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Bandaw T, Gebremeskel HF, Muluneh A, Mengistu TS, Kebede IA. Seroprevalence and molecular detection of foot and mouth disease virus in cattle in selected districts of Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7929. [PMID: 38575673 PMCID: PMC10994912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious, endemic, and acute viral cattle ailment that causes major economic damage in Ethiopia. Although several serotypes of the FMD virus have been detected in Ethiopia, there is no documented information about the disease's current serostatus and serotypes circulating in the Wolaita zone. Thus, from March to December 2022, a cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate FMDV seroprevalence, molecular detection, and serotype identification in three Wolaita Zone sites. A multistage sample procedure was used to choose three peasant associations from each study region, namely Wolaita Sodo, Offa district, and Boloso sore district. A systematic random sampling technique was employed to pick 384 cattle from the population for the seroprevalence research, and 10 epithelial tissue samples were purposefully taken from outbreak individuals for molecular detection of FMDV. The sera were examined using 3ABC FMD NSP Competition ELISA to find antibodies against FMDV non-structural proteins, whereas epithelial tissue samples were analyzed for molecular detection using real-time RT-PCR, and sandwich ELISA was used to determine the circulating serotypes. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to evaluate the associated risk variables. The total seroprevalence of FMD in cattle was 46.88% (95% CI 41.86-51.88), with Wolaita Sodo Town having the highest seroprevalence (63.28%). As a consequence, multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that animal age, herd size, and interaction with wildlife were all substantially related to FMD seroprevalence (p < 0.05). During molecular detection, only SAT-2 serotypes were found in 10 tissue samples. Thus, investigating FMD outbreaks and identifying serotypes and risk factors for seropositivity are critical steps in developing effective control and prevention strategies based on the kind of circulating serotype. Moreover, further research for animal species other than cattle was encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamenech Bandaw
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, P. O. Box 138, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Tilaye Shibiru Mengistu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, P. O. Box 138, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Isayas Asefa Kebede
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Ambo University, P. O. Box 19, Guder, Ethiopia.
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Tesfaye AB, Assefa GA, Shishaye LB, Abera BM, Gebreanenya NT, Gebregiorgis GL, Dürr S. Outbreak investigation of foot-and-mouth disease in cattle in Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1157395. [PMID: 37645676 PMCID: PMC10462391 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1157395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
An investigation of a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak was conducted between late October and mid-December 2019 in Tigray region. The outbreak investigation team collected epidemiological data from the six villages of Kafta Humera and Seharti Samre districts, including morbidity proportions, mortality proportions, and clinical signs, and cattle management and vaccination history were collected via participatory methods, including interviews and group discussions with local experts and farmers in Kafta Humera and reports from the district veterinarians in Seharti Samre. Twenty-two tissue samples were collected for laboratory confirmation. Overall, 4,299/9,811 (43.8%) and 13,654/16,921 (80.6%) cattle showed clinical signs for FMD in Kafta Humera and Seharti Samre, respectively. In Kafta Humera, the highest morbidity proportion was found in adult cows and heifers (48.1%), followed by 27.8% in oxen and 15.9% in calves. In Seharti Samre, the morbidity proportion was similar in all age groups at ~81%. No death of FMD-suspected cattle was reported throughout the outbreak. The serotype of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) identified by laboratory analysis differed between the two districts (serotype O in Kafta Humera and serotype A in Seharti Samre). We, therefore, suggest that the outbreaks in the two districts occurred independently from each other. Experts and farmers were interviewed and believed that the outbreak in Kafta Humera was most likely caused by interaction between cattle and wildlife from the surrounding Kafta Sheraro National Park, which share common grazing land. This outbreak investigation showed that FMD can cause devastating cattle morbidity. A regular vaccination program against the identified circulating FMDV serotypes with sufficient coverage is required to avoid future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adehanom Baraki Tesfaye
- Mekelle Agricultural Research Center, Tigray Agricultural Research Institute, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Guash Abay Assefa
- Abergelle Agricultural Research Center, Tigray Agricultural Research Institute, Abi Adi, Ethiopia
| | - Leul Berhe Shishaye
- Humera Begait Research Center, Tigray Agricultural Research Institute, Humera, Ethiopia
| | - Bisrat Mesfin Abera
- Tigray Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development, Animal Health Core-process, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Salome Dürr
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Metwally S, Bkear N, Badr Y, Elshafey B, Alhag SK, Al-Shuraym LA, Batiha G, Fakhry B, Hamada R. A Newly Emerging Serotype A Strain in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus with Higher Severity and Mortality in Buffalo than in Cattle Calves in North Egypt. Vet Sci 2023; 10:488. [PMID: 37624275 PMCID: PMC10457878 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A severe foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemic struck several Egyptian provinces recently, causing significant losses among animals even in vaccinated farms. This study indicated the existence of the newly emerging foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and first investigated its effect on the Egyptian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and cattle calves in the Beheira province, north Egypt. Twenty tongue epithelial samples from diseased calves in five infected farms were randomly collected, prepared, and propagated using baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21) cells. Whole genomic RNA was extracted from the cells of the third passage. A FMDV genome was detected and serotyped using one-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCRs). Nucleotide sequencing of the purified serotype-specific PCR bands was performed, and a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on 600 base pairs of VP1 was constructed. The results identified FMDV, serotype A in all infected samples, whereas the serotypes O and SAT2 were negative. The obtained 20 sequences were identical to each other and similar to the newly reported strain in Egypt that belongs to the Europe-South America (Euro-SA) topotype. The epidemiological and clinical parameters associated with such a strain were fully recorded by veterinarians and analyzed in a single infected farm including 70 cattle and buffalo calves. It caused higher peracute mortalities in buffalo (25.7%; 95% CI: 13-43) than in cattle (8.6%; 95% CI: 2-24) calves. Severe clinical signs such as dullness, hypothermia, bradycardia, and cardiac arrhythmia were common to both except in fatal cases, whereas hyperthermia and respiratory signs were prevalent in cattle calves. In conclusion, we first characterized the newly emerging FMDV in the calves of Beheira as more fatal and severe in buffalo than in cattle calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Metwally
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt; (N.B.); (Y.B.); (B.F.)
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Nabil Bkear
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt; (N.B.); (Y.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Yassien Badr
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt; (N.B.); (Y.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Besheer Elshafey
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt;
| | - Sadeq K. Alhag
- Biology Department, College of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Muhayl Asser 61913, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Laila A. Al-Shuraym
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Gaber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt;
| | - Bassant Fakhry
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt; (N.B.); (Y.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Rania Hamada
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
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Seifu K, Muluneh A, Getachew Y, Jibril Y, Negussie H. Epidemiological study and dairy farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices on foot and mouth disease in central Ethiopia. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15771. [PMID: 37159685 PMCID: PMC10163643 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is consistently ranked as the most economically significant viral disease and one of the top five livestock diseases in Ethiopia. Although FMD is endemic in Ethiopia, the epidemiology and the farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding FMD were poorly quantified. Thus, a cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2021 to April 2022 to estimate the seroprevalence, identify the FMD serotypes, and assess the farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices on FMD in Addis Ababa city and Sebeta special zone, central Ethiopia. A total of 384 serum samples were collected from cattle and tested using a 3ABC enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In this study, an overall 56% seroprevalence was recorded. Two types of FMD serotypes were detected in which serotype O was the dominant serotype (75.5%) followed by serotype A (45.5%). A significantly higher seroprevalence (P = 0.00) was recorded in Addis Ababa (85%) compared to Sebeta (28.7%). Seropositivity in older and semi-intensively managed cattle was 2.9 (95% CI: 1.36-6.50; P = 0.006) and 2.1 (95% CI: 1.34-3.26; P = 0.001) times higher compared to young and intensively managed cattle, respectively. A survey on knowledge, attitude, and practice of 103 farmers revealed that 90.2% knew of FMD and the majority of them can recognize its clinical pictures. However, 12.7% of farmers who knew FMD didn't practice any prevention methods. Additionally, 70% of the farmers responded that their cattle roamed outside of their farms for communal grazing, watering, breeding purposes, and vaccination which might put them more at risk of FMD. The current study demonstrated that the majority of farmers have gaps in biosecurity practices and vaccination of cattle against FMD. Therefore, educating farmers on FMD prevention measures is necessary for successful disease control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalkidan Seifu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | | | - Yitbarek Getachew
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Yasmin Jibril
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Haileleul Negussie
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
- Corresponding author. Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
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Woldemariyam FT, Kariuki CK, Kamau J, De Vleeschauwer A, De Clercq K, Lefebvre DJ, Paeshuyse J. Epidemiological Dynamics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Horn of Africa: The Role of Virus Diversity and Animal Movement. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040969. [PMID: 37112947 PMCID: PMC10143177 DOI: 10.3390/v15040969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Horn of Africa is a large area of arid and semi-arid land, holding about 10% of the global and 40% of the entire African livestock population. The region's livestock production system is mainly extensive and pastoralist. It faces countless problems, such as a shortage of pastures and watering points, poor access to veterinary services, and multiple endemic diseases like foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Foot-and-mouth disease is one of the most economically important livestock diseases worldwide and is endemic in most developing countries. Within Africa, five of the seven serotypes of the FMD virus (FMDV) are described, but serotype C is not circulating anymore, a burden unseen anywhere in the world. The enormous genetic diversity of FMDV is favored by an error-prone RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, intra-typic and inter-typic recombination, as well as the quasi-species nature of the virus. This paper describes the epidemiological dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease in the Horn of Africa with regard to the serotypes and topotypes distribution of FMDV, the livestock production systems practiced, animal movement, the role of wildlife, and the epidemiological complexity of FMD. Within this review, outbreak investigation data and serological studies confirm the endemicity of the disease in the Horn of Africa. Multiple topotypes of FMDV are described in the literature as circulating in the region, with further evolution of virus diversity predicted. A large susceptible livestock population and the presence of wild ungulates are described as complicating the epidemiology of the disease. Further, the husbandry practices and legal and illegal trading of livestock and their products, coupled with poor biosecurity practices, are also reported to impact the spread of FMDV within and between countries in the region. The porosity of borders for pastoralist herders fuels the unregulated transboundary livestock trade. There are no systematic control strategies in the region except for sporadic vaccination with locally produced vaccines, while literature indicates that effective control measures should also consider virus diversity, livestock movements/biosecurity, transboundary trade, and the reduction of contact with wild, susceptible ungulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanos Tadesse Woldemariyam
