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Sion E, Ab-Rahim S, Muhamad M. Trends on Human Norovirus Virus-like Particles (HuNoV-VLPs) and Strategies for the Construction of Infectious Viral Clones toward In Vitro Replication. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1447. [PMID: 37511822 PMCID: PMC10381778 DOI: 10.3390/life13071447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Most acute gastroenteritis (AGE) outbreaks and sporadic cases in developing countries are attributable to infection by human norovirus (HuNoV), the enteric virus mainly transmitted via fecal-contaminated water. However, it has been challenging to study HuNoV due to the lack of suitable systems to cultivate and replicate the virus, hindering the development of treatments and vaccines. Researchers have been using virus-like particles (VLPs) and infectious viral clones to overcome this challenge as alternatives to fresh virus isolates in various in vitro and ex vivo models. VLPs are multiprotein structures that mimic the wild-type virus but cannot replicate in host cells due to the lack of genetic materials for replication, limiting downstream analysis of the virus life cycle and pathogenesis. The development of in vitro cloning systems has shown promise for HuNoV replication studies. This review discusses the approaches for constructing HuNoV-VLPs and infectious viral clones, the techniques involved, and the challenges faced. It also highlights the relationship between viral genes and their protein products and provides a perspective on technical considerations for producing efficient HuNoV-VLPs and infectious viral clones, which could substitute for native human noroviruses in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilly Sion
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharaniza Ab-Rahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mudiana Muhamad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
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2
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Nishitani K, Morita T, Seto Y. Screening of natural extracts with anti-norovirus effects and analysis of this mechanism in grape seed extract. JOURNAL OF MICROORGANISM CONTROL 2023; 28:83-92. [PMID: 37866900 DOI: 10.4265/jmc.28.3_83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV)is a major causative virus of viral gastroenteritis and requires a general disinfection method because it is resistant to common disinfectants such as ethanol and chlorhexidine. This study aimed to find natural extracts as candidates for versatile disinfectant ingredients. The antiviral effect of natural extracts against NoV can be evaluated using the feline calicivirus (FCV)-inactivation test and NoV virus-like particle (NoV-VLP)-binding inhibition test. In this study, screening of natural extracts with anti- NoV effects was performed using these two methods. Of the 63 natural extracts examined, 14 were found to have high FCV-inactivation and NoV-VLP-binding inhibitory effects. In addition, we evaluated the NoV-VLPbinding inhibitory effect of grape seed extract(GSE)containing proanthocyanidins under multiple concentration conditions and treatment times and determined that the binding inhibitory effect of GSE was concentration- and time-dependent. Electron microscopy showed that GSE-treated NoV-VLPs aggregated, distorted, and swelled, suggesting that GSE directly interacts with NoV particles. The results suggest that some natural extracts containing GSE can be used as components of disinfectants against NoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Nishitani
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
- Settsu Corporation
| | - Takayuki Morita
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
- Settsu Corporation
| | - Yoshiyuki Seto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
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3
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Structural Insight into Terminal Galactose Recognition by Two Non-HBGA Binding GI.3 Noroviruses. J Virol 2022; 96:e0042022. [PMID: 35658530 PMCID: PMC9278146 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00420-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (huNoVs) cause epidemic acute gastroenteritis using histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as host receptors or attachment factors to initiate an infection. While most huNoVs have been shown to bind HBGAs, some known clinical isolates, such as GI.3 DSV and VA115, do not recognize any HBGAs and thus the molecular mechanism behind their infections remains elusive. In this study, we provided both phenotypic and structural evidence to show that huNoV DSV and VA115 recognize a group of glycans with terminal galactoses as ligands. First, through glycan array we found that both DSV and VA115 protruding (P) domain proteins bound two oligosaccharides that share common terminal galactoses. Then, by determination of the crystal structures of DSV/VA115 P proteins in complex with Galα1-3Galβ1-4Glc and/or NA2 N-Glycan, respectively, we showed that the terminal galactose is the main saccharide recognized by the two viral proteins. Our data demonstrated that GI huNoVs can interact with non-HBGA glycans through their conserved galactose binding site, shedding light on the mechanism of huNoV adaptation through recognizing new glycan receptors to facilitate their widespread nature in human population. These findings are also of significance in strategy development for huNoV control and prevention, as well as development of antiviral drugs. IMPORTANCE Human noroviruses (huNoVs) are the most important viral pathogens causing epidemic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Previous studies indicated that histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are critical host-susceptibility factors affecting huNoV host susceptibility, host range, and probably prevalence. However, certain huNoVs, such as GI.3 DSV and VA115, do not recognize any HBGAs. This implies that other unknown host factors might exist and the molecular mechanism underlying their host receptor recognition or attachment remains elusive. In this study, we found that purified capsid protruding domain proteins from two GI.3 huNoVs specifically bind two glycans that contain a common terminal galactose. We solved the crystal structures of the complexes at atomic resolution and validated the vital amino acids involved in glycan recognition. Our findings elucidate the mechanism of GI.3 huNoV-non-HBGA glycan interaction, which explains why GI.3 virus strains could not bind human HBGAs, paving a way to the prevention and treatment of huNoV-associated diseases.
