1
|
Santos VR, Melo IS, Pacheco ALD, Castro OWD. Life and death in the hippocampus: What's bad? Epilepsy Behav 2021; 121:106595. [PMID: 31759972 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampal formation is crucial for the generation and regulation of several brain functions, including memory and learning processes; however, it is vulnerable to neurological disorders, such as epilepsy. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), the most common type of epilepsy, changes the hippocampal circuitry and excitability, under the contribution of both neuronal degeneration and abnormal neurogenesis. Classically, neurodegeneration affects sensitive areas of the hippocampus, such as dentate gyrus (DG) hilus, as well as specific fields of the Ammon's horn, CA3, and CA1. In addition, the proliferation, migration, and abnormal integration of newly generated hippocampal granular cells (GCs) into the brain characterize TLE neurogenesis. Robust studies over the years have intensely discussed the effects of death and life in the hippocampus, though there are still questions to be answered about their possible benefits and risks. Here, we review the impacts of death and life in the hippocampus, discussing its influence on TLE, providing new perspectives or insights for the implementation of new possible therapeutic targets. This article is part of the Special Issue "NEWroscience 2018".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Rodrigues Santos
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Igor Santana Melo
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceio, Brazil
| | | | - Olagide Wagner de Castro
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceio, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Serpa RO, Ferguson L, Larson C, Bailard J, Cooke S, Greco T, Prins ML. Pathophysiology of Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2021; 12:696510. [PMID: 34335452 PMCID: PMC8319243 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.696510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The national incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) exceeds that of any other disease in the pediatric population. In the United States the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports 697,347 annual TBIs in children ages 0–19 that result in emergency room visits, hospitalization or deaths. There is a bimodal distribution within the pediatric TBI population, with peaks in both toddlers and adolescents. Preclinical TBI research provides evidence for age differences in acute pathophysiology that likely contribute to long-term outcome differences between age groups. This review will examine the timecourse of acute pathophysiological processes during cerebral maturation, including calcium accumulation, glucose metabolism and cerebral blood flow. Consequences of pediatric TBI are complicated by the ongoing maturational changes allowing for substantial plasticity and windows of vulnerabilities. This review will also examine the timecourse of later outcomes after mild, repeat mild and more severe TBI to establish developmental windows of susceptibility and altered maturational trajectories. Research progress for pediatric TBI is critically important to reveal age-associated mechanisms and to determine knowledge gaps for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecka O Serpa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lindsay Ferguson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Cooper Larson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Julie Bailard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Samantha Cooke
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tiffany Greco
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mayumi L Prins
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ishihara Y, Fukuda T, Sato F. Internal structure of the rat subiculum characterized by diverse immunoreactivities and septotemporal differences. Neurosci Res 2020; 150:17-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
4
|
Dolón JF, Paniagua AE, Valle V, Segurado A, Arévalo R, Velasco A, Lillo C. Expression and localization of the polarity protein CRB2 in adult mouse brain: a comparison with the CRB1 rd8 mutant mouse model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11652. [PMID: 30076417 PMCID: PMC6076319 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of cell polarization is essential for the performance of crucial functions, like a successful secretion and appropriate cell signaling in many tissues, and it depends on the correct functioning of polarity proteins, including the Crumbs complex. The CRB proteins, CRB1, CRB2 and CRB3, identified in mammals, are expressed in epithelial-derived tissues like brain, kidney and retina. CRB2 has a ubiquitous expression and has been detected in embryonic brain tissue; but currently there is no data regarding its localization in the adult brain. In our study, we characterized the presence of CRB2 in adult mice brain, where it is particularly enriched in cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus and cerebellum. Double immunofluorescence analysis confirmed that CRB2 is a neuron-specific protein, present in both soma and projections where colocalizes with certain populations of exocytic and endocytic vesicles and with other members of the Crumbs complex. Finally, in the cortex of CRB1rd8 mutant mice that contain a mutation in the Crb1 gene generating a truncated CRB1 protein, there is an abnormal increase in the expression levels of the CRB2 protein which suggests a possible compensatory mechanism for the malfunction of CRB1 in this mutant background.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge F Dolón
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, IBSAL, Cell Biology and Pathology, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Antonio E Paniagua
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, IBSAL, Cell Biology and Pathology, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Ophthalmology and Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Vicente Valle
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, IBSAL, Cell Biology and Pathology, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alicia Segurado
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, IBSAL, Cell Biology and Pathology, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rosario Arévalo
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, IBSAL, Cell Biology and Pathology, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Almudena Velasco
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, IBSAL, Cell Biology and Pathology, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Concepción Lillo
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León, IBSAL, Cell Biology and Pathology, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rosenstein JM, More NS, Mani N, Krum JM. Developmental Expression of Calcium-Binding Protein-Containing Neurons in Neocortical Transplants. Cell Transplant 2017; 7:121-9. [PMID: 9588594 DOI: 10.1177/096368979800700207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the development of calcium binding protein-containing neurons in a timed series of fetal neocortical transplants. The immunoexpression of parvalbumin and calbindin, which are subpopulations of GABAergic neurons, have been widely studied in normal development and in disease and injury states. Because of their purported resistance to oxidative injury by their ability to buffer Ca++ influx, these neurons have been particularly studied following ischemia. Because it is likely that oxidative stress is associated with the grafting procedure, we sought to determine if these neurons displayed enhanced survival characteristics. Normally, parvalbumin and calbindin represent about 5-10% of cortical neurons. Within 2-4 wk after grafting the expression of both proteins increased markedly in that a relatively larger number of neurons (27% for parvalbumin) were immunopositive. This increase was transitory, however, and by 4 mo and beyond, confocal microscopic data showed a reduction of over 50% of parvalbumin (+) neurons and processes. Calbindin (+) processes showed a qualitative change in that they were smaller with less terminal branching. Electron microscopy confirmed a substantial reduction in parvalbumin synaptic contacts. Interestingly, in older grafts, remaining parvalbumin neurons were those that were strongly NSE (+) suggesting a link between normal metabolism and Ca++ buffering in grafted neurons. It is possible that in early grafts certain neuronal populations transiently upregulated calcium binding proteins as a defensive mechanism against Ca++ influx associated with oxidative stress. Over time, however, following physiological normalization within grafts, the calcium binding protein (+) neurons are diminished, possibly due to lack of appropriate afferent input to the interneuronal pool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Rosenstein
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20027, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Afshar P, Ashtari N, Jiao X, Rahimi-Balaei M, Zhang X, Yaganeh B, Del Bigio MR, Kong J, Marzban H. Overexpression of Human SOD1 Leads to Discrete Defects in the Cerebellar Architecture in the Mouse. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:22. [PMID: 28424594 PMCID: PMC5372795 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene is responsible for neutralizing supercharged oxygen radicals within the cell. Mutation in SOD1 gene causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Recent studies have shown involvement of the cerebellum in ALS, although the cerebellar contribution in SOD1 transgenic mice remains unclear. Using immunohistopathology, we investigated the Purkinje cell phenotype in the vermis of the SOD1 transgenic mice cerebellum. Calbindin 1 (Calb1) and three well-known zone and stripe markers, zebrin II, HSP25, and PLCβ4 have been used to explore possible alteration in zone and stripe. Here we show that Calb1 expression is significantly reduced in a subset of the Purkinje cells that is almost aligned with the cerebellar zones and stripes pattern. The Purkinje cells of SOD1 transgenic mice display a pattern of Calb1 down-regulation, which seems to proceed to Purkinje cell degeneration as the mice age. The onset of Calb1 down-regulation in Purkinje cells begins from the central zone and continues into the nodular zone, however it has not been observed in the anterior and posterior zones. In a subgroup of SOD1 transgenic mice in which gait unsteadiness was apparent, down-regulation of Calb1 is seen in a subset of PLCβ4+ Purkinje cells in the anterior zone. These observations suggest that the Calb1- subset of Purkinje cells in the anterior zone, which receives somatosensory input, causes unsteady gait. Our data suggest that human SOD1 overexpression leads to Calb1 down-regulation in the zone and strip pattern and raise the question of whether SOD1 overexpression leads to Purkinje cells degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Afshar
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children's Hospital Foundation University of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Niloufar Ashtari
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children's Hospital Foundation University of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xiaodan Jiao
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children's Hospital Foundation University of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Maryam Rahimi-Balaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children's Hospital Foundation University of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xiaosha Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children's Hospital Foundation University of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Behzad Yaganeh
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children and University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc R Del Bigio
