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Belaunzarán-Zamudio PF, Rincón León HA, Caballero Sosa S, Ruiz E, Nájera Cancino JG, de La Rosa PR, Guerrero Almeida MDL, Powers JH, Beigel JH, Hunsberger S, Trujillo K, Ramos P, Arteaga-Cabello FJ, López-Roblero A, Valdés-Salgado R, Arroyo-Figueroa H, Becerril E, Ruiz-Palacios G. Different epidemiological profiles in patients with Zika and dengue infection in Tapachula, Chiapas in Mexico (2016-2018): an observational, prospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:881. [PMID: 34454432 PMCID: PMC8397877 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The introduction of Zika and chikungunya to dengue hyperendemic regions increased interest in better understanding characteristics of these infections. We conducted a cohort study in Mexico to evaluate the natural history of Zika infection. We describe here the frequency of Zika, chikungunya and dengue virus infections immediately after Zika introduction in Mexico, and baseline characteristics of participants for each type of infection. METHODS Prospective, observational cohort evaluating the natural history of Zika virus infection in the Mexico-Guatemala border area. Patients with fever, rash or both, meeting the modified criteria of PAHO for probable Zika cases were enrolled (June 2016-July 2018) and followed-up for 6 months. We collected data on sociodemographic, environmental exposure, clinical and laboratory characteristics. Diagnosis was established based on viral RNA identification in serum and urine samples using RT-PCR for Zika, chikungunya, and dengue. We describe the baseline sociodemographic and environmental exposure characteristics of participants according to diagnosis, and the frequency of these infections over a two-year period immediately after Zika introduction in Mexico. RESULTS We enrolled 427 participants. Most patients (n = 307, 65.7%) had an acute illness episode with no identified pathogen (UIE), 37 (8%) Zika, 82 (17.6%) dengue, and 1 (0.2%) chikungunya. In 2016 Zika predominated, declined in 2017 and disappeared in 2018; while dengue increased after 2017. Patients with dengue were more likely to be men, younger, and with lower education than those with Zika and UIE. They also reported closer contact with water sources, and with other people diagnosed with dengue. Participants with Zika reported sexual exposure more frequently than people with dengue and UIE. Zika was more likely to be identified in urine while dengue was more likely found in blood in the first seven days of symptoms; but PCR results for both were similar at day 7-14 after symptom onset. CONCLUSIONS During the first 2 years of Zika introduction to this dengue hyper-endemic region, frequency of Zika peaked and fell over a two-year period; while dengue progressively increased with a predominance in 2018. Different epidemiologic patterns between Zika, dengue and UIE were observed. Trial registration Clinical.Trials.gov (NCT02831699).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo F Belaunzarán-Zamudio
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | - Sandra Caballero Sosa
- Clínica Hospital Dr. Roberto Nettel Flores, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Emilia Ruiz
- Hospital General de Tapachula, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - John H Powers
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - John H Beigel
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sally Hunsberger
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karina Trujillo
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad Ciudad Salud, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Pilar Ramos
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fernando J Arteaga-Cabello
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Hugo Arroyo-Figueroa
- Mexican Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Network (La Red), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eli Becerril
- Mexican Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Network (La Red), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Ruiz-Palacios
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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2
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Belaunzarán-Zamudio PF, Mateja A, Guerra-de-Blas PDC, Rincón-León HA, Navarro-Fuentes K, Ruiz-Hernández E, Caballero-Sosa S, Camas-Durán F, Priego-Smith Z, Nájera-Cancino JG, López-Roblero A, del Carmen Trujillo-Murillo K, Powers JH, Hunsberger S, Siddiqui S, Beigel JH, Valdés-Salgado R, Ruiz-Palacios G. Comparison of clinical characteristics of Zika and dengue symptomatic infections and other acute illnesses of unidentified origin in Mexico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009133. [PMID: 33591992 PMCID: PMC7909682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our purpose was to provide a detailed clinical description, of symptoms and laboratory abnormalities, and temporality in patients with confirmed Zika and dengue infections, and other acute illnesses of unidentified origin (AIUO). METHODS/ PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This was a two-year, multicenter, observational, prospective, cohort study. We collected data from patients meeting the Pan American Health Organization's modified case-definition criteria for probable Zika infection. We identified Zika, dengue chikungunya by RT-PCR in serum and urine. We compared characteristics between patients with confirmed Zika and dengue infections, Zika and AIUO, and Dengue and AIUO at baseline, Days 3,7,28 and 180 of follow-up. Most episodes (67%) consistent with the PAHO definition of probable Zika could not be confirmed as due to any flavivirus and classified as Acute Illnesses of Unidentified Origin (AIUO). Infections by Zika and dengue accounted for 8.4% and 16% of episodes. Dengue patients presented with fever, generalized non-macular rash, arthralgia, and petechiae more frequently than patients with Zika during the first 10 days of symptoms. Dengue patients presented with more laboratory abnormalities (lower neutrophils, lymphocytosis, thrombocytopenia and abnormal liver function tests), with thrombocytopenia lasting for 28 days. Zika patients had conjunctivitis, photophobia and localized macular rash more frequently than others. Few differences persisted longer than 10 days after symptoms initiation: conjunctivitis in Zika infections, and self-reported rash and petechia in dengue infections. CONCLUSIONS Our study helps characterize the variety and duration of clinical features in patients with Zika, dengue and AIUO. The lack of diagnosis in most patients points to need for better diagnostics to assist clinicians in making specific etiologic diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo F. Belaunzarán-Zamudio
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- * E-mail:
| | - Allyson Mateja
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Héctor A. Rincón-León
- Unidad de Medicina Familiar No.11, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Karla Navarro-Fuentes
- Unidad de Medicina Familiar No.11, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | | | - Sandra Caballero-Sosa
- Clínica Hospital Dr. Roberto Nettel Flores, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Francisco Camas-Durán
- Clínica Hospital Dr. Roberto Nettel Flores, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Zoila Priego-Smith
- Clínica Hospital Dr. Roberto Nettel Flores, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - John H. Powers
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sally Hunsberger
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sophia Siddiqui
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John H. Beigel
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Guillermo Ruiz-Palacios
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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3
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Taboada B, Vazquez-Perez JA, Muñoz-Medina JE, Ramos-Cervantes P, Escalera-Zamudio M, Boukadida C, Sanchez-Flores A, Isa P, Mendieta-Condado E, Martínez-Orozco JA, Becerril-Vargas E, Salas-Hernández J, Grande R, González-Torres C, Gaytán-Cervantes FJ, Vazquez G, Pulido F, Araiza-Rodríguez A, Garcés-Ayala F, González-Bonilla CR, Grajales-Muñiz C, Borja-Aburto VH, Barrera-Badillo G, López S, Hernández-Rivas L, Perez-Padilla R, López-Martínez I, Ávila-Ríos S, Ruiz-Palacios G, Ramírez-González JE, Arias CF. Genomic Analysis of Early SARS-CoV-2 Variants Introduced in Mexico. J Virol 2020; 94:e01056-20. [PMID: 32641486 PMCID: PMC7459550 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01056-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected most countries in the world. Studying the evolution and transmission patterns in different countries is crucial to enabling implementation of effective strategies for disease control and prevention. In this work, we present the full genome sequence for 17 SARS-CoV-2 isolates corresponding to the earliest sampled cases in Mexico. Global and local phylogenomics, coupled with mutational analysis, consistently revealed that these viral sequences are distributed within 2 known lineages, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lineage A/G, containing mostly sequences from North America, and lineage B/S, containing mainly sequences from Europe. Based on the exposure history of the cases and on the phylogenomic analysis, we characterized 14 independent introduction events. Additionally, three cases with no travel history were identified. We found evidence that two of these cases represented local transmission cases occurring in Mexico during mid-March 2020, denoting the earliest events described for the country. Within this local transmission cluster, we also identified an H49Y amino acid change in the Spike protein. This mutation represents a homoplasy occurring independently through time and space and may function as a molecular marker to follow any further spread of these viral variants throughout the country. Our results provide a general picture of the SARS-CoV-2 variants introduced at the beginning of the outbreak in Mexico, setting the foundation for future surveillance efforts.IMPORTANCE Understanding the introduction, spread, and establishment of SARS-CoV-2 within distinct human populations as well as the evolution of the pandemics is crucial to implement effective control strategies. In this work, we report that the initial virus strains introduced in Mexico came from Europe and the United States and that the virus was circulating locally in the country as early as mid-March. We also found evidence for early local transmission of strains with a H49Y mutation in the Spike protein, which could be further used as a molecular marker to follow viral spread within the country and the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Taboada
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | - José Esteban Muñoz-Medina
- División de Laboratorios de Vigilancia e Investigación Epidemiológica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Celia Boukadida
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Sanchez-Flores
- Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Pavel Isa
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Edgar Mendieta-Condado
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Dirección General de Epidemiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José A Martínez-Orozco
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Jorge Salas-Hernández
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Grande
- Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Carolina González-Torres
- División de Desarrollo de la Investigación, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Gloria Vazquez
- Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Francisco Pulido
- Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Adnan Araiza-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Dirección General de Epidemiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Garcés-Ayala
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Dirección General de Epidemiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Concepción Grajales-Muñiz
- Coordinación de Control Técnico de Insumos, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Gisela Barrera-Badillo
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Dirección General de Epidemiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Susana López
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Lucía Hernández-Rivas
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Dirección General de Epidemiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Perez-Padilla
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Irma López-Martínez
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Dirección General de Epidemiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Santiago Ávila-Ríos