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Interaction in Livestock, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia
| | - Christopher Kinyanjui Kariuki
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Interaction in Livestock, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Primate Research, Karen, Nairobi P.O. Box 24481-00502, Kenya
| | - Joseph Kamau
- Institute of Primate Research, Karen, Nairobi P.O. Box 24481-00502, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 30197, Kenya
| | | | - Kris De Clercq
- Sciensano, Service for Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - David J Lefebvre
- Sciensano, Service for Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Paeshuyse
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Interaction in Livestock, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Moreno F, Galvis J, Gómez F. A foot and mouth disease ranking of risk using cattle transportation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284180. [PMID: 37053149 PMCID: PMC10101471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious condition that affects domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals. This disease has substantial economic consequences. Livestock movement is one of the primary causes of disease dissemination. The centrality properties of the livestock mobilization transportation network provide valuable information for surveillance and control of FMD. However, the same transportation network can be described by different centrality descriptions, making it challenging to prioritize the most vulnerable nodes in the transportation network. This work considers the construction of a single network risk ranking, which helps prioritize disease control measurements. Results show that the proposed ranking constructed on 2016 livestock mobilization data may predict an actual outbreak reported in the Cesar (Colombia) region in 2018, with a performance measured by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.91. This result constitutes the first quantitative evidence of the predictive capacity of livestock transportation to target FMD outbreaks. This approach may help decision-makers devise strategies to control and prevent FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Moreno
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
- Laboratorio de Analítica de Datos (Datalab), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan Galvis
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
- Laboratorio de Analítica de Datos (Datalab), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Francisco Gómez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
- Laboratorio de Analítica de Datos (Datalab), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Yadav S, Delgado AH, Hagerman AD, Bertram MR, Moreno-Torres KI, Stenfeldt C, Holmstrom L, Arzt J. Epidemiologic and economic considerations regarding persistently infected cattle during vaccinate-to-live strategies for control of foot-and-mouth disease in FMD-free regions. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1026592. [PMID: 36337179 PMCID: PMC9632437 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1026592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) carrier state following FMD virus (FMDV) infection is a well-established phenomenon in cattle. However, the proportion of cattle likely to become carriers and the duration of the carrier state at a herd or population-level are incompletely understood. The objective of this study was to examine the epidemiologic and economic impacts of vaccination-to-live strategy in a disease-free region or country. We developed and simulated scenarios of FMD spread and control in the US livestock population, which included depopulation for a limited period, followed by a vaccinate-to-live strategy with strong biosecurity and movement restrictions. Six scenarios of FMD spread and control were simulated in the InterSpread Plus (ISP) modeling tool. Data on the number of infected and depopulated cattle (by operation types) from ISP model runs were used to estimate the monthly number of infected but not depopulated (potential carrier) cattle after the infection. Using available literature data on the FMD carrier state, we estimated the monthly proportion of carrier cattle (from infected but not depopulated cattle) over time following infection. Among the simulated scenarios, the median (25th, 75th percentile) number of infected cattle ranged from 43,217 (42,819, 55,274) head to 148,907 (75,819, 205,350) head, and the epidemic duration ranged from 20 (11, 30) to 76 (38, 136) days. In general, larger outbreaks occurred when depopulation was carried out through longer periods, and the onset of the vaccination was late (p > 0.05). The estimated proportion of surviving cattle, which were infected and not depopulated and had the potential to become persistently infected ranged from 14 to 35% of total infected cattle. Production losses in beef and dairy sectors were higher when outbreaks started in multiple states simultaneously, but production losses were small compared to trade losses and consumer avoidance losses. These results can be used to inform the consideration of a vaccinate-to-live strategy for FMD outbreaks and the development of appropriate post-outbreak management strategies. Furthermore, this output will enable a more detailed examination of the epidemiologic and economic implications of allowing convalescent cattle to survive and remain in production chains after FMD outbreaks in FMD-free regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Yadav
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Amy H. Delgado
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Amy H. Delgado
| | - Amy D. Hagerman
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Miranda R. Bertram
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Karla I. Moreno-Torres
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Lindsey Holmstrom
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
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Shurbe M, Simeon B, Seyoum W, Muluneh A, Tora E, Abayneh E. Seroprevalence and associated risk factors for foot and mouth disease virus seropositivity in cattle in selected districts of Gamo zone, Southern Ethiopia. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:931643. [PMID: 36046508 PMCID: PMC9421040 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.931643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, which hampers livestock production and productivity in Ethiopia. This cross-sectional study was conducted from January to December 2021 to estimate the seroprevalence of FMD in cattle and to assess farmers' knowledge about the disease in selected districts of the Gamo zone. Three districts and two kebeles (smallest administrative division) from each district were purposively sampled using a simple random sampling technique to select individual animals from each kebeles. A total of 384 sera samples were collected, and concurrently, 100 farmers were interviewed. The samples were tested for antibodies against nonstructural proteins of the FMD virus using a 3ABC enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were used to analyze FMD-associated risk factors. Result The questionnaire survey result revealed that among the interviewed farmers, 66% of farmers had knowledge about the disease, and 28% of farmers reported having a case of FMD in at least one cattle in their farm in the previous 6 months. The overall seroprevalence of FMD in cattle was 26.8%. The multivariable logistic regression revealed that age, breed, and agroecology had a significant association with seropositivity. Higher seroprevalence (64.57%) was observed in lowland, followed by midland (9.30%) and highland (5.88%). Study animals from lowland areas were 9.26 times more likely to be seropositive (OR = 9.26, CI = 2.22–38.62) for FMD than highland animals. Also, adult animals were 9.01 times (OR = 9.01, CI = 3.18–25.53) more likely to be seropositive for the disease than young animals. The multivariable logistic regression revealed that crossbreeds have an 84.7% (OR = 0.153, CI = 0.028–0.82) lower likelihood to be seropositive to FMD than local breeds. Conclusion This study result confirms that FMD is highly prevalent in the study area, and farmers' knowledge regarding disease transmission and vaccine availability is minimal. Hence the regional concerned bodies should implement FMD vaccination campaigns and create awareness for smallholder farmers regarding the disease transmission, FMD vaccine schedule, and vaccination importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesfin Shurbe
- Department of Animal Science and Health, Livestock and Fishery Research Center, College of Agriculture, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- *Correspondence: Mesfin Shurbe
| | - Bekahegn Simeon
- Department of Animal Science and Health, Livestock and Fishery Research Center, College of Agriculture, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Wasihun Seyoum
- Department of Animal Science and Health, Livestock and Fishery Research Center, College of Agriculture, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Ayelech Muluneh
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Ephrem Tora
- Department of Animal Science and Health, Livestock and Fishery Research Center, College of Agriculture, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Edget Abayneh
- Department of Animal Science and Health, Livestock and Fishery Research Center, College of Agriculture, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Temporal and Spatial Patterns and a Space-Time Cluster Analysis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Ethiopia from 2010 to 2019. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071558. [PMID: 35891538 PMCID: PMC9322932 DOI: 10.3390/v14071558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an endemic disease in Ethiopia, although space-time cluster and monthly variation studies have never been assessed at national level. The current study aimed to identify the spatial and temporal distribution of FMD outbreaks in Ethiopia from national outbreak reports over a period of ten years from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2019. To this end, a total of 376,762 cases and 1302 outbreaks from 704 districts were obtained from the Minister of Agriculture for analyses. In general, the dry periods, i.e., October to March, of the year were recorded as the peak outbreak periods, with the highest prevalence in March 2012. The monthly average and the outbreak trends over ten years show a decrease of outbreaks from 2010 to 2019. Decomposing the FMD outbreak data time series showed that once an outbreak erupted, it continued for up to five years. Only 12% of the reported outbreaks were assigned to a specific serotype. Within these outbreaks, the serotypes O, A, SAT-2, and SAT-1 were identified in decreasing order of prevalence, respectively. When a window of 50% for the maximum temporal/space cluster size was set, a total of seven FMD clusters were identified in space and time. The primary cluster with a radius of 380.95 km was identified in the southern part of Ethiopia, with a likelihood ratio of 7.67 (observed/expected cases). The third cluster, with a radius of 144.14 km, was identified in the northeastern part of the country, and had a likelihood ratio of 5.66. Clusters 1 and 3 occurred from January 2017 to December 2019. The second cluster that occurred had a radius of 294.82 km, a likelihood ratio of 6.20, and was located in the central and western parts of Ethiopia. The sixth cluster, with a radius of 36.04 km and a likelihood ratio of 20.60, was set in southern Tigray, bordering Afar. Clusters 2 and 6 occurred in the same period, from January 2014 to December 2016. The fourth cluster in northern Tigray had a calculated radius of 95.50 km and a likelihood ratio of 1.17. The seventh cluster occurred in the north-central Amhara region, with a radius of 97 km and a likelihood ratio of 1.16. Clusters 4 and 7 occurred between January 2010 and December 2013. The spatiotemporal and cluster analysis of the FMD outbreaks identified in the context of the current study are crucial in implementing control, prevention, and a prophylactic vaccination schedule. This study pointed out October to March as well as the main time of the year during which FMD outbreaks occur. The area that extends from the south to north, following the central highlands, is the main FMD outbreak area in Ethiopia.
