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Tahmasebi S, Sonenberg N, Hershey JWB, Mathews MB. Protein Synthesis and Translational Control: A Historical Perspective. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a035584. [PMID: 30082466 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein synthesis and its regulation are central to all known forms of life and impinge on biological arenas as varied as agriculture, biotechnology, and medicine. Otherwise known as translation and translational control, these processes have been investigated with increasing intensity since the middle of the 20th century, and in increasing depth with advances in molecular and cell biology. We review the origins of the field, focusing on the underlying concepts and early studies of the cellular machinery and mechanisms involved. We highlight key discoveries and events on a timeline, consider areas where current research has engendered new ideas, and conclude with some speculation on future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Tahmasebi
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - John W B Hershey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, School of Medicine, Davis, California 95616
| | - Michael B Mathews
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
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Wells WW, Yang Y, Deits TL, Gan ZR. Thioltransferases. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 66:149-201. [PMID: 8430514 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123126.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A family of small molecular weight proteins with thiol-disulfide exchange activity have been discovered, widely distributed from E. coli to mammalian systems, called thioltransferases or glutaredoxins. There are no substantiated reports of thioltransferases-glutaredoxins in plants; however, partially purified dehydroascorbate reductase from peas had thiol-disulfide exchange catalytic activity using glutathione as reductant and S-sulfocysteine as thiosulfate cosubstrate (unpublished data). Thus, this class of proteins is universally distributed. Based on mutagenesis studies, a sequence of Cys-Pro-Tyr(Phe)-Cys- followed by Arg-Lys- or Lys alone is critical for both the thiol-disulfide exchange reaction and the dehydroascorbate reductase activity. The dithiol-disulfide loop represented by this structure is unique since the cystine closer to the N-terminus has a highly acidic thiol pKa (3.8 as determined for the pig liver enzyme) that contributes to the protein's high S- nucleophilicity. Compared with the microbial enzyme, the mammalian thioltransferases (glutaredoxins) are extended at both N and C termini by 10-12 amino acid residues, including a second pair of cysteines toward the C-terminus with no known special function. Yeast thioltransferase is more like mammalian enzymes in length (106 amino acids) but more like E. coli glutaredoxin in being unblocked at the N-terminus and having only one set of cysteines; that is, at the active center. The three mammalian enzymes, for which sequences are available, are blocked at the N-terminus by an acetyl group linked to alanine with no known special function other than possibly to impart greater cellular turnover stability. A report of carbohydrate (8.6%) content in rat liver thioltransferase has not been verified by more sensitive methods of carbohydrate analysis, nor has carbohydrate been identified in samples of purified glutaredoxin from any source. Thiol transferase and glutaredoxin are two names for the same protein based on similarity of amino acid sequence, immunochemical cross-reactivity, and other enzyme properties. The inability of thioltransferase from some mammalian sources to act as an electron carrier in ribonucleotide reductase systems, whether homologous or heterologous in origin, remains to be explained in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Wells
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing
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McGoldrick S, McCarthy TV, Sheehan D. The 110kDa glutathione transferase of Yarrowia lipolytica is encoded by a homologue of the TEF3 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Cloning, expression, and homology modeling of the recombinant protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 337:1125-32. [PMID: 16229819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The TEF4 gene of the non-saccharomyces yeast Yarrowia lipolytica encodes an EF1Bgamma protein with structural similarity to the glutathione transferases (GSTs). This 1203bp gene was cloned, over-expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant protein characterized. DNA sequencing of the cloned gene agreed with the recently completed Y. lipolytica genome and showed 100% identity to a previously reported 30-residue N-terminal sequence for a 110kDa Y. lipolytica GST, except that it encoded two additional N-terminal residues (N-Met-Ser-). The recombinant protein (subunit M(r) 52kDa) was found not to possess GST activity with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Partial tryptic digestion released two fragments of M(r) 22 and 18kDa, which we interpret as N- and C-terminal domains. Homology modeling confirmed that the N-terminal domain of Y. lipolytica TEF4 encodes a GST-like protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane McGoldrick
- Department of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Prospect Row, Mardyke, Cork, Ireland
