex 2, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tan M, Li P, Klos KS, Lu J, Lan KH, Nagata Y, Fang D, Jing T, Yu D. ErbB2 promotes Src synthesis and stability: novel mechanisms of Src activation that confer breast cancer metastasis. Cancer Res 2005; 65:1858-67. [PMID: 15753384 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activation of Src kinase plays important roles in the development of many neoplasias. Most of the previous Src studies focused on the deregulation of Src kinase activity. The deregulated Src protein synthesis and stability in mediating malignant phenotypes of cancer cells, however, have been neglected. While investigating the signal transduction pathways contributing to ErbB2-mediated metastasis, we found that ErbB2-activated breast cancer cells that had higher metastatic potentials also had increased Src activity compared with ErbB2 low-expressing cells. The increased Src activity in ErbB2-activated cells paralleled higher Src protein levels, whereas Src RNA levels were not significantly altered. Our studies revealed two novel mechanisms that are involved in Src protein up-regulation and activation by ErbB2: (a) ErbB2 increased Src translation through activation of the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin/4E-BP1 pathway and (b) ErbB2 increased Src stability most likely through the inhibition of the calpain protease. Furthermore, inhibition of Src activity by a Src-specific inhibitor, PP2, or a Src dominant-negative mutant dramatically reduced ErbB2-mediated cancer cell invasion in vitro and metastasis in an experimental metastasis animal model. Together, activation of ErbB2 and downstream signaling pathways can lead to increased Src protein synthesis and decreased Src protein degradation resulting in Src up-regulation and activation, which play critical roles in ErbB2-mediated breast cancer invasion and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Shah YM, Rowan BG. The Src kinase pathway promotes tamoxifen agonist action in Ishikawa endometrial cells through phosphorylation-dependent stabilization of estrogen receptor (alpha) promoter interaction and elevated steroid receptor coactivator 1 activity. Mol Endocrinol 2004; 19:732-48. [PMID: 15528270 DOI: 10.1210/me.2004-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen is the most widely used selective estrogen receptor modulator for breast cancer in clinical use today. However, tamoxifen agonist action in endometrium remains a major hurdle for tamoxifen therapy. Activation of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase src promotes tamoxifen agonist action, although the mechanisms remain unclear. To examine these mechanisms, the effect of src kinase on estrogen and tamoxifen signaling in tamoxifen-resistant Ishikawa endometrial adenocarcinoma cells was assessed. A novel connection was identified between src kinase and serine 167 phosphorylation in estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha via activation of AKT kinase. Serine 167 phosphorylation stabilized ER interaction with endogenous ER-dependent promoters. Src kinase exhibited the additional function of potentiating the transcriptional activity of Gal-steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1) and Gal-cAMP response element binding protein-binding protein in endometrial cancer cells while having no effect on Gal-p300-associated factor and Gal fusions of the other p160 coactivators glucocorticoid-interacting protein 1 (transcriptional intermediary factor 2/nuclear coactivator-2/SRC-2) and amplified in breast cancer 1 (receptor-associated coactivator 3/activator of transcription of nuclear receptor/SRC-3). Src effects on ER phosphorylation and SRC-1 activity both contributed to tamoxifen agonist action on ER-dependent gene expression in Ishikawa cells. Taken together, these data demonstrate that src kinase potentiates tamoxifen agonist action through serine 167-dependent stabilization of ER promoter interaction and through elevation of SRC-1 and cAMP response element binding protein-binding protein coactivation of ER.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Endometrial Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Endometrial Neoplasms/pathology
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Female
- Genes, Dominant
- Genes, Reporter
- HeLa Cells
- Histone Acetyltransferases
- Humans
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Serine/chemistry
- Tamoxifen/agonists
- Tamoxifen/analogs & derivatives
- Tamoxifen/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- src-Family Kinases/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yatrik M Shah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Ohio, 3035 Arlington Ave., Toledo, Ohio 43614-5804, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Plé PA, Green TP, Hennequin LF, Curwen J, Fennell M, Allen J, Lambert-Van Der Brempt C, Costello G. Discovery of a new class of anilinoquinazoline inhibitors with high affinity and specificity for the tyrosine kinase domain of c-Src. J Med Chem 2004; 47:871-87. [PMID: 14761189 DOI: 10.1021/jm030317k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Deregulated activity of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-Src is believed to result in signal transduction, cytoskeletal and adhesion changes, ultimately promoting a tumor-invasive phenotype. We report here the discovery of a new class of anilinoquinazoline inhibitors with high affinity and specificity for the tyrosine kinase domain of the c-Src enzyme. Special attention was directed toward finding inhibitors selective against KDR tyrosine kinase in order to ensure that the in vivo profile of a specific Src inhibitor could be determined. The 4-aminobenzodioxole quinazoline series gave compounds with excellent potency and selectivity. The most interesting compounds were evaluated in vivo and displayed good pharmacokinetics following oral dosing. Compounds such as the aminobenzodioxoles were shown to be potent inhibitors of tumor growth in a c-Src-transformed 3T3 xenograft model in vivo, resulting in more than 90% growth inhibition at doses as low as 6 mg/kg po once daily. Src tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as these may provide a novel therapeutic modality for targeting cancer invasion and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Plé
- AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches, Z.I.S.E. La Pompelle B.P.1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Desouki MM, Rowan BG. Src Kinase and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in the Progression from Normal to Malignant Endometrium. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:546-55. [PMID: 14760076 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-0661-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this research was to determine whether a correlation exists between the levels of activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Src kinases and the progression from normal to malignant endometrium. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We measured total and phosphorylated levels for extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p38, stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase, and Src kinases from 33 frozen endometrial adenocarcinomas and 38 benign endometrial specimens by quantitation of signals from Western blots using antibodies against these kinases. RESULTS Elevated phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (150 +/- 40 versus 46 +/- 7; P = 0.03), phospho-Src (28 +/- 5 versus 4 +/- 1), and phospho-p38 (131 +/- 16 versus 27 +/- 7; P < 0.001) was detected in benign versus malignant endometrium when the Western blot signal of activated kinase was normalized to total kinase levels and beta actin. A modest increase in active c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase was detected in carcinoma versus benign specimens (51 +/- 13 versus 43 +/- 10; P = 0.8). Expression of total kinases (normalized to beta-actin) was higher in carcinoma versus benign specimens, respectively (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, 9 +/- 2 versus 0.7 +/- 0.1; Src, 7 +/- 2 versus 0.4 +/- 0.1; stress-activated protein kinase c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase, 2 +/- 0.4 versus 0.2 +/- 0.02; P < 0.001; and p38, 1 +/- 0.2 versus 0.4 +/- 0.1; P < 0.01). Immunohistochemistry for active and total Src kinases and MAPKs detected positive staining in epithelial and stroma cells. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrated that, in contrast with breast cancer, the progression from normal to malignant endometrium is not associated with activation of MAPK and Src kinases. Elevation of these active kinases in benign endometrium may contribute to endometrial resistance to the antiestrogen action of tamoxifen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mokhtar Desouki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio 43614, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lee JK, Bussey KJ, Gwadry FG, Reinhold W, Riddick G, Pelletier SL, Nishizuka S, Szakacs G, Annereau JP, Shankavaram U, Lababidi S, Smith LH, Gottesman MM, Weinstein JN. Comparing cDNA and oligonucleotide array data: concordance of gene expression across platforms for the NCI-60 cancer cells. Genome Biol 2003; 4:R82. [PMID: 14659019 PMCID: PMC329421 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2003-4-12-r82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2003] [Revised: 07/14/2003] [Accepted: 10/27/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microarray gene-expression profiles are generally validated one gene at a time by real-time RT-PCR. A different approach is described, based on simultaneous mutual validation of large numbers of genes using two different expression-profiling platforms. Microarray gene-expression profiles are generally validated one gene at a time by real-time RT-PCR. We describe here a different approach based on simultaneous mutual validation of large numbers of genes using two different expression-profiling platforms. The result described here for the NCI-60 cancer cell lines is a consensus set of genes that give similar profiles on spotted cDNA arrays and Affymetrix oligonucleotide chips. Global concordance is parameterized by a 'correlation of correlations' coefficient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae K Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8322, USA
- Current address: Department of Health Evaluation Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Kimberly J Bussey
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8322, USA
| | - Fuad G Gwadry
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8322, USA
| | - William Reinhold
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8322, USA
| | - Gregory Riddick
- Current address: Department of Health Evaluation Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Sandra L Pelletier
- Current address: Department of Health Evaluation Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Satoshi Nishizuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8322, USA
| | - Gergely Szakacs
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8322, USA
| | - Jean-Phillipe Annereau
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8322, USA
| | - Uma Shankavaram
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8322, USA
| | - Samir Lababidi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8322, USA
| | - Lawrence H Smith
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8322, USA
| | - Michael M Gottesman
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8322, USA
| | - John N Weinstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Norman KL, Coffey MC, Hirasawa K, Demetrick DJ, Nishikawa SG, DiFrancesco LM, Strong JE, Lee PWK. Reovirus oncolysis of human breast cancer. Hum Gene Ther 2002; 13:641-52. [PMID: 11916487 DOI: 10.1089/10430340252837233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that human reovirus replication is restricted to cells with an activated Ras pathway, and that reovirus could be used as an effective oncolytic agent against human glioblastoma xenografts. This study examines in more detail the feasibility of reovirus as a therapeutic for breast cancer, a subset of cancer in which direct activating mutations in the ras proto-oncogene are rare, and yet where unregulated stimulation of Ras signaling pathways is important in the pathogenesis of the disease. We demonstrate herein the efficient lysis of breast tumor-derived cell lines by the virus, whereas normal breast cells resist infection in vitro. In vivo studies of reovirus breast cancer therapy reveal that viral administration could cause tumor regression in an MDA-MB-435S mammary fat pad model in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Reovirus could also effect regression of tumors remote from the injection site in an MDA-MB-468 bilateral tumor model, raising the possibility of systemic therapy of breast cancer by the oncolytic agent. Finally, the ability of reovirus to act against primary breast tumor samples not propagated as cell lines was evaluated; we found that reovirus could indeed replicate in ex vivo surgical specimens. Overall, reovirus shows promise as a potential breast cancer therapeutic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kara L Norman
- Cancer Biology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1 Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|