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Seroepidemiological investigation of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in Northern Amhara, Ethiopia. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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11
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Gelalcha BD, Robi DT, Deressa FB. A participatory epidemiological investigation of causes of cattle abortion in Jimma zone, Ethiopia. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07833. [PMID: 34471713 PMCID: PMC8387756 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A participatory epidemiological study was conducted with cattle keepers in Jimma zone, Ethiopia, between October 2018 and October 2019 to identify the causes of abortion in cattle. Data collection involved 20 group discussions (each comprising 8–12 people) in 10 peasant associations. Methods used in group discussions included semi-structured interviews, pairwise ranking, matrix scoring, proportional piling, and seasonal calendar. The result of pairwise ranking identified brucellosis, leptospirosis, listeriosis, trypanosomosis, and Foot and mouth disease (FMD) in decreasing order as the most important causes of abortion in cattle. Mechanical or physical agents were also identified as less important non-infectious causes of cattle abortion in study areas. A very strong agreement (W = 0.880; P < 0.001) was observed among informant groups in pairwise ranking as to the most important cause of cattle abortion in study areas. Proportional piling showed that brucellosis was responsible for the highest proportion of abortions (39.9%) followed by leptospirosis (22.5%) and listeriosis (16.3%). A lesser proportion of abortion was attributed to trypanosomosis and FMD which comprise 11.6% and 9.7%, respectively. Matrix scoring showed strong agreement (W = 0.572 to 0.898; p < 0.001) concerning causes of abortion and its clinical signs between informant groups. According to the discussants, brucellosis and FMD tend to occur more frequently in the winter and spring seasons whereas listeriosis and trypanosomosis occurred frequently in the summer and autumn seasons, respectively. Strong agreement was observed among informant groups about the seasonal pattern of occurrence causes of abortion (W = 0.525–0.794; P < 0.001). Participants used medicinal plants and other traditional practices to manage cattle abortion in their areas. Farmers' knowledge should be incorporated to investigate health problems of unknown causes, designing, and implementing the intervention program in the areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benti Deresa Gelalcha
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P. O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Tulu Robi
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box 34, Tepi, Ethiopia
| | - Feyissa Begna Deressa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P. O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Dubie T, Negash W. Seroprevalence of bovine foot and mouth disease (FMD) and its associated risk factors in selected districts of Afar region, Ethiopia. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1678-1687. [PMID: 34273244 PMCID: PMC8464255 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2018 to May 2019 to estimate seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease virus for cattle and assess associated risk factors in selected districts of afar region. Simple random sampling technique was employed to select the study areas. A total of 384 bovine sera were collected from 72 herds and seroprevalence of the disease was determined using 3ABC-ELISA technique. Data were recorded and coded using Microsoft Excel spread sheet and analysed using STATA. Potential risk factors of the disease were also assessed using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Out of 384 sera tested at National Veterinary Institute, the overall seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus was 19.8% (n = 76; 95% CI = 15.8-23.79) at animal level and 56.94% at herd level. The herd level seroprevalence was higher in animals tested from Dubti (85%, n = 17) than Asayita (48.13%, n = 13) and Chifra (44%, n = 11). Among the associated risk factors, age, herd size, district and contact with wild life were statistically associated with foot and mouth disease serostatus (p < 0.05). Medium and large herd size animals were 2.49 (95% CI: 1.33-6.63) and 6.05 (95% CI: 2.54-14.43) times more likely to develop the disease as compared to animals from small herd size, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The current study finding revealed that FMD was more prevalent and economically significant disease in the study districts. Hence, further studies ought to be conducted to estimate the region wise serostatus magnitude of the disease, to assess its economic impact and to identify the circulating serotypes and strains in the areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teshager Dubie
- College of Veterinary MedicineSamara UniversitySamaraEthiopia
| | - Wossene Negash
- College of Veterinary MedicineSamara UniversitySamaraEthiopia
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Awel SM, Dilba GM, Abraha B, Zewde D, Wakjira BS, Aliy A. Seroprevalence and Molecular Detection of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus in Dairy Cattle Around Addis Ababa, Central Ethiopia. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2021; 12:187-197. [PMID: 34285888 PMCID: PMC8285296 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s317103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Foot and mouth disease is a debilitating and highly contagious transboundary disease of cattle that can cause a huge economical loss globally. It is a notifiable disease in Ethiopia, and it is thought to be causing a decrease in cattle productivity and production. Methods A cross-sectional study and outbreak investigation were performed to estimate seroprevalence, identify associated factors and serotypes of FMDV in dairy cattle around Addis Ababa. A multi-stage random sampling technique was employed for the selection of sampling units for the seroprevalence study. A total of 383 blood samples were collected using plain vacutainer tubes and the obtained sera were tested by 3ABC-Ab ELISA at the NAHDIC lab. Also, from outbreak cases, 20 epithelial tissue samples were collected purposively for the molecular detection of FMDV serotypes. Results The overall seroprevalence of FMD in dairy cattle was 72.1% (95% CI=67.27-76.50). The seroprevalence in dairy cattle of Ada Berga, Holeta, and Sululta districts was 97.2%, 71.4%, and 57.6%, respectively. Up on Chi-square analysis, age, body condition, and management system were significantly associated with FMD seroprevalence (p<0.05). Besides, multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that district, age, body condition, and management were significantly associated with FMD seroprevalence (p<0.05). The odds of being seropositive to FMD were 6.9 (95% CI=1.8-24.9; p=0.005) and 2.3 (95% CI=1.2-4.7; p=0.01) times higher in cattle found in Ada Berga and Holeta Woreda. From outbreak cases, 18 (90.0%) were identified positive for FMDV serotype O. Conclusion The current study revealed higher seroprevalence was recorded in the study area and associated risk factors identified statically, serotype O of FMDV was identified from outbreak cases. Therefore, it is critical to design and implement feasible control and prevention mechanisms based on the type of circulating virus serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazali Mohammed Awel
- Jigjiga University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga, Ethiopia.,Haramaya University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Mulatu Dilba
- Ambo University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Bruk Abraha
- Haramaya University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Demeke Zewde
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | | | - Abde Aliy
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
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Hallo Dabasso B, Wasonga OV, Irungu P, Kaufmann B. Emerging pastoralist practices for fulfilling market requirements under stratified cattle production systems in Kenya's drylands. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an20042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
Stratified cattle production (SCP) systems, which involve buying lean animals from pastoral areas and fattening them in locations that have better production conditions, are re-emerging in Kenya’s drylands.
Aims
This study investigated how pastoralists in the drylands of Kenya endeavour to fulfil cattle marketing requirements under the SCP systems.
Methods
Purposefully identified cattle fattening entrepreneurs in Tana River (n = 10) and Narok (n = 12) counties were interviewed on the requirements they demand in buying animals from pastoralists. Using the information generated from the entrepreneurs, pastoralists (Tana River, n = 10; Narok, n = 12) were interviewed on how they respond to the entrepreneurs’ requirements and make sales. The information was triangulated with a focus group discussion in each county whose members were knowledgeable traders and pastoralists. Using a semi-structured questionnaire, randomly selected pastoral households (Tana River, n = 86; Narok, n = 69) were interviewed on cattle sales made through SCP systems.
Key results
The results showed that under the SCP systems, pastoralists in the two counties were required to sell cattle of particular qualities, comply with unpredictable supply orders, sell in secondary markets or near urban centres, use sale agents and undertake high commercial off-take rates if the demand arose. To meet these requirements, the pastoralists devised several strategies and practices, including changes in the animal husbandry practices, keeping ‘emergency’ animals in the home-based herds to comply with unpredictable demands, arrangements with market intermediaries to sell in secondary markets and building buyer–seller trust to facilitate sales through agents. In adopting these practices, pastoralists in both counties managed to sell approximately one or two animals per household through the SCP systems over a period of 12 months, which accounted for ~28% of the annual commercial cattle off-take from the households.
Conclusion
Pastoralists change their management practices in response to livestock marketing requirements and challenges, enhancing their integration into the market economy.
Implication
The information could guide stakeholders to formulate strategies for improving pastoralists’ involvement in cattle marketing through SCP systems.
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Isolation, Serotyping, and Molecular Detection of Bovine FMD Virus from Outbreak Cases in Aba'ala District of Afar Region, Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2020; 2020:8847728. [PMID: 33376591 PMCID: PMC7744179 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8847728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background On the basis of FMDV outbreak cases, a cross-sectional study was undertaken to collect samples from January 2019 to March 2020 intended for isolation, serotyping, and molecular detection of FMDV in the study district. The purposive sampling method was applied to select the study area for the reason of the presence of FMD outbreak case report during the study period. Totally, 27 FMD clinical samples were collected from affected study population during field outbreak. Out of 27 samples, 18 of them were inoculated on cultured Baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) monolayer cells, and all 27 samples were tested using conventional RT-PCR and sets of specific universal primers. Finally, the PCR products were visualized with UV illumination and imaged with gel documentation system. Results The current study results revealed that out of 18 clinical samples subjected to virus isolation, 72.2% (n = 13) of these cultures exhibited FMDV-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) and the identified serotype was SAT-2 FMD virus. Out of 27 clinical samples tested by conventional RT-PCR, only 12 FMDV samples were found to be FMDV positive by universal primers. Out of 27 samples detected by conventional RT-PCR, only 12 FMDV samples were found to be FMDV positive by universal primers. Conclusions Our study finding indicated that FMDV is prevalent in the study area and FMDV serotype SAT-2 was the causality for the outbreaks of the disease in the study area. Hence, region-wise FMD outbreak investigation, further phylogenetic analysis, and vaccine matching field isolates should be carried out for effective vaccine development to control the disease.