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Vickers TJ, Wyllie S, Fairlamb AH. Leishmania major elongation factor 1B complex has trypanothione S-transferase and peroxidase activity. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:49003-9. [PMID: 15322082 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m407958200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Trypanosomatidae, trypanothione has subsumed many of the roles of glutathione in defense against chemical and oxidant stress. Crithidia fasciculata lacks glutathione S-transferase, but contains an unusual trypanothione S-transferase activity that is associated with eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1B (eEF1B). Here we describe the cloning, expression, and reconstitution of the purified alpha, beta, and gamma subunits of eEF1B from Leishmania major. Individual subunits lacked trypanothione S-transferase activity. Only eEF1B, formed by reconstitution or co-expression of the three subunits, was able to conjugate a variety of electrophilic substrates to trypanothione or glutathionylspermidine, but not glutathione. In contrast to the C. fasciculata eEF1B, the L. major enzyme also displayed peroxidase activity against a variety of organic hydroperoxides. The enzyme showed no activity with hydrogen peroxide and greatest activity with linoleic acid hydroperoxide (1 unit mg(-1)). Kinetic studies suggest a ternary complex mechanism, with Km values of 140 mum for trypanothione and 7.4 mm for cumene hydroperoxide and kcat=25 s(-1). Immunofluorescence studies indicate that the enzyme may be localized to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. These results suggest that, in addition to its role in protein synthesis, the Leishmania eEF1B may help protect the parasite from lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J Vickers
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Vickers TJ, Fairlamb AH. Trypanothione S-transferase activity in a trypanosomatid ribosomal elongation factor 1B. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:27246-56. [PMID: 15073172 PMCID: PMC3428924 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m311039200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanothione is a thiol unique to the Kinetoplastida and has been shown to be a vital component of their antioxidant defenses. However, little is known as to the role of trypanothione in xenobiotic metabolism. A trypanothione S-transferase activity was detected in extracts of Leishmania major, L. infantum, L. tarentolae, Trypanosoma brucei, and Crithidia fasciculata, but not Trypanosoma cruzi. No glutathione S-transferase activity was detected in any of these parasites. Trypanothione S-transferase was purified from C. fasciculata and shown to be a hexadecameric complex of three subunits with a relative molecular weight of 650,000. This enzyme complex was specific for the thiols trypanothione and glutathionylspermidine and only used 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene from a range of glutathione S-transferase substrates. Peptide sequencing revealed that the three components were the alpha, beta, and gamma subunits of ribosomal eukaryotic elongation factor 1B (eEF1B). Partial dissociation of the complex suggested that the S-transferase activity was associated with the gamma subunit. Moreover, Cibacron blue was found to be a tight binding inhibitor and reactive blue 4 an irreversible time-dependent inhibitor that covalently modified only the gamma subunit. The rate of inactivation by reactive blue 4 was increased more than 600-fold in the presence of trypanothione, and Cibacron blue protected the enzyme from inactivation by 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, confirming that these dyes interact with the active site region. Two eEF1Bgamma genes were cloned from C. fasciculata, but recombinant C. fasciculata eEF1Bgamma had no S-transferase activity, suggesting that eEF1Bgamma is unstable in the absence of the other subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J. Vickers
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, The Wellcome Trust Biocentre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Alan H. Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, The Wellcome Trust Biocentre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
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Ishikawa T, Ali-Osman F. Glutathione-associated cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) metabolism and ATP-dependent efflux from leukemia cells. Molecular characterization of glutathione-platinum complex and its biological significance. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)80702-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Kan B, London IM, Levin DH. Role of reversing factor in the inhibition of protein synthesis initiation by oxidized glutathione. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)37637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Black S. Reversible interconversion of two forms of a valyl-tRNA synthetase-containing protein complex. Science 1986; 234:1111-4. [PMID: 3535073 DOI: 10.1126/science.3535073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
When an enzyme-containing complex from yeast was incubated in a buffered solution at room temperature, the valyl-transfer RNA synthetase activity and total protein oscillated synchronously between two physical states. This observation suggests a regulatory process that controls a number of enzymes as a group, an integrated function of a kind not heretofore recognized. The two forms of the complex were separated by ammonium sulfate precipitation of one of them in samples withdrawn from the incubated solution every 30 seconds. Glutathione and dithiothreitol in high concentrations (50 mM) enhance formation of the 50% saturated ammonium sulfate-soluble form. Oxidized glutathione, diphosphopyridine nucleotide, triphosphopyridine nucleotide, and a mercurial thiol binding agent in moderate concentrations (0.1 to 1.0 mM) shift the distribution toward the precipitable form. It is suggested that the two forms represent functional and nonfunctional complex-bound enzymes which are interconverted in response to oxidoreductive signals.
