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de Mello JL, Lorencena D, Delai RR, Kunz AF, Possatti F, Alfieri AA, Takiuchi E. A comprehensive molecular analysis of bovine coronavirus strains isolated from Brazil and comparison of a wild-type and cell culture-adapted strain associated with respiratory disease. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:1967-1977. [PMID: 38381350 PMCID: PMC11154165 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) has dual tropisms that can trigger enteric and respiratory diseases in cattle. Despite its global distribution, BCoV field strains from Brazil remain underexplored in studies investigating the virus's worldwide circulation. Another research gap involves the comparative analysis of S protein sequences in BCoV isolates from passages in cell lines versus direct sequencing from clinical samples. Therefore, one of the objectives of our study was to conduct a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of BCoV strains identified from Brazil, including a respiratory strain obtained during this study, comparing them with global and ancestral BCoV strains. Additionally, we performed a comparative analysis between wild-type BCoV directly sequenced from the clinical sample (nasal secretion) and the cell culture-adapted strain, utilizing the Sanger method. The field strain and multiple cell passage in cell culture (HRT-18) adapted BCoV strain (BOV19 NS) detected in this study were characterized through molecular and phylogenetic analyses based on partial fragments of 1,448 nt covering the hypervariable region of the S gene. The analyses have demonstrated that different BCoV strains circulating in Brazil, and possibly Brazilian variants, constitute a new genotype (putative G15 genotype). Compared with the ancestral prototype (Mebus strain) of BCoV, 33 nt substitutions were identified of which 15 resulted in non-synonymous mutations (nine transitions and six transversions). Now, compared with the wild-type strain was identified only one nt substitution in nt 2,428 from the seventh passage onwards, which resulted in transversion, neutral-neutral charge, and one substitution of asparagine for tyrosine at aa residue 810 (N810Y).
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Lustosa de Mello
- Departament of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Federal do Paraná-UFPR, Rua Pioneiro, 2153, Palotina, Paraná, 85950-000, Brazil
| | - Daniela Lorencena
- Departament of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Federal do Paraná-UFPR, Rua Pioneiro, 2153, Palotina, Paraná, 85950-000, Brazil
| | - Ruana Renostro Delai
- Departament of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Federal do Paraná-UFPR, Rua Pioneiro, 2153, Palotina, Paraná, 85950-000, Brazil
| | - Andressa Fernanda Kunz
- Departament of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Federal do Paraná-UFPR, Rua Pioneiro, 2153, Palotina, Paraná, 85950-000, Brazil
| | - Flávia Possatti
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, PO Box 6001, Londrina, Paraná, 86051-990, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, PO Box 6001, Londrina, Paraná, 86051-990, Brazil
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Elisabete Takiuchi
- Departament of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Federal do Paraná-UFPR, Rua Pioneiro, 2153, Palotina, Paraná, 85950-000, Brazil.
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Abstract
Bovine coronaviruses are spread all over the world. They cause two types of clinical manifestations in cattle either an enteric, calf diarrhoea and winter dysentery in adult cattle, or respiratory in all age groups of cattle. The role of coronaviruses in respiratory infections is still a hot topic of discussion since they have been isolated from sick as well as healthy animals and replication of disease is rarely successful. Bovine coronavirus infection is characterised by high morbidity but low mortality. The laboratory diagnosis is typically based on serological or molecular methods. There is no registered drug for the treatment of virus infections in cattle and we are limited to supportive therapy and preventative measures. The prevention of infection is based on vaccination, biosecurity, management and hygiene. This paper will cover epidemiology, taxonomy, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, therapy, economic impact and prevention of coronavirus infections in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaka Jakob Hodnik
- Veterinary Faculty, Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals - Section for Ruminants, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jožica Ježek
- Veterinary Faculty, Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals - Section for Ruminants, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jože Starič