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Gizaw D, Tesfaye Y, Wood BA, Di Nardo A, Shegu D, Muluneh A, Bilata T, Belayneh R, Fentie A, Asgdome H, Sombo M, Rufael T, Tadesse Woldemariyam F, Khan F, Yami M, Gelaye E, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, King DP. Molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in Ethiopia between 2008 and 2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2983-2992. [PMID: 32574400 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the constraints to controlling foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in East Africa is the incomplete knowledge of the specific FMD virus (FMDV) strains circulating and the way in which these viruses move across countries in the region. This retrospective study focuses on Ethiopia, which has one of the largest FMD-susceptible livestock populations in Africa. Analyses of FMDV positive samples collected between 2008 and 2019 demonstrate that serotypes O (n = 175), A (n = 51) and SAT 2 (n = 33) were present in the country. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 sequences for these viruses showed that there were at least seven different FMD viral clades circulating during this period: O/EA-3, O/EA-4, A/AFRICA/G-I, A/AFRICA/G-IV, A/AFRICA/G-VII, SAT2/VII and SAT2/XIII. Although these results only represent a snapshot and might not reflect all FMDV lineages that were present, they highlight the importance of serotype O, as well as the complexity and co-existence of FMDV serotypes in Ethiopia and surrounding countries. These sequence data also support the idea that there are two FMDV ecosystems existing in East Africa. Data from retrospective studies, such as these presented here, will be beneficial for vaccine selection and vaccination campaigns to control FMDV within Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gizaw
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Yeneneh Tesfaye
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Dereje Shegu
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Ayelech Muluneh
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Tsion Bilata
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Rediet Belayneh
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Ayenalem Fentie
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Hagose Asgdome
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Sombo
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Rufael
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Fanos Tadesse Woldemariyam
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
- Institute of Food Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Martha Yami
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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Aman E, Molla W, Gebreegizabher Z, Jemberu WT. Spatial and temporal distribution of foot and mouth disease outbreaks in Amhara region of Ethiopia in the period 1999 to 2016. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:185. [PMID: 32517750 PMCID: PMC7285603 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an economically important trans-boundary viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. It is caused by FMD virus, which belongs to the genus Aphthovirus and family Picornaviridae. FMD is a well-established endemic disease in Ethiopia since it was first detected in 1957. This retrospective study was carried out to identify the spatial and temporal distribution of FMD outbreaks in Amhara region of Ethiopia using 18 years (January 1999–December 2016) reported outbreak data. Results A total of 636 FMD outbreaks were reported in Amhara region of Ethiopia between 1999 and 2016 with an average and median of 35 and 13 outbreaks per year respectively. In this period, FMD was reported at least once in 58.5% of the districts (n = 79) and in all administrative zones of the region (n = 10). The average district level incidence of FMD outbreaks was 4.68 per 18 years (0.26 per district year). It recurs in a district as epidemic, on average in 5.86 years period. The incidence differed between administrative zones, being the lowest in East Gojjam and highest in North Shewa. The occurrence of FMD outbreaks was found to be seasonal with peak outbreaks in March and a low in August. The long-term trend of FMD outbreaks indicates a slight, but statistically significant (p < 0.001) decrease over the study period. Conclusion FMD occurred in all zones of the region and showed statistically significant decrease in the long-term trend. Numbers of outbreaks were relatively higher during dry season. The spatial and temporal distribution identified in this study should be considered in controlling the disease. As unregulated and frequent animal movements are the likely causes of high outbreak occurrence during the dry season, animal movement regulations should be considered for the long-term control of FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endris Aman
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. BOX 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Wassie Molla
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.BOX 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Zeleke Gebreegizabher
- Livestock Development Agency, Amhara National Regional State, P.O. BOX 437, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Wudu Temesgen Jemberu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal sciences, University of Gondar, P.O.BOX 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Fischer K, Schulz K, Chenais E. "Can we agree on that"? Plurality, power and language in participatory research. Prev Vet Med 2020; 180:104991. [PMID: 32422475 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Participatory epidemiology (PE) is a method that gathers data from groups through focus group interviews and participatory visual and scoring exercises. The method is often used in poor communities in low-income countries where it is hard to obtain conventional epidemiological data. This paper draws on research on the public sphere and democratic deliberation, along with research on language and interpretation, to suggest how PE research could be better equipped to account for diversity in local knowledge, include minority views and acknowledge power dynamics. These aspects are discussed under the three themes of 'plurality', 'power' and 'language'. A review of highly-cited PE literature suggests that PE research engages with plurality and power to a very limited extent, and only marginally more so with language and translation. Examples are taken from the authors' own PE research on African swine fever in -Uganda, classical swine fever in Germany, peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in Eastern Europe, and Ugandan pastoralists' understanding of cattle disease to provide more detail as to why conventional PE studies might fail to record issues of plurality, power and language, and also to suggest how this can be addressed. With reference to the literature on the public sphere and democratic deliberation, and on language and interpretation, this paper concludes with some suggestions as to how to take plurality, power and language into greater consideration in PE studies in future, thus improving the validity and reliability of PE data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Fischer
- Department of Urban and Rural Development, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7012, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Katja Schulz
- Institute for Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Insitut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Erika Chenais
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, SVA, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Prioritization of Economically Important Cattle Diseases Using Participatory Epidemiology Tools in Lalibela, Sekota, and Ziquala Districts of Amhara Region, Northern Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2020; 2020:5439836. [PMID: 32190282 PMCID: PMC7068136 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5439836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethiopia's livestock resource is one of the largest globally. It is estimated at around 59.5 million cattle, about 30.5 million sheep, and 30.2 million goats. The sector is irreplaceable in the means of livelihood of the population as a source of meat, milk, drought power, and income. Yet, the country is unable to exploit the sector entirely because of highly prevalent infectious diseases and lack of appropriate disease control policy. These constraints are worse in districts of Lalibela, Sekota, and Ziquala, where this specific study was carried out. Despite the availability of scanty animal health services in these areas, information on animal health, especially cattle, was never a significant focus of research. This study was conducted with the objectives of identifying and prioritizing primary cattle disease with the aid of participatory epidemiology tools. Focus group discussions (FGD) and questionnaires were used in prioritizing the top economically important cattle diseases of the selected areas. Accordingly, the result of FGD indicated that ectoparasites, CBPP, FMD, blackleg, bloody diarrhea, and pasteurellosis were the major diseases affecting cattle production in the area. These areas can be representative of most of the countries where a mixed farming system is practiced. Therefore, this result can be used as a basis for broader planning of prevention and control strategies for these kinds of diseases. However, a laboratory-supported extensive investigation of these diseases is highly recommended to validate findings of such types of prioritization of diseases.
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McLachlan I, Marion G, McKendrick IJ, Porphyre T, Handel IG, Bronsvoort BMD. Endemic foot and mouth disease: pastoral in-herd disease dynamics in sub-Saharan Africa. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17349. [PMID: 31757992 PMCID: PMC6874544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53658-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) burden disproportionally affects Africa where it is considered endemic. Smallholder livestock keepers experience significant losses due to disease, but the dynamics and mechanisms underlying persistence at the herd-level and beyond remain poorly understood. We address this knowledge gap using stochastic, compartmental modelling to explore FMD virus (FMDV) persistence, outbreak dynamics and disease burden in individual cattle herds within an endemic setting. Our analysis suggests repeated introduction of virus from outside the herd is required for long-term viral persistence, irrespective of carrier presence. Risk of new disease exposures resulting in significant secondary outbreaks is reduced by the presence of immune individuals giving rise to a period of reduced risk, the predicted duration of which suggests that multiple strains of FMDV are responsible for observed yearly herd-level outbreaks. Our analysis suggests management of population turnover could potentially reduce disease burden and deliberate infection of cattle, practiced by local livestock keepers in parts of Africa, has little effect on the duration of the reduced risk period but increases disease burden. This work suggests that FMD control should be implemented beyond individual herds but, in the interim, herd management may be used to reduced FMD impact to livestock keepers.
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Affiliation(s)
- I McLachlan
- The Epidemiology Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom.
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - G Marion
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - I J McKendrick
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - T Porphyre
- The Epidemiology Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - I G Handel
- The Epidemiology Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - B M deC Bronsvoort
- The Epidemiology Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Wubshet AK, Dai J, Li Q, Zhang J. Review on Outbreak Dynamics, the Endemic Serotypes, and Diversified Topotypic Profiles of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Isolates in Ethiopia from 2008 to 2018. Viruses 2019; 11:E1076. [PMID: 31752179 PMCID: PMC6893701 DOI: 10.3390/v11111076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) endemicity in Ethiopia's livestock remains an ongoing cause for economic concern, with new topotypes still arising even in previously unaffected areas. FMD outbreaks occur every year almost throughout the country. Understanding the outbreak dynamics, endemic serotypes, and lineage profiles of FMD in this country is very critical in designing control and prevention programs. For this, detailed information on outbreak dynamics in Ethiopia needs to be understood clearly. In this article, therefore, we review the spatial and temporal patterns and dynamics of FMD outbreaks from 2008 to 2018. The circulating serotypes and the topotypic profiles of the virus are also discussed. FMD outbreak data were obtained from; reports of MoARD (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development)/MoLF (Ministry of livestock and Fishery, NVI (National Veterinary Institute), and NAHDIC (National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center); published articles; MSc works; PhD theses; and documents from international organizations. To effectively control and prevent FMD outbreaks, animal health agencies should focus on building surveillance systems that can quickly identify and control ongoing outbreaks and implement efficient preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashenafi Kiros Wubshet
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Ethological Biology, National/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Ethiopia Agricultural Research Council Secretariat, Addis Ababa 8115, Ethiopia
| | - Junfei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Ethological Biology, National/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Ethological Biology, National/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Ethological Biology, National/OIE Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
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Ali MZ, Islam E, Giasuddin M. Outbreak investigation, molecular detection, and characterization of foot and mouth disease virus in the Southern part of Bangladesh. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6:346-354. [PMID: 31583231 PMCID: PMC6760506 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2019.f353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate Foot and Mouth Disease virus (FMDV) outbreak in cattle in the Sarankhola Upazila under Bagerhat district of Bangladesh with isolation, identification, and molecular characterization of FMDV during April 2018. Materials and Methods: This Upazila is located at southern border of Bangladesh and surrounded by mangrove forest Sundarban. The outbreak investigation team collected epidemiological data from outbreak location. In addition, the team collected a total of 30 (15 calves, 15 adult) tongue epithelial tissue samples from a clinically FMD-affected cattle. The confirmation of FMDV and its three serotypes (A, O, and Asia-1) was performed by Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). An amplified product of the VP1 region of FMDV genome was sequenced by Sanger sequencing method after cultivation and reconfirmation of FMDV into the BHK21 cell line. Genetic variability was studied by constructing a phylogenetic tree. Results: The investigation survey was carried out in overall 8,393 (8,393/15,580; 53.89%) cases including 3,050 (3,050/8,393; 36.34%) cases in calf and 5,343 (5,343/8,393; 59.77%) cases in adult cattle. The overall case fatality rate (CFR) was recorded as 2.27% (354/15,580) with significantly highest CFR in the calf (71.46%; 253/354) compared to an adult. The collected all 30 samples found with FMDV positive and mixed infection of all samples with serotype Asia-1 and serotype O were observed. In BHK 21 cell line, the eight FMDV positive samples showed a typical cytopathic effect during the third passage. Finally, DNA sequence data of two isolates found closely related with the isolates of bordering country India and Myanmar. Conclusion: The investigation identified the risk factors involved in an outbreak of FMDV, namely, sharing the common paddy land after harvesting, no FMD vaccination, the interaction between cattle and wildlife, and cross bordering movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zulfekar Ali
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Eusha Islam
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Giasuddin
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Research on FMD and PPR in Bangladesh, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Nyaguthii DM, Armson B, Kitala PM, Sanz-Bernardo B, Di Nardo A, Lyons NA. Knowledge and risk factors for foot-and-mouth disease among small-scale dairy farmers in an endemic setting. Vet Res 2019; 50:33. [PMID: 31088554 PMCID: PMC6518695 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral infection of cloven-hoofed animals. In Kenya, the disease is endemic with outbreaks typically occurring throughout the year. A cross-sectional study was undertaken in Nakuru County to investigate farmer knowledge and risk factors for clinical disease. Semi-structured interviews were conducted on 220 smallholder farmers, selected using random spatial sampling. The majority of respondents (207/220 [94.1%]) knew of FMD and 166/207 (80.2%) of them could correctly identify the disease based on their knowledge of the clinical signs. Forty-five out of 220 farmers (20.4%) vaccinated their livestock against FMD in the previous 6 months, although of those who knew of FMD only 96/207 (46.4%) perceived it as a preventive measure undertaken to reduce the risk of disease in their farm. FMD had occurred in 5.9% of the surveyed farms within the previous 6 months (from May to November 2016). Using multivariate analysis, the use of a shared bull (OR = 9.7; p = 0.014) and the number of sheep owned (for each additional sheep owned OR = 1.1; p = 0.066) were associated with an increased likelihood of a farm experiencing a case of FMD in the previous 6 months, although the evidence for the latter was weak. This study reports risk factors associated with clinical FMD at the farm level in a densely populated smallholder farming area of Kenya. These results can be used to inform the development of risk-based strategic plans for FMD control and as a baseline for evaluating interventions and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickson Machira Nyaguthii
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, 00625, Kangemi, Kenya. .,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya.