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Carlos F Arias
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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4
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Macias A, Ruiz-Palacios G, Ramos-Castaneda J. Combine dengue vaccines to optimize effectiveness. Vaccine 2020; 38:4801-4804. [PMID: 32507334 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Developing a completely effective and safe dengue vaccine has been a complicated process. Dengvaxia®, by Sanofi-Pasteur, and recently TAK003, by Takeda, have strengths and weaknesses, but they seem to complement each other. In this work, we elaborate a rationale that could be applicable in a combined program of these vaccines for the control of dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillermo Ruiz-Palacios
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Jose Ramos-Castaneda
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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Zuñiga J, Choreño-Parra JA, Jiménez-Alvarez L, Cruz-Lagunas A, Márquez-García JE, Ramírez-Martínez G, Goodina A, Hernández-Montiel E, Fernández-López LA, Cabrera-Cornejo MF, Cabello C, Castillejos M, Hernández A, Regino-Zamarripa NE, Mendoza-Milla C, Vivanco-Cid H, Escobar-Gutierrez A, Fonseca-Coronado S, Belaunzarán-Zamudio PF, Pérez-Patrigeon S, Guerrero L, Regalado J, Nájera-Cancino G, Caballero-Sosa S, Rincón-León H, Smolskis M, Mateja A, Hunsberger S, Beigel JH, Ruiz-Palacios G. A unique immune signature of serum cytokine and chemokine dynamics in patients with Zika virus infection from a tropical region in Southern Mexico. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 94:4-11. [PMID: 32081772 PMCID: PMC7362833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the kinetics of circulating cytokines and chemokines in humans with ZIKAV infection. METHODS Serum levels of different immune mediators in patients with ZIKAV infection were measured at distinct stages of the disease, as well as in culture supernatants from human monocytes infected with a clinical ZIKAV isolate. We also looked for clinical features associated with specific immune signatures among symptomatic patients. RESULTS We evaluated 23 ZIKAV-infected patients. Their mean age was 32 ± 8.3 years and 65% were female. ZIKAV patients showed elevated IL-9, IL-17A, and CXCL10 levels at acute stages of the disease. At day 28, levels of CCL4 and CCL5 were increased, whereas IL-1RA, CXCL8 and CCL2 were decreased. At baseline, IL-7 was increased among patients with headache, whereas CCL2, and CCL3 were decreased in patients with bleeding and rash, respectively. Our clinical ZIKAV isolate induced a broad immune response in monocytes that did not resemble the signature observed in ZIKAV patients. CONCLUSIONS We showed a unique immune signature in our cohort of ZIKAV-infected patients. Our study may provide valuable evidence helpful to identify immune correlates of protection against ZIKAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Zuñiga
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - José Alberto Choreño-Parra
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Jiménez-Alvarez
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Cruz-Lagunas
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Eduardo Márquez-García
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ramírez-Martínez
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aminadab Goodina
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Erika Hernández-Montiel
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Alejandro Fernández-López
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Fernanda Cabrera-Cornejo
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Cabello
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Manuel Castillejos
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrés Hernández
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nora E Regino-Zamarripa
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Criselda Mendoza-Milla
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Héctor Vivanco-Cid
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médico-Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Escobar-Gutierrez
- Department for Immunological Investigations, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Pablo F Belaunzarán-Zamudio
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, USA
| | - Santiago Pérez-Patrigeon
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Guerrero
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Justino Regalado
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Sandra Caballero-Sosa
- Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | | | - Mary Smolskis
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Sally Hunsberger
- Biostatistics Research Branch (BRB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - John H Beigel
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, USA
| | - Guillermo Ruiz-Palacios
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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Abstract
We investigated the presence of HIV antigen in dialysis fluid of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), previously known to be infected with this virus. Sixteen adult patients and 6 adult volunteers were included in the study in 4 groups as follows: Group A: 3 patients on CAPD, previously known to be positive for serum HIV antibodies; Group B: 7 patients on CAPD, serum HIV negative; Group C: 6 AIDS patients without renal disease; and Group D: 6 healthy volunteers. Of the 3 patients of Group A, the HIV-1 Ag was positive in dialysis fluid in only 2. In 1, serum Ab and Ag were present, while in the others only serum Ab was detected. The samples from Group B were all negative for the viral antigen in dialysis fluid. We conclude that dialysis fluid of HIV-infected patients may contain the Ag and is therefore potentially infective. The presence of the HIV antigen was not constant, and was not related to antigenemia. It is possible that the presence of the Ag depends on local factors that influence viral replication or to alterations in the permeability of the peritoneal membrane. We discuss other possible factors that could influence the presence of viral Ag in peritoneal dialysis fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Correa-Rotter
- Departments of Nephrology and Infectology of the Instituto Nacional de la Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Saldivar
- Departments of Nephrology and Infectology of the Instituto Nacional de la Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis E. Soto
- Departments of Nephrology and Infectology of the Instituto Nacional de la Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Samuel Ponce De Leon
- Departments of Nephrology and Infectology of the Instituto Nacional de la Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco Ojeda
- Departments of Nephrology and Infectology of the Instituto Nacional de la Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Ruiz-Palacios
- Departments of Nephrology and Infectology of the Instituto Nacional de la Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jose Carlos Pena
- Departments of Nephrology and Infectology of the Instituto Nacional de la Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
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7
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Noyola DE, Hunsberger S, Valdés Salgado R, Powers JH, Galindo-Fraga A, Ortiz-Hernández AA, Ramirez-Venegas A, Moreno-Espinosa S, Llamosas-Gallardo B, Guerrero ML, Beigel JH, Ruiz-Palacios G, Perez-Patrigeon S. Comparison of Rates of Hospitalization Between Single and Dual Virus Detection in a Mexican Cohort of Children and Adults With Influenza-Like Illness. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz424. [PMID: 31696140 PMCID: PMC6824528 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular detection methods allow for the simultaneous detection of several infectious agents. This study assesses whether co-infection with 2 viruses as compared with 1 is associated with increased hospitalization in those with acute respiratory infections. METHODS We prospectively enrolled a cohort of pediatric and adult participants with influenza-like illness during 2010-2014 in Mexico. Clinical information and respiratory samples were collected at enrollment. Respiratory viruses were detected with multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and influenza-specific reverse transcription PCR assays. Participants were followed for 14 and 28 days after inclusion. Severity of disease, as measured by hospitalization with acute respiratory infections, was compared between single and dual viral infections. RESULTS Among 5662 participants in the study, either 1 (n = 3285) or 2 (n = 641) viruses were detected in 3926 participants. Rhinovirus (n = 1433), influenza (n = 888), and coronaviruses (n = 703) were the most frequently detected viruses (either alone or in co-infection). Bocavirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), metapneumovirus, and rhinovirus cases were hospitalized more often than other viruses. Bocavirus+rhinovirus cases were hospitalized more often than those with rhinovirus alone (but not bocavirus alone). RSV cases were more likely to be hospitalized than cases with co-infections of RSV and parainfluenza virus or coronavirus. Metapneumovirus cases were hospitalized more often than those co-infected with metapneumovirus+coronavirus. CONCLUSIONS In this study, detection of 2 viruses did not significantly increase hospitalizations compared with single virus infections. Larger studies will allow for distinguishing between sequential and simultaneous infection and for a better understanding of the role of each virus during the evolution of acute respiratory episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Noyola
- Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Sally Hunsberger
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - John H Powers
- Clinical Research Directorate, FrederickNational Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Arturo Galindo-Fraga
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico city, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - M Lourdes Guerrero
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - John H Beigel
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Gouel-Cheron A, Lumbard K, Hunsberger S, Arteaga-Cabello FJ, Beigel J, Belaunzarán-Zamudio PF, Caballero-Sosa S, Escobedo-López K, Ibarra-González V, Nájera-Cancino JG, Rincón-León HA, Ruiz-Hernández E, Sepúlveda-Delgado J, Trujillo-Murillo K, Ruiz-Palacios G. Serial real-time RT-PCR and serology measurements substantially improve Zika and Dengue virus infection classification in a co-circulation area. Antiviral Res 2019; 172:104638. [PMID: 31672665 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Real-time RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction) is considered the gold standard for Zika virus (ZIKV) infection diagnosis, despite its low sensitivity. Diagnosis using recommended serologic cutoffs in co-circulating Flaviviruses areas maybe inadequate due to in-vitro cross-reactivities of Flaviviruses-specific antibodies. We evaluated Zika diagnosis in symptomatic patients using serial RT-PCR and develop a classification model using serial Dengue virus (DENV) and ZIKV serologies. METHODS A prospective longitudinal multicentric study in Southern Mexico (NCT02831699) enrolled symptomatic and non-symptomatic participants. In the classification model, true positives were symptomatic (using a modified World Health Organization/Pan American Health Organization definition) with RT-PCR positive for ZIKV or DENV. True negatives were non-symptomatic with negative RT-PCR. Serial serology measurements were used to predict disease status. RESULTS Analyzing ZIKV and DENV RT-PCR at 3 timepoints between days 3 and 13 of symptom onset detected 25% more cases than a single RT-PCR analysis between day 0 and 6. When considering sensitivity and specificity together, the serial serology model predicted all categories of disease and negatives better than manufactures cutoffs. Their cutoffs optimized sensitivity or specificity but not both. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the importance of serial RT-PCR and antibody measurements to diagnose arbovirus infection in symptomatic patients living in regions with co-circulating flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Gouel-Cheron
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, USA; Département d'Anesthésie et Réanimation Chirurgicale, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat Claude Bernard, Université de Paris, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Pasteur Institut, UMR 1222 INSERM, Paris, France.