- Veterinary Faculty, Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals - Section for Ruminants, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Workman AM, Kuehn LA, McDaneld TG, Clawson ML, Loy JD. Longitudinal study of humoral immunity to bovine coronavirus, virus shedding, and treatment for bovine respiratory disease in pre-weaned beef calves. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:161. [PMID: 31118011 PMCID: PMC6532244 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1887-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine coronavirus (BCV) is associated with respiratory infections in cattle of all ages; however, a temporal study to evaluate the effect of BCV immunity on virus shedding and bovine respiratory disease (BRD) incidence in pre-weaned beef calves has not been reported. Thus, we report here a prospective study in three herds of crossbred beef calves (n = 817) with endemic BCV. Serial blood samples for measurement of serum anti-BCV antibody titers and nasal swabs for detection of BCV and other common viral and bacterial BRD pathogens were collected from all calves or subsets of calves at predetermined times from birth through weaning. The calves were monitored for BRD and those that developed signs of respiratory disease were sampled for diagnostic testing. To discover additional risk factors that could have influenced BRD development, sequence analysis of the BCV strain(s) circulating in each herd, and the prevalence of common opportunistic bacterial pathogens in the upper respiratory tract of sick and apparently healthy cattle were also evaluated. Results Two hundred forty-eight of the 817 study calves (30.4%) were treated for BRD prior to weaning; 246 of those were from a single herd involved in two outbreaks of BRD leading to mass treatment of all calves in that group. Molecular diagnostic testing found BCV and Histophilus somni in nasal swabs taken at the time of BRD treatment. Between herd analyses revealed anti-BCV serum antibody abundance did not associate with the incidence of BRD or BCV shedding, though these measurements may have been hindered by the long periods between sample collections. Analysis of the BCV spike gene hypervariable region revealed four polymorphisms in 15 isolates from the three herds, making strain variation unlikely to account for differences in treatment rates between herds. Persistent or recurrent shedding episodes of BCV occurred in some animals treated for BRD. Conclusion Co-detection of BCV and H. somni at the time of the disease outbreak suggests that these pathogens contributed to disease pathogenesis. Developing appropriate control measures for respiratory BCV infections may help decrease the incidence of pre-weaning BRD. The role of antibodies in protection must still be further defined. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1887-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aspen M Workman
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC), State Spur 18D, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA.
| | - Larry A Kuehn
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC), State Spur 18D, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA
| | - Tara G McDaneld
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC), State Spur 18D, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA
| | - Michael L Clawson
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC), State Spur 18D, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA
| | - John Dustin Loy
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 4040 E Campus Loop, Lincoln, NE, 68503, USA
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Ellis J. What is the evidence that bovine coronavirus is a biologically significant respiratory pathogen in cattle? THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2019; 60:147-152. [PMID: 30705449 PMCID: PMC6340311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses, including bovine coronavirus (BCoV), are etiologically associated with enteric and respiratory disease across a wide range of mammalian and avian species. The role of BCoV in calfhood diarrhea is well-established, but its role in the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) has been controversial. This review re-examines the evidence that BCoV is a significant pathogen in the BRDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ellis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
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Alam M, Hasanuzzaman M, Hassan MM, Rakib TM, Hossain ME, Rashid MH, Sayeed MA, Philips LB, Hoque MA. Assessment of transport stress on cattle travelling a long distance (≈648 km), from Jessore (Indian border) to Chittagong, Bangladesh. Vet Rec Open 2018; 5:e000248. [PMID: 29955367 PMCID: PMC6018847 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2017-000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of long-distance transport on cattle health has not frequently been studied in Bangladesh. The current study investigated the health conditions, and the extent and pattern of cattle injuries, along with haemato-biochemical and hormonal changes, before and after long-distance transportation (≈648 km) from the market of origin to the market of destination. A total of 100 adult cattle were selected at the Benapole live cattle market, Bangladesh, for physical examination before and after transportation. Fifty of these cattle were randomly selected for additional haemato-biochemical evaluation just before the start of transportation (0 hour), immediately after arrival at the destination market (13.8±0.9 hours after the start of transportation) and 24 hours after arrival at the destination market. The external health conditions and injuries were assessed. Animals were fasting in the vehicle during transportation and provided only with paddy straw and water before sale at the destination market. Before and after transportation, the overall frequency of cattle injuries varied significantly (26 per cent before v 47 per cent after transportation; P<0.001). Cattle health conditions diverged significantly (such as nasal discharge: 15 per cent v 28 per cent; P=0.03). The values of haemoglobin (P=0.01), total erythrocyte count (P=0.001), total leucocyte count (P<0.001), lymphocyte (P=0.005), neutrophil (P=0.01) and eosinophil (P=0.01) varied significantly. The values of serum total protein (P=0.006), creatine kinase (P<0.001), triglyceride (P=0.04), calcium (P=0.003), phosphorus (P<0.001) and alkaline phosphatase (P=0.04) significantly differed. The overall findings indicate a high degree of transport stress and poor animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahabub Alam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Hasanuzzaman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Tofazzal Md Rakib