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4
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Zhang Z, Liu D, Zhang Z, Tian P, Li S, Wu Q, Wang D, Tian Z. Complete genome sequence of GII.9 norovirus. Arch Virol 2021; 167:249-253. [PMID: 34718885 PMCID: PMC8556859 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus is recognized as one of the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks. Genotype GII.9 was first detected in Norfolk, VA, USA, in 1997. However, the complete genome sequence of this genotype has not yet been determined. In this study, a complete genome sequence of GII.9[P7] norovirus, SCD1878_GII.9[P7], from a patient was determined using high-throughput sequencing and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technology. The complete genome sequence of SCD1878_GII.9[P7] is 7544 nucleotides (nt) in length with a 3’ poly(A) tail and contains three open reading frames. Sequence comparisons indicated that SCD1878_GII.9[P7] shares 92.1%-92.3% nucleotide sequence identity with GII.P7 (AB258331 and AB039777) and 96.7%-97.4% identity with GII.9 (AY038599 and DQ379715). The results suggested that SCD1878_GII.9[P7] is a member of P genotype GII.P7 and G genotype GII.9. This viral sequence fills a gap at the whole-genome level for the GII.9 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Zhang
- Shanghai International Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai Customs District P. R. China, Shanghai, China
| | - Danlei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilei Zhang
- Inspection and quarantine technology communication department, Shanghai Customs College, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Peng Tian
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service-United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Shenwei Li
- Shanghai International Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai Customs District P. R. China, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengan Tian
- Shanghai International Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai Customs District P. R. China, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Di Martino B, Di Profio F, Melegari I, Marsilio F. Feline Virome-A Review of Novel Enteric Viruses Detected in Cats. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100908. [PMID: 31575055 PMCID: PMC6832874 DOI: 10.3390/v11100908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the diagnostic and metagenomic investigations of the feline enteric environment have allowed the identification of several novel viruses that have been associated with gastroenteritis in cats. In the last few years, noroviruses, kobuviruses, and novel parvoviruses have been repetitively detected in diarrheic cats as alone or in mixed infections with other pathogens, raising a number of questions, with particular regards to their pathogenic attitude and clinical impact. In the present article, the current available literature on novel potential feline enteric viruses is reviewed, providing a meaningful update on the etiology, epidemiologic, pathogenetic, clinical, and diagnostic aspects of the infections caused by these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Di Martino
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Federica Di Profio
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Irene Melegari
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
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6
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Pyrski M, Rugowska A, Wierzbiński KR, Kasprzyk A, Bogusiewicz M, Bociąg P, Samardakiewicz S, Czyż M, Kurpisz M, Pniewski T. HBcAg produced in transgenic tobacco triggers Th1 and Th2 response when intramuscularly delivered. Vaccine 2017; 35:5714-5721. [PMID: 28917537 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B core Antigen (HBcAg) assembled into Capsid-Like Particles (CLPs) is investigated as a therapeutic vaccine in treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and in diagnostic tests or as a carrier for various epitopes. While the expression of HBcAg has been thoroughly clarified in E. coli and yeast, it has also been investigated in other expression systems. Stably transformed tobacco expressed HBcAg at a level of 110-250µg/g fresh weight, therefore in view of its large leaf biomass it offers a production platform comparable with transient expression systems regarding the final yield of HBcAg. Several extraction and purification methods were tested and finally the antigen was purified up to 43% using sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The purified HBcAg retained its antigenicity, as confirmed by ELISA and western blot, while maintaining its CLP-structure as observed in TEM. In mice HBcAg intramuscularly delivered at 2×10µg triggered a significant response (serum anti-HBc titre around 150,000), being statistically equivalent to that induced by the reference antigen. Among anti-HBc IgG isotypes, IgG2a and then IgG1 were increasing during immune response. However IgG2b and IgG3 were also induced, especially in mice immunised with the plant-derived antigen. Analysis of the isotype profile indicates mainly Th1 polarisation, but completed with Th2 response. Obtained results indicate a considerable potential of plant-derived HBcAg as a therapeutic vaccine, since a mixed immune response with a stronger Th1 component is particularly required for treatment of CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Pyrski
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Rugowska
- Department of Reproductive Biology and Stem Cells, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Kamil Robert Wierzbiński
- Department of Reproductive Biology and Stem Cells, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Kasprzyk
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maria Bogusiewicz
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Bociąg
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Sławomir Samardakiewicz
- Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Czyż
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Kurpisz
- Department of Reproductive Biology and Stem Cells, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pniewski
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland.
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7
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Han L, Kitova EN, Tan M, Jiang X, Pluvinage B, Boraston AB, Klassen JS. Affinities of human histo-blood group antigens for norovirus capsid protein complexes. Glycobiology 2014; 25:170-80. [PMID: 25395406 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The binding profiles of many human noroviruses (huNoVs) for human histo-blood group antigens have been characterized. However, quantitative-binding data for these important virus-host interactions are lacking. Here, we report on the intrinsic (per binding site) affinities of HBGA oligosaccharides for the huNoV VA387 virus-like particles (VLPs) and the associated subviral P particles measured using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The affinities of 13 HBGA oligosaccharides, containing A, B and H epitopes, with variable sizes (disaccharide to tetrasaccharide) and different precursor chain types (types 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6), were measured for the P particle, while the affinities of the A and B trisaccharides and A and B type 6 tetrasaccharides for the VLP were determined. The intrinsic affinities of the HBGA oligosaccharides for the P particle range from 500 to 2300 M(-1), while those of the A and B trisaccharides and the A and B type 6 tetrasaccharides for the VLP range from 1000 to 4000 M(-1). Comparison of these binding data with those measured previously for the corresponding P dimer reveals that the HBGA oligosaccharides tested exhibit similar intrinsic affinities for the P dimer and P particle. The intrinsic affinities for the VLP are consistently higher than those measured for the P particle, but within a factor of three. While the cause of the subtle differences in HBGA oligosaccharide affinities for the P dimer and P particle and those for the VLP remains unknown, the present data support the use of P dimers or P particles as surrogates to the VLP for huNoV-receptor-binding studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Han
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Elena N Kitova
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin Pluvinage
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3P6
| | - Alisdair B Boraston
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3P6
| | - John S Klassen
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G2
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8
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Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are important pathogens causing epidemic acute gastroenteritis affecting millions of people worldwide. Due to the inability to cultivate NoVs, current NoV vaccine development relies on bioengineering technologies to produce virus-like particles (VLPs) and other subviral particles of NoVs as subunit vaccines. The first VLP vaccine has reached phase II clinical trials and several others are under development in pre-clinical research. Several subviral complexes made from the protruding (P) domains of NoV capsid share common features of easy production, high stability and high immunogenicity and thus are candidates for low cost vaccines. These P domain complexes can also be used as vaccine platforms to present foreign antigens for potential dual vaccines against NoVs and other pathogens. Development of NoV vaccines also faces other challenges, including genetic diversity of NoVs, limit understanding of NoV immunology and evolution, and lack of an efficient NoV animal model for vaccine assessment, which are discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, OH USA; Department of Pediatrics; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, OH USA; Department of Pediatrics; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati, OH USA
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Abstract
The caliciviruses are by far the major cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis, highly infectious, and have a rapid and severe onset of symptoms. Studies on this family of viruses have been hampered by the lack of animal model and tissue culture system. However, recent advances in protein expression systems and the development of a mouse norovirus animal model has led to rapid advances in our understanding of these viruses with regard to structure and the host immune response. Our current understanding of this important family of viruses is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Katpally
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO, 63132, USA
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10
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Detection of antibodies against norovirus genogroup GIV in carnivores. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 17:180-2. [PMID: 19923574 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00312-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) resembling human NoV genotype GIV (Alphatron-like) have recently been detected in carnivores. By using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on baculovirus-expressed capsid protein VP1 of lion strain GGIV.2/Pistoia/387/06/ITA, NoV-specific antibodies were detected in cats (16.11%) and dogs (4.8%), demonstrating that these animals are exposed to infections caused by NoVs.