| | - Keith Lumbard
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Sally Hunsberger
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Fernando J Arteaga-Cabello
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - John Beigel
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Pablo F Belaunzarán-Zamudio
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Sandra Caballero-Sosa
- Clínica Hospital Dr. Roberto Nettel Flores, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Kenia Escobedo-López
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Violeta Ibarra-González
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Guillermo Ruiz-Palacios
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
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9
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Lewnard JA, Lopman BA, Parashar UD, Bennett A, Bar-Zeev N, Cunliffe NA, Samuel P, Guerrero ML, Ruiz-Palacios G, Kang G, Pitzer VE. Heterogeneous susceptibility to rotavirus infection and gastroenteritis in two birth cohort studies: Parameter estimation and epidemiological implications. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007014. [PMID: 31348775 PMCID: PMC6690553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohort studies, randomized trials, and post-licensure studies have reported reduced natural and vaccine-derived protection against rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) in low- and middle-income countries. While susceptibility of children to rotavirus is known to vary within and between settings, implications for estimation of immune protection are not well understood. We sought to re-estimate naturally-acquired protection against rotavirus infection and RVGE, and to understand how differences in susceptibility among children impacted estimates. We re-analyzed data from studies conducted in Mexico City, Mexico and Vellore, India. Cumulatively, 573 rotavirus-unvaccinated children experienced 1418 rotavirus infections and 371 episodes of RVGE over 17,636 child-months. We developed a model that characterized susceptibility to rotavirus infection and RVGE among children, accounting for aspects of the natural history of rotavirus and differences in transmission rates between settings. We tested whether model-generated susceptibility measurements were associated with demographic and anthropometric factors, and with the severity of RVGE symptoms. We identified greater variation in susceptibility to rotavirus infection and RVGE in Vellore than in Mexico City. In both cohorts, susceptibility to rotavirus infection and RVGE were associated with male sex, lower birth weight, lower maternal education, and having fewer siblings; within Vellore, susceptibility was also associated with lower socioeconomic status. Children who were more susceptible to rotavirus also experienced higher rates of rotavirus-negative diarrhea, and higher risk of moderate-to-severe symptoms when experiencing RVGE. Simulations suggested that discrepant estimates of naturally-acquired immunity against RVGE can be attributed, in part, to between-setting differences in susceptibility of children, but result primarily from the interaction of transmission rates with age-dependent risk for infections to cause RVGE. We found that more children in Vellore than in Mexico City belong to a high-risk group for rotavirus infection and RVGE, and demonstrate that unmeasured individual- and age-dependent susceptibility may influence estimates of naturally-acquired immune protection against RVGE. Differences in susceptibility can help explain why some individuals, and not others, acquire infection and exhibit symptoms when exposed to infectious disease agents. However, it is difficult to distinguish between differences in susceptibility versus exposure in epidemiological studies. We developed a modeling approach to distinguish transmission intensity and susceptibility in data from cohort studies of rotavirus infection among children in Mexico City, Mexico, and Vellore, India, and evaluated how these factors may have contributed to differences in estimates of naturally-acquired immune protection between the studies. Given the same exposure, more children were at high risk of acquiring rotavirus infection, and of experiencing gastroenteritis when infected, in Vellore than in Mexico City. The probability of belonging to this high-risk stratum was associated with well-known individual factors such as lower socioeconomic status, lower birth weight, and incidence of diarrhea due to other causes. We also found the risk for rotavirus infections to cause symptoms declined with age, independent of acquired immunity. These findings can, in part, account for estimates of lower protective efficacy of acquired immunity against rotavirus gastroenteritis in high-incidence settings, mirroring estimates of reduced effectiveness of live oral rotavirus vaccines in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Lewnard
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Benjamin A. Lopman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Umesh D. Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aisleen Bennett
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
- Center for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Naor Bar-Zeev
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
- Center for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nigel A. Cunliffe
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
- Center for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Prasanna Samuel
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M. Lourdes Guerrero
- Instituto Nacional de Ciences Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Gagandeep Kang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Virginia E. Pitzer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Ravichandran S, Hahn M, Belaunzarán-Zamudio PF, Ramos-Castañeda J, Nájera-Cancino G, Caballero-Sosa S, Navarro-Fuentes KR, Ruiz-Palacios G, Golding H, Beigel JH, Khurana S. Differential human antibody repertoires following Zika infection and the implications for serodiagnostics and disease outcome. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1943. [PMID: 31028263 PMCID: PMC6486612 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09914-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in Americas led to extensive efforts to develop vaccines and ZIKV-specific diagnostics. In the current study, we use whole genome phage display library spanning the entire ZIKV genome (ZIKV-GFPDL) for in-depth immune profiling of IgG and IgM antibody repertoires in serum and urine longitudinal samples from individuals acutely infected with ZIKV. We observe a very diverse IgM immune repertoire encompassing the entire ZIKV polyprotein on day 0 in both serum and urine. ZIKV-specific IgG antibodies increase 10-fold between day 0 and day 7 in serum, but not in urine; these are highly focused on prM/E, NS1 and NS2B. Differential antibody affinity maturation is observed against ZIKV structural E protein compared with nonstructural protein NS1. Serum antibody affinity to ZIKV-E protein inversely correlates with ZIKV disease symptoms. Our study provides insight into unlinked evolution of immune response to ZIKV infection and identified unique targets for ZIKV serodiagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Ravichandran
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Megan Hahn
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Pablo F Belaunzarán-Zamudio
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico
| | | | | | - Sandra Caballero-Sosa
- Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Tapachula, 30740, Chiapas, Mexico
| | | | - Guillermo Ruiz-Palacios
- Comisión Coordinadora de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud y Hospitales de Alta Especialidad, Ministry of Health, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico
| | - Hana Golding
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - John H Beigel
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
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11
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Lumbard K, Arteaga Cabello FJ, Gouel-Cheron A, Belaunzarán F, Nájera-Cancino G, Caballero-Sosa S, Rincón-León H, Del Carmen Ruis Hernandez E, Cervantes PR, Lourdes Guerrero M, Beigel J, Trujillo-Murillo K, Pedraza G, Sepulveda J, Escobedo-Lopez KM, Mora-Suarez NK, Reyes-Romero M, Ibarra-González V, Marínez-Lopez J, Ruiz-Palacios G, Hunsberger S. 2081. Building a Decision Tree with Serial Serology Measurements Improves Classification in a Flavivirus Co-circulation Region. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018. [PMCID: PMC6254562 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy210.1737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) is often considered the “gold standard” for diagnosis of Zika Virus (ZIKV) infection; however, it has been shown to have low sensitivity. A possible remedy is to study ZIKV-specific IgG (ZsIgG) and IgM (ZsIgM) antibodies. However, the in vitro cross-reactivities of Dengue virus (DENV) and ZIKV-specific antibodies are well known, leading to diagnostic difficulties in an area with co-circulation of the two viruses. Our goal was to use Zika and Dengue serologic assays to build a classification model that improves upon the PPV of commercial kits while maintaining sensitivity. Methods We conducted a prospective longitudinal study in Southern Mexico where DENV and ZIKV co-circulation occurs (NCT02831699). Patients were included in two cohorts: a cohort of subjects presenting with a febrile rash meeting WHO/PAHO Zika case definition and a household cohort. After signed consent, all subjects enrolled were evaluated on study-visit Days 0, 3 and 7 (for fever rash cohort) and 28. We considered a subject “true positive” for ZIKV or DENV if RT-PCR positive at any time point. The healthy household cohort (with no positive RT-PCR) was considered “true negatives.” We fit a statistical decision tree taking as inputs serial serology measurements and outputting a predicted disease category. Funded in part by the NCI Contract No. HHSN261200800001E. Funded in part by the Mexican Ministry of Health. Results As of March 2018, we have 32 subjects in the Zika PCR+ group, 32 in the Dengue PCR+ group, and 68 in the household group. Our decision tree (Figure 1) achieved PPV of at least 90% on all three disease categories, while maintaining sensitivity above 50%. The highest PPV achieved by the kit manufacturer recommended cutoffs while maintaining a sensitivity of at least 10% on Zika PCR+ subjects is 30/114 (26%), and for Dengue PCR+ subjects is 21/30 (70%). Conclusion Using serology data in a statistical decision tree improves the PPV exhibited by the kit manufacturer recommendations while still maintaining respectable sensitivity. Physicians in regions with co-circulating flaviviruses should be aware of the pitfalls of using only RT-PCR or using pre-established commercial cutoffs in the serology kits for diagnosis. ![]()
Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Lumbard
- Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Fernando J Arteaga Cabello
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Francisco Belaunzarán
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Sandra Caballero-Sosa
- Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Tapachula, Mexico
| | | | | | - Pilar Ramos Cervantes
- Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico, Mexico
| | - M Lourdes Guerrero
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - John Beigel
- Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
- NIAID, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Gustavo Pedraza
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Sepulveda
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad Ciudad Salud, Tapachula, Mexico
| | - Kenia Melina Escobedo-Lopez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nora K Mora-Suarez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Monica Reyes-Romero
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Violeta Ibarra-González
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julia Marínez-Lopez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Ruiz-Palacios
- Comisión Coordinadora de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud y Hospitales de Alta Especialidad, Mexico City, Mexico
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Cortes Villalobos AMP, Mercado JJC, Pedraza G, Buenrostro LEM, Ruiz-Palacios G, Cuellar-Rodríguez J. Immune response to Bordetella pertussis Vaccine in Candidates and Receptors of Solid Organ Transplant. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx163.1930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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13
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Ortiz-Brizuela E, Guerrero ML, Ponce-De-León-Garduño A, Ortega-Gallegos H, Ruiz-Palacios G. Etiology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia and Antibiotic Susceptibility in Hospitalized Patients 50 Years Old and above in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Mexico City: 2010–2016. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx163.1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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Guerrero ML, Castro-Corrales MB, Gonzalez-Gamez M, Ortega-Gallegos H, Escobedo-Lopez KM, Mora-Suarez NK, Reyes-Romero M, Sieber-Acuña S, Luna-Lopez M, Gonzalez-Guerrero MC, Galindo-Fraga A, Ponce-De-Leon A, Ruiz-Palacios G. Risk Predictive Markers for Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Hospitalized Elderly Patients. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx163.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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15
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Galán-Herrera JF, Galindo-Fraga A, Noyola D, Magaña-Aquino M, Moreno-Espinosa S, Llamosas-Gallardo B, Ramírez-Venegas A, Freimanis L, Hunsberger S, Almeida MLG, Smolskis M, Beigel J, Ruiz-Palacios G. An Observational Study to Determine the Causes and Identify Increases in Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) in Mexico. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofw172.999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arturo Galindo-Fraga
- Hospital Epidemiology and Medical Care Quality Control, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Noyola
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Martin Magaña-Aquino
- Infectious Diseases, Hospital Central Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Sally Hunsberger
- Biostatistics Research Brand, Niaid, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - M. Lourdes Guerrero Almeida
- Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mary Smolskis
- Office of Planning and Operations Support, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland
| | - John Beigel
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. In support of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Guillermo Ruiz-Palacios
- Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
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Volkow P, Velasco SR, Mueller N, Ponce de Leon S, Sierra-Madero JG, Sada E, Soto JL, Perez-Ancona F, Ruiz-Palacios G, Castillo JR, Mohar A. Transfusion-Associated HIV Infection in Mexico Related to Paid Blood Donors; HIV Epidemic. Int J STD AIDS 2016; 15:337-42. [PMID: 15117505 DOI: 10.1177/095646240401500513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to describe the clinical, epidemiological profile and conditional incubation period in a group of transfusion-associated HIV-infected (TAHI) patients seen in five national tertiary care centres in Mexico from 1983 to April 1998. Date of transfusions, AIDS diagnoses, opportunistic infections and malignancies were collected. The incubation period was estimated through a non-parametric conditional analysis. One hundred and fifty-seven TAHI cases were analysed. The frequency of TAHI by year of transfusion was: 0.6% in 1980 and 1981, 4.5% in 1984, 22.4% in 1985, 54.5% in 1986, 10.3% in 1987, 0.6% in 1988, 1.9% in 1989 and 1990, 1.3% in 1993 and 0.6% in 1994 and 1996. The median incubation period was 4.3 years. A well-defined epidemic period of HIV-infection among blood-recipients was identified that coincided with the HIV-epidemic among paid donors. TAHI patients in Mexico developed AIDS in a shorter time than that described for other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Volkow
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Av. San Fernando #22, México DF CP 14080.