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Emran Hossain
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Harun Rashid
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abu Sayeed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Lindsay B Philips
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Md Ahasanul Hoque
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
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Workman AM, Kuehn LA, McDaneld TG, Clawson ML, Chitko-McKown CG, Loy JD. Evaluation of the effect of serum antibody abundance against bovine coronavirus on bovine coronavirus shedding and risk of respiratory tract disease in beef calves from birth through the first five weeks in a feedlot. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:1065-1076. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.9.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cockrum RR, Speidel SE, Salak-Johnson JL, Chase CCL, Peel RK, Weaber RL, Loneagan GH, Wagner JJ, Boddhireddy P, Thomas MG, Prayaga K, DeNise S, Enns RM. Genetic parameters estimated at receiving for circulating cortisol, immunoglobulin G, interleukin 8, and incidence of bovine respiratory disease in feedlot beef steers. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:2770-8. [PMID: 27482664 PMCID: PMC7110060 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease complex (i.e., shipping fever and bacterial bronchopneumonia) is a multifaceted respiratory illness influenced by numerous environmental factors and microorganisms. Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is just one component of BRD complex. Because BRD is moderately heritable, it may be possible to reduce the incidence of BRD through genetic selection. The objectives of this study were to determine the heritability and associative genetic relationships among immune system traits (i.e., cortisol, total IgG, IgG isotypes, and IL-8) in cattle monitored for BRD incidence. At an average of 83 d after weaning (219 d age and mean = 221.7 kg [SD 4.34]), crossbred Bos taurus steer calves (n = 2,869) were received at a commercial feedlot in southeastern Colorado over a 2-yr period. At receiving, jugular blood samples were collected at 212 (yr 1) and 226 d (yr 2) of age for immune trait analyses. The BRD phenotype was defined as a binomial variable (0 = no and 1 = yes) and compared with immune system traits measured at receiving (prior to illness onset). An animal identified as BRD positive exhibited ≥ 2 clinical signs (i.e., eye or nasal discharge, cough, lethargy, rapid breathing, acute interstitial pneumonia, or acute upper respiratory syndrome and/or a rectal temperature > 39.7°C). Heritability and genetic correlation estimates for categorical variable BRD, cortisol, IgG, IgG1, IgG2, and IL-8 were estimated from a sire model using ASREML. Heritability estimates were low to moderate for BRD (0.17 ± 0.08), cortisol (0.13 ± 0.05), IgG (0.15 ± 0.05), IgG1 (0.11 ± 0.05), IgG2 (0.24 ± 0.06), and IL-8 (0.30 ± 0.06). A moderate negative genetic correlation was determined between BRD and cortisol (rg = −0.19 ± 0.32). Moderate positive correlations were found between BRD with IgG (0.42 ± 0.28), IgG1 (0.36 ± 0.32), and IL-8 (rg = 0.26 ± 0.26). Variation in the BRD phenotype and immune system traits suggested herd health improvement may be achieved through genetic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. R. Cockrum
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Dairy Science, Blacksburg, 24061
| | - S. E. Speidel
- Colorado State University, Department of Animal Sciences, Fort Collins 80523
| | | | - C. C. L. Chase
- South Dakota State University, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Brookings 57007
| | - R. K. Peel
- Colorado State University, Department of Animal Sciences, Fort Collins 80523
| | - R. L. Weaber
- Kansas State University, Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Manhattan 66506
| | - G. H. Loneagan
- Texas Tech University, Department of Food Safety and Public Health, Lubbock 79409
| | - J. J. Wagner
- Colorado State University, Department of Animal Sciences, Fort Collins 80523
| | | | - M. G. Thomas
- Colorado State University, Department of Animal Sciences, Fort Collins 80523
| | | | | | - R. M. Enns
- Colorado State University, Department of Animal Sciences, Fort Collins 80523
- Corresponding author:
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Evolving views on bovine respiratory disease: An appraisal of selected key pathogens - Part 1. Vet J 2016; 217:95-102. [PMID: 27810220 PMCID: PMC7110489 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed causes of morbidity and mortality in cattle and interactions of factors associated with the animal, the pathogen and the environment are central to its pathogenesis. Emerging knowledge of a role for pathogens traditionally assumed to be minor players in the pathogenesis of BRD reflects an increasingly complex situation that will necessitate regular reappraisal of BRD pathogenesis and control. This review appraises the role of selected key pathogens implicated in BRD pathogenesis to assess how our understanding of their role has evolved in recent years.