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11
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Challenges for the production of virus-like particles in insect cells: The case of rotavirus-like particles. Biochem Eng J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Self-assembly of the recombinant capsid protein of a swine norovirus into virus-like particles and evaluation of monoclonal antibodies cross-reactive with a human strain from genogroup II. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:3971-9. [PMID: 18842943 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01204-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are responsible for the majority of gastroenteritis outbreaks in humans. Recently, NoV strains which are genetically closely related to human genogroup II (GII) NoVs have been detected in fecal specimens from swine. These findings have raised concern about the possible role of pigs as reservoirs for NoVs that could infect humans. To better understand the epidemiology of swine NoVs in both the swine and the human populations, rapid immunoassays are needed. In this study, baculovirus recombinants were generated to express the capsid gene of a swine NoV GII genotype 11 (GII.11) strain which self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs). Subsequently, the purified VLPs were used to evoke monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in mice. A panel of eight promising MAbs was obtained and evaluated for their ability to bind to heterologous VLPs, denaturated antigens, and truncated capsid proteins. The MAbs could be classified into two groups: two MAbs that recognized linear epitopes located at the amino-terminal half (shell domain) of the swine NoV GII.11 VLPs and that cross-reacted with human GII.4 NoV VLPs. The other six MAbs bound to conformational epitopes and did not cross-react with the human GII.4 VLPs. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the characterization of MAbs against swine NoVs. The swine NoV VLPs and the MAbs described here may be further used for the design of diagnostic reagents that could help increase our knowledge of the prevalence of NoV infections in pigs and the possible role of pigs as reservoirs for NoVs.
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13
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Rademacher C, Peters T. Molecular Recognition of Ligands by Native Viruses and Virus-Like Particles as Studied by NMR Experiments. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2008; 273:183-202. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2007_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Structure of antibody-neutralized murine norovirus and unexpected differences from viruslike particles. J Virol 2007; 82:2079-88. [PMID: 18094184 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02200-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (family Caliciviridae) are the major cause of epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans, but the mechanism of antibody neutralization is unknown and no structure of an infectious virion has been reported. Murine norovirus (MNV) is the only norovirus that can be grown in tissue culture, studied in an animal model, and reverse engineered via an infectious clone and to which neutralizing antibodies have been isolated. Presented here are the cryoelectron microscopy structures of an MNV virion and the virion in complex with neutralizing Fab fragments. The most striking differences between MNV and previous calicivirus structures are that the protruding domain is lifted off the shell domain by approximately 16A and rotated approximately 40 degrees in a clockwise fashion and forms new interactions at the P1 base that create a cagelike structure engulfing the shell domains. Neutralizing Fab fragments cover the outer surface of each copy of the capsid protein P2 domains without causing any apparent conformational changes. These unique features of MNV suggest that at least some caliciviruses undergo a capsid maturation process akin to that observed with other plant and bacterial viruses.