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Ruiz-Quiñones JA, Galindo-Fraga A, Ramos P, Ledesma F, Moreno S, Ortiz-Hernández AA, Ramirez-Venegas A, Valdez R, Noyola D, Almeida MDLG, Beigel J, Ruiz-Palacios G, Llamosas-Gallardo B. Rhinovirus Species in Severe Acute Respiratory Illness. Open Forum Infect Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofv133.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Almeida MLG, Ramos-Cervantes P, Galindo-Fraga A, Noyola D, Ramirez-Venegas A, Valdez-Vazquez R, Llamosas-Gallardo B, Ortiz-Hernández AA, Moreno-Espinosa S, Gamiño AE, Magaña M, Freimanis L, Arroyo-Figueroa H, Galán-Herrera JF, Follmann D, Beigel J, Ruiz-Palacios G. Evolution of the 2009 Influenza A/H1N1 Virus Strains During Four Sequential Seasons After the Epidemic in Mexico: Implications on Disease Severity. Open Forum Infect Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofv133.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Galindo-Fraga A, Ochoa-Hein E, Sifuentes-Osornio J, Ruiz-Palacios G. Zika Virus: A New Epidemic on Our Doorstep. Rev Invest Clin 2015; 67:329-332. [PMID: 26950736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus, a flavivirus transmitted to humans by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes, was first described in humans as isolated cases in Africa. Outbreaks have been reported outside that region since 2007, followed by its gradual introduction to different geographical areas. In 2015, Zika virus was detected in Brazil, from where it is rapidly expanding in the continent; the first case in Mexico was detected in October 2015. Initially deemed as a cause of mild illness, confirmation of microcephaly cases associated with this infection in Brazil have resulted in the World Health Organization declaration of Zika virus infection as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued travel alerts for countries with declared cases. The vector is widely distributed in Mexico and control measures are the most effective means for prevention, not only of Zika virus, but also dengue and chikungunya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Galindo-Fraga
- Department of Hospital Epidemiology and Health Care Quality Control, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eric Ochoa-Hein
- Department of Hospital Epidemiology and Health Care Quality Control, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Sifuentes-Osornio
- Department of Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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Kershenobich D, Ruiz-Palacios G, Ulloa-Aguirre A, Arrieta Ó, Selman M. Editorial. Rev Invest Clin 2015; 67:4. [PMID: 25857577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Effective communication sometimes requires a common language. This is particularly true in science, where communication among health professionals and scientists across national boundaries has become critical because of the rapidity with which new knowledge is acquired. In the modern era, where multinationalism in key medical and scientific discoveries is increasingly common, the language is undoubtedly English. In fact, more than three-quarters of scientific papers today are published in English.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kershenobich
- General Director, Instituto Nacional Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México D.F
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van Essen GA, Beran J, Devaster JM, Durand C, Duval X, Esen M, Falsey AR, Feldman G, Gervais P, Innis BL, Kovac M, Launay O, Leroux-Roels G, McElhaney JE, McNeil S, Oujaa M, Richardus JH, Ruiz-Palacios G, Osborne RH, Oostvogels L. Influenza symptoms and their impact on elderly adults: randomised trial of AS03-adjuvanted or non-adjuvanted inactivated trivalent seasonal influenza vaccines. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 8:452-62. [PMID: 24702710 PMCID: PMC4181805 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are particularly relevant in influenza vaccine trials in the elderly where reduction in symptom severity could prevent illness-related functional impairment. Objectives To evaluate PROs in people aged ≥65 years receiving two different vaccines. Methods This was a phase III, randomised, observer-blind study (NCT00753272) of the AS03-adjuvanted inactivated trivalent split-virion influenza vaccine (AS03-TIV) versus non-adjuvanted vaccine (TIV). Using the FluiiQ questionnaire, symptom (systemic, respiratory, total) and life impact (activities, emotions, relationships) scores were computed as exploratory endpoints, with minimal important difference (MID) in influenza severity between vaccines considered post-hoc as >7%. Vaccine efficacy of AS03-TIV relative to TIV in severe influenza (hospitalisation, complication, most severe one-third of episodes based on the area under the curve for systemic symptom score) was calculated post-hoc. The main analyses (descriptive) were conducted in the according-to-protocol cohort (n = 280 AS03-TIV, n = 315 TIV) for influenza confirmed by culture or reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Results Mean systemic symptom, total symptom and impact on activities scores were lower with AS03-TIV versus TIV. Mean respiratory symptom, impact on emotions and impact on relationships scores were similar. Influenza tended to be less severe with AS03-TIV, but the MID was reached only for impact on activities (mean 9·0%). Relative vaccine efficacy in severe influenza was 29·38% (95% CI: 7·60–46·02). Conclusions AS03-TIV had advantages over TIV in impact on systemic symptoms and activities as measured by the FluiiQ in elderly people. Higher efficacy of AS03-TIV relative to TIV was shown for prevention of severe illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit A van Essen
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Falsey AR, McElhaney JE, Beran J, van Essen GA, Duval X, Esen M, Galtier F, Gervais P, Hwang SJ, Kremsner P, Launay O, Leroux-Roels G, McNeil SA, Nowakowski A, Richardus JH, Ruiz-Palacios G, St Rose S, Devaster JM, Oostvogels L, Durviaux S, Taylor S. Respiratory syncytial virus and other respiratory viral infections in older adults with moderate to severe influenza-like illness. J Infect Dis 2014; 209:1873-81. [PMID: 24482398 PMCID: PMC4038137 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Few studies have prospectively assessed viral etiologies of acute respiratory infections in community-based elderly individuals. We assessed viral respiratory pathogens in individuals ≥65 years with influenza-like illness (ILI). Methods. Multiplex reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction identified viral pathogens in nasal/throat swabs from 556 episodes of moderate-to-severe ILI, defined as ILI with pneumonia, hospitalization, or maximum daily influenza symptom severity score (ISS) >2. Cases were selected from a randomized trial of an adjuvanted vs nonadjuvanted influenza vaccine conducted in elderly adults from 15 countries. Results. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was detected in 7.4% (41/556) moderate-to-severe ILI episodes in elderly adults. Most (39/41) were single infections. There was a significant association between country and RSV detection (P = .004). RSV prevalence was 7.1% (2/28) in ILI with pneumonia, 12.5% (8/64) in ILI with hospitalization, and 6.7% (32/480) in ILI with maximum ISS > 2. Any virus was detected in 320/556 (57.6%) ILI episodes: influenza A (104/556, 18.7%), rhinovirus/enterovirus (82/556, 14.7%), coronavirus and human metapneumovirus (each 32/556, 5.6%). Conclusions. This first global study providing data on RSV disease in ≥65 year-olds confirms that RSV is an important respiratory pathogen in the elderly. Preventative measures such as vaccination could decrease severe respiratory illnesses and complications in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann R Falsey
- University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Janet E McElhaney
- HSN Volunteer Association Chair in Geriatric Research, Advanced Medical Research Institute of Canada, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jiri Beran
- Vaccination and Travel Medicine Centre, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Gerrit A van Essen
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xavier Duval
- Inserm CIC, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard National Network of Clinical Investigation in Vaccinology (REIVAC), France
| | - Meral Esen
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florence Galtier
- National Network of Clinical Investigation in Vaccinology (REIVAC), France Inserm CIC, CHRU de Montpellier, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Shinn-Jang Hwang
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Odile Launay
- National Network of Clinical Investigation in Vaccinology (REIVAC), France Inserm, CIC BT505 Université Paris Descartes, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Centre, CIC de Vaccinologie Cochin/Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Geert Leroux-Roels
- Centre for Vaccinology, Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shelly A McNeil
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology and Capital Health, Dalhousie University Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Andrzej Nowakowski
- Family Medicine Centre, Lubartów, Poland Department of Gynaecology and Oncologic Gynaecology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Guillermo Ruiz-Palacios
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, México City, México
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Garza-Ramos U, Barrios H, Hernandez-Vargas MJ, Rojas-Moreno T, Reyna-Flores F, Tinoco P, Othon V, Poirel L, Nordmann P, Cattoir V, Ruiz-Palacios G, Fernandez JL, Santamaria RI, Bustos P, Castro N, Silva-Sanchez J. Transfer of quinolone resistance gene qnrA1 to Escherichia coli through a 50 kb conjugative plasmid resulting from the splitting of a 300 kb plasmid. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:1627-34. [PMID: 22514263 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse the in vitro transfer of the qnrA1 gene by a 50 kb (pSZ50) self-transferable plasmid that derives from a 300 kb plasmid (pSZ300) and to determine the complete nucleotide sequence of plasmid pSZ50. METHODS Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes of an Escherichia coli clinical isolate were analysed. Plasmid analysis included conjugation and selection on seven antibiotics examined by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, RFLP comparison, Southern hybridization, incompatibility group identification and shotgun sequencing. RESULTS The E. coli 5509 isolate carries the genes encoding the ESBL CTX-M-15 and the quinolone resistance determinants qnrA1, qnrB2 and aac(6')-Ib-cr on a 300 kb plasmid. Seven transfer resistances were analysed by conjugation under two conditions (30 and 37°C), leading to two distinct transconjugant phenotypes with different resistances. Transconjugants of phenotype A harboured a 300 kb plasmid named pSZ300 that conferred resistance to eight antibiotics and harboured the qnrA1, aac(6')-Ib-cr and bla(CTX-M-15) genes. Transconjugants of phenotype B were resistant to three antibiotics and they harboured the qnrA1 gene on an ≈ 50 kb plasmid named pSZ50. Both plasmids were self-transferable at a frequency of 1 × 10(-3). Plasmid pSZ300 was typed to be both an IncF and IncN plasmid, whereas pSZ50 corresponded only to type IncN. Fingerprinting and Southern hybridization showed that plasmid pSZ50 derived from pSZ300. The complete nucleotide sequence of plasmid pSZ50 was determined (51556 bp) and 55 open reading frames were predicted. The qnrA1 gene was identified in a tandem duplicate inside a sul1-type integron structure. CONCLUSIONS The plasmid pSZ300 represented a fusion of two replicons (IncF and IncN), and our observations suggest that the plasmid pSZ50 (IncN) may split and transfer antibiotic resistance determinants. This mechanism could be advantageous in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes.