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Oma VS, Tråvén M, Alenius S, Myrmel M, Stokstad M. Bovine coronavirus in naturally and experimentally exposed calves; viral shedding and the potential for transmission. Virol J 2016; 13:100. [PMID: 27296861 PMCID: PMC4906604 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a widely distributed pathogen, causing disease and economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. Prevention of virus spread is impeded by a lack of basic knowledge concerning viral shedding and transmission potential in individual animals. The aims of the study were to investigate the duration and quantity of BCoV shedding in feces and nasal secretions related to clinical signs, the presence of virus in blood and tissues and to test the hypothesis that seropositive calves are not infectious to naïve in-contact calves three weeks after BCoV infection. Methods A live animal experiment was conducted, with direct contact between animal groups for 24 h as challenge procedure. Four naïve calves were commingled with a group of six naturally infected calves and sequentially euthanized. Two naïve sentinel calves were commingled with the experimentally exposed group three weeks after exposure. Nasal swabs, feces, blood and tissue samples were analyzed for viral RNA by RT-qPCR, and virus isolation was performed on nasal swabs. Serum was analyzed for BCoV antibodies. Results The calves showed mild general signs, and the most prominent signs were from the respiratory system. The overall clinical score corresponded well with the shedding of viral RNA the first three weeks after challenge. General depression and cough were the signs that correlated best with shedding of BCoV RNA, while peak respiratory rate and peak rectal temperature appeared more than a week later than the peak shedding. Nasal shedding preceded fecal shedding, and the calves had detectable amounts of viral RNA intermittently in feces through day 35 and in nasal secretions through day 28, however virus isolation was unsuccessful from day six and day 18 from the two calves investigated. Viral RNA was not detected in blood, but was found in lymphatic tissue through day 42 after challenge. Although the calves were shedding BCoV RNA 21 days after infection the sentinel animals were not infected. Conclusions Prolonged shedding of BCoV RNA can occur, but detection of viral RNA does not necessarily indicate a transmission potential. The study provides valuable information with regard to producing scientifically based biosecurity advices. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0555-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veslemøy Sunniva Oma
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsvegen 72, 0454, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Madeleine Tråvén
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Alenius
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mette Myrmel
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsvegen 72, 0454, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Stokstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsvegen 72, 0454, Oslo, Norway
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Moore SJ, O'Dea MA, Perkins N, O'Hara AJ. Estimation of nasal shedding and seroprevalence of organisms known to be associated with bovine respiratory disease in Australian live export cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:6-17. [PMID: 25525134 DOI: 10.1177/1040638714559741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of organisms known to be associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was investigated in cattle prior to export. A quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay was used to detect nucleic acids from the following viruses and bacteria in nasal swab samples: Bovine coronavirus (BoCV; Betacoronavirus 1), Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1), Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), Bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3), Histophilus somni, Mycoplasma bovis, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Pasteurella multocida. Between 2010 and 2012, nasal swabs were collected from 1,484 apparently healthy cattle destined for export to the Middle East and Russian Federation. In addition, whole blood samples from 334 animals were tested for antibodies to BoHV-1, BRSV, BVDV-1, and BPIV-3 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The nasal prevalence of BoCV at the individual animal level was 40.1%. The nasal and seroprevalence of BoHV-1, BRSV, BVDV-1, and BPIV-3 was 1.0% and 39%, 1.2% and 46%, 3.0% and 56%, and 1.4% and 87%, respectively. The nasal prevalence of H. somni, M. bovis, M. haemolytica, and P. multocida was 42%, 4.8%, 13.4%, and 26%, respectively. Significant differences in nasal and seroprevalence were detected between groups of animals from different geographical locations. The results of the current study provide baseline data on the prevalence of organisms associated with BRD in Australian live export cattle in the preassembly period. This data could be used to develop strategies for BRD prevention and control prior to loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jo Moore
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, O'Hara)Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Australia (O'Dea)AusVet Animal Health Services, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
| | - Mark A O'Dea
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, O'Hara)Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Australia (O'Dea)AusVet Animal Health Services, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
| | - Nigel Perkins
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, O'Hara)Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Australia (O'Dea)AusVet Animal Health Services, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
| | - Amanda J O'Hara
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, O'Hara)Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Australia (O'Dea)AusVet Animal Health Services, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