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Dholakia JN, Mueser TC, Woodley CL, Parkhurst LJ, Wahba AJ. The association of NADPH with the guanine nucleotide exchange factor from rabbit reticulocytes: a role of pyridine dinucleotides in eukaryotic polypeptide chain initiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986; 83:6746-50. [PMID: 3462724 PMCID: PMC386586 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.83.18.6746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) was purified to apparent homogeneity from postribosomal supernatants of rabbit reticulocytes by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose, fractionation by glycerol gradients, and chromatography on Mono S and Mono Q (Pharmacia). At the Mono S step GEF is isolated as a complex with the eukaryotic polypeptide chain initiation factor 2 (eIF-2) and is separated from this factor by column chromatography on Mono Q. An emission spectrum characteristic of a reduced pyridine dinucleotide was observed when GEF was subjected to fluorescence analysis. By both coupled enzymatic analysis and chromatography on reverse-phase or Mono Q columns, the bound dinucleotide associated with GEF was determined to be NADPH. The GEF-catalyzed exchange of eIF-2-bound GDP for GTP was markedly inhibited by NAD+ and NADP+. This inhibition was not observed in the presence of equimolar concentrations of NADPH. Similarly, the stimulation of ternary complex (eIF-2 X GTP X Met-tRNAf) formation by GEF in the presence of 1 mM Mg2+ was abolished in the presence of oxidized pyridine dinucleotide. These results demonstrate that pyridine dinucleotides may be directly involved in the regulation of polypeptide chain initiation by acting as allosteric regulators of GEF activity.
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Partial purification and characterization of phorbol ester-regulated translational inhibitor(s) in human HL-60 leukemic cells. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)89207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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11
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Meister A. Methods for the selective modification of glutathione metabolism and study of glutathione transport. Methods Enzymol 1985; 113:571-85. [PMID: 2868397 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(85)13077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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12
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Kanigür G, Kan B, Tiryaki D, Bermek E. High pO2-activated inhibitor of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes: its relationship to glutathione disulfide-induced inhibitor and to a approximately 23,000-Mr sulfhydryl protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 117:135-40. [PMID: 6661218 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(83)91551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of reticulocyte post-ribosomal supernatant containing ribosome wash with high pO2 or glutathione disulfide resulted in the activation of an inhibitor of protein synthesis of approximately 23,000-Mr as implicated by its elution from Sephadex G-100. This inhibitor could also be directly activated by exposure of the approximately 23,000-Mr fractions of the control eluate to high pO2 or glutathione disulfide. The high pO2-dependent activation of the inhibitor was blocked by the presence of glucose-6-phosphate or cAMP (2 mM). The inhibitor was stable (and activable) during a 5 minute incubation at 80 degrees C. The analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the G-100 (approximately 23,000-Mr) fractions treated with [14C]N-ethylmaleimide revealed the abolishment of the label in a approximately 23,000-Mr protein band in parallel to high pO2-dependent inhibitor activation.