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children's Hospital Foundation University of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children's Hospital Foundation University of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hassan Marzban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, The Children's Hospital Foundation University of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Immunohistochemical investigation of the internal structure of the mouse subiculum. Neuroscience 2016; 337:242-266. [PMID: 27664459 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The subiculum is the output component of the hippocampal formation and holds a key position in the neural circuitry of memory. Previous studies have demonstrated the subiculum's connectivity to other brain areas in detail; however, little is known regarding its internal structure. We investigated the cytoarchitecture of the temporal and mid-septotemporal parts of the subiculum using immunohistochemistry. The border between the CA1 region and subiculum was determined by both cytoarchitecture and zinc transporter 3 (ZnT3)-immunoreactivity (IR), whereas the border between the subiculum and presubiculum (PreS) was partially indicated by glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1)-IR. The subiculum was divided into proximal and distal subfields based on cytoarchitecture and immunohistochemistry for calbindin (CB), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and Purkinje cell protein 4 (PCP4). The proximal subiculum (defined here as subiculum 2) was composed of five layers: the molecular layer (layer 1), the medium-sized pyramidal cell layer (layer 2) that contained NOS- and PCP4-positive neurons, the large pyramidal cell layer (layer 3) characterized by the accumulation of ZnT3- (more proximally) and vesicular glutamate transporter 2-positive (more distally) boutons, layer 4 containing polymorphic cells, and the deepest layer 5 composed of PCP4-positive cells with long apical dendrites that reached layer 1. The distal subiculum (subiculum 1) consisting of smaller neurons did not show these features. Quantitative analyses of the size and numerical density of somata substantiated this delineation. Both the proximal-distal division and five-layered structure in the subiculum 2 were confirmed throughout the temporal two-thirds of the subiculum. These findings will provide a new structural basis for hippocampal investigations.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang J, Chen J, Cai G, Lu R, Sun T, Luo T, Wu S, Ling S. Exposure to Sevoflurane Affects the Development of Parvalbumin Interneurons in the Main Olfactory Bulb in Mice. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:72. [PMID: 27445710 PMCID: PMC4920108 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sevoflurane is widely used in adult and pediatric patients during clinical surgeries. Although studies have shown that exposure to sevoflurane impairs solfactory memory after an operation, the neuropathological changes underlying this effect are not clear. This study detected the effect of sevoflurane exposure on the development of calcium-binding proteins-expressing interneurons in the main olfactory bulb (MOB). We exposed neonatal mice to 2% sevoflurane at two different developmental time points and found that exposing mice to sevoflurane at postnatal day (PD) 7 significantly decreased the expression of GAD67 and parvalbumin (PV) in the olfactory bulb (OB) but did not alter the expression of calretinin (CR) or calbindin D28k (CB). The number and dendritic morphology of PV-expressing interneurons in the MOB were impaired by exposure to sevoflurane at PD7. However, exposure to sevoflurane at PD10 had no effect on calcium-binding protein expression or the number and dendritic morphology of PV-expressing interneurons in the MOB. These results suggest that exposing neonatal mice to sevoflurane during a critical period of olfactory development affects the development of PV-expressing interneurons in the MOB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Center, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Guohong Cai
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Tingting Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Luo
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Shengxi Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Shucai Ling
- Institute of Neuroscience and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The Characterization of AT 1 Expression in the Dorsal Root Ganglia After Chronic Constriction Injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:545-554. [PMID: 27319015 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the role of Angiotensin II in the regulation of sensory signaling, we characterized the AT1 expression in neuronal subpopulation of lower lumbar dorsal root ganglia under normal conditions and its alteration in neuropathic pain model. The characterization of AT1 expression was done under control and after the chronic constriction injury induced by four loose ligatures of the sciatic nerve representing the model of posttraumatic painful peripheral neuropathy. Major Angiotensin II receptor type was expressed in approximately 43 % of small-sized and 62 % of large-sized neurons in control. The AT1 overexpression after sciatic nerve ligation lasting 7 days was detected predominantly in small-sized AT1 immunoreactive neurons (about 38 % increase). Chronic constriction injury caused a statistically marked increase in number of the small-sized peptidergic (CGRP immunoreactive) neuronal subpopulation expressing AT1 (about 64 %). The subpopulations of AT1-immunoreactive and nonpeptide-containing primary sensory neurons revealed by IB4 binding, tyrosine hydroxylase- and parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons were not markedly changed. Our results indicate that: (1) the AT1 overexpression after the chronic constriction injury is an important factor in Angiotensin II-potentiated pain perception; (2) Angiotensin II is involved in pathological mechanisms of neuropathic pain and this effect can be mediated perhaps in combination with other neuropeptides synthesized in the primary sensory neurons.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bradbury A, Bagel J, Sampson M, Farhat N, Ding W, Swain G, Prociuk M, O'Donnell P, Drobatz K, Gurda B, Wassif C, Remaley A, Porter F, Vite C. Cerebrospinal Fluid Calbindin D Concentration as a Biomarker of Cerebellar Disease Progression in Niemann-Pick Type C1 Disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:254-61. [PMID: 27307499 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.232975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) 1 disease is a rare, inherited, neurodegenerative disease. Clear evidence of the therapeutic efficacy of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) in animal models resulted in the initiation of a phase I/IIa clinical trial in 2013 and a phase IIb/III trial in 2015. With clinical trials ongoing, validation of a biomarker to track disease progression and serve as a supporting outcome measure of therapeutic efficacy has become compulsory. In this study, we evaluated calcium-binding protein calbindin D-28K (calbindin) concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a biomarker of NPC1 disease. In the naturally occurring feline model, CSF calbindin was significantly elevated at 3 weeks of age, prior to the onset of cerebellar dysfunction, and steadily increased to >10-fold over normal at end-stage disease. Biweekly intrathecal administration of HPβCD initiated prior to the onset of neurologic dysfunction completely normalized CSF calbindin in NPC1 cats at all time points analyzed when followed up to 78 weeks of age. Initiation of HPβCD after the onset of clinical signs (16 weeks of age) resulted in a delayed reduction of calbindin levels in the CSF. Evaluation of CSF from patients with NPC1 revealed that calbindin concentrations were significantly elevated compared with CSF samples collected from unaffected patients. Off-label treatment of patients with NPC1 with miglustat, an inhibitor of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, significantly decreased CSF calbindin compared with pretreatment concentrations. These data suggest that the CSF calbindin concentration is a sensitive biomarker of NPC1 disease that could be instrumental as an outcome measure of therapeutic efficacy in ongoing clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Bradbury
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.B., J.B., W.D., G.S., M.P., P.O., K.D., B.G., C.V.); Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.R.); and Division of Translational Research, National Institutes of Health Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland (N.F., C.W., F.P.)
| | - Jessica Bagel
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.B., J.B., W.D., G.S., M.P., P.O., K.D., B.G., C.V.); Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.R.); and Division of Translational Research, National Institutes of Health Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland (N.F., C.W., F.P.)
| | - Maureen Sampson
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.B., J.B., W.D., G.S., M.P., P.O., K.D., B.G., C.V.); Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.R.); and Division of Translational Research, National Institutes of Health Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland (N.F., C.W., F.P.)
| | - Nicole Farhat
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.B., J.B., W.D., G.S., M.P., P.O., K.D., B.G., C.V.); Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.R.); and Division of Translational Research, National Institutes of Health Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland (N.F., C.W., F.P.)
| | - Wenge Ding
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.B., J.B., W.D., G.S., M.P., P.O., K.D., B.G., C.V.); Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.R.); and Division of Translational Research, National Institutes of Health Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland (N.F., C.W., F.P.)
| | - Gary Swain
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.B., J.B., W.D., G.S., M.P., P.O., K.D., B.G., C.V.); Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.R.); and Division of Translational Research, National Institutes of Health Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland (N.F., C.W., F.P.)
| | - Maria Prociuk
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.B., J.B., W.D., G.S., M.P., P.O., K.D., B.G., C.V.); Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.R.); and Division of Translational Research, National Institutes of Health Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland (N.F., C.W., F.P.)
| | - Patricia O'Donnell
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.B., J.B., W.D., G.S., M.P., P.O., K.D., B.G., C.V.); Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.R.); and Division of Translational Research, National Institutes of Health Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland (N.F., C.W., F.P.)
| | - Kenneth Drobatz
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.B., J.B., W.D., G.S., M.P., P.O., K.D., B.G., C.V.); Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.R.); and Division of Translational Research, National Institutes of Health Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland (N.F., C.W., F.P.)
| | - Brittney Gurda
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.B., J.B., W.D., G.S., M.P., P.O., K.D., B.G., C.V.); Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.R.); and Division of Translational Research, National Institutes of Health Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland (N.F., C.W., F.P.)
| | - Christopher Wassif
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.B., J.B., W.D., G.S., M.P., P.O., K.D., B.G., C.V.); Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.R.); and Division of Translational Research, National Institutes of Health Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland (N.F., C.W., F.P.)
| | - Alan Remaley
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.B., J.B., W.D., G.S., M.P., P.O., K.D., B.G., C.V.); Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.R.); and Division of Translational Research, National Institutes of Health Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland (N.F., C.W., F.P.)
| | - Forbes Porter
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.B., J.B., W.D., G.S., M.P., P.O., K.D., B.G., C.V.); Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.R.); and Division of Translational Research, National Institutes of Health Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland (N.F., C.W., F.P.)