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Lojkić I, Krešić N, Šimić I, Bedeković T. Detection and molecular characterisation of bovine corona and toroviruses from Croatian cattle. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:202. [PMID: 26268320 PMCID: PMC4535285 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) together with bovine torovirus (BToV), both members of the Coronaviridae family, order Nidovirales are the most common viral enteric pathogens. Although studied separately, their joint occurrence and the molecular diversity in cattle in Croatia have not been investigated. METHODS A survey is carried out on 101 fecal samples from diarrheic young and adult cattle during the 3-year period from i) one large dairy herd, ii) four small herds and iii) three nasal and paired fecal samples from calves with symptoms of respiratory disease. Samples were submitted to RT-PCR and sequencing for BCoV Nucleocapsid gene, BCoV Spike gene and BToV Spike gene. RESULTS BCoV was detected in 78.8 % of fecal samples from symptomatic cattle and three nasal and paired fecal samples from calves with respiratory symptoms. BToV was detected in 43.2 % of fecal samples from symptomatic cattle and a fecal sample from calves with respiratory symptoms. Molecular characterisation of those viruses revealed some nucleotide and aminoacid differences in relation to reference strains. CONCLUSIONS BToV should be regarded as a relevant pathogen for cattle that plays a synergistic role in mixed enteric infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Lojkić
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nina Krešić
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Šimić
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Tomislav Bedeković
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Jee J, Hoet AE, Azevedo MP, Vlasova AN, Loerch SC, Pickworth CL, Hanson J, Saif LJ. Effects of dietary vitamin A content on antibody responses of feedlot calves inoculated intramuscularly with an inactivated bovine coronavirus vaccine. Am J Vet Res 2014; 74:1353-62. [PMID: 24066921 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.10.1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of low dietary vitamin A content on antibody responses in feedlot calves inoculated with an inactivated bovine coronavirus (BCoV) vaccine. ANIMALS 40 feedlot calves. PROCEDURES Calves were fed diets containing high (3,300 U/kg) or low (1,100 U/kg) amounts of vitamin A beginning on the day of arrival at a feedlot (day 0) and continuing daily until the end of the study (day 140). Serum retinol concentrations were evaluated in blood samples obtained throughout the study. Calves were inoculated IM with an inactivated BCoV vaccine on days 112 and 126. Blood samples obtained on days 112 and 140 were used for assessment of BCoV-specific serum IgG1, IgG2, IgM, and IgA titers via an ELISA. RESULTS The low vitamin A diet reduced serum retinol concentrations between days 112 and 140. After the BCoV inoculation and booster injections, predominantly serum IgG1 antibodies were induced in calves fed the high vitamin A diet; however, IgG1 titers were compromised at day 140 in calves fed the low vitamin A diet. Other isotype antibodies specific for BCoV were not affected by the low vitamin A diet. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dietary vitamin A restriction increases marbling in feedlot cattle; however, its effect on antibody responses to vaccines is unknown. A low vitamin A diet compromised the serum IgG1 responses against inactivated BCoV vaccine, which suggested suppressed T-helper 2-associated antibody (IgG1) responses. Thus, low vitamin A diets may compromise the effectiveness of viral vaccines and render calves more susceptible to infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbae Jee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
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Cho YI, Yoon KJ. An overview of calf diarrhea - infectious etiology, diagnosis, and intervention. J Vet Sci 2013; 15:1-17. [PMID: 24378583 PMCID: PMC3973752 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Calf diarrhea is a commonly reported disease in young animals, and still a major cause of productivity and economic loss to cattle producers worldwide. In the report of the 2007 National Animal Health Monitoring System for U.S. dairy, half of the deaths among unweaned calves was attributed to diarrhea. Multiple pathogens are known or postulated to cause or contribute to calf diarrhea development. Other factors including both the environment and management practices influence disease severity or outcomes. The multifactorial nature of calf diarrhea makes this disease hard to control effectively in modern cow-calf operations. The purpose of this review is to provide a better understanding of a) the ecology and pathogenesis of well-known and potential bovine enteric pathogens implicated in calf diarrhea, b) describe diagnostic tests used to detect various enteric pathogens along with their pros and cons, and c) propose improved intervention strategies for treating calf diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Il Cho
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan, Korea
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15
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Boileau MJ, Kapil S. Bovine coronavirus associated syndromes. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2010; 26:123-46, table of contents. [PMID: 20117547 PMCID: PMC7125561 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronaviruses, like other animal coronaviruses, have a predilection for intestinal and respiratory tracts. The viruses responsible for enteric and respiratory symptoms are closely related antigenically and genetically. Only 4 bovine coronavirus isolates have been completely sequenced and thus, the information about the genetics of the virus is still limited. This article reviews the clinical syndromes associated with bovine coronavirus, including pneumonia in calves and adult cattle, calf diarrhea, and winter dysentery; diagnostic methods; prevention using vaccination; and treatment, with adjunctive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie J Boileau