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Domínguez-Cherit G, Lapinsky SE, Macias AE, Pinto R, Espinosa-Perez L, de la Torre A, Poblano-Morales M, Baltazar-Torres JA, Bautista E, Martinez A, Martinez MA, Rivero E, Valdez R, Ruiz-Palacios G, Hernández M, Stewart TE, Fowler RA. Critically Ill patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) in Mexico. JAMA 2009; 302:1880-7. [PMID: 19822626 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2009.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 658] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In March 2009, novel 2009 influenza A(H1N1) was first reported in the southwestern United States and Mexico. The population and health care system in Mexico City experienced the first and greatest early burden of critical illness. OBJECTIVE To describe baseline characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of consecutive critically ill patients in Mexico hospitals that treated the majority of such patients with confirmed, probable, or suspected 2009 influenza A(H1N1). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Observational study of 58 critically ill patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) at 6 hospitals between March 24 and June 1, 2009. Demographic data, symptoms, comorbid conditions, illness progression, treatments, and clinical outcomes were collected using a piloted case report form. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was mortality. Secondary outcomes included rate of 2009 influenza (A)H1N1-related critical illness and mechanical ventilation as well as intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay. RESULTS Critical illness occurred in 58 of 899 patients (6.5%) admitted to the hospital with confirmed, probable, or suspected 2009 influenza (A)H1N1. Patients were young (median, 44.0 [range, 10-83] years); all presented with fever and all but 1 with respiratory symptoms. Few patients had comorbid respiratory disorders, but 21 (36%) were obese. Time from hospital to ICU admission was short (median, 1 day [interquartile range {IQR}, 0-3 days]), and all patients but 2 received mechanical ventilation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and refractory hypoxemia (median day 1 ratio of Pao(2) to fraction of inspired oxygen, 83 [IQR, 59-145] mm Hg). By 60 days, 24 patients had died (41.4%; 95% confidence interval, 28.9%-55.0%). Patients who died had greater initial severity of illness, worse hypoxemia, higher creatine kinase levels, higher creatinine levels, and ongoing organ dysfunction. After adjusting for a reduced opportunity of patients dying early to receive neuraminidase inhibitors, neuraminidase inhibitor treatment (vs no treatment) was associated with improved survival (odds ratio, 8.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-62.8). CONCLUSION Critical illness from 2009 influenza A(H1N1) in Mexico occurred in young individuals, was associated with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and shock, and had a high case-fatality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Domínguez-Cherit
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care (Dr Domínguez-Cherit), Hospital Epidemiology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, México
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Betts RF, Nucci M, Talwar D, Gareca M, Queiroz-Telles F, Bedimo RJ, Herbrecht R, Ruiz-Palacios G, Young JAH, Baddley JW, Strohmaier KM, Tucker KA, Taylor AF, Kartsonis NA. A Multicenter, double-blind trial of a high-dose caspofungin treatment regimen versus a standard caspofungin treatment regimen for adult patients with invasive candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48:1676-84. [PMID: 19419331 DOI: 10.1086/598933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The standard caspofungin treatment regimen (50 mg/day after a 70-mg dose on day 1) is effective and well tolerated for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, but experience with higher doses of caspofungin is limited. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of caspofungin at 3 times the standard dosing regimen. METHODS Patients with proven invasive candidiasis were randomized to receive a standard or high-dose (150 mg/day) caspofungin treatment regimen. Safety was assessed in all patients as treated. Efficacy was assessed as a secondary objective in a full-analysis-set population. A favorable overall response was defined as symptom resolution and microbiological clearance at the end of caspofungin therapy. RESULTS A total of 204 patients were included in the safety analysis (104 received the standard regimen, and 100 received the high-dose regimen), and 197 were included in the efficacy analysis (102 and 95 in the standard and high-dose treatment groups, respectively). Patient demographic characteristics, neutropenia status (6.7% and 8.0% had neutropenia, respectively), and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores (mean, 16.5 and 17, respectively) were similar between treatment groups. Significant drug-related adverse events occurred in 1.9% of patients receiving the standard regimen and 3.0% of patients receiving the high-dose regimen (difference, 1.1%; 95% confidence interval, -4.1% to 6.8%). The most-common drug-related adverse events in the standard and high-dose treatment groups were phlebitis (3.8% and 2.0%, respectively), increased alkaline phosphatase level (6.9% and 2.0%, respectively), and increased aspartate transaminase level (4.0% and 2.0%, respectively). Overall, 71.6% of patients who received the standard regimen and 77.9% of patients who received the high-dose regimen had favorable overall responses (difference, 6.3%; 95% confidence interval, -5.9% to 18.4%; not statistically significant). Mortality at 8 weeks after therapy was similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS Both caspofungin dosing regimens were effective and well tolerated in patients with invasive candidiasis. No safety concerns were found for caspofungin at a dosage of 150 mg/day.
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Saqui-Salces M, Neri-Gómez T, Gamboa-Dominguez A, Ruiz-Palacios G, Camacho-Arroyo I. Estrogen and progesterone receptor isoforms expression in the stomach of Mongolian gerbils. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:5701-6. [PMID: 18837087 PMCID: PMC2748205 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.5701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: We studied the estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) isoforms expression in gastric antrum and corpus of female gerbils and their regulation by estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4).
METHODS: Ovariectomized adult female gerbils were subcutaneously treated with E2, and E2 + P4. Uteri and stomachs were removed, the latter were cut along the greater curvature, and antrum and corpus were excised. Proteins were immunoblotted using antibodies that recognize ER-alpha, ER-beta, and PR-A and PR-B receptor isoforms. Tissues from rats treated in the same way were used as controls.
RESULTS: Specific bands were detected for ER-alpha (68 KDa), and PR isoforms (85 and 120 KDa for PR-A and PR-B isoforms, respectively) in uteri, gastric antrum and corpus. We could not detect ER-beta isoform. PR isoforms were not regulated by E2 or P4 in uterus and gastric tissues of gerbils. ER-alpha isoform content was significantly down-regulated by E2 in the corpus, but not affected by hormones in uterus and gastric antrum.
CONCLUSION: The presence of ER-alpha and PR isoforms in gerbils stomach suggests that E2 and P4 actions in this organ are in part mediated by their nuclear receptors.
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Farkas T, Deng X, Ruiz-Palacios G, Morrow A, Jiang X. Development of an enzyme immunoassay for detection of sapovirus-specific antibodies and its application in a study of seroprevalence in children. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:3674-9. [PMID: 17021096 PMCID: PMC1594811 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01087-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sapoviruses (SVs) are an important cause of acute pediatric gastroenteritis. Due to the lack of appropriate diagnostic methods, the epidemiology of SV-associated illness remains poorly understood. Baculovirus and Escherichia coli expression systems were evaluated for the development of antibody detection enzyme immunoassays (EIA). Age-related antibody prevalence in children was studied using the new EIA. Because of the low yield of the baculovirus system, the E. coli-expressed SV capsid proteins were used to develop the EIA. The antigenic specificities of the E. coli-expressed SV capsid proteins were demonstrated using hyperimmune antisera raised in animals and sera collected from patients. A high prevalence (>90%) of antibodies to both SV (strain Mex340) and norovirus (strain VA387) was observed in children involved in a birth cohort at 20 to 24 months of age; however, at 1 to 3 months of age, <25% of the children possessed anti-SV antibodies versus >90% with anti-NV antibodies. The E. coli-derived SV proteins are an excellent source of antigens for the EIA. SV infection is common in the first 2 years of life. The low prevalence of maternal antibodies detected in Mexican children against SVs in this study is unique and needs to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Farkas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Cornejo-Juárez P, Volkow-Fernández P, Escobedo-López K, Vilar-Compte D, Ruiz-Palacios G, Soto-Ramírez LE. Randomized controlled trial of Hepatitis B virus vaccine in HIV-1-infected patients comparing two different doses. AIDS Res Ther 2006; 3:9. [PMID: 16600028 PMCID: PMC1468419 DOI: 10.1186/1742-6405-3-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Co-infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is not infrequent as both share same route of exposure. The risk of developing chronic hepatitis B virus is 6%, in general population but can reach 10–20% in HBV/HIV co-infected patients. When compared to general population, the response rate to HBV vaccine in HIV-infected patients is diminished, so previous studies have tried to improve this response using variety of schedules, doses and co-administration of immunomodulators. The purpose of this study was to evaluate two doses of recombinant HBV vaccine (10 or 40 μg), IM at 0, 1 and 6 months. Vaccination response was measured 30–50 days after last dose; titers of >9.9 IU/L were considered positive. Results Seventy-nine patients were included, 48 patients (60.7%) serconverted. Thirty-nine patients (49.3%) received 10 μg vaccine dose, 24 patients (61.5%) seroconverted. Forty patients (50.7%) received 40 μg vaccine dose, 24 (60%) seroconverted. There were no differences between two doses. A statistically significant higher seroconversion rate was found for patients with CD4 cell counts at vaccination ≥ 200 cel/mm3 (33 of 38 patients, 86.8%), compared with those with CD4 < 200 cel/mm3 (15 of 41, 36.6%), [OR 11.44, 95% IC 3.67–35.59, p = 0.003], there were no differences between two vaccine doses. Using the logistic regression model, CD4 count <200 cel/mm3 were significantly associated with non serologic response (p = 0.003). None other variables such as gender, age, risk exposure for HIV, viral load, type or duration of HAART or AIDS-defining illness, were asociated with seroconversion. Conclusion In this study, an increase dose of HBV vaccine did not show to increase the rate of response in HIV infected subjects. The only significant findings associated to the response rate was that a CD4 count ≥ 200 cel/mm3, we suggest this threshold at which HIV patients should be vaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Cornejo-Juárez
- Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, México. Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14000 México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Patricia Volkow-Fernández
- Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, México. Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14000 México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Kenia Escobedo-López
- Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y de la Nutrición. Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana Vilar-Compte
- Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, México. Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14000 México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Ruiz-Palacios
- Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y de la Nutrición. Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Enrique Soto-Ramírez
- Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y de la Nutrición. Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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Saqui-Salces M, Rocha-Gutiérrez BL, Barrios-Payán JA, Ruiz-Palacios G, Camacho-Arroyo I, Gamboa-Dominguez A. Effects of estradiol and progesterone on gastric mucosal response to early Helicobacter pylori infection in female gerbils. Helicobacter 2006; 11:123-30. [PMID: 16579842 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2006.00386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender differences have been shown regarding the changes in the inflammatory response, gastrin secretion, and gastric acidity during Helicobacter pylori infection. AIM To investigate the role of estradiol and progesterone in the changes of the gastric mucosa induced by H. pylori during the early stage of infection in female gerbils. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-three adult ovariectomized female gerbils were infected with H. pylori (SS1); 7 days after infection they were treated with low and high doses of estradiol (50 and 250 microg/60 days pellet), progesterone (15 and 50 mg/60 days pellet) and vehicle. Non-ovariectomized infected gerbils were used as control. Gerbils were euthanized after 6 weeks of infection. Histologic evaluation, immunohistochemical detection of proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), gastrin, and apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotide nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay were performed. Positive cells for PCNA, TUNEL, and gastrin were counted in 10 oriented glands per animal. Two-sided p = .05 was considered significant. RESULTS Estradiol-treated groups showed more intense and extended acute and follicular gastritis compared to the vehicle group, whereas progesterone-treated groups presented less gastritis than the other groups. Proliferation and apoptosis indexes were significantly lower in the vehicle group when compared with those of the control; both indexes were increased in the high-dose estradiol and progesterone groups as compared with those of the vehicle. Grade I nonmetaplastic atrophy was observed in the vehicle and progesterone groups. The high-dose progesterone group showed a significant reduction in the number of gastrin cells. CONCLUSIONS Estradiol and progesterone participate in the gastric mucosal response to early H. pylori infection in gerbils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Saqui-Salces