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13
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Liou YF, Hall IH, Lee KH, Williams WL, Chaney SG. Investigation of sesquiterpene lactones as protein synthesis inhibitors of P-388 lymphocytic leukemia cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1983; 739:190-6. [PMID: 6824673 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(83)90029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The mode of action of helenalin and bis(helenalinyl) malonate as protein synthesis inhibitors of P-388 lymphocytic leukemia cells was investigated. The initial characterizations were carried out in crude lysates of the P-388 cells. In the lysate, there was a 4 min lag after the addition of drug before inhibition of protein synthesis occurred. Both drugs allowed run-off of preformed polysomes, but did significantly inhibit the formation of the 80 S initiation complex suggesting a preferential inhibition of one or more initiation reactions. The effect of these drugs on inhibition of both elongation and initiation reactions was further investigated using more fractionated systems prepared from P-388 cells. Poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis was marginally inhibited by both drugs, but the degree of inhibition was not sufficient to explain the inhibition observed in either the lysate or in whole cell preparations of P-388. The formation of the ternary initiation complex was not significantly inhibited by either drug, but the conversion of this complex to the 48 and 80 S initiation complexes was inhibited. The inhibition of 48 S initiation complex formation by both drugs was sufficient to explain their inhibition of protein synthesis in whole cells.
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14
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Wong ST, Mastropaolo W, Henshaw EC. Differential phosphorylation of soluble versus ribosome-bound eukaryotic initiation factor 2 in the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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15
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Breitbart H, Malik Z. The effects of photoactivated protoporphyrin on reticulocyte membranes, intracellular activities and hemoglobin recipitation. Photochem Photobiol 1982; 35:365-9. [PMID: 6278517 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1982.tb02575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Gupta NK. Roles of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 ancillary factors in the regulation of eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1982; 21:1-33. [PMID: 6754267 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152821-8.50005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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17
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Jagus R, Safer B. Activity of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 is modified by processes distinct from phosphorylation. I. Activities of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 and eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha kinase in lysate gel filtered under different conditions. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69966-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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18
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Weiss SJ, Sagone AL. The effect of oxidant stress on diamide-treated human granulocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 585:620-9. [PMID: 465544 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(79)90194-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The role of sulfhydryls in the protection of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils against extracellular oxidant attack was investigated by simultaneously exposing polymorphonuclear neutrophils to the thiol-oxidizing agent diamide and the oxidant-generating system xanthine-xanthine oxidase. Neither diamide nor the oxidants generated by the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system alone impaired the burst in chemiluminescence, hexose monophosphate shunt activity or formate oxidation normally seen during polymorphonuclear neutrophil phagocytosis. Incubation of the polymorphonuclear neutrophils simultaneously with diamide and xanthine-xanthine oxidase markedly impaired polymorphonuclear neutrophil phagocytosis, hexose monophosphate shunt activity, chemiluminescence and formate oxidation. Although the polymorphonuclear neutrophils exposed to diamide and xanthine-xanthine oxidase did not respond to a variety of phagocytizable stimuli, trypan blue exclusion was normal and hexose monophosphate shunt activity could be stimulated by diamide. The damaging effect of the diamide xanthine-xamthine oxidase system could be blocked by the addition of superoxide dismutase or catalase, but not by hydroxyl radical or singlet oxygen scavengers. We hypothesize that an unidentified population of thiols may play a role in protecting the polymorphonuclear neutrophil from endogenously derived oxidants.
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Floyd GA, Merrick WC, Traugh JA. Identification of initiation factors and ribosome-associated phosphoproteins by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 96:277-86. [PMID: 456373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb13038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis procedure has been used to identify initiation factors rapidly in the high-salt-wash fraction from reticulocyte ribosomes. Initiation factors are identified by relative mobility and by co-electrophoresis with purified factors. A creatine phosphate/ATP/GTP/Pi exchange system is described which has been used to maintain [gamma-32P]ATP and [gamma-32P]GTP at constant specific activity in the cell-free protein-synthesizing system. Phosphorylated proteins associated with the protein-synthesizing complex have been identified using a combination of the two procedures. The salt-wash fraction contains eight major phosphorylated proteins and a number of minor ones. Two phosphorylated proteins are observed to comigrate with two of the three subunits of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2), the initiation factor involved in binding Met-tRNAf onto the 40-S subunit and promoting dissociation of 80-S ribosomes. eIF-4B, one of the proteins involved in binding mRNA to 40-S subunits is also phosphorylated. The remainder of phosphorylated proteins in the high-salt-wash fraction are not previously characterized initiation factors and have not been identified further. Two of the six phosphoproteins associated with the salt-washed ribosomes comigrate with ribosomal proteins; one is the major phosphorylated protein in 40-S ribosomal subunits, the other is an acidic protein.