- Food Animal Medicine and Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Thomas CJ, Hoet AE, Sreevatsan S, Wittum TE, Briggs RE, Duff GC, Saif LJ. Transmission of bovine coronavirus and serologic responses in feedlot calves under field conditions. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:1412-20. [PMID: 16881855 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.8.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare shedding patterns and serologic responses to bovine coronavirus (BCV) in feedlot calves shipped from a single ranch in New Mexico (NM calves) versus calves assembled from local sale barns in Arkansas (AR calves) and to evaluate the role of BCV on disease and performance. ANIMALS 103 feedlot calves from New Mexico and 100 from Arkansas. PROCEDURES Calves were studied from before shipping to 35 days after arrival at the feedlot. Nasal swab specimens, fecal samples, and serum samples were obtained before shipping, at arrival, and periodically thereafter. Bovine coronavirus antigen and antibodies were detected by use of an ELISA. RESULTS NM calves had a high geometric mean titer for BCV antibody at arrival (GMT, 1,928); only 2% shed BCV in nasal secretions and 1% in feces. In contrast, AR calves had low antibody titers against BCV at arrival (GMT, 102) and 64% shed BCV in nasal secretions and 65% in feces. Detection of BCV in nasal secretions preceded detection in feces before shipping AR calves, but at arrival, 73% of AR calves were shedding BCV in nasal secretions and feces. Bovine coronavirus infection was significantly associated with respiratory tract disease and decreased growth performance in AR calves. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Replication and shedding of BCV may start in the upper respiratory tract and spread to the gastrointestinal tract. Vaccination of calves against BCV before shipping to feedlots may provide protection against BCV infection and its effects with other pathogens in the induction of respiratory tract disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Thomas
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, 44691, USA
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Liu L, Hägglund S, Hakhverdyan M, Alenius S, Larsen LE, Belák S. Molecular epidemiology of bovine coronavirus on the basis of comparative analyses of the S gene. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:957-60. [PMID: 16517883 PMCID: PMC1393089 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.44.3.957-960.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV), a group 2 member of the genus Coronavirus in the family Coronaviridae, is an important pathogen in cattle worldwide. It causes diarrhea in adult animals (winter dysentery), as well as enteric and respiratory diseases in calves. The annual occurrence of BCoV epidemics in Sweden and Denmark led to this investigation, with the aim to deepen the knowledge of BCoV epidemiology at the molecular level. A total of 43 samples from outbreaks in both countries were used for PCR amplification and direct sequencing of a 624-nucleotide fragment of the BCoV S gene. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic studies were performed. The results showed (i) identical sequences from different animals in the same herds and from paired nasal and fecal samples, suggesting a dominant virus circulating in each herd at a given time; (ii) sequence differences among four outbreaks in different years in the same herd, indicating new introduction of virus; (iii) identical sequences in four different Danish herds in samples obtained within 2 months, implying virus transmission between herds; and (iv) that at least two different virus strains were involved in the outbreaks of BCoV in Denmark during the spring of 2003. This study presents molecular data of BCoV infections that will contribute to an increased understanding of BCoV epidemiology in cattle populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7019, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Propagation of bovine coronavirus in clones of the Caco-2 cell line showing different levels of alkaline phosphatase activity. Anim Sci J 2006. [PMCID: PMC7159700 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2006.00346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Bovine torovirus (BoTV) is a pleomorphic virus with a spike-bearing envelope and a linear, non-segmented, positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome. This kidney-shaped virus is associated with diarrhea in calves and apparently has a worldwide distribution. This review provides details of the history and taxonomy of BoTV since its discovery in 1979. Information about virion morphology and architecture, antigenic and biological properties, viral genome, protein composition, thermal and chemical stability, and pH and proteolytic enzymes resistance is also summarized. A major focus of this review is to postulate a possible epidemiological cycle for BoTV, based on epidemiological data obtained in our studies and other published data, and progressing from the newborn calf to the adult animal. The distribution, host range, pathogenesis, disease and clinical signs (under experimental and natural exposure), pathology, diagnosis, prevention, treatment and control of BoTV infections are also described. In addition, a discussion of the zoonotic implications of torovirus-like particles detected in patients with gastroenteritis that resemble and cross-react with BoTV is presented. Hopefully, the findings described here will alert others to the existence of BoTV in cattle and its contribution to the diarrheal disease complex. This review also highlights the need for continual vigilance for potential zoonotic viruses belonging to the order Nidovirales, such as the SARS coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando E Hoet