| | - Bryony Armson
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Philip Mwanzia Kitala
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, 00625, Kangemi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Nicholas Anthony Lyons
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK.,European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy
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Mesfine M, Nigatu S, Belayneh N, Jemberu WT. Sero-Epidemiology of Foot and Mouth Disease in Domestic Ruminants in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:130. [PMID: 31114792 PMCID: PMC6503644 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study involved cross-sectional serological and questionnaire-based surveys to investigate the sero-epidemiology of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in domestic ruminants, and farmers' knowledge and practices about the disease in the Amhara region of Ethiopia. A multistage cluster sampling was carried out to select domestic ruminants for serological sampling and for the interview with farmers. A total of 1,672 sera samples were collected and tested using a 3ABC-Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay, and 170 farmers were interviewed. An overall FMD apparent seroprevalence of 11.48% (95% CI: 7.52-17.14%) was recorded in the domestic ruminants. The overall true prevalence was 12.04%. The seroprevalence of FMD was higher in cattle (14.37%) than in goats (7.10%) and sheep (7.07%). The age stratified seroprevalence in the districts showed that 66.67% of the districts studied experienced a FMD outbreak within the preceding year of the study time. A mixed effect logistic regression analysis revealed that agroecology, the production system and the age of the animal was significantly associated with FMD seropositivity in cattle (P < 0.05). A statistically significant (P < 0.05) positive correlation (r = 0.93) was observed between cattle and small ruminant FMD seroprevalences. About 82% of the farmers interviewed knew of FMD and 85% of them had experienced the disease in their own herds before. The farmers mostly employ traditional means to control FMD. In conclusion, the findings of the study indicated that FMD is a prevalent disease in the Amhara region with more importance in the intensive production systems and the lowlands of the region. High correlation in seroprevalence between small and large ruminants indicated a possible cross transmission between these species. Therefore, small ruminants should not be overlooked in FMD control. Farmers in the region have a good level of knowledge about the disease; however, currently they heavily rely on traditional practices primarily focused on treating wounds of infected animals. This calls for extension work on available effective preventive measures of the disease, such as vaccination and movement restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekedes Mesfine
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Seleshe Nigatu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Wudu T Jemberu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Souley Kouato B, De Clercq K, Abatih E, Dal Pozzo F, King DP, Thys E, Marichatou H, Saegerman C. Review of epidemiological risk models for foot-and-mouth disease: Implications for prevention strategies with a focus on Africa. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208296. [PMID: 30543641 PMCID: PMC6292601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious transboundary disease that affects domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animal species. The aim of this review was to identify and critically assess some modelling techniques for FMD that are well supported by scientific evidence from the literature with a focus on their use in African countries where the disease remains enzootic. In particular, this study attempted to provide a synopsis of the relative strengths and weaknesses of these models and their relevance to FMD prevention policies. A literature search was conducted to identify quantitative and qualitative risk assessments for FMD, including studies that describe FMD risk factor modelling and spatiotemporal analysis. A description of retrieved papers and a critical assessment of the modelling methods, main findings and their limitations were performed. Different types of models have been used depending on the purpose of the study and the nature of available data. The most frequently identified factors associated with the risk of FMD occurrence were the movement (especially uncontrolled animal movement) and the mixing of animals around water and grazing points. Based on the qualitative and quantitative risk assessment studies, the critical pathway analysis showed that the overall risk of FMDV entering a given country is low. However, in some cases, this risk can be elevated, especially when illegal importation of meat and the movement of terrestrial livestock are involved. Depending on the approach used, these studies highlight shortcomings associated with the application of models and the lack of reliable data from endemic settings. Therefore, the development and application of specific models for use in FMD endemic countries including Africa is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bachir Souley Kouato
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique du Niger (INRAN), Niamey, Niger
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Operational Directorate Viral Diseases, Unit Vesicular and Exotic Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Abatih
- Department of Mathematics, Computer Sciences and Statistics, University of Gent, Krijgslaan Gent, Belgium
| | - Fabiana Dal Pozzo
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Donald P. King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Thys
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hamani Marichatou
- Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey, Faculté d'Agronomie, Niamey, Niger
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Sulayeman M, Dawo F, Mammo B, Gizaw D, Shegu D. Isolation, molecular characterization and sero-prevalence study of foot-and-mouth disease virus circulating in central Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:110. [PMID: 29587741 PMCID: PMC5870258 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1429-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethiopian livestock production and productivity is still very low due to widespread of diseases. Among the diseases, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious and acute viral disease that causes significant economic problems in the country. A cross sectional study design was conducted from September 2015 to May 2016 to isolate and characterize FMD virus from outbreak cases; determine the sero-prevalence of antibodies against FMD virus (FMDV), and assess potential risk factors associated with sero-prevalence of the disease in selected areas of central Ethiopia. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select the study animals. Isolated viruses were characterized by antigen ELISA (IZLER, Brescia, Italy) and by genetic analysis of the sequence of the viral protein 1 (VP1). Sero-prevalence was determined using an ELISA for antibodies against non-structural proteins of FMDV based on the 3ABC proteins (ID Screen® FMD NSP Competition, ID-VET, Grabels, France). Risk factors for sero-prevalence of antibodies against FMD virus was investigated using logistic regression analysis. RESULT From outbreak investigation, 28.8% (n = 378) cattle showed signs and lesions suggestive of FMD and 34 samples were subjected to virus isolation. Twenty eight of these cultures exhibited cytopathic effect (CPE) and were serotyped as O, A and SAT 2 FMD viruses. One A and two SAT 2 isolates named A-ETH-19-2015, SAT 2-ETH-18-2015 and SAT 2-ETH-20-2015 were further characterized by phylogenetic analysis. The overall sero-prevalence of antibodies against non-structural proteins of FMDV was 24.2% (n = 574). Cattle herds with crossbreed cattle, with older cattle (> 2 years), and kept together with small ruminants had higher sero-prevalences of antibodies against FMDV (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study showed that FMD was present in the study areas. Among the associated risk factors, breed, age and herd composition were significantly associated with presence of antibodies against FMD virus. Three different serotypes (A, O and SAT 2) were responsible for the outbreaks of the disease. Genetic analysis indicated that the isolated viruses clustered differently from previous outbreaks. Thus, further molecular analyses coupled with protection potential of the existing vaccines against the isolates should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mishamo Sulayeman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Fufa Dawo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 34, Debre Zeyit, Ethiopia
| | - Bedaso Mammo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 34, Debre Zeyit, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Gizaw
- National Animal Health Diagnostics and Investigation Center, P.O.Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Shegu
- National Animal Health Diagnostics and Investigation Center, P.O.Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia
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Souley Kouato B, Thys E, Renault V, Abatih E, Marichatou H, Issa S, Saegerman C. Spatio-temporal patterns of foot-and-mouth disease transmission in cattle between 2007 and 2015 and quantitative assessment of the economic impact of the disease in Niger. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1049-1066. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Souley Kouato
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg); Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Centre; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Liege Belgium
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique du Niger (INRAN); Niamey Niger
| | - E. Thys
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Institute of Tropical Medicine; Antwerp Belgium
| | - V. Renault
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg); Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Centre; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Liege Belgium
| | - E. Abatih
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics; Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - H. Marichatou
- Faculté d'Agronomie; Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey; Niamey Niger
| | - S. Issa
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique du Niger (INRAN); Niamey Niger
| | - C. Saegerman
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg); Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Centre; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Liege Belgium
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Gunasekera UC, Sivasothy A, Wedasingha N, Thayaparan S, Rotewewa B, Muralithas M, Baumann MP, Punyapornwithaya V. Analyzing the Foot and Mouth Disease outbreak as from 2008 to 2014 in cattle and buffaloes in Sri Lanka. Prev Vet Med 2017; 148:78-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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The greenhouse gas abatement potential of productivity improving measures applied to cattle systems in a developing region. Animal 2017; 12:844-852. [PMID: 28950919 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117002294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing countries are experiencing an increase in total demand for livestock commodities, as populations and per capita demands increase. Increased production is therefore required to meet this demand and maintain food security. Production increases will lead to proportionate increases in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions unless offset by reductions in the emissions intensity (Ei) (i.e. the amount of GHG emitted per kg of commodity produced) of livestock production. It is therefore important to identify measures that can increase production whilst reducing Ei cost-effectively. This paper seeks to do this for smallholder agro-pastoral cattle systems in Senegal; ranging from low input to semi-intensified, they are representative of a large proportion of the national cattle production. Specifically, it identifies a shortlist of mitigation measures with potential for application to the various herd systems and estimates their GHG emissions abatement potential (using the Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model) and cost-effectiveness. Limitations and future requirements are identified and discussed. This paper demonstrates that the Ei of meat and milk from livestock systems in a developing region can be reduced through measures that would also benefit food security, many of which are likely to be cost-beneficial. The ability to make such quantification can assist future sustainable development efforts.