| | - Charles Vite
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.B., J.B., W.D., G.S., M.P., P.O., K.D., B.G., C.V.); Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (M.S., A.R.); and Division of Translational Research, National Institutes of Health Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland (N.F., C.W., F.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Harris EP, Abel JM, Tejada LD, Rissman EF. Calbindin Knockout Alters Sex-Specific Regulation of Behavior and Gene Expression in Amygdala and Prefrontal Cortex. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1967-79. [PMID: 27010449 PMCID: PMC4870870 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Calbindin-D(28K) (Calb1), a high-affinity calcium buffer/sensor, shows abundant expression in neurons and has been associated with a number of neurobehavioral diseases, many of which are sexually dimorphic in incidence. Behavioral and physiological end points are affected by experimental manipulations of calbindin levels, including disruption of spatial learning, hippocampal long-term potentiation, and circadian rhythms. In this study, we investigated novel aspects of calbindin function on social behavior, anxiety-like behavior, and fear conditioning in adult mice of both sexes by comparing wild-type to littermate Calb1 KO mice. Because Calb1 mRNA and protein are sexually dimorphic in some areas of the brain, we hypothesized that sex differences in behavioral responses of these behaviors would be eliminated or revealed in Calb1 KO mice. We also examined gene expression in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, two areas of the brain intimately connected with limbic system control of the behaviors tested, in response to sex and genotype. Our results demonstrate that fear memory and social behavior are altered in male knockout mice, and Calb1 KO mice of both sexes show less anxiety. Moreover, gene expression studies of the amygdala and prefrontal cortex revealed several significant genotype and sex effects in genes related to brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling, hormone receptors, histone deacetylases, and γ-aminobutyric acid signaling. Our findings are the first to directly link calbindin with affective and social behaviors in rodents; moreover, the results suggest that sex differences in calbindin protein influence behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin P Harris
- Neuroscience Graduate Program (E.P.H., L.D.T.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (J.M.A., E.F.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Jean M Abel
- Neuroscience Graduate Program (E.P.H., L.D.T.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (J.M.A., E.F.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Lucia D Tejada
- Neuroscience Graduate Program (E.P.H., L.D.T.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (J.M.A., E.F.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Emilie F Rissman
- Neuroscience Graduate Program (E.P.H., L.D.T.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (J.M.A., E.F.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Basu J, Siegelbaum SA. The Corticohippocampal Circuit, Synaptic Plasticity, and Memory. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:7/11/a021733. [PMID: 26525152 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity serves as a cellular substrate for information storage in the central nervous system. The entorhinal cortex (EC) and hippocampus are interconnected brain areas supporting basic cognitive functions important for the formation and retrieval of declarative memories. Here, we discuss how information flow in the EC-hippocampal loop is organized through circuit design. We highlight recently identified corticohippocampal and intrahippocampal connections and how these long-range and local microcircuits contribute to learning. This review also describes various forms of activity-dependent mechanisms that change the strength of corticohippocampal synaptic transmission. A key point to emerge from these studies is that patterned activity and interaction of coincident inputs gives rise to associational plasticity and long-term regulation of information flow. Finally, we offer insights about how learning-related synaptic plasticity within the corticohippocampal circuit during sensory experiences may enable adaptive behaviors for encoding spatial, episodic, social, and contextual memories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayeeta Basu
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Steven A Siegelbaum
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Becker EBE. The Moonwalker mouse: new insights into TRPC3 function, cerebellar development, and ataxia. THE CEREBELLUM 2015; 13:628-36. [PMID: 24797279 PMCID: PMC4155175 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-014-0564-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The Moonwalker (Mwk) mouse is a recent model of dominantly inherited cerebellar ataxia. The motor phenotype of the Mwk mouse is due to a gain-of-function mutation in the gene encoding the cation-permeable transient receptor potential channel (TRPC3). This mutation converts a threonine into an alanine in the highly conserved cytoplasmic S4–S5 linker of the channel, affecting channel gating. TRPC3 is highly expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells and type II unipolar brush cells that both degenerate in the Mwk mouse. Studies of the Mwk mouse have provided new insights into the role of TRPC3 in cerebellar development and disease, which could not have been predicted from the Trpc3 knockout phenotype. Here, the genetic, behavioral, histological, and functional characterization of the Mwk mouse is reviewed. Moreover, the relationship of the Mwk mutant to other cerebellar mouse models and its relevance as a model for cerebellar ataxia are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther B E Becker
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Regional Specializations of the PAZ Proteomes Derived from Mouse Hippocampus, Olfactory Bulb and Cerebellum. Proteomes 2015; 3:74-88. [PMID: 28248263 PMCID: PMC5217373 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes3020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitter release as well as structural and functional dynamics at the presynaptic active zone (PAZ) comprising synaptic vesicles attached to the presynaptic plasma membrane are mediated and controlled by its proteinaceous components. Here we describe a novel experimental design to immunopurify the native PAZ-complex from individual mouse brain regions such as olfactory bulb, hippocampus, and cerebellum with high purity that is essential for comparing their proteome composition. Interestingly, quantitative immunodetection demonstrates significant differences in the abundance of prominent calcium-dependent PAZ constituents. Furthermore, we characterized the proteomes of the immunoisolated PAZ derived from the three brain regions by mass spectrometry. The proteomes of the release sites from the respective regions exhibited remarkable differences in the abundance of a large variety of PAZ constituents involved in various functional aspects of the release sites such as calcium homeostasis, synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. On the one hand, our data support an identical core architecture of the PAZ for all brain regions and, on the other hand, demonstrate that the proteinaceous composition of their presynaptic active zones vary, suggesting that changes in abundance of individual proteins strengthen the ability of the release sites to adapt to specific functional requirements.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
The main Zeitgeber, the day-night cycle, synchronizes the central oscillator which determines behaviors rhythms as sleep-wake behavior, body temperature, the regulation of hormone secretion, and the acquisition and processing of memory. Thus, actions such as acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval performed in the hippocampus are modulated by the circadian system and show a varied dependence on light and dark. To investigate changes in the hippocampus' cellular mechanism invoked by the day and night in a diurnal primate, this study analyzed the expression of PER2 and the calcium binding proteins (CaBPs) calbindin, calretinin and parvalbumin in the hippocampus of Sapajus apella, a diurnal primate, at two different time points, one during the day and one during the dark phase. The PER2 protein expression peaked at night in the antiphase described for the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the same primate, indicating that hippocampal cells can present independent rhythmicity. This hippocampal rhythm was similar to that presented by diurnal but not nocturnal rodents. The CaBPs immunoreactivity also showed day/night variations in the cell number and in the cell morphology. Our findings provide evidence for the claim that the circadian regulation in the hippocampus may involve rhythms of PER2 and CaBPs expression that may contribute to the adaptation of this species in events and activities relevant to the respective periods.
Collapse
|
16
|
GENG YU, LIN HAOTIAN, CHEN WAN, LIU ZHAOCHUAN, XIANG WU, CHEN WEIRONG. Age-related reduction in calbindin-D28K expression in the Sprague-Dawley rat lens. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:422-6. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
17
|
Rivera P, Arrabal S, Cifuentes M, Grondona JM, Pérez-Martín M, Rubio L, Vargas A, Serrano A, Pavón FJ, Suárez J, Rodríguez de Fonseca F. Localization of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor and the 2-AG synthesizing (DAGLα) and degrading (MAGL, FAAH) enzymes in cells expressing the Ca(2+)-binding proteins calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin in the adult rat hippocampus. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:56. [PMID: 25018703 PMCID: PMC4073216 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The retrograde suppression of the synaptic transmission by the endocannabinoid sn-2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is mediated by the cannabinoid CB1 receptors and requires the elevation of intracellular Ca2+ and the activation of specific 2-AG synthesizing (i.e., DAGLα) enzymes. However, the anatomical organization of the neuronal substrates that express 2-AG/CB1 signaling system-related molecules associated with selective Ca2+-binding proteins (CaBPs) is still unknown. For this purpose, we used double-label immunofluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy for the characterization of the expression of the 2-AG/CB1 signaling system (CB1 receptor, DAGLα, MAGL, and FAAH) and the CaBPs calbindin D28k, calretinin, and parvalbumin in the rat hippocampus. CB1, DAGLα, and MAGL labeling was mainly localized in fibers and neuropil, which were differentially organized depending on the hippocampal CaBPs-expressing cells. CB+1 fiber terminals localized in all hippocampal principal cell layers were tightly attached to calbindin+ cells (granular and pyramidal neurons), and calretinin+ and parvalbumin+ interneurons. DAGLα neuropil labeling was selectively found surrounding calbindin+ principal cells in the dentate gyrus and CA1, and in the calretinin+ and parvalbumin+ interneurons in the pyramidal cell layers of the CA1/3 fields. MAGL+ terminals were only observed around CA1 calbindin+ pyramidal cells, CA1/3 calretinin+ interneurons and CA3 parvalbumin+ interneurons localized in the pyramidal cell layers. Interestingly, calbindin+ pyramidal cells expressed FAAH specifically in the CA1 field. The identification of anatomically related-neuronal substrates that expressed 2-AG/CB1 signaling system and selective CaBPs should be considered when analyzing the cannabinoid signaling associated with hippocampal functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rivera
- Laboratorio de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (UGC Salud Mental) Málaga, Spain ; CIBER OBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Arrabal
- Laboratorio de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (UGC Salud Mental) Málaga, Spain ; CIBER OBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Cifuentes
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain ; CIBER BBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Grondona
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Margarita Pérez-Martín
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Leticia Rubio
- Departamento de Anatomía y Medicina Legal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Vargas
- Laboratorio de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (UGC Salud Mental) Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- Laboratorio de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (UGC Salud Mental) Málaga, Spain ; CIBER OBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Pavón