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, La Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
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Lu L, Manopo I, Leung BP, Chng HH, Ling AE, Chee LL, Ooi EE, Chan SW, Kwang J. Immunological characterization of the spike protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:1570-6. [PMID: 15071006 PMCID: PMC387621 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.4.1570-1576.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a novel infectious disease caused by the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). There are four major structural proteins in the SARS-CoV, including the nucleocapsid, spike, membrane, and small envelope proteins. In this study, two sets of truncated fragments of spike protein were generated, the first were approximately 210-bp nonoverlapping fragments and the second were overlapping segments of 750 to 900 bp. From these 23 fragments, we identified a fragment of 259 amino acids (amino acids 441 to 700) that is a major immunodominant epitope. This fragment was highly expressed, and the purified fragment C could detect all 33 SARS patient serum samples tested, collected from 7 to 60 days after the onset of fever, but had no reactivity with all 66 healthy human serum samples tested. Thus, fragment C of spike protein was identified as an immunodominant antigen and could be used for serological detection of SARS-CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Lu
- Animal Health Biotechnology Unit, Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore
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Faldyna M, Pechova A, Krejci J. Chromium Supplementation Enhances Antibody Response to Vaccination with Tetanus Toxoid in Cattle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 50:326-31. [PMID: 14535930 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2003.00680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nineteen multiparous late-pregnant dairy cows were divided into an experimental group (n = 10) and a control group (n = 9). Animals in the experimental group were fed a diet supplemented with chromium chelate admixed into wheat meal at 5 mg per animal per day. The supplementation was started 4 weeks before calving and stopped by the end of week 3 after calving. All the cows were vaccinated with tetanus toxoid in the fifth and sixth week of lactation. Monitoring of the characteristics of non-specific immunity did not show any significant between-group differences in total and differential leucocyte counts, percentages of lymphocyte subpopulations, activities of lectin-stimulated lymphocytes, phagocytic activities, and the contents of total immunoglobulins and lysozyme in blood sera. Tetanus toxoid-specific antibody titres, those of the IgG2 isotype in particular, were higher in the experimental group than in the control animals. These results indicate that chromium supplementation at the level used in this experiment modulated the regulation of functions of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Faldyna
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Lin XQ, O'Reilly KL, Storz J. Antibody responses of cattle with respiratory coronavirus infections during pathogenesis of shipping fever pneumonia are lower with antigens of enteric strains than with those of a respiratory strain. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 9:1010-3. [PMID: 12204951 PMCID: PMC120065 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.9.5.1010-1013.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2002] [Revised: 05/17/2002] [Accepted: 06/03/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The serum antibody responses of cattle with respiratory coronavirus infections during the pathogenesis of shipping fever pneumonia were analyzed with different bovine coronavirus antigens, including those from a wild-type respiratory bovine coronavirus (RBCV) strain (97TXSF-Lu 15-2) directly isolated from lung tissue from a fatally infected bovine, a wild-type enteropathogenic bovine coronavirus (EBCV) strain (Ly 138-3), and the highly cell culture-adapted, enteric prototype strain (EBCV L9-81). Infectivity-neutralizing (IN) and hemagglutinin-inhibiting (HAI) activities were tested. Sequential serum samples, collected during the onset of the respiratory coronavirus infection and at weekly intervals for 5 weeks thereafter, had significantly higher IN and HAI titers for antigens of RBCV strain 97TXSF-Lu15-2 than for the wild-type and the highly cell culture-adapted EBCV strains, with P values ranging from <0.0001 to 0.0483. The IN and HAI antibody responses against the two EBCV strains did not differ significantly, but the lowest titers were detected with EBCV strain L9-81.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Lin
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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Hasoksuz M, Sreevatsan S, Cho KO, Hoet AE, Saif LJ. Molecular analysis of the S1 subunit of the spike glycoprotein of respiratory and enteric bovine coronavirus isolates. Virus Res 2002; 84:101-9. [PMID: 11900843 PMCID: PMC7127276 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2001] [Revised: 12/12/2001] [Accepted: 12/12/2001] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear whether respiratory and enteric bovine coronavirus (BoCV) strains are distinctive in biological, antigenic and genetic characteristics. In the present study, we analyzed the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the S1 subunit of the S glycoprotein, including the cleavage site, of both respiratory (n=5) and enteric (n=3) BoCV isolates including two paired isolates from the same feedlot animals and compared them with the prototype Mebus and two enteric and one respiratory BoCV strains from Quebec. A total of 75 polymorphic nucleotides were identified in the S1 subunit of the spike glycoprotein of BoCV isolates compared with the Mebus strain. These polymorphisms led to 42 amino acid changes at 38 distinct