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Torsson E, Berg M, Misinzo G, Herbe I, Kgotlele T, Päärni M, Roos N, Blomström AL, Ståhl K, Johansson Wensman J. Seroprevalence and risk factors for peste des petits ruminants and selected differential diagnosis in sheep and goats in Tanzania. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2017; 7:1368336. [PMID: 29081918 PMCID: PMC5645728 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2017.1368336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Livestock husbandry is critical for food security and poverty reduction in a low-income country like Tanzania. Infectious disease is one of the major constraints reducing the productivity in this sector. Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is one of the most important diseases affecting small ruminants, but other infectious diseases may also be present. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors for exposure to PPR, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), bluetongue (BT), and bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) in sheep and goats in Tanzania. Methods: Serum samples were collected in 2014 and 2015, and analysed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect antibodies to the five pathogens. Results and discussion: This is the first description of seroprevalence of FMD and BT among small ruminants in Tanzania. Risk factor analysis identified sex (female) (OR for 2014: PPR: 2.49, CCPP: 3.11, FMD: 2.98, BT: 12.4, OR for 2015: PPR: 14.1, CCPP: 1.10, FMD: 2.67, BT: 1.90, BVD: 4.73) and increasing age (>2 years) (OR for 2014: PPR: 14.9, CCPP: 2.34, FMD: 7.52, BT: 126, OR for 2015: PPR: 8.13, CCPP: 1.11, FMD: 2.98, BT: 7.83, BVD: 4.74) as risk factors for exposure to these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeli Torsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Mikael Berg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ida Herbe
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tebogo Kgotlele
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Malin Päärni
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nils Roos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Anne-Lie Blomström
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl Ståhl
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Johansson Wensman
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Abdela N. Sero-prevalence, risk factors and distribution of foot and mouth disease in Ethiopia. Acta Trop 2017; 169:125-132. [PMID: 28209551 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD), world's most important highly infectious and contagious trans-boundary animal diseases, is responsible for huge global losses of livestock production as well as severe impacts on international trade. This vesicular disease is caused by foot and mouth disease virus of the genus Aphthovirus, family Picornaviridae. Currently FMD is major global animal health problem and endemic in Africa including Ethiopia. This paper systematically reviewed the sero-prevalence reports, associated risk factors and distribution of FMD in Ethiopia with the main aim of making compressive document on prevalence, risk factor and distribution of the disease thus helping as a basis for designing effective control strategies. FMD is widely distributed in Ethiopia and its prevalence varies from place to place with seropositivity that ranges from 5.6% to 42.7% in cattle and from 4% to 11% in small ruminant and in 30% in ungulate wildlife. In Ethiopia endemic distributions of five of seven serotypes, namely serotypes O, A, C, SAT1 and SAT2 have been documented. The dominant serotype being reported recently is serotype O and serotype C has not been reported in the country since 1983. However, serotype C specific antibody was detected in cattle indicating that circulation of serotype C viruses in the country may have gone unnoticed. The most common risk factor associated with FMD infection in Ethiopia includes production system, geographic location, species, age of animals, contact with wildlife and season of the year, mixed animal species and Breed. Conclusively, this paper revealed as FMD is posing a major threat in different area of the country thereby causing substantial economic losses through morbidity, mortality and restriction of international trade. Thus, demanding for great attention as its occurrence is may affect the export earnings of the country thereby threaten the livelihood of farmers and economy of the country at large.
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Eldaghayes I, Dayhum A, Kammon A, Sharif M, Ferrari G, Bartels C, Sumption K, King DP, Grazioli S, Brocchi E. Exploiting serological data to understand the epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes circulating in Libya. Open Vet J 2017; 7:1-11. [PMID: 28180094 PMCID: PMC5283054 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v7i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) have occurred in Libya for almost fifty years. During the spring of 2013, a countrywide serosurvey was undertaken to assess the level of FMD virus circulation and identify FMD virus serotypes in the country. A total of 4221 sera were collected, comprising samples from large ruminants (LR; n=1428 samples from 357 farms) and small ruminants (SR; n=2793 samples from 141 farms). FMD sero-prevalence of NSP antibodies determined by ELISA were 19.0% (271/1428) with 95% CI (16.9 - 21.0) and 13.5% (378/2793) with 95% CI (12.3 - 14.8) for LR and SR samples, respectively. The sero-prevalence of NSP antibodies in LR was 12.3% and 19.8% for age group < 1 year and ≥ 1 year, respectively (X2= 4.95, P= 0.026), while in SR was 3.7%, 13.6% and 21.3% for age group < 1 year, 1-2 year and > 2 year, respectively (X2= 118.1, P= 0.000). These observed NSP serologic profiles support the hypothesis of an endemic level of FMD circulation in Libya. All positive sera were tested for SP antibodies for O, A and SAT-2 FMD virus serotypes. Serotype O was the dominant circulating serotype followed by serotype A, while evidence of SAT-2 was not found. These data provide an insight into the wider epidemiology of FMD in Libya, and contribute to field and laboratory investigations that during 2013 serotype O (O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage) was isolated from clinical samples collected from the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Eldaghayes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P. O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Abdunaser Dayhum
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P. O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Abdulwahab Kammon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P. O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Monier Sharif
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Omar Al-Mukhtar, Albeida, Libya
| | - Giancarlo Ferrari
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Christianus Bartels
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Keith Sumption
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Santina Grazioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
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Epidemiology and financial loss estimation of blackleg on smallholder cattle herders in Kembata Tambaro zone, Southern Ethiopia. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1822. [PMID: 27818860 PMCID: PMC5074928 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3541-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Blackleg is one of the major bacterial infections causing tremendous economic losses to cattle herders in many parts of Ethiopia. Despite the huge burden, no comprehensive studies have quantified the impact or its distribution throughout the country. This study was aimed to estimate the epidemiological aspect of blackleg, financial costs and benefits of its control through annual vaccination on small holder cattle herders in Southern Ethiopia. Methods Annual financial cost due to blackleg was calculated as the sum of production losses due to mortality, morbidity, treatment and vaccination costs at herd level. Production loss due to the disease was estimated and compared between local zebu and crossbred cattle. Partial budget analysis was used to estimate financial benefit of control intervention through annual vaccination. Results An overall cumulative incidence and mortality rate of blackleg in local zebu cattle population was 17.9 % (95 % CI 16.5–19.4) and 3.6 % (95 % CI 2.9–4.4 %) respectively. Cumulative incidence and mortality rate attributed to blackleg in crossbreds cattle was 19 % (95 % CI 16.9–21.6) and 3.9 % (95 % CI 2.9–5.3 %) respectively. There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) in both variables between the two breeds. Financial costs in blackleg infected herds was estimated to be USD 9.8 (95 % CI 6.7–14.4) per head for local zebu and USD 16 (95 % CI 10–24.4) per head for crossbred cattle. The marginal rate of return that could be obtained from the control intervention was estimated to be 9 (900 %) and the net benefit per head was USD 0.4 for local zebu and USD 0.8 for crossbred cattle. Vaccination, therefore, reduces financial losses due to blackleg by 3.4 and 6.9 % per head in local zebu and crossbred cattle herds respectively. Conclusions The present study revealed considerable financial losses due to blackleg occurrence. The information obtained would be helpful to improve the farmers’ livelihood and may open new avenues of research for the eradication and control of the disease at local and national level.
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Investigation of major cattle production constraints in Kembata Tambaro zone of Southern Ethiopia using participatory epidemiology methods. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48:109-15. [PMID: 26477032 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0928-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ethiopia has enormous livestock resources from which rural households derive their livelihoods. A cross-sectional study based on participatory appraisal methods was conducted in Kembata Tambaro zone to assess major constraints to livestock production and major diseases of cattle and their treatment options. Four districts were selected purposively for this study, and 18 peasant associations were randomly sampled from the selected districts. Focus group discussion, semistructured interviews, simple ranking and scoring, proportional piling, pairwise ranking, and matrix scoring were the participatory epidemiological tools used in the study. Feed and free grazing land shortages and diseases were found to be the major constraints to cattle production in the area. Mastitis was ranked as the most serious disease of cattle. Modern veterinary treatments are used alongside traditional herbal remedies. Matrix scoring showed strong agreement between focus groups in identifying the major diseases using their indicators (clinical signs). Hence, it was concluded that indigenous knowledge complemented with participatory methods and approaches allow community and field researchers to jointly study specific livestock problems and help identify appropriate solutions.