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Harry P, Pines M, Applebaum SW. Inhibition of protein secretion and protein kinase activity in the locust fat body by diamide (azodicarboxylic acid-bis-dimethylamide). Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 191:325-30. [PMID: 736570 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ernst V, Levin D, London I. Evidence that glucose 6-phosphate regulates protein synthesis initiation in reticulocyte lysates. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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22
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Jackson RJ, Hunt T. The use of hexose phosphates to support protein synthesis and generate [gamma-32P]ATP in reticulocyte lysates. FEBS Lett 1978; 93:235-8. [PMID: 213307 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(78)81111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Farrell PJ, Hunt T, Jackson RJ. Analysis of phosphorylation of protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-2 by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 89:517-21. [PMID: 710407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe a method for examining the state of phosphorylation of initiation factor eIF-2 in reticulocyte lysates. The procedure involves incubation of the lysate with iodo[1-14C]acetate in 8.5 M urea, and fractionation of the labelled proteins by two-dimensional acrylamide gel electrophoresis. This approach has been used to show that haem deficiency, double-stranded RNA, and oxidised glutathione, which all inhibit the initiation of protein synthesis in an analogous manner, all cause a net increase in the level of phosphorylated eIF-2 in the complete lysate protein synthesis system.
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Henderson AB, Hardesty B. Evidence for an inhibitor of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes activated by high pressure. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978; 83:715-23. [PMID: 697853 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)91048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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25
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Lenz JR, Chatterjee GE, Maroney PA, Baglioni C. Phosphorylated sugars stimulate protein synthesis and Met-tRNAf binding activity in extracts of mammalian cells. Biochemistry 1978; 17:80-7. [PMID: 618548 DOI: 10.1021/bi00594a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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26
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Farrell PJ, Balkow K, Hunt T, Jackson RJ, Trachsel H. Phosphorylation of initiation factor elF-2 and the control of reticulocyte protein synthesis. Cell 1977; 11:187-200. [PMID: 559547 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 656] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
When rabbit reticulocyte lysates are incubated in the absence of hemin or in the presence of low concentrations of double-stranded RNA, the rate of initiation of protein synthesis is severely reduced after a lag period in which control rates are observed. This reduced initiation rate is due to inhibition of the binding of Methionyl-tRNAf to native 40S ribosomal subunits and is caused by a macromolecular inhibitor which is activated under these conditions. This paper shows that the inhibitors activated in these two situations appear to be different entities, but that in both cases, the inhibitor has an associated protein kinase activity which is highly selective for the small subunit of elF-2, the initiation factor which catalyzes binding of Methionyl-tRNAf to 40S subunits. We present several lines of evidence in support of the hypothesis that the phosphorylation of elF-2 by these kinases is basis of the control of initiation in lysates incubated under these conditions.
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Giloh H, Schochot L, Mager J. Inhibition of peptide chain initiation in lysates from ATP-depleted cells. II. Studies on the mechanism of the lesion and its relation to similar alterations caused by oxidized glutathione and hemin deprivation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 414:309-20. [PMID: 173394 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(75)90169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The impairment of peptide chain initiation in lysates from ATP-depleted rabbit reticulocytes is accompanied by a loss of their ability to form the 40 S methionyl-tRNAfMet complex with a resultant failure to promote the AUG codon-dependent combination of the complex with the 60 S ribosomal subunit. These partial initiation reactions, as well as the overall protein-synthetic activity of the defective lysates could be restored by addition of a 0.5 M KC1 ribosomal extract or normal postribosomal supernatant or a 40-70% (NH4)2-SO4 fraction derived from it. Alternatively, reactivation of the impaired lysates could be achieved by supplementation with millimolar amounts of cyclic AMP or certain purine derivatives. The same subcellular fractions, as well as cyclic AMP or purine derivatives were also capable of overcoming the inhibition caused by incubating reticulocyte lysates in the presence of oxidized glutathione or in the absence of hemin. Severe intracellular ATP deprivation resulted in accumulation of a soluble translational inhibitor in the postribosomal fraction, thus resembling the parallel phenomenon described in hemin-deprived lysates. The striking similarities between the three kinds of inhibition studied by us point to an identical site of the underlying biochemical lesion, despite the different mechanisms mediating their induction.