- Laboratorio de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (UGC Salud Mental) Málaga, Spain ; CIBER OBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- Laboratorio de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (UGC Salud Mental) Málaga, Spain ; CIBER OBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Laboratorio de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (UGC Salud Mental) Málaga, Spain ; CIBER OBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rivera P, Arrabal S, Vargas A, Blanco E, Serrano A, Pavón FJ, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Suárez J. Localization of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) in cells expressing the Ca(2+)-binding proteins calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin in the adult rat hippocampus. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:12. [PMID: 24672435 PMCID: PMC3955776 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmithylethanolamide (PEA) are known to be endogenous ligands of PPARα receptors, and their presence requires the activation of a specific phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) associated with intracellular Ca2+ fluxes. Thus, the identification of a specific population of NAPE-PLD/PPARα-containing neurons that express selective Ca2+-binding proteins (CaBPs) may provide a neuroanatomical basis to better understand the PPARα system in the brain. For this purpose, we used double-label immunofluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy for the characterization of the co-existence of NAPE-PLD/PPARα and the CaBPs calbindin D28k, calretinin and parvalbumin in the rat hippocampus. PPARα expression was specifically localized in the cell nucleus and, occasionally, in the cytoplasm of the principal cells (dentate granular and CA pyramidal cells) and some non-principal cells of the hippocampus. PPARα was expressed in the calbindin-containing cells of the granular cell layer of the dentate gyrus (DG) and the SP of CA1. These principal PPARα+/calbindin+ cells were closely surrounded by NAPE-PLD+ fiber varicosities. No pyramidal PPARα+/calbindin+ cells were detected in CA3. Most cells containing parvalbumin expressed both NAPE-PLD and PPARα in the principal layers of the DG and CA1/3. A small number of cells containing PPARα and calretinin was found along the hippocampus. Scattered NAPE-PLD+/calretinin+ cells were specifically detected in CA3. NAPE-PLD+ puncta surrounded the calretinin+ cells localized in the principal cells of the DG and CA1. The identification of the hippocampal subpopulations of NAPE-PLD/PPARα-containing neurons that express selective CaBPs should be considered when analyzing the role of NAEs/PPARα-signaling system in the regulation of hippocampal functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rivera
- Laboratorio de Investigación (UGC Salud Mental), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain ; CIBER OBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Arrabal
- Laboratorio de Investigación (UGC Salud Mental), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain ; CIBER OBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Vargas
- Laboratorio de Investigación (UGC Salud Mental), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo Blanco
- Departament de Pedagogia i Psicologia, Facultat de Ciències de l'Educació, Universitat de Lleida Lleida, Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- Laboratorio de Investigación (UGC Salud Mental), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain ; CIBER OBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Pavón
- Laboratorio de Investigación (UGC Salud Mental), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain ; CIBER OBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Laboratorio de Investigación (UGC Salud Mental), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain ; CIBER OBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- Laboratorio de Investigación (UGC Salud Mental), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain ; CIBER OBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Sex differences in many behaviors such as cognition, mood, and motor skills are well-documented in animals and humans and are regulated by many neural circuits. Sexual dimorphisms within cell populations in these circuits play critical roles in the production of these behavioral dichotomies. Here we focus on three proteins that have well described sexual dimorphisms; calbindin-D28k, a calcium binding protein, tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate limiting enzyme involved in dopamine synthesis and vasopressin, a neuropeptide with central and peripheral sites of action. We describe the sex differences in subpopulations of these proteins, with particular emphasis on laboratory mice. Our thrust is to examine genetic bases of sex differences and how the use of genetically modified models has advanced our understanding of this topic. Regional sex differences in the expression of these three proteins are driven by sex chromosome complement, steroid receptors or in some instances both. While studies of sex differences attributable to sex chromosome genes are still few in number it is exciting to note that this variable factors into expression differences for all three of these proteins. Different genetic mechanisms, which elaborate sex differences, may be employed stochastically in different cell populations. Alternately, general patterns involving the timing of differentiation of the sex differences, relative to the "critical period" in hormonal differences between males and female neonates may emerge. In conclusion, future directions in this area should include examination of the importance of location, timing, steroidal receptor/sex chromosome gene synergy and epigenetics in molding neural sex differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean LeBeau Abel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, PO Box 800733, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Marzban H, Hoy N, Marotte LR, Hawkes R. Antigenic compartmentation of the cerebellar cortex in an Australian marsupial, the tammar wallaby Macropus eugenii. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2012; 80:196-209. [PMID: 22907194 DOI: 10.1159/000340069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian cerebellar cortex is apparently uniform in composition, but a complex heterogeneous pattern can be revealed by using biochemical markers such as zebrin II/aldolase C, which is expressed by a subset of Purkinje cells that form a highly reproducible array of transverse zones and parasagittal stripes. The architecture revealed by zebrin II expression is conserved among many taxa of birds and mammals. In this report zebrin II immunohistochemistry has been used in both section and whole-mount preparations to analyze the cerebellar architecture of the Australian tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). The gross appearance of the wallaby cerebellum is remarkable, with unusually elaborate cerebellar lobules with multiple sublobules and fissures. However, despite the morphological complexity, the underlying zone and stripe architecture is conserved and the typical mammalian organization is present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Marzban
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, and Genes and Development Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Early protein malnutrition disrupts cerebellar development and impairs motor coordination. Br J Nutr 2011; 107:1167-75. [PMID: 22050885 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511004119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Maternal malnutrition affects every aspect of fetal development. The present study asked the question whether a low-protein diet of the mother could result in motor deficits in the offspring. Further, to examine whether cerebellar pathology was correlated with motor deficits, several parameters of the postnatal development of the cerebellum were assayed. This is especially important because the development of the cerebellum is unique in that the time scale of development is protracted compared with that of the cortex or hippocampus. The most important result of the study is that animals born to protein-deficient mothers showed significant delays in motor development as assessed by rotarod and gait analysis. These animals also showed reduced cell proliferation and reduced thickness in the external granular layer. There was a reduction in the number of calbindin-positive Purkinje cells (PC) and granular cells in the internal granular layer. However, glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive population including Bergmann glia remained unaffected. We therefore conclude that the development of the granular cell layer and the PC is specifically prone to the effects of protein malnutrition potentially due to their protracted developmental period from approximately embryonic day 11 to 13 until about the third postnatal week.
Collapse
|
22
|
Pavel J, Hricová L, Jergová S, Lukáčová N. The impact of short-lasting repeated vibrations on retrograde axonal transport, the expression of CGRP and parvalbumin in lower lumbar dorsal root ganglia. Brain Res 2011; 1396:1-10. [PMID: 21561603 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A prolonged exposure to vibration stimuli triggers pathological changes with many later manifested symptoms. Early vibration-induced changes are still not very well explored. Therefore, short 30 min vibration period per day with frequency 60 Hz repeated for 10 days was used, and the retrograde axonal transport from the sciatic nerve, the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and parvalbumin (PV) were studied in the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) corresponding to lower lumbar spinal levels. Repeated vibration markedly decreased (25 and 34%) the accumulation of retrogradely transported Fluorogold to spinal motor neurons, whereas a significant increase (35 and 25%) was seen in the DRG primary sensory neurons corresponding to the L4 and L5 spinal level. Immunohistochemical studies showed a significant reduction of CGRP-positive small-sized neuronal cells in both DRGs. Fluoro-Jade labeling revealed that marked loss of CGRP-imunoreactive DRG sensory neurons is not due to neuronal degeneration. CGRP protein expression determined by Western blot analysis and optical density measurement, and NGF level measured by ELISA have been decreased, markedly only at the L4 DRG. PV protein expression was not affected by short repeated vibrations. Our results indicate that (a) short-lasting repeated vibrations affect the retrograde axonal transport in the DRG sensory neurons differently than in spinal motor neurons; (b) a decreased NGF-dependent CGRP production in the DRG primary sensory neurons plays an important role in early vibration-induced pathological mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Pavel
- Institute of Neurobiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kim JY, Marzban H, Chung SH, Watanabe M, Eisenman LM, Hawkes R. Purkinje cell compartmentation of the cerebellum of microchiropteran bats. J Comp Neurol 2009; 517:193-209. [PMID: 19731335 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Transverse boundaries divide the mammalian cerebellar cortex into transverse zones, and within each zone the cortex is further subdivided into a symmetrical array of parasagittal stripes. This topography is highly conserved across the Mammalia. Bats have a remarkable cerebellum with presumed adaptations to flight and to echolocation, but nothing is known of its compartmentation. We have therefore used two Purkinje cell compartmentation antigens, zebrin II/aldolase C and phospholipase Cbeta4, to reveal the topography of the cerebellum in microchiropteran bats. Three species of bat were studied, Lasiurus cinereus, Lasionycteris noctivagans, and Eptesicus fuscus. A reproducible pattern of zones and stripes was revealed that is similar across the three species. The architecture of the bat cerebellum conforms to the ground plan of other mammals. However, two exceptions to the highly conserved mammalian architectural plan were revealed. First, many Purkinje cells in lobule I express zebrin II. A zebrin II-immunopositive lobule I has not been seen previously in mammals but is characteristic of the avian cerebellum. Second, lobules VI-VII comprise the large central zone. Within the central zone two subdomains are evident, a small anterior subdomain (lobule VI) in which Purkinje cells are predominantly zebrin II-immunopositive/PLCbeta4-immunonegative, as in other mammals, and a posterior subdomain (lobule VII), in which alternating zebrin II/phospholipase Cbeta4 stripes are prominent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Kim
