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Feng T, Hu S, Song C, Zhong M. Establishment of a novel weight reduction model after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy based on abdominal fat area. Front Surg 2024; 11:1390045. [PMID: 38826810 PMCID: PMC11140024 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2024.1390045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In light of ongoing research elucidating the intricacies of obesity and metabolic syndrome, the role of abdominal fat (especially visceral fat) has been particularly prominent. Studies have revealed that visceral adipose tissue can accelerate the development of metabolic syndrome by releasing various bioactive compounds and hormones, such as lipocalin, leptin and interleukin. A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 167 patients with obesity. Among them, 105 patients who satisfied predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were included. The parameters evaluated included total abdominal fat area (TAFA), laboratory indicators and anthropometric measurements. Weight reduction was quantified through percent total weight loss (%TWL) and percent excess weight loss (%EWL) postoperatively. Binary logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were employed to identify predictors of weight loss. Binary logistic regression analysis emphasized that total abdominal fat area was an independent predictor of %EWL ≥75% (p < 0.001). Total abdominal fat area (p = 0.033) and BMI (p = 0.003) were independent predictors of %TWL ≥30%. In our cohort, %TWL ≥30% at 1 year after surgery was closely related to the abdominal fat area and BMI. Based on these results, we formulated a novel model based on these factors, exhibiting superior predictive value for excellent weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Sanyuan Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Changrong Song
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mingwei Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Ghasemi A. Adipose organ dysfunction and type 2 diabetes: Role of nitric oxide. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 221:116043. [PMID: 38325496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Adipose organ, historically known as specialized lipid-handling tissue serving as the long-term fat depot, is now appreciated as the largest endocrine organ composed of two main compartments, i.e., subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (AT), madding up white and beige/brown adipocytes. Adipose organ dysfunction manifested as maldistribution of the compartments, hypertrophic, hypoxic, inflamed, and insulin-resistant AT, contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here, we highlight the role of nitric oxide (NO·) in AT (dys)function in relation to developing T2D. The key aspects determining lipid and glucose homeostasis in AT depend on the physiological levels of the NO· produced via endothelial NO· synthases (eNOS). In addition to decreased NO· bioavailability (via decreased expression/activity of eNOS or scavenging NO·), excessive NO· produced by inducible NOS (iNOS) in response to hypoxia and AT inflammation may be a critical interfering factor diverting NO· signaling to the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, resulting in AT and whole-body metabolic dysfunction. Pharmacological approaches boosting AT-NO· availability at physiological levels (by increasing NO· production and its stability), as well as suppression of iNOS-NO· synthesis, are potential candidates for developing NO·-based therapeutics in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bahadoran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Kang PS, Neeland IJ. Body Fat Distribution, Diabetes Mellitus, and Cardiovascular Disease: an Update. Curr Cardiol Rep 2023; 25:1555-1564. [PMID: 37792133 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-023-01969-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Specific measures of body fat distribution may have particular value in the development and treatment of cardiometabolic conditions, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM). Here, we review the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and recent advances in the identification and management of body fat distribution as it relates to DM and CVD risk. RECENT FINDINGS Accumulation of visceral and ectopic fat is a major contributor to CVD and DM risk above and beyond the body mass index (BMI), yet implementation of fat distribution assessment into clinical practice remains a challenge. Newer imaging-based methods offer improved sensitivity and specificity for measuring specific fat depots. Lifestyle, pharmacological, and surgical interventions allow a multidisciplinary approach to reduce visceral and ectopic fat. A focus on implementation of body fat distribution measurements into clinical practice should be a priority over the next 5 to 10 years, and clinical assessment of fat distribution can be considered to refine risk evaluation and to develop improved and effective preventive and therapeutic strategies for high-risk obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet S Kang
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ian J Neeland
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Cesaro A, De Michele G, Fimiani F, Acerbo V, Scherillo G, Signore G, Rotolo FP, Scialla F, Raucci G, Panico D, Gragnano F, Moscarella E, Scudiero O, Mennitti C, Calabrò P. Visceral adipose tissue and residual cardiovascular risk: a pathological link and new therapeutic options. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1187735. [PMID: 37576108 PMCID: PMC10421666 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1187735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a heterogeneous disease that affects almost one-third of the global population. A clear association has been established between obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, CVD risk is known to be related more to the local distribution of fat than to total body fat. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in particular has a high impact on CVD risk. This manuscript reviews the role of VAT in residual CV risk and the available therapeutic strategies for decreasing residual CV risk related to VAT accumulation. Among the many pathways involved in residual CV risk, obesity and particularly VAT accumulation play a major role by generating low-grade systemic inflammation, which in turn has a high prognostic impact on all-cause mortality and myocardial infarction. In recent years, many therapeutic approaches have been developed to reduce body weight. Orlistat was shown to reduce both weight and VAT but has low tolerability and many drug-drug interactions. Naltrexone-bupropion combination lowers body weight but has frequent side effects and is contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled hypertension. Liraglutide and semaglutide, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists, are the latest drugs approved for the treatment of obesity, and both have been shown to induce significant body weight loss. Liraglutide, semaglutide and other GLP-1 agonists also showed a positive effect on CV outcomes in diabetic patients. In addition, liraglutide showed to specifically reduce VAT and inflammatory biomarkers in obese patients without diabetes. GLP-1 agonists are promising compounds to limit inflammation in human visceral adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Cesaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Gianantonio De Michele