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15
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Pérez-Filgueira DM, Resino-Talaván P, Cubillos C, Angulo I, Barderas MG, Barcena J, Escribano JM. Development of a low-cost, insect larvae-derived recombinant subunit vaccine against RHDV. Virology 2007; 364:422-30. [PMID: 17434554 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine antigens against rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) are currently derived from inactivated RHDV obtained from livers of experimentally infected rabbits. Several RHDV-derived recombinant immunogens have been reported. However, their application in vaccines has been restricted due to their high production costs. In this paper, we describe the development of an inexpensive, safe, stable vaccine antigen for RHDV. A baculovirus expressing a recombinant RHDV capsid protein (VP60r) was used to infect Trichoplusia ni insect larvae. It reached an expression efficiency of 12.5% of total soluble protein, i.e. approximately 2 mg of VP60r per larva. Preservation of the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the VP60r was confirmed by immunological and immunization experiments. Lyophilized crude larvae extracts, containing VP60r, were stable, at room temperature, for at least 800 days. In all cases, rabbits immunized with a single dose of VP60r by the intramuscular route were protected against RHDV challenge. Doses used were as low as 2 microg of VP60r in the presence of adjuvant or 100 microg without one. Orally administered VP60r in the absence of an adjuvant gave no protection. The potential costs of an RHDV vaccine made using this technology would be reduced considerably compared with producing the same protein in insect cells maintained by fermentation. In conclusion, the larva expression system may provide a broad-based strategy for production of recombinant subunit antigens (insectigens) for human or animal medicines, especially when production costs restrain their use.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/isolation & purification
- Baculoviridae/genetics
- Caliciviridae Infections/immunology
- Caliciviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Caliciviridae Infections/veterinary
- Costs and Cost Analysis
- Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit/genetics
- Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit/immunology
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Larva
- Moths
- Rabbits
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/economics
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/economics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/isolation & purification
- Viral Structural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Structural Proteins/immunology
- Viral Structural Proteins/isolation & purification
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/economics
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/isolation & purification
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16
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Farkas T, Deng X, Ruiz-Palacios G, Morrow A, Jiang X. Development of an enzyme immunoassay for detection of sapovirus-specific antibodies and its application in a study of seroprevalence in children. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:3674-9. [PMID: 17021096 PMCID: PMC1594811 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01087-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sapoviruses (SVs) are an important cause of acute pediatric gastroenteritis. Due to the lack of appropriate diagnostic methods, the epidemiology of SV-associated illness remains poorly understood. Baculovirus and Escherichia coli expression systems were evaluated for the development of antibody detection enzyme immunoassays (EIA). Age-related antibody prevalence in children was studied using the new EIA. Because of the low yield of the baculovirus system, the E. coli-expressed SV capsid proteins were used to develop the EIA. The antigenic specificities of the E. coli-expressed SV capsid proteins were demonstrated using hyperimmune antisera raised in animals and sera collected from patients. A high prevalence (>90%) of antibodies to both SV (strain Mex340) and norovirus (strain VA387) was observed in children involved in a birth cohort at 20 to 24 months of age; however, at 1 to 3 months of age, <25% of the children possessed anti-SV antibodies versus >90% with anti-NV antibodies. The E. coli-derived SV proteins are an excellent source of antigens for the EIA. SV infection is common in the first 2 years of life. The low prevalence of maternal antibodies detected in Mexican children against SVs in this study is unique and needs to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Farkas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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17
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Oliver SL, Asobayire E, Charpilienne A, Cohen J, Bridger JC. Complete genomic characterization and antigenic relatedness of genogroup III, genotype 2 bovine noroviruses. Arch Virol 2006; 152:257-72. [PMID: 17066248 PMCID: PMC7087217 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0856-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bovine enteric noroviruses form a genogroup, III, distinct from the 2 human norovirus genogroups, I and II. Two genogroup III genotypes were suggested by partial genomic analyses. In the present study, analysis of the full-length genome sequence of Bo/Newbury2/76/UK and the more contemporary Newbury2-like virus, Bo/Dumfries/1994/UK, showed that both were 7311 nucleotides in length and had three open reading frames (ORFs), amino acids motifs typical of noroviruses, and 95% or greater amino acid identities to each other in all regions of their genome. Apart from the ORF1 NTPase region, their ORF1 regions had less than 90% identity to the genogroup III genotype 1 Bo/Jena/80/DE virus, confirming two genogroup III genotypes. A close antigenic relationship was demonstrated by ELISA between the genotype 2 viruses, which will allow their serological diagnosis.
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MESH Headings
- 5' Untranslated Regions
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Baculoviridae/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Capsid Proteins/chemistry
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Cattle
- Cattle Diseases/virology
- Cross Reactions
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Genome, Viral
- Genotype
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- Norovirus/classification
- Norovirus/genetics
- Norovirus/immunology
- Norovirus/isolation & purification
- Open Reading Frames
- Phylogeny
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Serotyping
- Species Specificity
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Virion/genetics
- Virion/immunology
- Virion/isolation & purification
- Virion/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Oliver
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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18
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Feng X, Jiang X. Library screen for inhibitors targeting norovirus binding to histo-blood group antigen receptors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 51:324-31. [PMID: 17060523 PMCID: PMC1797694 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00627-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (NVs) are a common cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis. The disease is difficult to control due to its widespread nature and the lack of antivirals or vaccines against NVs. The recent identification of human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as NV receptors opens a new way for the discovery and design of antivirals against NVs. A saliva-based enzyme immune assay (EIA) was used to screen a synthetic-compound library for inhibition of the binding of norovirus-like particles to HBGA receptors. Among 5,000 compounds tested in the first round of screening, 153 compounds exhibited >50% inhibition of the binding of VA387 (an NV that binds to A, B, and H epitopes) to the A antigen in saliva at approximately 50 mug/ml, and 14 of the 153 compounds revealed strong inhibition, with a 50% effective concentration of <15 muM. Ten and 11 of the 14 compounds also revealed inhibition of the binding of VA387 to the B and H antigens, respectively. Seven and 6 of the 14 compounds also blocked the binding of the prototype Norwalk virus (A and H binder) to the A and H antigens, respectively. One compound significantly inhibited the binding of MOH (A and B binder) to the A and B antigens, but no compound revealed any inhibitory effect on the binding of a Lewis binding strain (VA207) to the Lewis antigens. The EIA is a high-throughput method for large-scale library screening for antivirals against NVs. Studies to further characterize the lead compounds and to screen additional compounds for other NVs are ongoing in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhi Feng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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19
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Oliver SL, Batten CA, Deng Y, Elschner M, Otto P, Charpilienne A, Clarke IN, Bridger JC, Lambden PR. Genotype 1 and genotype 2 bovine noroviruses are antigenically distinct but share a cross-reactive epitope with human noroviruses. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:992-8. [PMID: 16517888 PMCID: PMC1393167 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.44.3.992-998.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bovine enteric caliciviruses Bo/Jena/1980/DE and Bo/Newbury2/1976/UK represent two distinct genotypes within a new genogroup, genogroup III, in the genus Norovirus of the family Caliciviridae. In the present study, the antigenic relatedness of these two genotypes was determined for the first time to enable the development of tests to detect and differentiate between both genotypes. Two approaches were used. First, cross-reactivity was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) and convalescent-phase sera from calves infected with either Jena (genotype 1) or Newbury2 (genotype 2). Second, cross-reactivity was examined between the two genotypes with a monoclonal antibody, CM39, derived using Jena VLPs. The two genotypes, Jena and Newbury2, were antigenically distinct with little or no cross-reactivity by ELISA to the heterologous VLPs using convalescent calf sera that had homologous immunoglobulin G titers of log10 3.1 to 3.3. CM39 reacted with both Jena and heterologous Newbury2 VLPs. The CM39 epitope was mapped to nine amino acids (31PTAGAQIAA39) in the Jena capsid protein, which was not fully conserved for Newbury2 (31PTAGAPVAA39). Molecular modeling showed that the CM39 epitope was located within the NH2-terminal arm inside the virus capsid. Surprisingly, CM39 also reacted with VLPs from two genogroup II/3 human noroviruses by ELISA and Western blotting. Thus, although the bovine noroviruses Jena and Newbury2 corresponded to two distinct antigenic types or serotypes, they shared at least one cross-reactive epitope. These findings have relevance for epidemiological studies to determine the prevalence of bovine norovirus serotypes and to develop vaccines to bovine noroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Oliver
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Camden, London, United Kingdom.