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Genes and Development Research Group, and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Roland JJ, Savage LM. The role of cholinergic and GABAergic medial septal/diagonal band cell populations in the emergence of diencephalic amnesia. Neuroscience 2009; 160:32-41. [PMID: 19264109 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 01/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The septohippocampal pathway, which is mostly composed of cholinergic and GABAergic projections between the medial septum/diagonal band (MS/DB) and the hippocampus, has an established role in learning, memory and disorders of cognition. In Wernicke-Korsakoff's syndrome (WKS) and the animal model of the disorder, pyrithiamine-induced thiamine deficiency (PTD), there is both diencephalic damage and basal forebrain cell loss that could contribute to the amnesic state. In the current experiment, we used the PTD animal model to access both cholinergic (choline acetyltransferase [ChAT] immunopositive) and GABAergic (parvalbumin [PV]; calbindin [CaBP]) neuronal loss in the MS/DB in relationship to midline-thalamic pathology. In addition, to gain an understanding about the role of such neuropathology in behavioral dysfunction, animals were tested on a non-rewarded spontaneous alternation task and behavioral performance was correlated to neuropathology. Unbiased stereological assessment of neuronal populations revealed that ChAT-positive neurons were significantly reduced in PTD rats, relative to control pair-fed rats, and thalamic mass and behavioral performance correlated with ChAT neuronal estimates. In contrast, both the PV- and CaBP-positive neurons in the MS/DB were not affected by PTD treatment. These results support an interactive role of both thalamic pathology and cholinergic cell loss in diencephalic amnesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Roland
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Menegola M, Misonou H, Vacher H, Trimmer JS. Dendritic A-type potassium channel subunit expression in CA1 hippocampal interneurons. Neuroscience 2008; 154:953-64. [PMID: 18495361 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels are important and diverse determinants of neuronal excitability and exhibit specific expression patterns throughout the brain. Among Kv channels, Kv4 channels are major determinants of somatodendritic A-type current and are essential in controlling the amplitude of backpropagating action potentials (BAPs) into neuronal dendrites. BAPs have been well studied in a variety of neurons, and have been recently described in hippocampal and cortical interneurons, a heterogeneous population of GABAergic inhibitory cells that regulate activity of principal cells and neuronal networks. We used well-characterized mouse monoclonal antibodies against the Kv4.3 and potassium channel interacting protein (KChIP) 1 subunits of A-type Kv channels, and antibodies against different interneuron markers in single- and double-label immunohistochemistry experiments to analyze the expression patterns of Kv4.3 and KChIP1 in hippocampal Ammon's horn (CA1) neurons. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 40 mum rat brain sections using nickel-enhanced diaminobenzidine staining or multiple-label immunofluorescence. Our results show that Kv4.3 and KChIP1 component subunits of A-type channels are co-localized in the soma and dendrites of a large number of GABAergic hippocampal interneurons. These subunits co-localize extensively but not completely with markers defining the four major interneuron subpopulations tested (parvalbumin, calbindin, calretinin, and somatostatin). These results suggest that CA1 hippocampal interneurons can be divided in two groups according to the expression of Kv4.3/KChIP1 channel subunits. Antibodies against Kv4.3 and KChIP1 represent an important new tool for identifying a subpopulation of hippocampal interneurons with a unique dendritic A-type channel complement and ability to control BAPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Menegola
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, 196 Briggs Hall, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8519, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Onishi T, Shintani S, Wakisaka S, Ooshima T. Relationship of vitamin D with calbindin D9k and D28k expression in ameloblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2007; 53:117-23. [PMID: 17981260 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2007.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Calbindin D9k (CB9k) and D28k (CB28k) are intracellular soluble calcium-binding proteins, whose expressions are considered to be regulated by vitamin D. However, the amount of CB28k expression in the kidneys of vitamin D receptor-null mice was reported to be similar to that in wild type mice, suggesting no dependence on vitamin D for its expression in kidneys. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of vitamin D on the expressions of CB9k and CB28k during amelogenesis. DESIGN Rats fed a vitamin D-deficient diet (VD(-) rats) or a standard diet (VD(+) rats) were subjected to immunohistochemical assays using anti-CB9k and anti-CB28k anti-serum. Further, after culturing in medium containing 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) at various doses, quantitative RT-PCR analyses of CB9k and CB28k mRNA were performed using tooth germs from the lower first molars of ICR mice. RESULTS CB9k-immunoreactivity was detected faintly during the secretory stage of ameloblasts in the incisors of VD(+) rats, with increased staining observed during the maturation stage, whereas no such immunoreactivity was detected in those of VD(-) rats. In contrast, the distribution of CB28k in the teeth of VD(-) rats was nearly identical to that in teeth of VD(+) rats, with immunoreactivity detected in both secretory and maturation ameloblasts. Further, quantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed that the amount of CB9k mRNA was increased in a dose-dependent manner, whereas that of CB28k mRNA was not changed. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D has no effect on the expression of CB28k, whereas it has a significant effect on that of CB9k in ameloblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Onishi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jadhao AG, Malz CR. Localization of calcium-binding protein (calretinin, 29kD) in the brain and pituitary gland of teleost fish: An immunohistochemical study. Neurosci Res 2007; 59:265-76. [PMID: 17714817 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 07/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Immunocytochemical techniques were used to investigate the distribution of calretinin in the brain and pituitary gland of the hardhead catfish Arius felis. Calretinin immunoreactive neurons were found in the telencephalon (lateral nucleus of ventral telencephalic area), diencephalon (around the medial forebrain bundle, lateral tuberal nucleus, central pretectal nucleus, posterior periventricular hypothalamic nucleus, medial preglomerular nucleus, diffuse nucleus of the inferior lobe), mesencephalon (nucleus of the medial longitudinal fascicle, ventral nucleus of the semicircular torus), cerebellum (valvula cerebelli, eurydendroid cells) and rhombencephalon (secondary gustatory nucleus, isthmic nucleus, trigeminal motor nucleus, medial auditory nucleus of the medulla, medial and inferior reticular formation, anterior, descending, posterior and tangential octaval nuclei). Calretinin-labeled fibers were observed in the optic nerve and at the levels of the central pretectal nucleus, the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fascicle, the ventral nucleus of the semicircular torus, the secondary gustatory nucleus, the trigeminal motor nucleus, the eurydendroid cells, the medial auditory nucleus of the medulla and the octaval nucleus. For the first time, we are reporting on calretinin-positive cells in the rostral and proximal pars distalis of the adenohypophysis. Although, it seems speculatory, calretinin-expressing cells in the pituitary gland may be involved in hormonal regulation and hence, calretinin might play a significant role in governing hypophysial functions in fishes. Our results suggest that calretinin shows species-specific variations also among the teleost fish, similar to mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun G Jadhao
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Center of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Goettingen, Kreuzbergring 36, D-37075 Goettingen, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chung S, Zhang Y, Van Der Hoorn F, Hawkes R. The anatomy of the cerebellar nuclei in the normal and scrambler mouse as revealed by the expression of the microtubule-associated protein kinesin light chain 3. Brain Res 2007; 1140:120-31. [PMID: 17447264 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.01.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conventional kinesin is a motor protein complex including two heavy chains and two light chains (KLC). Junco et al. (Junco, A., Bhullar, B., Tarnasky, H.A. and van der Hoorn, F.A., 2001. Kinesin light-chain KLC3 expression in testis is restricted to spermatids. Biol. Reprod. 64, 1320-1330). recently reported the isolation of a novel KLC gene, klc3. In the present report, immunohistochemistry has been used to characterize the expression of KLC3 in the cerebella of normal and scrambler (scm) mutant mice. In cryostat sections through the cerebellum of the normal adult mouse immunoperoxidase stained for KLC3, reaction product is deposited in the nuclei and somata of deep cerebellar nuclear neurons. No other structures are stained in the cerebellum. Strong and specific KLC3 expression is observed in the adult cerebellum in all three major cerebellar nuclei--medial, interposed, and lateral. Double immunofluorescence studies reveal that KLC3 immunoreactivity is colocalized with both endosomes and GW bodies. KLC3 immunohistochemistry has been exploited to study the organization of the cerebellar nuclei in scrambler mice, in which disruption of the mdab1 gene results in severe foliation defects due to Purkinje cell ectopia, with most Purkinje cells clumped in centrally located clusters. Despite the severe failure of Purkinje cell migration, the cerebellar nuclei appear normal in scrambler mutant mice, suggesting that their topography is dependent neither on normal Purkinje cell positioning nor the Reelin signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyuk Chung
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, and Genes and Development Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Parrish-Aungst S, Shipley MT, Erdelyi F, Szabo G, Puche AC. Quantitative analysis of neuronal diversity in the mouse olfactory bulb. J Comp Neurol 2007; 501:825-36. [PMID: 17311323 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory sensory information is processed and integrated by circuits within the olfactory bulb. Golgi morphology suggests the olfactory bulb contains several major neuronal classes. However, an increasingly diverse collection of neurochemical markers have been localized in subpopulations of olfactory bulb neurons. While the mouse is becoming the animal model of choice for olfactory research, little is known about the proportions of neurons expressing and coexpressing different neurochemical markers in this species. Here we characterize neuronal populations in the mouse main olfactory bulb, focusing on glomerular populations. Immunofluorescent labeling for: 1) calretinin, 2) calbindin D-28K (CB), 3) parvalbumin, 4) neurocalcin, 5) tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), 6) the 67-kDa isoform of GAD (GAD67), and 7) the neuronal marker NeuN was performed in mice expressing green fluorescent protein under the control of the glutamic acid decarboxylase 65kDa (GAD65) promoter. Using unbiased stereological cell counts we estimated the total numbers of cells and neurons in the bulb and the number and percentage of neurons expressing and coexpressing different neurochemical populations in each layer of the olfactory bulb. Use of a genetic label for GAD65 and immunohistochemistry for GAD67 identified a much larger percentage of GABAergic neurons in the glomerular layer (55% of all neurons) than previously recognized. Additionally, while many glomerular neurons expressing TH or CB coexpress GAD, the majority of these neurons preferentially express the GAD67 isoform. These data suggest that the chemospecific populations of neurons in glomeruli form distinct subpopulations and that GAD isoforms are preferentially regulated in different neurochemical cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Parrish-Aungst
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Marzban H, Hawkes R. Fibroblast growth factor promotes the development of deep cerebellar nuclear neurons in dissociated mouse cerebellar cultures. Brain Res 2007; 1141:25-36. [PMID: 17300764 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Revised: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei and excitatory cerebellar interneurons arise from the rhombic lip of the cerebellar anlage. In contrast, Purkinje cells and inhibitory interneurons arise in the neuroepithelium of the fourth ventricle. During development, the projection neurons of the cerebellar nuclei are born first (embryo age (E)9-E12 in mouse) followed closely by the Purkinje cells (E10-E13). Cerebellar interneurons arise later and differentiate postnatally. We have examined the development of cerebellar nuclear neurons in primary cultures. Embryonic cerebella from E15 to E18 pups were cultured 21 days in vitro. Three distinct classes of large neurons were identified: those expressing calbindin, typical of Purkinje cells; those expressing neurogranin (Golgi cells); and a third class expressing parvalbumin but not calbindin, consistent with the morphology of large projection neurons of the cerebellar nuclei. These neurons also express Tbr1, a specific antigenic marker of cerebellar nuclear neurons. Birthdating by using BrdU incorporation shows that the putative DCN neurons are not born in vitro. To confirm their identity the E18 cerebellum was dissected into cerebellar nuclear-containing (ventral) and -lacking (dorsal) halves, which were then dissociated and cultured separately. Only the ventral cultures produce putative cerebellar nuclear neurons. In contrast to E15-E18 cultures, dissociated E13-E14 cerebella in vitro do not yield putative cerebellar nuclear neurons. However, E14 cultures do produce them when fibroblast growth factors are added to the medium. We conclude that FGF signaling is required for the maturation of cerebellar nuclear neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Marzban