sites. The amino acid changes were distributed throughout the S1 subunit with clustering around residues 40-118, 146-179, and 458-531. Among these variations, only 19 amino acid substitutions altered the charge, hydrophobicity and surface probability of the protein. Based on phylogenetic analysis, our respiratory and enteric isolates clustered into two major groups with two subgroups. Although, there were only a few amino acid changes between the respiratory and enteric paired isolates, the other two respiratory isolates, one isolated from the same farm as a paired strain and the other from a different farm, showed more sequence diversity. Amino acid alterations in residues 113, 115, 118, 146, 148, 501, 510 and 531 of respiratory isolates conferred significant changes in the predicted secondary structure compared with the prototype winter dysentery (WD) and the calf diarrhea (CD) strains of BoCV. In conclusion, the data suggests that respiratory strains of BoCV may differ genetically from the classical calf enteric and adult WD strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691-4096, USA
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Lin X, O'Reilly KL, Burrell ML, Storz J. Infectivity-neutralizing and hemagglutinin-inhibiting antibody responses to respiratory coronavirus infections of cattle in pathogenesis of shipping fever pneumonia. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 8:357-62. [PMID: 11238222 PMCID: PMC96063 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.8.2.357-362.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2000] [Accepted: 12/21/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory bovine coronaviruses (RBCV) emerged as an infectious agent most frequently isolated from respiratory tract samples of cattle with acute respiratory tract diseases. Infectivity-neutralizing (IN) and hemagglutinin-inhibiting (HAI) antibodies induced by RBCV infections were monitored in sequential serum samples collected from cattle during a naturally evolving and experimentally monitored epizootic of shipping fever pneumonia (SFP). Cattle nasally shedding RBCV at the beginning of the epizootic started with low levels of serum IN and HAI antibodies. An increase in serum IN antibody after day 7 led to reduction of virus shedding in nasal secretions by the majority of the cattle between days 7 and 14. A substantial rise in the serum HAI antibody was observed during the initial phase among the sick but not the clinically normal cattle which were infected with RBCV. The RBCV isolation-positive cattle that developed fatal SFP had minimal serum IN and HAI antibodies during the course of disease development. Cattle that remained negative in RBCV isolation tests entered this epizootic with high levels of serum IN and HAI antibodies, which dramatically increased during the next two weeks. Protection against SFP was apparently associated with significantly higher levels of serum IN antibodies at the beginning of the epizootic. The RBCV-neutralizing activity is associated with serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), particularly the IgG2 subclass, while RBCV-specific HAI antibody is related to both serum IgG and IgM fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Lin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Storz J, Lin X, Purdy CW, Chouljenko VN, Kousoulas KG, Enright FM, Gilmore WC, Briggs RE, Loan RW. Coronavirus and Pasteurella infections in bovine shipping fever pneumonia and Evans' criteria for causation. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:3291-8. [PMID: 10970373 PMCID: PMC87376 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.9.3291-3298.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2000] [Accepted: 06/29/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections with viruses and Pasteurella spp. were determined sequentially among 26 cattle that died during two severe epizootics of shipping fever pneumonia. Nasal swab and serum samples were collected prior to onset of the epizootics, during disease progression, and after death, when necropsies were performed and lung samples were collected. Eighteen normal control cattle also were sampled at the beginning of the epizootics as well as at weekly intervals for 4 weeks. Respiratory bovine coronaviruses (RBCV) were isolated from nasal secretions of 21 and 25 cattle before and after transport. Two and 17 cattle nasally shed Pasteurella spp. before and after transport, respectively. RBCV were isolated at titers of 1 x 10(3) to 1.2 x 10(7) PFU per g of lung tissue from 18 cattle that died within 7 days of the epizootics, but not from the lungs of the remaining cattle that died on days 9 to 36. Twenty-five of the 26 lung samples were positive for Pasteurella spp., and their CFU ranged between 4.0 x 10(5) and 2.3 x 10(9) per g. Acute and subacute exudative, necrotizing lobar pneumonia characterized the lung lesions of these cattle with a majority of pneumonic lung lobes exhibiting fibronecrotic and exudative changes typical of pneumonic pasteurellosis, but other lung lobules had histological changes consisting of bronchiolitis and alveolitis typical of virus-induced changes. These cattle were immunologically naive to both infectious agents at the onset of the epizootics, but those that died after day 7 had rising antibody titers against RBCV and Pasteurella haemolytica. In contrast, the 18 clinically normal and RBCV isolation-negative cattle had high hemagglutinin inhibition antibody titers to RBCV from the beginning, while their antibody responses to P. haemolytica antigens were delayed. Evans' criteria for causation were applied to our findings because of the multifactorial nature of shipping fever pneumonia. This analysis identified RBCV as the primary inciting cause in these two epizootics. These viruses were previously not recognized as a causative agent in this complex respiratory tract disease of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Storz
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, USA.
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