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Jibat T, Mourits MCM, Hogeveen H. Incidence and economic impact of rabies in the cattle population of Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med 2016; 130:67-76. [PMID: 27435648 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a viral disease that can cause fatal encephalomyelitis both in animals and humans. Although incidences of the disease in cattle have been reported, insight in the economic impact of the disease in livestock remains limited. By affecting cattle in subsistence systems, rabies may have extensive economic impacts at household and country levels, in addition to the effects on human health. This study presents estimates of the direct economic impact of rabies at herd level in two representative subsistence cattle-farming systems in Ethiopia, the mixed crop-livestock and pastoral production systems. The economic impacts were assessed by a structured questionnaire administered to 532 cattle-owning households. These households were selected from four districts within two administrative zones; each zone representing a cattle production system. Rabies incidence rates of 21% and 11% at herd level were calculated for the mixed crop-livestock and pastoral production systems, respectively. The incidence rate at cattle level was the same in both systems., i.e. 2%. Herd-level incidence rates were higher in the mixed crop-livestock system than in the pastoral system (P<0.05). Average economic losses per herd due to rabies were estimated at 49 USD per year for the mixed-crop livestock system, and at 52 USD per year for the pastoral system; whereas in affected herds the average losses per year were 228 USD (range 48-1016 USD) in the mixed crop-livestock system, and 477 USD (range 173-1140 USD) in the pastoral system. The average herd-level economic losses were not significantly different between the farming systems; however once the herd was affected, the losses were significantly higher for the pastoral system than for the mixed crop-livestock system (P<0.01). The losses due to rabies in cattle are relatively high for pastoral households, due to their complete dependency on livestock for their livelihoods. Although the current estimates only account for the direct losses resulting from cattle mortality, the estimates already indicate the potential economic gains from a rabies intervention in the dog population, of which the benefits can be shared by the public health sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariku Jibat
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN, Wageningen, The Netherlands; College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia,.
| | - Monique C M Mourits
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Hogeveen
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Baluka SA. Economic effects of foot and mouth disease outbreaks along the cattle marketing chain in Uganda. Vet World 2016; 9:544-53. [PMID: 27397974 PMCID: PMC4937042 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.544-553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Disease outbreaks increase the cost of animal production; reduce milk and beef yield, cattle sales, farmers’ incomes, and enterprise profitability. The study assessed the economic effects of foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks along the cattle marketing chain in selected study districts in Uganda. Materials and Methods: The study combined qualitative and quantitative study designs. Respondents were selected proportionally using simple random sampling from the sampling frame comprising of 224, 173, 291, and 185 farmers for Nakasongola, Nakaseke, Isingiro, and Rakai, respectively. Key informants were selected purposively. Data analysis combined descriptive, modeling, and regression analysis. Data on the socio-economic characteristics and how they influenced FMD outbreaks, cattle markets revenue losses, and the economic cost of the outbreaks were analyzed using descriptive measures including percentages, means, and frequencies. Results: Farmers with small and medium herds incurred higher control costs, whereas large herds experienced the highest milk losses. Total income earned by the actors per month at the processing level reduced by 23%. In Isingiro, bulls and cows were salvage sold at 83% and 88% less market value, i.e., a loss of $196.1 and $1,552.9 in small and medium herds, respectively. Conclusion: All actors along the cattle marketing chain incur losses during FMD outbreaks, but smallholder farmers are most affected. Control and prevention of FMD should remain the responsibility of the government if Uganda is to achieve a disease-free status that is a prerequisite for free movement and operation of cattle markets throughout the year which will boost cattle marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Angubua Baluka
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystem & Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources & Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Ni Z, Yang F, Cao W, Zhang X, Jin Y, Mao R, Du X, Li W, Guo J, Liu X, Zhu Z, Zheng H. Differential gene expression in porcine SK6 cells infected with wild-type and SAP domain-mutant foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virol Sin 2016; 31:249-57. [PMID: 27097918 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-015-3709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the causative agent of a highly contagious disease in livestock. The viral proteinase L(pro) of FMDV is involved in pathogenicity, and mutation of the L(pro) SAP domain reduces FMDV pathogenicity in pigs. To determine the gene expression profiles associated with decreased pathogenicity in porcine cells, we performed transcriptome analysis using next-generation sequencing technology and compared differentially expressed genes in SK6 cells infected with FMDV containing L(pro) with either a wild-type or mutated version of the SAP domain. This analysis yielded 1,853 genes that exhibited a ≥ 2-fold change in expression and was validated by real-time quantitative PCR detection of several differentially expressed genes. Many of the differentially expressed genes correlated with antiviral responses corresponded to genes associated with transcription factors, immune regulation, cytokine production, inflammatory response, and apoptosis. Alterations in gene expression profiles may be responsible for the variations in pathogenicity observed between the two FMDV variants. Our results provided genes of interest for the further study of antiviral pathways and pathogenic mechanisms related to FMDV L(pro).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Xiangle Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Ye Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Ruoqing Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Xiaoli Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Jianhong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
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Tekleghiorghis T, Weerdmeester K, van Hemert-Kluitenberg F, Moormann RJM, Dekker A. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Seroprevalence in Cattle in Eritrea. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:754-763. [PMID: 26518476 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Information about seroprevalence of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and virus serotypes in Eritrea is unavailable, but is very important as it may guide the choice of intervention measures including vaccination to be implemented. We carried out a cross-sectional study from February to June 2011 in Eritrea with a two-stage cluster design, sampling cattle in 155 villages with the objective of determining the seroprevalence of FMD in four administrative regions of the country. We analysed cattle sera (n = 2429) for FMD virus antibodies using the non-structural ELISA (NS ELISA) and virus neutralization test (VNT). The overall seroprevalence was 26% and 30% for the NS ELISA and VNT, respectively. FMD virus serotypes O (14%) and A (11%) were the most prevalent. Gash Barka showed the highest (39%) seroprevalence both in NS ELISA and VNT compared to the other three administrative regions. Strategic FMD virus vaccination with type O and A (matching circulating strains) in combination of zoo-sanitary measures would be the best control option for Eritrea which could be started in areas where the disease is less endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tekleghiorghis
- Central Veterinary Institute (Part of Wageningen UR), Lelystad, The Netherlands.,National Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - K Weerdmeester
- Central Veterinary Institute (Part of Wageningen UR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - R J M Moormann
- Central Veterinary Institute (Part of Wageningen UR), Lelystad, The Netherlands.,Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Dekker
- Central Veterinary Institute (Part of Wageningen UR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Brito BP, Rodriguez LL, Hammond JM, Pinto J, Perez AM. Review of the Global Distribution of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus from 2007 to 2014. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:316-332. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. P. Brito
- Agricultural Research Service; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Plum Island Animal Disease Center; Greenport NY USA
| | - L. L. Rodriguez
- Agricultural Research Service; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Plum Island Animal Disease Center; Greenport NY USA
| | - J. M. Hammond
- Centre for Animal & Plant Biosecurity; NSW Department of Primary Industries; Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute; Menangle NSW Australia
| | - J. Pinto
- Animal Health Service; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); Rome Italy
| | - A. M. Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Minnesota; Saint Paul MN USA
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40
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Challenges of pastoral cattle production in a sub-humid zone of Nigeria. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 47:1177-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0845-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Alemayehu G, Leta S, Hailu B. Sero-prevalence of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in bulls originated from Borena pastoral area of Southern Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 47:983-7. [PMID: 25863957 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0820-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a highly infectious cattle disease, which is widespread in pastoral areas of Africa, and it imposes a major problem on Ethiopian livestock export market. Cross-sectional study was conducted in 2011 on bulls originated from Borena pastoral area to determine seroprevalence of CBPP. Forty batches of bulls containing 38,187 Borana bulls were tested using c-ELISA. Of the total 40 batches tested for the presence of antibodies, 25 (62.5 %) of them contained at least one seropositive bull. From the total of 38,187 bulls tested, 150 (0.4 %) bulls were positive. The number of seropositive animals increases as the herd size increases (P < 0.05). Both at herd and individual level, the highest CBPP prevalence was recorded in herd size >1000, and the difference was found statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was statistically significant (χ (2) = 23.73, df = 9, P = 0.005) difference of CBPP prevalence between months of the year. The present low prevalence of CBPP in the cattle feedlots indicates that the disease is decreasing progressively in Borena pastoral area, this might be associated with the ongoing mass vaccination campaign against economically important livestock diseases in pastoral areas. The decrease in the prevalence of CBPP offered a great opportunity to livestock producers and live animal and meat exporters by improving the demand of Ethiopian livestock on international market. Regular reintroduction of infected cattle from neighboring countries or herds where the disease remains endemic may change the disease dynamics again. Therefore, mass blanket vaccinations coupled with prompt diagnosis, isolation and stamping out of the outbreaks, intensive surveillance, followed by strict cattle movement control should be implemented by concerned parties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gezahegn Alemayehu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Samara University, P.O.Box 132, Samara, Ethiopia,
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Jemberu WT, Mourits MCM, Sahle M, Siraw B, Vernooij JCM, Hogeveen H. Epidemiology of Foot and Mouth Disease in Ethiopia: a Retrospective Analysis of District Level Outbreaks, 2007-2012. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 63:e246-e259. [PMID: 25704390 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at determining the incidence, distribution, risk factors, and causal serotypes of foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in Ethiopia based on 5 years of retrospective outbreak data (September 2007 until August 2012). District level outbreak data were collected from 115 randomly selected districts using a questionnaire administered to district animal health officers. The national incidence of FMD outbreaks during the study period was 1.45 outbreaks per five district years. Outbreaks were geographically widespread affecting all major regional states in the country and were more frequent in the central, southern, and southeastern parts of the country. Neither long-term nor seasonal trends were observed in the incidence of outbreaks. A mixed effects logistic regression analysis revealed that the type of production system (market oriented system versus subsistence systems), presence of a major livestock market and/or route, and adjacency to a national parks or wildlife sanctuary were found to be associated with increased risk of outbreaks in the districts. FMD virus serotypes O, A, SAT 2, and SAT 1 were identified as the causal serotypes of the outbreaks during the study period. Whereas O was the dominant serotype, SAT 2 was the serotype that showed increase in relative frequency of occurrence. The estimated incidence of outbreaks is useful in assessing the economic impacts of the disease, and the identified risk factors provide important knowledge to target a progressive FMD control policy for Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Jemberu
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. , .,Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. ,
| | - M C M Mourits
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Sahle
- National Animal Health Diagnosis and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - B Siraw
- Animal Health Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - J C M Vernooij
- Department Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H Hogeveen
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Wekesa SN, Sangula AK, Belsham GJ, Tjornehoj K, Muwanika VB, Gakuya F, Mijele D, Siegismund HR. Characterisation of recent foot-and-mouth disease viruses from African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and cattle in Kenya is consistent with independent virus populations. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:17. [PMID: 25644407 PMCID: PMC4334418 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), including roles played by different hosts, is essential for improving disease control. The African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is a reservoir for the SAT serotypes of FMD virus (FMDV). Large buffalo populations commonly intermingle with livestock in Kenya, yet earlier studies have focused on FMD in the domestic livestock, hence the contribution of buffalo to disease in livestock is largely unknown. This study analysed 47 epithelia collected from FMD outbreaks in Kenyan cattle between 2008 and 2012, and 102 probang and serum samples collected from buffalo in three different Kenyan ecosystems; Maasai-Mara (MME) (n = 40), Tsavo (TSE) (n = 33), and Meru (ME) (n = 29). RESULTS Antibodies against FMDV non-structural proteins were found in 65 of 102 (64%) sera from buffalo with 44/102 and 53/102 also having neutralising antibodies directed against FMDV SAT 1 and SAT 2, respectively. FMDV RNA was detected in 42% of the buffalo probang samples by RT-qPCR (Cycle Threshold (Ct) ≤32). Two buffalo probang samples were positive by VI and were identified as FMDV SAT 1 and SAT 2 by Ag-ELISA, while the latter assay detected serotypes O (1), A (20), SAT 1 (7) and SAT 2 (19) in the 47 cattle epithelia. VP1 coding sequences were generated for two buffalo and 21 cattle samples. Phylogenetic analyses revealed SAT 1 and SAT 2 virus lineages within buffalo that were distinct from those detected in cattle. CONCLUSIONS We found that FMDV serotypes O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2 were circulating among cattle in Kenya and cause disease, but only SAT 1 and SAT 2 viruses were successfully isolated from clinically normal buffalo. The buffalo isolates were genetically distinct from isolates obtained from cattle. Control efforts should focus primarily on reducing FMDV circulation among livestock and limiting interaction with buffalo. Comprehensive studies incorporating additional buffalo viruses are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabenzia Nabalayo Wekesa
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Laboratory, Embakasi, P. O. Box 18021, 00500, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Department of Environmental Management, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062/7298, Kampala, Uganda.