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Genes and Development Research Group, and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pakan JMP, Iwaniuk AN, Wylie DRW, Hawkes R, Marzban H. Purkinje cell compartmentation as revealed by Zebrin II expression in the cerebellar cortex of pigeons (Columba livia). J Comp Neurol 2007; 501:619-30. [PMID: 17278140 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Purkinje cells in the cerebellum express the antigen zebrin II (aldolase C) in many vertebrates. In mammals, zebrin is expressed in a parasagittal fashion, with alternating immunopositive and immunonegative stripes. Whether a similar pattern is expressed in birds is unknown. Here we present the first investigation into zebrin II expression in a bird: the adult pigeon (Columba livia). Western blotting of pigeon cerebellar homogenates reveals a single polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 36 kDa that is indistinguishable from zebrin II in the mouse. Zebrin II expression in the pigeon cerebellum is prominent in Purkinje cells, including their dendrites, somata, axons, and axon terminals. Parasagittal stripes were apparent with bands of Purkinje cells that strongly expressed zebrin II (+ve) alternating with bands that expressed zebrin II weakly or not at all (-ve). The stripes were most prominent in folium IXcd, where there were seven +ve/-ve stripes, bilaterally. In folia VI-IXab, several thin stripes were observed spanning the mediolateral extent of the folia, including three pairs of +ve/-ve stripes that extended across the lateral surface of the cerebellum. In folium VI the zebrin II expression in Purkinje cells was stronger overall, resulting in less apparent stripes. In folia II-V, four distinct +ve/-ve stripes were apparent. Finally, in folia I (lingula) and X (nodulus) all Purkinje cells strongly expressed zebrin II. These data are compared with studies of zebrin II expression in other species, as well as physiological and neuroanatomical studies that address the parasagittal organization of the pigeon cerebellum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janelle M P Pakan
- University Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
McNeill E, Conway SJ, Roderick HL, Bootman MD, Hogg N. Defective chemoattractant-induced calcium signalling in S100A9 null neutrophils. Cell Calcium 2006; 41:107-21. [PMID: 16814379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 05/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The S100 family member S100A9 and its heterodimeric partner, S100A8, are cytosolic Ca2+ binding proteins abundantly expressed in neutrophils. To understand the role of this EF-hand-containing complex in Ca2+ signalling, neutrophils from S100A9 null mice were investigated. There was no role for the complex in buffering acute cytosolic Ca2+ elevations. However, Ca2+ responses to inflammatory agents such as chemokines MIP-2 and KC and other agonists are altered. For S100A9 null neutrophils, signalling at the level of G proteins is normal, as is release of Ca2+ from the IP(3) receptor-gated intracellular stores. However MIP-2 and FMLP signalling in S100A9 null neutrophils was less susceptible than wildtype to PLCbeta inhibition, revealing dis-regulation of the signalling pathway at this level. Downstream of PLCbeta, there was reduced intracellular Ca2+ release induced by sub-maximal levels of chemokines. Conversely the response to FMLP was uncompromised, demonstrating different regulation compared to MIP-2 stimulation. Study of the activity of PLC product DAG revealed that chemokine-induced signalling was susceptible to inhibition by elevated DAG with S100A9 null cells showing enhanced inhibition by DAG. This study defines a lesion in S100A9 null neutrophils associated with inflammatory agonist-induced IP3-mediated Ca2+ release that is manifested at the level of PLCbeta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E McNeill
- Leukocyte Adhesion Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute (CRUK LRI), 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gulyás AI, Buzsáki G, Freund TF, Hirase H. Populations of hippocampal inhibitory neurons express different levels of cytochromec. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 23:2581-94. [PMID: 16817861 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04814.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c (CC) immunoreactivity was quantified in functionally distinct rat hippocampal inhibitory neuron populations using double immunocytochemistry and laser scanning confocal microscopy to measure the CC expression level as well as the amount of mitochondria within the cells, which is a sign of neuronal activity. The CC signal showed a similar distribution to cytochrome c oxidase histochemical staining. Strongly stained somata, dendrites and axon terminal clouds were dispersed over the low intensity neuropil staining. The staining was granular and electron microscopic investigation confirmed that the signal was localized in mitochondria. Intensively labeled neurons, showing the morphological features of inhibitory cells, were most frequently found in the principal cell layers, stratum oriens of the CA1-3 areas, stratum lucidum and hilus. These neurons contained not only a higher number of mitochondria than the principal cells but the intensity of the mitochondrial staining was evidently stronger. Among the examined interneuronal populations, parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons were intensively labeled for CC. Calbindin D28k- (CB), somatostatin- and cholecystokinin-labeled cells showed heterogeneous CC levels, whereas calretinin-immunoreactive cells never showed a strong CC signal. CB cells in stratum oriens and alveus layers, lucidum and the hilus were strongly labeled for CC. CB cells in such regions are known to project to the medial septum and contain somatostatin. We have demonstrated that the CA1 interneurons that project to the medial septum (hippocampo-septal neurons) express a high level of CC. Thus, similar to the parvalbumin-containing basket and axo-axonic cells, the hippocampo-septal neurons potentially have a high average activity level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Attila I Gulyás
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hackney CM, Mahendrasingam S, Penn A, Fettiplace R. The concentrations of calcium buffering proteins in mammalian cochlear hair cells. J Neurosci 2006; 25:7867-75. [PMID: 16120789 PMCID: PMC6725244 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1196-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium buffers are important for shaping and localizing cytoplasmic Ca2+ transients in neurons. We measured the concentrations of the four main calcium-buffering proteins (calbindin-D28k, calretinin, parvalbumin-alpha, and parvalbumin-beta) in rat cochlear hair cells in which Ca2+ signaling is a central element of fast transduction and synaptic transmission. The proteins were quantified by calibrating immunogold tissue counts against gels containing known amounts of each protein, and the method was verified by application to Purkinje cells in which independent estimates exist for some of the protein concentrations. The results showed that, in animals with fully developed hearing, inner hair cells had 110 of the proteinaceous calcium buffer of outer hair cells in which the cell body contained parvalbumin-beta (oncomodulin) and calbindin-D28k at levels equivalent to 5 mm calcium-binding sites. Both proteins were partially excluded from the hair bundles, which may permit fast unbuffered Ca2+ regulation of the mechanotransducer channels. The sum of the calcium buffer concentrations decreased in inner hair cells and increased in outer hair cells as the cells developed their adult properties during cochlear maturation. The results suggest that Ca2+ has distinct roles in the two types of hair cell, reflecting their different functions in auditory transduction. Ca2+ is used in inner hair cells primarily for fast phase-locked synaptic transmission, whereas Ca2+ may be involved in regulating the motor capability underlying cochlear amplification of the outer hair cell. The high concentration of calcium buffer in outer hair cells, similar only to skeletal muscle, may protect against deleterious consequences of Ca2+ loading after acoustic overstimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carole M Hackney
- MacKay Institute of Communication and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bodor AL, Katona I, Nyíri G, Mackie K, Ledent C, Hájos N, Freund TF. Endocannabinoid signaling in rat somatosensory cortex: laminar differences and involvement of specific interneuron types. J Neurosci 2006; 25:6845-56. [PMID: 16033894 PMCID: PMC6725346 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0442-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoid-mediated retrograde signaling exerts powerful control over synaptic transmission in many brain areas. However, in the neocortex, the precise laminar, cellular, and subcellular localization of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) as well as its function has been elusive. Here we combined multiple immunolabeling with whole-cell recordings to investigate the morpho-functional characteristics of cannabinoid signaling in rat somatosensory cortex. Immunostaining for CB1 revealed axonal and somatic labeling with striking layer specificity: a high density of CB1-positive fibers was seen in layers II-III, in layer VI, and in upper layer V, whereas other layers had sparse (layer IV) or hardly any (layer I) staining. Membrane staining for CB1 was only found in axon terminals, all of which contained GABA and formed symmetric synapses. Double immunostaining also revealed that CB1-positive cells formed two neurochemically distinct subpopulations: two-thirds were cholecystokinin positive and one-third expressed calbindin, each subserving specific inhibitory functions in cortical networks. In addition, cannabinoid sensitivity of GABAergic input showed striking layer specificity, as revealed by both electrophysiological and anatomical experiments. We found a unique population of large pyramidal neurons in layer VB that received much less perisomatic innervation from CB1-expressing GABAergic axon terminals and, accordingly, showed no depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition, unlike pyramidal cells in layer II, and a population of small pyramidal cells in layer V. This suggests that inhibitory control of pyramidal cells involved in intracortical or corticostriatal processing is fine-tuned by activity-dependent endocannabinoid signaling, whereas inhibition of pyramidal cells relaying cortical information to lower subcortical effector centers often lacks this plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes L Bodor
- Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lafond J, Simoneau L. Calcium Homeostasis in Human Placenta: Role of Calcium‐Handling Proteins. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2006; 250:109-74. [PMID: 16861065 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(06)50004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human placenta is a transitory organ, representing during pregnancy the unique connection between the mother and her fetus. The syncytiotrophoblast represents the specialized unit in the placenta that is directly involved in fetal nutrition, mainly involving essential nutrients, such as lipids, amino acids, and calcium. This ion is of particular interest since it is actively transported by the placenta throughout pregnancy and is associated with many roles during intrauterine life. At term, the human fetus has accumulated about 25-30 g of calcium. This transfer allows adequate fetal growth and development, since calcium is vital for fetal skeleton mineralization and many cellular functions, such as signal transduction, neurotransmitter release, and cellular growth. Thus, there are many proteins involved in calcium homeostasis in the human placenta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lafond
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Materno Foetale, Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada, H3C 3P8