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Clemens MJ, Safer B, Merrick WC, Anderson WF, London IM. Inhibition of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates by double-stranded RNA and oxidized glutathione: indirect mode of action on polypeptide chain initiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975; 72:1286-90. [PMID: 805425 PMCID: PMC432517 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.72.4.1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the presence of added double-stranded RNA or oxidized glutathione, protein synthesis in heminsupplemented reticulocyte lysates declines abruptly after 8-12 min of incubation at 30 degrees. The kinetics of amino-acid incorporation are very similar to those seen when lysates incorporation are very similar to those seen when lysates are incubated in the absence of added hemin. The inhibitory effects of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) are partially overcome by a homogeneous initiation factor, IF-MP, which also stimulates protein synthesis in hemin-deficient lysates. This factor is involved in the binding of Met-tRNAfmet to 40S ribosomal subunits during protein chain initiation. However, neither dsRNA alone nor GSSG alone significantly inhibits formation of [40S subunit-Met-tRNAf] complexes induced in reticulocyte lysates by dsRNA or GSSG involves one or more components present in the lysates but absent from the fractionated in vitro system. Such components may be related to the translational inhibitor that is active in hemin-deficient lysates.
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Britton GW, Sherman FG. Altered regulation of protein synthesis during aging as determined by in vitro ribosomal assays. Exp Gerontol 1975; 10:67-77. [PMID: 1132448 DOI: 10.1016/0531-5565(75)90016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Gross M. Isolation and characterization of an antibody to a highly purified preparation of the hemin-controlled translational repressor from rabbit reticulocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 57:611-9. [PMID: 4133311 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(74)90590-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Miyamae T. Studies on the growth conditions of Campylobacter fetus. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1974; 18:57-64. [PMID: 4605171 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1974.tb00744.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Darnbrough C, Legon S, Hunt T, Jackson RJ. Initiation of protein synthesis: evidence for messenger RNA-independent binding of methionyl-transfer RNA to the 40 S ribosomal subunit. J Mol Biol 1973; 76:379-403. [PMID: 4732074 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(73)90511-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Legon S, Jackson RJ, Hunt T. Control of protein synthesis in reticulocyte lysates by haemin. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1973; 241:150-2. [PMID: 4512619 DOI: 10.1038/newbio241150a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Gross M, Rabinovitz M. Control of globin synthesis by hemin: factors influencing formation of an inhibitor of globin chain initiation in reticulocyte lysates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 287:340-52. [PMID: 4680051 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(72)90383-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Hochberg AA, Stratman FW, Zahlten RN, Morris HP, Lardy HA. Binding of rat liver and hepatoma polyribosomes to stripped rough endoplasmic reticulum in vitro. Biological or an artifact? Biochem J 1972; 130:19-25. [PMID: 4347780 PMCID: PMC1174296 DOI: 10.1042/bj1300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposed thiol groups do not appear to be related to the binding of (32)P-labelled polyribosomes to stripped rough endoplasmic reticulum in vitro. Treating stripped rough endoplasmic reticulum with GSSG did not diminish binding of polyribosomes, suggesting that binding in vitro has no correlation with the inhibition of protein synthesis in vitro reported by Kosower et al. (1971). Thiol reagents, which are known to dissociate ribosomes, did not significantly decrease binding of (32)P-labelled polyribosomes to stripped rough endoplasmic reticulum. Denaturing the protein of (32)P-labelled polyribosomes or stripped rough endoplasmic reticulum of liver or hepatoma with heat, trichloroacetic acid, or HClO(4) did not alter the binding in vitro. Therefore, the practice of measuring the binding of (32)P-labelled polyribosomes to stripped rough endoplasmic reticulum in vitro (Shires et al., 1971b) is an unsuitable indicator of biological significance in the intact cell.
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