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20
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Hansman GS, Natori K, Shirato-Horikoshi H, Ogawa S, Oka T, Katayama K, Tanaka T, Miyoshi T, Sakae K, Kobayashi S, Shinohara M, Uchida K, Sakurai N, Shinozaki K, Okada M, Seto Y, Kamata K, Nagata N, Tanaka K, Miyamura T, Takeda N. Genetic and antigenic diversity among noroviruses. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:909-919. [PMID: 16528040 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (NoV) strains cause a considerable number of outbreaks of gastroenteritis worldwide. Based on their capsid gene (VP1) sequence, human NoV strains can be grouped into two genogroups (GI and GII) and at least 14 GI and 17 GII genotypes (GI/1–14 and GII/1–17). Human NoV strains cannot be propagated in cell-culture systems, but expression of recombinant VP1 in insect cells results in the formation of virus-like particles (VLPs). In order to understand NoV antigenic relationships better, cross-reactivity among 26 different NoV VLPs was analysed. Phylogenetic analyses grouped these NoV strains into six GI and 12 GII genotypes. An antibody ELISA using polyclonal antisera raised against these VLPs was used to determine cross-reactivity. Antisera reacted strongly with homologous VLPs; however, a number of novel cross-reactivities among different genotypes was observed. For example, GI/11 antiserum showed a broad-range cross-reactivity, detecting two GI and 10 GII genotypes. Likewise, GII/1, GII/10 and GII/12 antisera showed a broad-range cross-reactivity, detecting several other distinct GII genotypes. Alignment of VP1 amino acid sequences suggested that these broad-range cross-reactivities were due to conserved amino acid residues located within the shell and/or P1-1 domains. However, unusual cross-reactivities among different GII/3 antisera were found, with the results indicating that both conserved amino acid residues and VP1 secondary structures influence antigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant S Hansman
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Katsuro Natori
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Haruko Shirato-Horikoshi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Satoko Ogawa
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Tanaka
- Sakai Institute of Public Health, Sakai, Osaka 590-0953, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Miyoshi
- Sakai Institute of Public Health, Sakai, Osaka 590-0953, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakae
- Laboratory of Virology, Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 7-6 Nagare, Tujimachi, Kita-ku, Nagoya 462-8576, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Virology, Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 7-6 Nagare, Tujimachi, Kita-ku, Nagoya 462-8576, Japan
| | - Michiyo Shinohara
- Saitama Institute of Public Health, Kamiokubo 639-1, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-0824, Japan
| | - Kazue Uchida
- Saitama Institute of Public Health, Kamiokubo 639-1, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-0824, Japan
| | - Nakao Sakurai
- Public Health and Environment Research Division, Mie Pref. Science and Technology Promotion Center, Sakuramachi 3690-1, Yokaichi, Mie 512-1211, Japan
| | - Kuniko Shinozaki
- Division of Virology, Chiba Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Chiba, Chiba 260-8715, Japan
| | - Mineyuki Okada
- Division of Virology, Chiba Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Chiba, Chiba 260-8715, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Seto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1, Gakuen-Cho, Sasai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kunio Kamata
- Technical Marketing Department, Denka-Seiken Co. Ltd, 1-2-2 Minami-honcho, Gosen, Niigata 959-1695, Japan
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Keiko Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Miyamura
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Naokazu Takeda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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21
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Tian P, Mandrell R. Detection of norovirus capsid proteins in faecal and food samples by a real time immuno-PCR method. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 100:564-74. [PMID: 16478496 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop a sensitive real time immuno-polymerase chain reaction (rtI-PCR) method for detecting norovirus (NV) capsid protein in food samples. METHODS AND RESULTS The viral antigens were captured by two polyclonal antisera against recombinant Norwalk viral-like particles (rNVLPs). Biotin-conjugated antibodies, avidin and biotin-conjugated DNA reporter were used to convert the protein signals into DNA signals. The reporter DNA was then amplified by addition of primers and PCR. A real time PCR method was used in order to perform a quantitative post-PCR analysis. One hundred rNVLPs (10 fg) and a NV sample containing 660 rNVLPs equivalent particle units (66 fg) could be detected by this method. CONCLUSION The PCR inhibitors present in the food samples had minimal effect on antigen capture and were removed by multiple wash steps during the rtI-PCR procedure. The sensitivity of rtI-PCR was >1000-fold higher than the standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and approximately 10 times higher than reverse transcription PCR in detection of NV capsid protein in stool and food samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first report of a rtI-PCR method to detect NV in contaminated food samples without concentration or purification of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tian
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA 94710-1105, USA.