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hilton GD, Ndubuizu A, Nunez JL, McCarthy MM. Simultaneous glutamate and GABA(A) receptor agonist administration increases calbindin levels and prevents hippocampal damage induced by either agent alone in a model of perinatal brain injury. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2005; 159:99-111. [PMID: 16125793 DOI: 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Revised: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal brain injury is associated with the release of amino acids, principally glutamate and GABA, resulting in massive increases in intracellular calcium and eventual cell death. We have previously demonstrated that independent administration of kainic acid (KA), an AMPA/kainate receptor agonist, or muscimol, a GABA(A) receptor agonist, to newborn rats results in hippocampal damage [Hilton, G.D., Ndubuizu, A., and McCarthy, M.M., 2004. Neuroprotective effects of estradiol in newborn female rat hippocampus. Dev. Brain Res. 150, 191-198; Hilton, G. D., Nunez, J.L. and McCarthy, M.M., 2003. Sex differences in response to kainic acid and estradiol in the hippocampus of newborn rats. Neuroscience. 116, 383-391; Nunez, J.L. and McCarthy, M.M., 2003. Estradiol exacerbates hippocampal damage in a model of preterm infant brain injury. Endocrinology. 144, 2350-2359; Nunez, J.L., Alt, J.J. and McCarthy, M.M., 2003. A new model for prenatal brain damage. I. GABA(A) receptor activation induces cell death in developing rat hippocampus. Exp. Neurol. 181, 258-269]. We now report that KA or muscimol alone administered to immature hippocampal neurons in culture induces significant cell death as evidenced by TUNEL assay. Surprisingly, simultaneous administration of equimolar quantities of these two agonists blocks the effect of either one alone. Moreover, treatment of newborn pups results in less damage compared to either muscimol or KA alone. We further observed that immunoreactivity for the calcium-binding protein, calbindin D(28K), is increased in the brains of pups simultaneously administered KA and muscimol as compared to either alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genell D Hilton
- Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Müller A, Kukley M, Stausberg P, Beck H, Müller W, Dietrich D. Endogenous Ca2+ buffer concentration and Ca2+ microdomains in hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci 2005; 25:558-65. [PMID: 15659591 PMCID: PMC6725329 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3799-04.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+-binding proteins are ubiquitously expressed throughout the CNS and serve as valuable immunohistochemical markers for certain types of neurons. However, the functional role of most Ca2+-binding proteins has to date remained obscure because their concentration in central neurons is not known. In this study, we investigate the intracellular concentration of the widely expressed Ca2+-binding protein calbindin-D28k in adult hippocampal slices using patch-clamp recordings and immunohistochemistry. First, we show that calbindin-D28k freely exchanges between patch pipette and cytoplasm during whole cell patch-clamp recordings with a time constant of approximately 10 min. Substituting known concentrations of recombinant calbindin-D28k in patch pipettes enabled us to determine the endogenous calbindin-D28k concentration by postrecording immunohistochemistry. Using this calibration procedure, we find that mature granule cells (doublecortin-) contain approximately 40 microm, and newborn granule cells (doublecortin+) contain 0-20 microm calbindin-D28k. CA3 stratum radiatum interneurons and CA1 pyramidal cells enclose approximately 47 and approximately 45 microm calbindin-D28k, respectively. Numerical simulations showed that 40 microm calbindin-D28k is capable of tuning Ca2+ microdomains associated with action potentials at the mouth of single or clustered Ca2+ channels: calbindin-D28k reduces the increment in free Ca2+ at a distance of 100 and 200 nm by 20 and 35%, respectively, and strongly accelerates the collapse of the Ca2+ gradient after cessation of Ca2+ influx. These data suggest that calbindin-D28k equips hippocampal neurons with approximately 160 microm mobile, high-affinity Ca2+-binding sites (kappa(S) approximately 200) that slow and reduce global Ca2+ signals while they enhance the spatiotemporal fidelity of submicroscopic Ca2+ signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Müller
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinic Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Berretta S, Lange N, Bhattacharyya S, Sebro R, Garces J, Benes FM. Long-term effects of amygdala GABA receptor blockade on specific subpopulations of hippocampal interneurons. Hippocampus 2005; 14:876-94. [PMID: 15382257 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that the amygdala modulates hippocampal functions. To test the hypothesis that this modulation may involve long-lasting effects on interneuronal networks in the hippocampus, changes in the expression of neurochemical markers specific for different interneuronal subpopulations were assessed in adult rats 96 h following acute infusion of low doses of the GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin into the amygdala. The numerical density (Nd) of somata showing immunoreactivity (IR) for parvalbumin (PVB) was decreased in dentate gyrus (DG) and the CA4-2 region, while that of calretinin (CR)-IR was decreased in DG and CA2. The Nd of calbindin D28k (CB)-IR somata was decreased in CA3-2. The densities of axon terminals arising from PVB-IR and cholecystokinin (CCK)-IR basket neurons were also altered, with those of CCK-IR terminals increased across all sectors, while PVB-IR terminals were decreased only in the CA region. Increases in CCK-IR terminals were paralleled by increases of terminals with IR for the 65-kD isoform of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65). Mixed-effects statistical models, adapted specifically for these analyses, indicated that perturbations of amygdalar inputs to the hippocampus significantly alter the drive that hippocampal PVB-, CR-, and CB-IR neurons within the dentate gyrus/CA4 region exercise on CCK-IR terminals within the same region as well as in CA3-1. These results suggest that amygdalar modulation of specific neuronal subpopulations may induce lasting and far-reaching changes in the hippocampus during normal functioning, as well as in diseases involving a disruption of amygdalar activity. In particular, changes in specific interneuronal markers within selective hippocampal sectors detected in the present results are strikingly similar to those reported in this region in schizophrenia. These similarities suggest that, in this disease, a disruption of GABAergic transmission within the amygdala may play a significant role in the induction of abnormalities in the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Berretta
- Program for Structural and Molecular Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Slemmer JE, De Zeeuw CI, Weber JT. Don't get too excited: mechanisms of glutamate-mediated Purkinje cell death. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2005; 148:367-90. [PMID: 15661204 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(04)48029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purkinje cells (PCs) present a unique cellular profile in both the cerebellum and the brain. Because they represent the only output cell of the cerebellar cortex, they play a vital role in the normal function of the cerebellum. Interestingly, PCs are highly susceptible to a variety of pathological conditions that may involve glutamate-mediated 'excitotoxicity', a term coined to describe an excessive release of glutamate, and a subsequent over-activation of excitatory amino acid (NMDA, AMPA, and kainite) receptors. Mature PCs, however, lack functional NMDA receptors, the means by which Ca(2+) enters the cell in classic hippocampal and cortical models of excitotoxicity. In PCs, glutamate predominantly mediates its effects, first via a rapid influx of Ca(2+)through voltage-gated calcium channels, caused by the depolarization of the membrane after AMPA receptor activation (and through Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptors themselves), and second, via a delayed release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores. Although physiological levels of intracellular free Ca(2+) initiate vital second messenger signaling pathways in PCs, excessive Ca(2+) influx can detrimentally alter dendritic spine morphology via interactions with the neuronal cytoskeleton, and thus can perturb normal synaptic function. PCs possess various calcium-binding proteins, such as calbindin-D28K and parvalbumin, and glutamate transporters, in order to prevent glutamate from exerting deleterious effects. Bergmann glia are gaining recognition as key players in the clearance of extracellular glutamate; these cells are also high in S-100beta, a protein with both neurodegenerative and neuroprotective abilities. In this review, we discuss PC-specific mechanisms of glutamate-mediated excitotoxic cell death, the relationship between Ca(2+) and cytoskeleton, and the implications of glutamate, and S-100beta for pathological conditions, such as traumatic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Slemmer
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molenwaterplein 50, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mátyás F, Freund TF, Gulyás AI. Immunocytochemically defined interneuron populations in the hippocampus of mouse strains used in transgenic technology. Hippocampus 2004; 14:460-81. [PMID: 15224983 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.10191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic mice are overtaking the role of model animals in neuroscience. They are used in developmental, anatomical, and physiological as well as experimental neurology. However, most results on the organization of the nervous system derive from the rat. The rat hippocampus and its neuronal elements have been thoroughly investigated, revealing remarkable functional and morphological diversity and specificity among hippocampal interneurons. Our aim was to examine the properties of distinct hippocampal interneuron populations, i.e., those immunoreactive for calcium-binding proteins (parvalbumin, calbindin, and calretinin), neuropeptides (cholecystokinin, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide), and certain receptors (metabotropic glutamate receptor 1alpha, cannabinoid receptor type 1) in four strains of mice widely used in transgenic technology, and to compare their properties to those in the rat. Our data indicate that the distribution as well as the dendritic and axonal arborization of mouse interneurons immunoreactive for the different markers was identical in the examined mouse strains, and in most respects are similar to the features found in the rat. The postsynaptic targets of neurons terminating in the perisomatic (parvalbumin), proximal (calbindin), and distal (somatostatin) dendritic region, as well as on other interneurons (calretinin), also matched those found in the rat. However, a few significant differences could also be observed between the two species in addition to the already described immunoreactivity of mossy cells for calretinin: the absence of spiny calretinin-immunoreactive interneurons in the CA3 region, sparse contacts between calretinin-immunoreactive interneurons, and the axon staining for somatostatin and neuropil labeling for cholecystokinin. We can conclude that the morphofunctional classification of interneurons established in the rat is largely valid for mouse strains used in transgenic procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Mátyás
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Slézia A, Kékesi AK, Szikra T, Papp AM, Nagy K, Szente M, Maglóczky Z, Freund TF, Juhász G. Uridine release during aminopyridine-induced epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2004; 16:490-9. [PMID: 15262260 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2002] [Revised: 01/23/2004] [Accepted: 02/25/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Uridine, like adenosine, is released under sustained depolarization and it can inhibit hippocampal neuronal activity, suggesting that uridine may be released during seizures and can be involved in epileptic mechanisms. In an in vivo microdialysis study, we measured the extracellular changes of nucleoside and amino acid levels and recorded cortical EEG during 3-aminopyridine-induced epilepsy. Applying silver impregnation and immunohistochemistry, we examined the degree of hippocampal cell loss. We found that extracellular concentration of uridine, adenosine, inosine, and glutamate increased significantly, while glutamine level decreased during seizures. The release of uridine correlated with seizure activity. Systemic and local uridine application was ineffective. The number of parvalbumin- and calretinin-containing interneurons of dorsal hippocampi decreased. We conclude that uridine is released during epileptic activity, and suggest that as a neuromodulator, uridine may contribute to epilepsy-related neuronal activity changes, but uridine analogues having slower turnover would be needed for further investigation of physiological role of uridine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Slézia