- Departamentos de Patología e Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México
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Volkow P, Velasco SR, Mueller N, Ponce de Leon S, Sierra-Madero JG, Sada E, Soto JL, Perez-Ancona F, Ruiz-Palacios G, Castillo JR, Mohar A. Transfusion-associated HIV infection in Mexico related to paid blood donors; HIV epidemic. Int J STD AIDS 2004. [DOI: 10.1258/095646204323012841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kato-Maeda M, Bautista-Alavez A, Rolón-Montes-de-Oca AL, Ramos-Hinojosa A, Ponce-de-León A, Bobadilla-del-Valle M, Ruiz-Palacios G, Sifuentes-Osornio J. [Increasing trend of antimicrobial drug-resistance in organisms causing bacteremia at a tertiary-care hospital: 1995 to 2000]. Rev Invest Clin 2003; 55:600-5. [PMID: 15011727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
We described the trends of drug-resistant organisms isolated in blood cultures from patients detected in a teaching hospital from 1995 to 2000. We found an increase in the number of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp, Serratia spp, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis and Enterococcus spp, resistant to antibiotics commonly used to treat infections caused by these organisms. The frequency of gram-negative bacilli resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and quinolones increased during the period of study, and in 2000 more than 20% of the isolates were resistant. In contrast, the frequency of resistance to aminoglycosides and carbapenems was less than 20%. The frequency of resistant staphylococci increased exuberantly fifty fold to quinolones and five fold to oxacillin during the study period, therefore in 2000, 26.1% of S. aureus isolates and 61% of S. epidermidis were resistant to oxacillin. The frequency of resistant enterococci also increased, and in 2000, 50% were resistant to ampicillin, and 37.5% to gentamicin. The increase of drug resistant organisms isolated in blood had a direct impact in the empirical treatment of severely infected patients in our hospital. It is important to continuously supervise antibiotic use, and to adopt more strict control measures to decrease the frequency of infections caused by drug resistant organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Kato-Maeda
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, DF
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Laird AR, Ibarra V, Ruiz-Palacios G, Guerrero ML, Glass RI, Gentsch JR. Unexpected detection of animal VP7 genes among common rotavirus strains isolated from children in Mexico. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:4400-3. [PMID: 12958276 PMCID: PMC193830 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.9.4400-4403.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the course of characterizing 103 rotaviruses from children in Mexico, we found that the majority of strains were globally common types (55.4% of total), while uncommon types represented 5.7%, mixed infections with common types represented 14.8%, and partially or fully nontypeable isolates represented about 24%. Serotype G9 was detected for the first time in Mexico. We sequenced a subset of strains that were G nontypeable by reverse transcriptase PCR and found surprisingly that two strains having common human rotavirus P genotypes (8 and 6) had serotype G3 and G4 VP7 gene sequences that shared closer homology with canine and porcine strains, respectively, than with human strains, suggesting that these isolates represented reassortants between human and animal rotaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Laird
- Viral Gastroenteritis Section, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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Noguera-Obenza M, Ochoa TJ, Gomez HF, Guerrero ML, Herrera-Insua I, Morrow AL, Ruiz-Palacios G, Pickering LK, Guzman CA, Cleary TG. Human milk secretory antibodies against attaching and effacing Escherichia coli antigens. Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9:545-51. [PMID: 12737737 PMCID: PMC2972756 DOI: 10.3201/eid0905.020441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) is a primary factor responsible for preventing attachment of enteropathogens to gut epithelium in breastfeeding infants. We compared the frequency of sIgA to major surface antigens of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) in milk of 123 women from the United States and Mexico to determine whether regional differences existed in the frequency of antibodies to these surface antigens. In both groups of women, milk commonly has sIgA against various EHEC lipopolysaccharides, EspA, EspB, intimin, and less frequently against Shiga toxin. The study suggests that persons living in the United States are exposed to attaching/effacing enteropathogens more frequently than is generally assumed. The low frequency of antibodies to Stx1 (in 12% of Mexican and in 22% of U.S. samples) suggests that the rare appearance of hemolytic uremic syndrome in adults is not due to neutralization of toxin at the gut level. Only anti-EspA is found in most milk samples from both populations of women. EspA may represent a useful target for an immunization strategy to prevent EHEC disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henry F. Gomez
- University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - M. Lourdes Guerrero
- Instituto Nacional de la Nutricion “Salvador Zubiran,” México City, México, D. F
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlos A. Guzman
- GBF-German National Research Centre for Biotechnology, Braunschweig, Germany
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Jáuregui Camargo L, Ruiz-Palacios G, Guerrero Almeida L, Niño Oberto S, Peasey A, Sierra Madero J. [Evaluation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in a cohort of patients with HIV infection in Mexico]. Rev Invest Clin 2003; 55:10-7. [PMID: 12708158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection induces suppression of viral replication, which has been associated with a significant decrease in disease progression. The use of HAART in open populations may have a different efficacy rate than that reported in controlled clinical trials. OBJECTIVE To describe the frequency of use of HAART and the rate of successful responses, and to identify the factors associated with therapeutic failure. METHODS A cohort study was conducted in an open Mexican community attending the AIDS clinic of the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ). We included 155 HIV-infected patients admitted to the clinic between January 1997 and January 2000, who started HAART and had a minimum follow-up of 6 months and at least one viral load determination after starting treatment. Clinical characteristics, HIV viral load, and CD4+ T lymphocyte counts were analyzed. RESULTS Sixty four percent of our study population achieved undetectable viral load after initiation of treatment, and 50% maintained this response during a mean follow-up period of 13.8 months. In the multivariate analysis, factors associated with therapeutic failure were: previous use of antiviral therapy, weight loss greater than 10% during treatment, and receiving HAART outside of a clinical trial. CONCLUSIONS The use of HAART in this setting had a very low success rate, similar to that reported in other studies. The use of suboptimal therapeutic regimens should be discouraged. Identification of the factors underlying the high success rate seen in controlled clinical trials as compared to the use of HAART in the community may help improve the overall results of this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jáuregui Camargo
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán
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Erney R, Hilty M, Pickering L, Ruiz-Palacios G, Prieto P. Human milk oligosaccharides: a novel method provides insight into human genetics. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002; 501:285-97. [PMID: 11787692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Human milk is a unique reservoir of oligosaccharides. The presence of many of these oligosaccharides is determined genetically and is related to the Lewis blood group and secretor antigen status of each donor. A method to quantitate neutral human milk oligosaccharides was developed. Sample preparation was based on a single centrifugation-filtration step that yields oligosaccharide extracts. These extracts first were fractionated to remove a significant portion of their lactose content and were analyzed using high-pH anion-exchange chromatography. Oligosaccharide profiles from 386 milk samples obtained in this fashion generated quantitative information on lactose, the neutral cores lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNneoT), and the key fucosylated oligosaccharides. Additionally, the profiles provided genetic footprints of the Lewis and secretor status of the donors. Furthermore, unusual profiles that could not have been predicted from known genotypes were found. For this reason, milk glycoproteins were studied using carbohydrate-binding probes. Results confirm that oligosaccharides are an accurate predictor of the Lewis blood group status of the donor, and that glycosyltransferases have exquisite specificities. The data obtained in this study corroborate that Lewis-related antigens are tissue specific. This attribute of immunodominant carbohydrate sequences has significant implications for epidemiological studies of breast-fed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Erney
- Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
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Chaturvedi P, Warren CD, Altaye M, Morrow AL, Ruiz-Palacios G, Pickering LK, Newburg DS. Fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides vary between individuals and over the course of lactation. Glycobiology 2001; 11:365-72. [PMID: 11425797 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/11.5.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific human milk oligosaccharides, especially fucosylated neutral oligosaccharides, protect infants against specific microbial pathogens. To study the concentrations of individual neutral oligosaccharides during lactation, a total of 84 milk samples were obtained from 12 women at 7 time periods during weeks 1-49 postpartum. The neutral oligosaccharides from each sample were isolated, perbenzoylated, resolved, and quantified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The resultant oligosaccharide peaks, identified by co-elution with authentic standards and mass spectrometry, ranged in size from tri- to octasaccharides. The total concentration of oligosaccharides declined over the course of lactation; the mean concentration at 1 year was less than half that in the first few weeks postpartum. One of the 12 donors produced milk fucosyloligosaccharides that were essentially devoid of alpha1,2 linkages (but contained alpha1,3- and alpha1,4-linked fucose) until late in lactation, consistent with the nonsecretor phenotype. In milk samples from the remaining 11 donors, fucosyloligosaccharides containing alpha1,2-linked fucose were prevalent, and their profiles were distinct from those of fucosyloligosaccharides devoid of alpha1,2-linked fucose. The ratio of alpha1,2-linked oligosaccharide concentrations to oligosaccharides devoid of alpha1,2-linked fucose changed during the first year of lactation from 5:1 to 1:1. Furthermore, the absolute and the relative concentrations of individual oligosaccharides varied substantially, both between individual donors and over the course of lactation for each individual. The patterns of milk oligosaccharides among individuals suggest the existence of many genotype subpopulations. This variation in individual oligosaccharide concentrations suggests that the protective activities of human milk could also vary among individuals and during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chaturvedi
- Shriver Center for Mental Retardation, Waltham, MA 02452, USA
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Walter JE, Mitchell DK, Guerrero ML, Berke T, Matson DO, Monroe SS, Pickering LK, Ruiz-Palacios G. Molecular epidemiology of human astrovirus diarrhea among children from a periurban community of Mexico City. J Infect Dis 2001; 183:681-6. [PMID: 11181143 DOI: 10.1086/318825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2000] [Revised: 11/13/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human astroviruses (HAstVs) were detected in 23 stool samples from 365 diarrhea episodes among 214 children (<18 months old) prospectively monitored for diarrhea in Mexico City. Stool samples were tested by EIA and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. EIA was less sensitive (74%) and equally specific, compared with RT-PCR analysis using type-common primers for HAstV detection. Of 31 HAstV isolates, EIA typed 18 (69%) of 26 EIA-positive samples, and RT-PCR analysis typed 26 (84%) of 31 RT-PCR-positive samples. Phylogenetic analysis of the 3' end of the capsid region (363 nucleotides) confirmed the type assignment by EIA and RT-PCR analysis and determined the type for 5 previously untyped samples. Six HAstV antigenic types cocirculated in the community: HAstV-2 (42%), HAstV-4 (23%), HAstV-3 (13%), HAstV-1 (10%), HAstV-5 (6%), and HAstV-7 (6%). RT-PCR and sequence analysis provided more detailed epidemiology of HAstV in the community than did antigenic detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Walter
- Center for Pediatric Research, 855 West Brambleton Ave., Norfolk, VA 23510-1001, USA.