| | | | - Graham J Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771, Kalvehave, Denmark.
| | - Kirsten Tjornehoj
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771, Kalvehave, Denmark.
| | - Vincent B Muwanika
- Department of Environmental Management, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062/7298, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Francis Gakuya
- Kenya Wildlife Service, Veterinary Services Department, P.O Box 40241 (00100), Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Dominic Mijele
- Kenya Wildlife Service, Veterinary Services Department, P.O Box 40241 (00100), Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Hans Redlef Siegismund
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Molla B, Delil F. Mapping of major diseases and devising prevention and control regimen to common diseases in cattle and shoats in Dassenech district of South Omo Zone, South-Western Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 47:45-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0681-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Tekleghiorghis T, Moormann RJM, Weerdmeester K, Dekker A. Foot-and-mouth Disease Transmission in Africa: Implications for Control, a Review. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 63:136-51. [PMID: 25052411 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In Africa, for the control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), more information is needed on the spread of the disease at local, regional and inter-regional level. The aim of this review is to identify the role that animal husbandry, trade and wildlife have on the transmission of FMD and to provide a scientific basis for different FMD control measures in Africa. Review of literature, published reports and databases shows that there is more long distance spread of FMD virus serotypes within North, West, Central and East Africa than in southern Africa. In North, West, Central and East Africa migratory animal husbandry systems often related with search for grazing and water as well as trade are practiced to a greater extent than in southern Africa. In southern Africa, the role of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is more extensively studied than in the other parts of Africa, but based on the densities of African buffalo in Central and East Africa, one would assume that buffalo should also play a role in the epidemiology of FMD in this part of Africa. More sampling of buffalo is necessary in West, Central and East Africa. The genetic analysis of virus strains has proven to be valuable to increase our understanding in the spread of FMD in Africa. This review shows that there is a difference in FMD occurrence between southern Africa and the rest of the continent; this distinction is most likely based on differences in animal husbandry and trade systems. Insufficient data on FMD in wildlife outside southern Africa is limiting our understanding on the role wildlife plays in the transmission of FMD in the other buffalo inhabited areas of Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tekleghiorghis
- Central Veterinary Institute, part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands.,National Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - R J M Moormann
- Central Veterinary Institute, part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands.,Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - K Weerdmeester
- Central Veterinary Institute, part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - A Dekker
- Central Veterinary Institute, part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands
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Catley A, Admassu B, Bekele G, Abebe D. Livestock mortality in pastoralist herds in Ethiopia and implications for drought response. DISASTERS 2014; 38:500-516. [PMID: 24905708 DOI: 10.1111/disa.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Participatory epidemiology methods were employed retrospectively in three pastoralist regions of Ethiopia to estimate the specific causes of excess livestock mortality during drought. The results showed that starvation/dehydration accounted for between 61.5 and 100 per cent of excess livestock mortality during drought, whereas disease-related mortality accounted for between 0 and 28.1 per cent of excess mortality. Field observations indicate that, in livestock, disease risks and mortality increase in the immediate post-drought period, during rain. The design of livelihoods-based drought response programmes should include protection of core livestock assets, and it should take account of the specific causes of excess livestock mortality during drought and immediately afterwards. This study shows that, when comparing livestock feed supplementation and veterinary support, relatively more aid should be directed at the former if the objective is to protect core livestock during drought. Veterinary support should consider disease-related mortality in the immediate post-drought period, and tailor inputs accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Catley
- Research Director at the Feinstein International Center, Tufts University Africa Regional Office, Ethiopia
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Jemberu WT, Mourits MCM, Woldehanna T, Hogeveen H. Economic impact of foot and mouth disease outbreaks on smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med 2014; 116:26-36. [PMID: 24985154 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease is endemic in Ethiopia with occurrences of several outbreaks every year. Quantitative information about the impact of the disease on smallholder farming systems in the country is, however, scarce. This study presents a quantitative assessment of the clinical and direct economic impacts of foot and mouth disease outbreaks on household level in smallholder livestock farming systems. Impacts were assessed based on data obtained from case outbreaks in cattle in crop-livestock mixed and pastoral smallholder farming systems that occurred in 2012 and 2013. Data were collected by using questionnaires administered to 512 smallholder farmers in six districts within two administrate zones that represent the two smallholder farming systems. Foot and mouth disease morbidity rates of 85.2% and 94.9% at herd level; and 74.3% and 60.8% at animal level in the affected herds were determined for crop-livestock mixed system and pastoral system, respectively. The overall and calf specific mortality rates were 2.4% and 9.7% for the crop-livestock mixed system, and 0.7% and 2.6% for the pastoral system, respectively. Herd level morbidity rate was statistically significantly higher in the pastoral system than in the crop-livestock mixed system (P<0.001). The economic losses of foot and mouth disease outbreak due to milk loss, draft power loss and mortality were on average USD 76 per affected herd and USD 9.8 per head of cattle in the affected herds in crop-livestock mixed system; and USD 174 per affected herd and USD 5.3 per head of cattle in the affected herds in the pastoral system. The herd level economic losses were statistically significantly higher for the pastoral system than for the crop-livestock mixed system (P<0.001). The major loss due to the disease occurred as a result of milk losses and draft power losses whereas mortality losses were relatively low. Although the presented estimates on the economic losses accounted only for the visible direct impacts of the disease on herd level, these conservative estimates signify a potential socioeconomic gain from a control intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Jemberu
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - M C M Mourits
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - T Woldehanna
- Department of Economics, College of Business and Economics, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - H Hogeveen
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Carvalho LFR, de Melo CB, Seixas L, McManus C. Brazilian foot and mouth disease status and meat exportation to the European Union. Trop Anim Health Prod 2013; 46:495-502. [PMID: 24338447 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-013-0517-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to define the differences between the Brazilian states that export and do not export meat to the European Union (EU) and to identify the variables that are important to meet the export requirements. Infrastructure and computerization of the control of animal transit in Brazil that impact on regional health status were evaluated and linked to other variables such as status for foot and mouth disease (FMD) and qualification to export meat to EU. Variables related to transit control of bovines implemented by the state agencies of animal health and inspection in each Brazilian state were evaluated. Using a discriminant analysis, four variables were selected that explained the variation between Brazilian states that were "free" and "not free" of FMD while another four were selected to explain the variation between the zones "approved" and "not approved" to export meat to the EU, including number of official veterinarians, total transit of bovines and buffaloes, total number of animal transit certificates issued for bovine and buffaloes at the state or zone level, and total number of municipalities in the state or zone. It was possible to correctly discriminate between "free" and "not free" FMD states or zones. Variables related to animal transit are important in assessing the state for the classification of animal health situation and for EU approval for the exportation of meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Felipe Ramos Carvalho
- Campus Darcy Ribeiro Asa Norte, ICC Sul, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), 70910-970, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Nampanya S, Khounsy S, Phonvisay A, Young JR, Bush RD, Windsor PA. Financial Impact of Foot and Mouth Disease on Large Ruminant Smallholder Farmers in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 62:555-64. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Nampanya
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Sydney; Camden NSW Australia
| | - S. Khounsy
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries; Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry; Luang Prabang Laos
| | - A. Phonvisay
- Livestock Research Centre; National Agriculture and Forestry Institute; Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry; Vientiane Laos
| | - J. R. Young
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Sydney; Camden NSW Australia
| | - R. D. Bush
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Sydney; Camden NSW Australia
| | - P. A. Windsor
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Sydney; Camden NSW Australia
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Knight-Jones TJD, Rushton J. The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease - what are they, how big are they and where do they occur? Prev Vet Med 2013; 112:161-73. [PMID: 23958457 PMCID: PMC3989032 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Although a disease of low mortality, the global impact of foot and mouth disease (FMD) is colossal due to the huge numbers of animals affected. This impact can be separated into two components: (1) direct losses due to reduced production and changes in herd structure; and (2) indirect losses caused by costs of FMD control, poor access to markets and limited use of improved production technologies. This paper estimates that annual impact of FMD in terms of visible production losses and vaccination in endemic regions alone amount to between US$6.5 and 21 billion. In addition, outbreaks in FMD free countries and zones cause losses of >US$1.5 billion a year. FMD impacts are not the same throughout the world: FMD is highly contagious and the actions of one farmer affect the risk of FMD occurring on other holdings; thus sizeable externalities are generated. Control therefore requires coordination within and between countries. These externalities imply that FMD control produces a significant amount of public goods, justifying the need for national and international public investment. Equipping poor countries with the tools needed to control FMD will involve the long term development of state veterinary services that in turn will deliver wider benefits to a nation including the control of other livestock diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J D Knight-Jones
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom; The Royal Veterinary College (VEEPH), Hawkshead Road, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
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