- Research Group of Neurobiology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Desai SS, Zeh C, Lysakowski A. Comparative morphology of rodent vestibular periphery. I. Saccular and utricular maculae. J Neurophysiol 2004; 93:251-66. [PMID: 15240767 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00746.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calyx afferents, a group of morphologically and physiologically distinct afferent fibers innervating the striolar region of vestibular sensory epithelia, are selectively labeled by antibodies to the calcium-binding protein calretinin. In this study, the population of calretinin-stained calyx afferents was used to delineate and quantify the striolar region in six rodent species: mouse, rat, gerbil, guinea pig, chinchilla, and tree squirrel. Morphometric studies and hair cell and calyx afferent counts were done. Numbers of hair cells, area, length, and width of the sensory epithelium increase from mouse to tree squirrel. In the mouse and rat, calretinin is found in 5-9% of all type I hair cells, 20-40% of striolar type II hair cells, and 70-80% of extrastriolar type II hair cells. Numbers of calyx afferents increase from mouse to squirrel, with more complex calyx afferents in larger species. About 10% of calyx afferents are branched. Based on our counts of total numbers of calyx afferents in chinchilla maculae and in comparison to fiber counts in the literature, the proportion of calyx afferents is greater than previously described, constituting nearly 20% of the total. Because morphometric measures increase with body weight, we obtained additional data on vestibular end organ surface areas from the literature and used this to construct a power law function describing this relationship. The function holds for species with body weights less than approximately 4 kg. Greater than 4 kg, the surface area of the sensory epithelia remains constant even with increasing body weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sapan S Desai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, M/C 512 808 S. Wood St., Room 578, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Nag TC, Wadhwa S. Ontogeny of two calcium-binding proteins (calbindin D-28K and parvalbumin) in the human inferior olivary complex and their distribution in the adults. J Chem Neuroanat 2004; 27:183-92. [PMID: 15183203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2004.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2003] [Revised: 11/24/2003] [Accepted: 02/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The inferior olivary complex (IOC) is a prominent nuclear relay system of the medulla oblongata. Anatomically, it is connected to the cerebellum for coordination of motor activities. Calbindin D-28K (CALB) and parvalbumin (PV) are cytosolic calcium-binding proteins (CBP) that play a role in Ca2+ homeostasis. We examined their ontogeny and distribution in the fetal, postnatal and adult human IOC by immunohistochemistry. At 11-12 weeks of gestation (wg), calbindin immunoreactivity was present in the principal olive and the medial accessory olive, it was absent in the dorsal olive. Parvalbumin immunoreactivity developed at 16-17 wg in the ventral lamella and the lateral bulge of the principal olive only. Calbindin expression gradually increased from 20 to 37 wg, whilst by contrast, parvalbumin expression was moderate. By 37 wg, all three IOC subnuclei were immunopositive for both proteins. In a 3-month-old infant, parvalbumin was intensely developed in the olivary axons. In the adults (40- to 59-year-old), calbindin was distributed in most neurons, and olivocerebellar fibres, whereas parvalbumin was present in some neurons and few fibres. Parvalbumin expressed till 51 years, and disappeared by 59 years of age. Calbindin immunoreactivity in the olivary axons was declined at 70 years of age. The data suggest a differential distribution and requirement of these proteins in the human IOC maturation. It may be that the IOC utilizes mainly calbindin for Ca2+ buffering. The loss of parvalbumin with ageing might influence the excitability of the spared IOC neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tapas C Nag
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Franchini A, Marchesini E, Poletti R, Ottaviani E. Acute toxic effect of the algal yessotoxin on Purkinje cells from the cerebellum of Swiss CD1 mice. Toxicon 2004; 43:347-52. [PMID: 15033335 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2003] [Accepted: 01/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Swiss CD1 mice died less than 2 h after intraperitoneal injection of 420 microg/kg of algal yessotoxin (YTX). The morphological, histochemical and immunocytochemical studies performed on the cerebellar cortex revealed damage to the Purkinje cells. The main cytological alterations were observed in the cytoplasm, while less sufferance was detected in the nucleus. The immunocytochemical experiments showed an increased positivity to S100 protein while there was a decreased response to calbindin D-28K, beta-tubulin and neurofilaments. These changes in intracellular Ca(2+)-binding proteins and the modifications in the cytoskeletal components of Purkinje cells suggest that YTX may be involved in neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Franchini
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/D, Modena 41100, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Immunocytochemically defined interneuron populations in the hippocampus of mouse strains used in transgenic technology. Hippocampus 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
47
|
Abstract
It is well known that light resets the circadian clock only at specific times of day. The mechanisms mediating such gating of environmental input to the CNS are not well understood. We show that calbindinD28K (CalB)-containing cells of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which are directly retinorecipient, gate photic entrainment of cellular circadian oscillators and thereby determine the timing of locomotor rhythmicity. Specifically, we demonstrate a circadian rhythm of subcellular localization of CalB: whereas the protein is detected at all times in the cytoplasm, it is low or absent in the nucleus during the night. Under normal circumstances, light-induced behavioral phase shifts and Period (Per) gene expression in the SCN occur only during the subjective night. Surprisingly, both behavioral phase shifts and light-induced Per are blocked during the subjective night and enhanced during the subjective day after administration of CalB antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. These results suggest a cellular basis for temporal gating of photic input to the circadian clock.
Collapse
|
48
|
Onishi T, Okawa R, Murakami H, Ogawa T, Ooshima T, Wakisaka S. Immunolocalization of calbindin D28k and vitamin D receptor during root formation of murine molar teeth. THE ANATOMICAL RECORD. PART A, DISCOVERIES IN MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 2003; 273:700-4. [PMID: 12845706 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.10084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cells in the epithelial rest of Malassez (ERM cells) express calbindin D28k (CB); however, the hormonal regulation of CB in ERM cells remains to be elucidated. We investigated the immunohistochemical localization of CB and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor (VDR) during root formation of mouse molar teeth in order to clarify whether the expression of CB in ERM cells is dependent on vitamin D. At the early stage of root formation (postnatal (PN) days 10-14), both CB- and VDR-immunoreactive cells were observed intermittently along the root surface. In the apical portion, almost all CB-immunoreactive cells showed VDR immunoreactivity; however, VDR-immunoreactive cells in the most apical portion were immunonegative for CB. In the middle and cervical portions, the distributions of the two proteins were completely different. At the late stage of root formation (PN28d) and in adult animals, CB immunoreactivity was distributed in cells found along the acellular cementum at the bifurcation region, as well as between the dentin and cellular cementum in the apical portion (although these lacked immunoreactivity for VDR). The present results indicate that CB expression in newly disrupted cells from Hertwig's epithelial root sheath occurs in a vitamin-D dependent manner, whereas the expression of CB in mature ERM cells may be independent of vitamin D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Onishi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Mulholland PJ, Harris BR, Wilkins LH, Self RL, Blanchard JA, Holley RC, Littleton JM, Prendergast MA. Opposing effects of ethanol and nicotine on hippocampal calbindin-D28k expression. Alcohol 2003; 31:1-10. [PMID: 14615005 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2003.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Long-term ethanol exposure produces multiple neuroadaptations that likely contribute to dysregulation of Ca(2+) balance and neurotoxicity during ethanol withdrawal. Conversely, nicotine exposure may reduce the neurotoxic consequences of Ca(2+) dysregulation, putatively through up-regulation of the Ca(2+)-buffering protein calbindin-D(28k). The current studies were designed to examine the extent to which 10-day ethanol exposure and withdrawal altered calbindin-D(28k) expression in rat hippocampus. Further, in these studies, we examined the ability of nicotine, through action at alpha(7)(*)-bearing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), to antagonize the effects of ethanol exposure on calbindin-D(28k) expression. Organotypic cultures of rat hippocampus were exposed to ethanol (50-100 mM) for 10 days. Additional cultures were exposed to 500 nM (-)-nicotine with or without the addition of 50 mM ethanol, 100 nM methyllycaconitine (an alpha(7)*-bearing nAChR antagonist), or both. Prolonged exposure to ethanol (>/=50 mM) produced significant reductions of calbindin-D(28k) immunolabeling in all regions of the hippocampal formation, even at nontoxic concentrations of ethanol. Calbindin-D(28k) expression levels returned to near-control levels after 72 h of withdrawal from 10-day ethanol exposure. Extended (-)-nicotine exposure produced significant elevations in calbindin-D(28k) expression levels that were prevented by methyllycaconitine co-exposure. Co-exposure of cultures to (-)-nicotine with ethanol resulted in an attenuation of ethanol-induced reductions in calbindin-D(28k) expression levels. These findings support the suggestion that long-term ethanol exposure reduces the neuronal capacity to buffer accumulated Ca(2+) in a reversible manner, an effect that likely contributes to withdrawal-induced neurotoxicity. Further, long-term exposure to (-)-nicotine enhances calbindin-D(28k) expression in an alpha(7)* nAChR-dependent manner and antagonizes the effects of ethanol on calbindin-D(28k) expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Mulholland
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 115 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Hair cells of the inner ear contain high concentrations of calcium-binding proteins that limit calcium signals and prevent cross talk between different signaling pathways during auditory transduction. Using light microscope immunofluorescence and post-embedding immunogold labeling in the electron microscope, we characterized the distribution of three calcium-buffering proteins in the turtle cochlea. Both calbindin-D28k and parvalbumin-beta were confined to hair cells in which they showed a similar distribution, whereas calretinin was present mainly in hair-cell nuclei but also occurred in supporting cells and nerve fibers. The hair-cell concentration of calbindin-D28k but not of parvalbumin-beta increased from the low- to high-frequency end of the cochlea. Calibration against standards containing known amounts of calcium-buffering protein processed in the same fluid drop as the cochlear sections gave cytoplasmic concentrations of calbindin-D28k as 0.13-0.63 mm and parvalbumin-beta as approximately 0.25 mm, but calretinin was an order of magnitude less. Total amount of Ca 2+-binding sites on the proteins is at least 1.0 mm in low-frequency hair cells and 3.0 mm in high-frequency cells. Reverse transcription-PCR showed that mRNA for all three proteins was expressed in turtle hair cells. We suggest that calbindin-D28k and parvalbumin-beta may serve as endogenous mobile calcium buffers, but the predominantly nuclear location of calretinin argues for another role in calcium signaling. The results support conclusions from electrophysiological measurements that millimolar concentrations of endogenous calcium buffers are present in turtle hair cells. Parvalbumin-beta was also found in both inner and outer hair cells of the guinea pig cochlea.
Collapse
|