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22
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Tseng FC, Leon JS, MacCormack JN, Maillard JM, Moe CL. Molecular epidemiology of norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks in North Carolina, United States: 1995–2000. J Med Virol 2006; 79:84-91. [PMID: 17133557 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are the most common cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks in the US. We investigated 16 gastroenteritis outbreaks in North Carolina (NC), from 1995 to 2000, to further characterize the epidemiology of NoV using RT-PCR on stool and ELISA on sera. NoV were identified in 14 outbreaks by RT-PCR. Sequence analyses of the amplicons indicated the outbreak strains belonged to the following clusters: five GII/4, three GI/3, one GI/4, one GII/2, one GII/5, one GII/7, and one GII/13 (prototype strain). We detected NoV in stool samples from one outbreak but could not determine its specific cluster within the GII genogroup based on polymerase sequence analysis. The five GII/4 strains were classified as the "95/96 US common strain" and occurred throughout the 5-year period. In contrast to national trends, the majority (86%) of NoV outbreaks identified in North Carolina were foodborne. Of the 12 food-related NoV outbreaks, we were able to document transmission by food handlers in two outbreaks. Person-to-person transmission from primary cases was suggested in three outbreaks. Our results indicate that NoVs are important agents of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in NC.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Tseng
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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23
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Farkas T, Nakajima S, Sugieda M, Deng X, Zhong W, Jiang X. Seroprevalence of noroviruses in swine. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:657-61. [PMID: 15695660 PMCID: PMC548037 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.2.657-661.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NVs) are important human pathogens that cause acute gastroenteritis. Genetically related animal enteric NVs have also been described, but there is no evidence of interspecies transmission of NVs. In this study we characterized antibody prevalence among domestic pigs by using recombinant capsid antigens of two human NVs (Norwalk and Hawaii) and one swine NV (SW918) that is genetically related to GII human NVs. Recombinant SW918 capsid protein expressed in baculovirus self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs) that were detected by antibodies against GII (Hawaii and Mexico), but not GI (Norwalk and VA115), human NVs. NVs recognize human histo-blood group antigens as receptors, but SW918 VLPs did not bind to human saliva samples with major histo-blood group types. Seventy-eight of 110 (71%) pig serum samples from the United States and 95 of 266 (36%) pig serum samples from Japan possessed antibodies against SW918. Serum samples from pigs in the United States were also tested for antibodies against human NVs; 63% were positive for Norwalk virus (GI) and 52% for Hawaii virus (GII). These results indicate that NV infections are common among domestic pigs; the finding of antigenic relationships between SW918 and human NVs and the detection of antibodies against both GI and GII human NVs in domestic animals highlights the importance of further studies on NV gastroenteritis as a possible zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Farkas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
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24
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Huang P, Farkas T, Zhong W, Tan M, Thornton S, Morrow AL, Jiang X. Norovirus and histo-blood group antigens: demonstration of a wide spectrum of strain specificities and classification of two major binding groups among multiple binding patterns. J Virol 2005; 79:6714-22. [PMID: 15890909 PMCID: PMC1112114 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.11.6714-6722.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses, an important cause of acute gastroenteritis, have been found to recognize human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as receptors. Four strain-specific binding patterns to HBGAs have been described in our previous report. In this study, we have extended the binding patterns to seven based on 14 noroviruses examined. The oligosaccharide-based assays revealed additional epitopes that were not detected by the saliva-based assays. The seven patterns have been classified into two groups according to their interactions with three major epitopes (A/B, H, and Lewis) of human HBGAs: the A/B-binding group and the Lewis-binding group. Strains in the A/B binding group recognize the A and/or B and H antigens, but not the Lewis antigens, while strains in the Lewis-binding group react only to the Lewis and/or H antigens. This classification also resulted in a model of the norovirus/HBGA interaction. Phylogenetic analyses showed that strains with identical or closely related binding patterns tend to be clustered, but strains in both binding group can be found in both genogroups I and II. Our results suggest that noroviruses have a wide spectrum of host range and that human HBGAs play an important role in norovirus evolution. The high polymorphism of the human HBGA system, the involvement of multiple epitopes, and the typical protein/carbohydrate interaction between norovirus VLPs and HBGAs provide an explanation for the virus-ligand binding diversities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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25
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Tan M, Jiang X. Norovirus and its histo-blood group antigen receptors: an answer to a historical puzzle. Trends Microbiol 2005; 13:285-93. [PMID: 15936661 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2005] [Revised: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings demonstrate that human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) serve as receptors for norovirus infection. The recognition of human HBGAs by noroviruses is a typical protein-carbohydrate interaction, in which the protruding domain of the viral capsid protein forms an interface with the oligosaccharide side-chains of the antigens, with a wide diversity among different strains. The human HBGA system is also highly polymorphic and is controlled by multiple gene families with silent alleles. The presence of such diversified molecules on the cell surfaces indicates a possible host defense mechanism against the changing external environment. As mild pathogens that replicate possibly only in the intestinal tract, noroviruses have developed unique strategies to overcome the host defense system. This has been shown by their genetic and structural variations, which explains why norovirus-associated diseases are so common and widespread in every population worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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26