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Blumenthal UJ, Cifuentes E, Bennett S, Quigley M, Ruiz-Palacios G. The risk of enteric infections associated with wastewater reuse: the effect of season and degree of storage of wastewater. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001; 95:131-7. [PMID: 11355541 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(01)90136-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of season and wastewater storage on the risk of Ascaris lumbricoides infection and diarrhoeal disease associated with wastewater reuse was studied in Mexico in 1991. Data were collected from 10,489 individuals during a dry-season survey. Exposure was to untreated wastewater, or effluent from 1 reservoir (< or = 1 nematode egg/L), or no wastewater irrigation (control group). The results were compared with a previous rainy-season survey which included effluent from 2 reservoirs in series. Direct exposure to untreated wastewater was associated with an excess risk of A. lumbricoides infection in children aged < 5 years (OR = 18.0) and persons aged > 5 years (OR = 13.5) and an increased risk of diarrhoea, particularly to children aged < 5 years (OR = 1.75); effects were stronger in the dry than in the rainy season. There was also an excess risk associated with the 1-reservoir group for A. lumbricoides infection (OR = 21.2 and 9.4) and for diarrhoeal disease (OR = 1.1 and 1.5) but little excess associated with the 2-reservoirs group. Therefore, wastewater retention in 1 reservoir (quality 10(5) faecal coliforms/100 mL, < or = 1 egg/L) does not significantly reduce risks of Ascaris infection and diarrhoeal disease whereas retention in 2 reservoirs in series (quality 10(3) faecal coliforms/100 mL, no detectable eggs/L) does.
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Affiliation(s)
- U J Blumenthal
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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Walter JE, Briggs J, Guerrero ML, Matson DO, Pickering LK, Ruiz-Palacios G, Berke T, Mitchell DK. Molecular characterization of a novel recombinant strain of human astrovirus associated with gastroenteritis in children. Arch Virol 2001; 146:2357-67. [PMID: 11811685 PMCID: PMC7087139 DOI: 10.1007/s007050170008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We report a naturally occurring human astrovirus (HAstV) strain detected in two different geographic locations. We identified two isolates of this strain in a diarrhea outbreak at a child care center in Houston, Texas; and two isolates in diarrhea stool samples from two children in Mexico City. All four isolates were detected in stool samples by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). One of the Mexican isolates was typed by EIA and all four isolates were HAstV-5 by typing RT-PCR. The four isolates were >97% nucleotide-identical in two different genomic regions: ORF1a (246 nt), and the 3' end of the genome (471 nt). One isolate from each geographic location was further sequenced in the transition region from ORF1b to ORF2 (1255 nt) and this region of the two isolates showed > or = 99% nt identity. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences of eight HAstV antigenic types and the novel strain in the transition region demonstrated the new strain being closely related to HAstV-3 in ORF1b, but closest to HAstV-5 in ORF2. These results and high sequence identity among all HAstV antigenic types in the transition region and RNA structural predictions supported a potential recombination site at the ORF1b/ORF2 junction. This is the first evidence that recombination occurs among human astroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Walter
- Center for Pediatric Research, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Norfolk 23510-1001, USA
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Villasís-Keever A, Rangel-Frausto MS, Ruiz-Palacios G, Ponce de León-Rosales S. Clinical manifestations and survival trends during the first 12 years of the AIDS epidemic in Mexico. Arch Med Res 2001; 32:62-5. [PMID: 11282182 DOI: 10.1016/s0188-4409(00)00263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our objective was to evaluate survival trends (1984-1995), the prevalence of AIDS-defining conditions, and the role of treatment with zidovudine and/or prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) in survival following AIDS diagnosis. METHODS We reviewed the clinical charts and postmortem studies of all patients admitted to the HIV Clinic from 1984-1995. Three groups were identified according to the following dates of HIV diagnosis: 1) 1984-1988; 2) 1989-1992, and 3) 1993-1995. RESULTS We studied 909 charts. During the study period, 744 (81.6%) patients developed AIDS. Median survival increased from 11.7 months in group 1 to 15.4 and 17.5 months in groups 2 and 3, respectively (p <0.05). We observed the following important changes in the frequency of AIDS-defining conditions over the study period: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) decreased from 24.8 to 17 and 14% in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively, (p = 0.008), and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), from 31.1 to 10.5 and 13.5% (p <0.001). On the other hand, there was an increase in cytomegalovirus disease with 12.4, 20.4, and 18.6% (p = 0.04) and wasting syndrome with 36, 45, and 57% (p <0.001). In the proportional hazard model for death, zidovudine or TMP-SMX use was associated with a protective effect. CONCLUSIONS Survival is improving among patients with HIV infection at our institution. The prevalence of AIDS-defining conditions has changed over the last 12 years. There has been a diminution of PCP and KS, whereas cases of CMV disease and wasting syndrome increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Villasís-Keever
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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Erney R, Hilty M, Pickering L, Ruiz-Palacios G, Prieto P. Human Milk Oligosaccharides. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1371-1_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Farkas T, Jiang X, Guerrero ML, Zhong W, Wilton N, Berke T, Matson DO, Pickering LK, Ruiz-Palacios G. Prevalence and genetic diversity of human caliciviruses (HuCVs) in Mexican children. J Med Virol 2000; 62:217-23. [PMID: 11002251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Human caliciviruses (HuCVs) contain two genera: "Norwalk-like viruses" (NLVs) and "Sapporo-like viruses" (SLVs). The importance of the two genera as a cause of acute gastroenteritis of infants and children remains unknown. Beginning in 1989, a birth cohort of children in Mexico was enrolled and monitored for acute gastroenteritis. A subset of 115 diarrhea stool specimens from 76 children and 66 non-diarrhea stool specimens from 64 children was examined for HuCVs by RT-PCR by using a primer pair (p289/290) that detects both NLVs and SLVs. Twenty-two (19%) of the 115 diarrhea stool specimens and 5 (7%) of 66 non-diarrhea stool specimens produced RT-PCR products of expected size (319 bp for NLVs and 331 bp for SLVs). Twenty of the twenty-seven strains were cloned and sequenced. Pairwise sequence analysis showed that 9 (60%) and 6 (40%) of the 15 strains from the diarrhea stools were NLVs and SLVs, respectively. The same proportions of NLVs (60%) and SLVs (40%) were observed in the non-diarrhea stools. Strains in the NLV genus could be further divided into four clusters: Lordsdale, MxV, and HV and one potentially new cluster. Strains in the SLV genus could be divided into three clusters: Sapporo/82, Lon/92, and a potentially new cluster. Strains from the Lordsdale cluster were the most common among these children. The findings of both genera and multiple clusters of HuCVs co-circulating and the identification of new strains of HuCVs in the population justify the need for future studies of HuCVs in infants and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Farkas
- Center for Pediatric Research, Eastern Virginia Medical School and Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
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Cifuentes E, Blumenthal U, Ruiz-Palacios G, Bennett S, Quigley M. Health risk in agricultural villages practicing wastewater irrigation in central Mexico: perspectives for protection. Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg 2000; 105:249-56. [PMID: 10842822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
9,435 individuals participated in a cross-sectional survey in the irrigation districts of the Mezquital Valley (central Mexico). Exposure groups were: 848 households irrigating with untreated wastewater, 544 households irrigating with the effluent from a series of interconnected reservoirs, and 928 households farming with natural rainfall. The unit of analysis was the individual, and the health outcomes included diarrhoeal diseases and Ascaris lumbricoides infection. Water quality was assessed using faecal coliforms (FC) and nematode eggs, as suggested by (WHO, 1989) for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture. Children from households irrigating with untreated wastewater (10(8) FC/100 mL and 135 nematode eggs/L) had a 33% higher risk of diarrhoeal diseases and a fivefold increase in risk of A. lumbricoides infection (OR = 5.71) compared to children from the control group, farming with rainfall. The risk of A. lumbricoides infection in older individuals was even higher (OR = 13.18). The final analysis showed that drinking unboiled water and cultivating vegetables crops were both associated with a higher risk of diarrheal diseases (OR = 1.45 and 2.00); individuals infected with A. lumbricoides infection came mostly from landless households with poorer dwellings and low standards of sanitation (OR = 2.20, 2.23, 1.72 and 1.43, respectively). These results are discussed in the context of health protection measures and policy recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cifuentes
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Centro Investigaciones Salud Poblacional, Cuernavaca, México
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Jiang X, Wilton N, Zhong WM, Farkas T, Huang PW, Barrett E, Guerrero M, Ruiz-Palacios G, Green KY, Green J, Hale AD, Estes MK, Pickering LK, Matson DO. Diagnosis of human caliciviruses by use of enzyme immunoassays. J Infect Dis 2000; 181 Suppl 2:S349-59. [PMID: 10804148 DOI: 10.1086/315577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of molecular technologies, such as the expression of viral proteins in baculovirus, has provided a powerful approach to the diagnosis of human calicivirus (HuCV) infections. The baculovirus-expressed HuCV capsid protein self-assembles into virus-like particles, providing excellent reagents for immunologic assays, such as enzyme immunoassays (EIAs). Following the expression of the capsid protein of Norwalk virus, the capsid proteins of 8 other HuCV strains have been expressed in baculovirus. The unlimited supply of baculovirus-produced reagents for HuCVs allows these EIAs to be applied in large-scale clinical and epidemiological studies. Both the antigen and antibody-detection EIAs are highly sensitive. The antigen-detection EIAs are highly specific, but the antibody-detection EIAs are more broadly reactive. This article reviews baculovirus expression techniques used to produce HuCV capsid antigens, development of EIAs using these antigens, and application of these EIAs in studies of HuCV infection and illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Jiang
- Center for Pediatric Research, Norfolk, VA 23510-1001, USA.