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Rodríguez-Guillén L, Vizzi E, Alcalá AC, Pujol FH, Liprandi F, Ludert JE. Calicivirus infection in human immunodeficiency virus seropositive children and adults. J Clin Virol 2005; 33:104-9. [PMID: 15911425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2004.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of enteric viral infections in HIV-related diarrhea is uncertain. Human caliciviruses have emerged as a leading cause of acute diarrhea worldwide. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the importance of calicivirus infections in HIV-related diarrhea. Study design 151 fecal samples collected from children and adults infected with HIV, with and without diarrhea, were examined. In addition, 89 fecal samples from non HIV-infected children and adults were also tested. Samples were analyzed by RT-PCR using primer sets specific to Norovirus genogroup I or genogroup II as well as primers designed to react with both Noroviruses and Sapovirus genus. RESULTS Viruses were detected with equal frequencies in stools from HIV infected and non-infected adults (12%). However, specimens from HIV infected children were more likely than those of HIV-negative children to have caliciviruses (51% versus 24%, P<0.05). Viral infections were not significantly associated with diarrhea neither in children nor in adults, regardless of HIV status. Viruses genetically related to the common Lordsdale virus (Norovirus genogroup II) and London/92 virus (Sapovirus) clusters were detected circulating among children. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that caliciviruses may be an important opportunistic pathogen in children infected with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rodríguez-Guillén
- Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apdo. 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
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27
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Hansman GS, Katayama K, Oka T, Natori K, Takeda N. Mutational study of sapovirus expression in insect cells. Virol J 2005; 2:13. [PMID: 15727685 PMCID: PMC553994 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-2-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Accepted: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human sapovirus (SaV), an agent of human gastroenteritis, cannot be grown in cell culture, but expression of the recombinant capsid protein (rVP1) in a baculovirus expression system results in the formation of virus-like particles (VLPs). In this study we compared the time-course expression of two different SaV rVP1 constructs. One construct had the native sequence (Wt construct), whereas the other had two nucleotide point mutations in which one mutation caused an amino acid substitution and one was silent (MEG-1076 construct). While both constructs formed VLPs morphologically similar to native SaV, Northern blot analysis indicated that the MEG-1076 rVP1 mRNA had increased steady-state levels. Furthermore, Western blot analysis and an antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that the MEG-1076 construct had increased expression levels of rVP1 and yields of VLPs. Interestingly, the position of the mutated residue was strictly conserved residue among other human SaV strains, suggesting an important role for rVP1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant S Hansman
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuro Natori
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naokazu Takeda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Kamata K, Shinozaki K, Okada M, Seto Y, Kobayashi S, Sakae K, Oseto M, Natori K, Shirato-Horikoshi H, Katayama K, Tanaka T, Takeda N, Taniguchi K. Expression and antigenicity of virus-like particles of norovirus and their application for detection of noroviruses in stool samples. J Med Virol 2005; 76:129-36. [PMID: 15778983 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (NoVs), members of the genus Norovirus in the family Caliciviridae, are the leading agents of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Human NoVs are currently divided into at least two genogroups, genogroup I (GI) and genogroup II (GII), each of which contains at least 14 and 17 genotypes. To explore the genetic and antigenic relationship among NoVs, we expressed the capsid protein of four genetically distinct NoVs, the GI/3 Kashiwa645 virus, the GII/3 Sanbu809 virus, the GII/5 Ichikawa754 virus, and the GII/7 Osaka10-25 virus in baculovirus expression system. An antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with hyperimmune serum against the four recombinant capsid proteins and characterized previously three capsid proteins derived from GI/1, GI/4, and GII/12 was developed to detect the NoVs antigen in stools. The antigen ELISA was highly specific to the homotypic strains, allowing assignment of a strain to a Norovirus genetic cluster within a genogroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Kamata
- Technical Marketing Department, Denka-Seiken Co., Ltd., Gosen, Niigata, Japan
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29
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Dai YC, Nie J, Zhang XF, Li ZF, Bai Y, Zeng ZR, Yu SY, Farkas T, Jiang X. Seroprevalence of antibodies against noroviruses among students in a Chinese military medical university. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:4615-9. [PMID: 15472318 PMCID: PMC522286 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.10.4615-4619.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NVs) are important causes of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans, but the role of NVs as a cause of diseases in the Chinese people, particularly in Chinese military personnel, remains unclear. This study investigated antibody prevalence and factors that associate with the prevalence of antibody to NVs among students attending a military medical university. Serum specimens were tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin G antibody to recombinant capsid antigens of three NVs (rNorwalk, rMxV, and rVA387). Of 588 serum samples tested, the antibody prevalence was 88.9, 54.1, or 90.0% for the three antigens, respectively. There were significant differences in the prevalence of antibody to rMxV between blood types (P < 0.05); the prevalence for type O was the highest (62.5%), and the prevalence for type B was the lowest (49.1%). The average optical density values for antibody to rNorwalk and rMxV were lowest among students with type B. The number of students who did not have antibody to any of the three antigens was the highest for blood type B (6.9%) compared to other blood types (0.8 to 3.4% [P < 0.006]). The antibody prevalence also varied with the hometown residencies of the students before joining the military, with the highest rates for students from rural areas, lower rates for students from small towns or villages, and the lowest rates for students from large cities. The numbers of students who did not have antibody to any of the three antigens were highest for students from the large cities, lower for students from small towns or villages, and lowest for students from rural areas. The distribution of ABO blood types did not differ among the three groups. These data suggest that NVs are prevalent in China and that both genetic and environmental factors play a role in NV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-chun Dai
- Department of Epidemiology, First Military Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Tan M, Zhong W, Song D, Thornton S, Jiang X. E. coli-expressed recombinant norovirus capsid proteins maintain authentic antigenicity and receptor binding capability. J Med Virol 2004; 74:641-9. [PMID: 15484274 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The baculovirus expression system has been widely used to produce the capsid proteins of Norovirus (NV) and the proteins form virus-like particles (VLPs) that are useful in many studies, such as immunology, diagnosis, and host-receptor interaction. We report here the application of the E. coli expression system in the production of recombinant NV capsid proteins. In a direct comparison of a previous well-characterized NV strain (VA387), we have demonstrated that the E. coli-expressed capsid proteins maintain the same antigenicity and receptor binding specificity as that of the baculovirus-expressed capsid, although the E. coli-expressed VA387 proteins did not form VLPs. Using the E. coli-expression system, we characterized the receptor-binding patterns of three additional NV strains (OIF1998, Parris Island and VA115), in which OIF1998 binds to HBGA of nonsecretors but did not bind or binds weakly to the HBGA of secretors, as seen in strain VA207. Parris Island binds to HBGA of types A and B but not type O secretors and nonsecretors. VA115 did not show specific binding to any A, B, O secretor nor nonsecretor, which is also observed when the capsid protein of this strain was expressed in baculovirus. Our data indicate that VLP formation is not required for receptor binding, and that the bacteria expression system offers a simple alternative for large production of NV capsid protein for various research purposes, particularly for strains generating low yields in the insect cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, USA
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Tan M, Hegde RS, Jiang X. The P domain of norovirus capsid protein forms dimer and binds to histo-blood group antigen receptors. J Virol 2004; 78:6233-42. [PMID: 15163716 PMCID: PMC416535 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.12.6233-6242.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NVs) are the most important pathogen of epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis. The recent finding that NVs recognize human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as receptors provided a new approach to study the pathogenesis of NVs. Using computational and site-directed mutagenesis approaches, our investigators previously identified a plausible binding pocket in the P domain of the NV capsids. In this study, we further characterize the role of the P domain in the interaction with human HBGA receptors using three NV strains representing three binding patterns. Our results show that the isolated P domain, although it did not form virus-like particles (VLPs), formed dimers, and the dimers bound HBGAs with the same patterns as those of the intact viral capsids. In contrast, the S domain, which formed small, thin-layer VLPs, did not bind A, B, or H HBGAs. A chimera containing the S domain of VA387 and the P domain of MOH revealed a binding pattern of the P donor strain (MOH). Deletion experiments revealed that an intact P domain is necessary for receptor binding. The P domain dimers are stable over a broad range of pH (2 to 11) or under strong denaturing conditions. Taken together, our results suggest that the P domain of NV contains essential elements for strain-specific binding to receptors. Further study of the P domain will provide useful information about the virus-receptor interaction. The high yield and easy production of the recombinant P protein in the Escherichia coli expression system will provide a simple approach to this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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Tan M, Huang P, Meller J, Zhong W, Farkas T, Jiang X. Mutations within the P2 domain of norovirus capsid affect binding to human histo-blood group antigens: evidence for a binding pocket. J Virol 2003; 77:12562-71. [PMID: 14610179 PMCID: PMC262557 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.23.12562-12571.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2003] [Accepted: 08/18/2003] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NORs) are an important cause of acute gastroenteritis. Recent studies of NOR receptors showed that different NORs bind to different histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), and at least four distinct binding patterns were observed. To determine the structure-function relationship for NORs and their receptors, two strains representing two of the four binding patterns were studied. Strain VA387 binds to HBGAs of A, B, and O secretors, whereas strain MOH binds to HBGAs of A and B secretors only. Using multiple sequence alignments, homology modeling, and structural analysis of NOR capsids, we identified a plausible "pocket" in the P2 domain that may be responsible for binding to HBGA receptors. This pocket consists of a conserved RGD/K motif surrounded by three strain-specific hot spots (N(302), T(337), and Q(375) for VA387 and N(302), N(338), and E(378) for MOH). Subsequent mutagenesis experiments demonstrated that all four sites played important roles in binding. A single amino acid mutation at T(337) (to A) in VA387 or a double amino acid mutation at RN(338) (to TT) in MOH abolished binding completely. Change of the entire RGD motif to SAS abolished binding in case of VA387, whereas single amino acid mutations in that motif did not have an apparent effect on binding to A and B antigens but decreased binding to H antigen. Multiple mutations at the RGK motif of MOH (SIRGK to TFRGD) completely knocked out the binding. Mutation of N(302) or Q(375) in VA387 affected binding to type O HBGA only, while switch mutants with three amino acid changes at either site from MOH to VA387 resulted in a weak binding to type O HBGAs. A further switch mutant with three amino acid changes at E(378) from MOH to VA387 diminished the binding to type A HBGA only. Taken together, our data indicate that the binding pocket likely exists on NOR capsids. Direct evidence of this hypothesis requires crystallography studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Pediatric Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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IV, 4. Development of serological and molecular tests for the diagnosis of calicivirus infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-7069(03)09030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Farkas T, Berke T, Reuter G, Szûcs G, Matson DO, Jiang X. Molecular detection and sequence analysis of human caliciviruses from acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in Hungary. J Med Virol 2002; 67:567-73. [PMID: 12116006 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Three viral gastroenteritis (VGE) outbreaks that occurred in 1998-1999, in Hungary were investigated for the presence of human caliciviruses (HuCVs). HuCVs in stool specimens were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using primer pair 289/290, which was designed based on the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) sequence. RT-PCR results were confirmed by sequencing showing that all three outbreak strains belonged to genogroup II of "Norwalk-like viruses" (NLVs). Two strains had high sequence identity with strains in known genetic clusters (Hawaii and Lordsdale clusters). The third strain (MOH) had distinct RdRp sequence, sharing 77/86% (nt/aa) identity with Snow Mountain virus (SMV), the closest genogroup II virus. To characterize MOH further, we cloned, sequenced, and expressed in baculovirus its capsid gene. It had 75/79% (nt/aa) identity with SMV, but 97/98% (nt/aa) identity with NLV/Hillingdon/90/UK, a recently identified genetic cluster of HuCVs. The recombinant MOH (rMOH) capsid protein self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs), which is antigenically distinct from other recombinant HuCV capsid antigens available in our laboratory. Further study of this VLP will have important applications in antigenic characterization and diagnosis of HuCVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Farkas
- Center for Pediatric Research, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Norfolk, USA
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