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45
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Cifuentes E, Gomez M, Blumenthal U, Tellez-Rojo MM, Romieu I, Ruiz-Palacios G, Ruiz-Velazco S. Risk factors for Giardia intestinalis infection in agricultural villages practicing wastewater irrigation in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000; 62:388-92. [PMID: 11037783 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2000.62.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the risk factors for Giardia intestinalis infection in an agricultural population in Mexico. Exposure groups included 2,257 individuals from households exposed to untreated wastewater, 2,147 from a group using the effluent from a series of reservoirs, and 2,344 from rain-fed agricultural villages. Stool samples were collected from 6,748 individuals. Wastewater samples were tested for fecal coliforms/100 ml and Giardia sp. cysts/L. Untreated wastewater samples contained 10(8) fecal coliforms/100 ml and up to 300 Giardia sp. cysts/L. Hydraulic retention (3-7 months) in the reservoirs, however, provided an improved effluent quality (10(1)-10(4) fecal coloforms/100 ml and < or = 5 Giardia sp. cysts/L). Children 1-14 years of age had the highest prevalence of infection (20%). Data showed marginal associations between storing drinking water in unprotected containers and lack of facilities for feces disposal and the risk of infection (odds ratios [ORs] = 1.76 and 1.19, 95% confidence intervals [CIs] = 0.95-3.23, and 0.97-1.45, respectively). Individuals purchasing vegetables at the city market had higher rates of infection than those buying at the village shop (OR = 2.49, 95% CI = 1.00-6.17). No excess risk was found in individuals exposed to untreated wastewater compared with controls (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.84-1.36); the group using reservoir water was not different from the controls (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 0.94-1.58). No risk from agricultural activities was detected (OR = 0.83). This pattern of infection may be addressed by primary health care and wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cifuentes
- Instituto Nacional de Salad Publica, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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Erney RM, Malone WT, Skelding MB, Marcon AA, Kleman-Leyer KM, O'Ryan ML, Ruiz-Palacios G, Hilty MD, Pickering LK, Prieto PA. Variability of human milk neutral oligosaccharides in a diverse population. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000; 30:181-92. [PMID: 10697138 DOI: 10.1097/00005176-200002000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A complex array of free oligosaccharides is a distinctive compositional feature of human milk. Although these oligosaccharides have been studied for several years, their variability and distribution have not been systematically studied, and their nutritional and functional roles have not been elucidated. This report describes a study in which a large number of human milk samples were analyzed for the presence and content of nine neutral oligosaccharides. The resultant data were used to probe for distribution trends by donor groups and stage of lactation. METHODS Milk samples from 435 women residing in 10 countries were analyzed using a simple preparation procedure, gel filtration, and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. RESULTS All samples contained structures based on lacto-N-neotetraose and lacto-N-tetraose. This contrasts with the fucosyloligosaccharides tested, none of which was detected in 100% of the samples. Unexpected distribution trends were observed. For example, 100% of the samples from Mexico (n = 156) contained 2'-fucosyllactose, whereas only 46% of the samples from the Philippines (n = 22) contained this structure. Concentration ranges for the analyzed oligosaccharides revealed quantitative and qualitative distribution trends. CONCLUSIONS The oligosaccharide composition of human milk varied among samples. The geographical origin of the donors was one of the factors that accounted for this variability. This can be explained by genetically determined traits that are not uniformly distributed. Results indicated that further systematic studies are needed to ascertain the effect of other factors, such as lactation stage or diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Erney
- Ross Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Farkas T, Jiang X, Guerrero ML, Zhong W, Wilton N, Berke T, Matson DO, Pickering LK, Ruiz-Palacios G. Prevalence and genetic diversity of human caliciviruses (HuCVs) in Mexican children. J Med Virol 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1096-9071(200010)62:2<217::aid-jmv13>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Blumenthal UJ, Mara DD, Peasey A, Ruiz-Palacios G, Stott R. Guidelines for the microbiological quality of treated wastewater used in agriculture: recommendations for revising WHO guidelines. Bull World Health Organ 2000; 78:1104-16. [PMID: 11019459 PMCID: PMC2560847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Three different approaches for establishing guidelines for the microbiological quality of treated wastewater that is reused for agriculture are reviewed. These approaches have different objectives as their outcomes: the absence of faecal indicator organisms in the wastewater, the absence of a measurable excess of cases of enteric disease in the exposed population and a model-generated estimated risk below a defined acceptable risk. If the second approach (using empirical epidemiological studies supplemented by microbiological studies of the transmission of pathogens) is used in conjunction with the third approach (using a model-based quantitative risk assessment for selected pathogens) a powerful tool is produced that aids the development of regulations. This combined approach is more cost-effective than the first approach and adequately protects public health. The guideline limit for faecal coliform bacteria in unrestricted irrigation (< or = 1000 faecal coliform bacteria/ 100 ml) is valid, but for restricted irrigation < or = 10(5) faecal coliform bacteria/100 ml is recommended when adult farmworkers are exposed to spray irrigation. A limit of < or = 10(3) faecal coliform bacteria/100 ml is recommended if flood irrigation is used or children are exposed. The guideline limit for nematode eggs for both types of irrigation is adequate except when conditions favour the survival of nematode eggs and where children are exposed; in these cases it should be reduced from < or = 1 egg/l to < or = 0.1 egg/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- U J Blumenthal
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, England.
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Morrow AL, Guerrero ML, Shults J, Calva JJ, Lutter C, Bravo J, Ruiz-Palacios G, Morrow RC, Butterfoss FD. Efficacy of home-based peer counselling to promote exclusive breastfeeding: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999; 353:1226-31. [PMID: 10217083 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)08037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended worldwide but not commonly practised. We undertook a randomised controlled study of the efficacy of home-based peer counselling to increase the proportion of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers and infants residing in periurban Mexico City. METHODS Two intervention groups with different counselling frequencies, six visits (44) and three visits (52), were compared with a control group (34) that had no intervention. From March, 1995, to September, 1996, 170 pregnant women were identified by census and invited to participate in the study. Home visits were made during pregnancy and early post partum by peer counsellors recruited from the same community and trained by La Leche League. Data were collected by independent interview. Exclusive breastfeeding was defined by WHO criteria. FINDINGS 130 women participated in the study. Only 12 women refused participation. Study groups did not differ in baseline factors. At 3 months post partum, exclusive breastfeeding was practised by 67% of six-visit, 50% of three-visit, and 12% of control mothers (intervention groups vs controls, p<0.001; six-visit vs three-visit, p=0.02). Duration of breastfeeding was significantly (p=0.02) longer in intervention groups than in controls, and fewer intervention than control infants had an episode of diarrhoea (12% vs 26%, p=0.03). INTERPRETATION This is the first reported community-based randomised trial of breastfeeding promotion. Early and repeated contact with peer counsellors was associated with a significant increase in breastfeeding exclusivity and duration. The two-fold decrease in diarrhoea demonstrates the importance of breastfeeding promotion to infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Morrow
- Centre for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk 23510-1001, USA.
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Molina-Gamboa JD, Ponce-de-León-Rosales S, Guerrero-Almeida ML, Carvalho AC, Romero-Oliveros C, Báez-Martínez R, Huertas-Jiménez M, Osornio-Silva G, Ortiz R, Domínguez-Sosa F, Quiñones-Falconi F, Ruiz-Palacios G. Salmonella gastroenteritis outbreak among workers from a tertiary care hospital in Mexico City. Rev Invest Clin 1997; 49:349-53. [PMID: 9428187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe an outbreak of Salmonella gastroenteritis among employees of the National Institute of Nutrition (INNSZ) of Mexico City during July, 1994. METHODS Employees who developed diarrhea or fever associated with gastrointestinal symptoms starting on July 14th were included for study as well as 50 healthy controls. A questionnaire was applied to all, and they also provided a stool sample, along with other 80 asymptomatic people (included the kitchen workers) in whom only stool culture was done. RESULTS Ninety-seven employees that ate regularly at the Hospital's cafeteria were affected by the outbreak, and 67 of them (69%) could be evaluated. Most of them were nurses (34%), and handymen (27%). Most common symptoms were abdominal pain (97%), diarrhea (95%), nausea (91%), and fever (89%). Cultures from suspicious food items were all negative, but stool cultures from 10/70 cases were positive for Salmonella enteritidis vs. 0/133 in the controls. The ten S. enteritidis isolates resulted identical either by serotyping and by rapid amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Cultures from all kitchen employees were negative for S. enteritidis. Breakfast meal on July 14th was associated with the development of gastroenteritis (61/67 cases vs 26/50 controls, p < 0.001), and particularly with an egg-covered meat plate (61/62 vs 13/26 controls, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS This outbreak was probably caused by eggs contaminated with Salmonella, since no one of the kitchen personnel was found to be an asymptomatic carrier, and the implicated recipe allows for inappropriate cooking. Recommendations to improve cooking procedures must be added to the usual regulations to diminish the frequency of foodborne disease outbreaks in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Molina-Gamboa
- Division of Hospital Epidemiology, National Institute of Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico
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