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Fabio Fimiani
- Unit of Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, A.O.R.N. Dei Colli “V. Monaldi”, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Acerbo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Gianmaria Scherillo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Giovanni Signore
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Rotolo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesco Scialla
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Raucci
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Domenico Panico
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Felice Gragnano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Moscarella
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Olga Scudiero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Mennitti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabrò
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, A.O.R.N. “Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano”, Caserta, Italy
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Vámos A, Arianti R, Vinnai BÁ, Alrifai R, Shaw A, Póliska S, Guba A, Csősz É, Csomós I, Mocsár G, Lányi C, Balajthy Z, Fésüs L, Kristóf E. Human abdominal subcutaneous-derived active beige adipocytes carrying FTO rs1421085 obesity-risk alleles exert lower thermogenic capacity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1155673. [PMID: 37416800 PMCID: PMC10321670 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1155673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: White adipocytes store lipids, have a large lipid droplet and few mitochondria. Brown and beige adipocytes, which produce heat, are characterized by high expression of uncoupling protein (UCP) 1, multilocular lipid droplets, and large amounts of mitochondria. The rs1421085 T-to-C single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the human FTO gene interrupts a conserved motif for ARID5B repressor, resulting in adipocyte type shift from beige to white. Methods: We obtained abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue from donors carrying FTO rs1421085 TT (risk-free) or CC (obesity-risk) genotypes, isolated and differentiated their preadipocytes into beige adipocytes (driven by the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone for 14 days), and activated them with dibutyryl-cAMP for 4 hours. Then, either the same culture conditions were applied for additional 14 days (active beige adipocytes) or it was replaced by a white differentiation medium (inactive beige adipocytes). White adipocytes were differentiated by their medium for 28 days. Results and Discussion: RNA-sequencing was performed to investigate the gene expression pattern of adipocytes carrying different FTO alleles and found that active beige adipocytes had higher brown adipocyte content and browning capacity compared to white or inactive beige ones when the cells were obtained from risk-free TT but not from obesity-risk CC genotype carriers. Active beige adipocytes carrying FTO CC had lower thermogenic gene (e.g., UCP1, PM20D1, CIDEA) expression and thermogenesis measured by proton leak respiration as compared to TT carriers. In addition, active beige adipocytes with CC alleles exerted lower expression of ASC-1 neutral amino acid transporter (encoded by SLC7A10) and less consumption of Ala, Ser, Cys, and Gly as compared to risk-free carriers. We did not observe any influence of the FTO rs1421085 SNP on white and inactive beige adipocytes highlighting its exclusive and critical effect when adipocytes were activated for thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Vámos
- Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Rini Arianti
- Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Universitas Muhammadiyah Bangka Belitung, Pangkalanbaru, Indonesia
| | - Boglárka Ágnes Vinnai
- Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Rahaf Alrifai
- Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Abhirup Shaw
- Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Póliska
- Genomic Medicine and Bioinformatics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Guba
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Csősz
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Csomós
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Mocsár
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Zoltán Balajthy
- Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Fésüs
- Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Endre Kristóf
- Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Kono M, Shatila M, Xu G, Lu Y, Mathew A, Mohajir W, Varatharajalu K, Qiao W, Thomas AS, Wang Y. Obesity Measured via Body Mass Index May Be Associated with Increased Incidence but Not Worse Outcomes of Immune-Mediated Diarrhea and Colitis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2329. [PMID: 37190257 PMCID: PMC10136922 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity defined by high body mass index (BMI) has traditionally been associated with gastrointestinal inflammatory processes but has recently been correlated with better survival in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). We sought to investigate the association between BMI and immune-mediated diarrhea and colitis (IMDC) outcomes and whether BMI reflects body fat content on abdominal imaging. This retrospective, single-center study included cancer patients with ICI exposure who developed IMDC and had BMI and abdominal computed tomography (CT) obtained within 30 days before initiating ICI from April 2011 to December 2019. BMI was categorized as <25, ≥25 but <30, and ≥30. Visceral fat area (VFA), subcutaneous fat area (SFA), total fat area (TFA: VFA+SFA), and visceral to subcutaneous fat (V/S) ratio were obtained from CT at the umbilical level. Our sample comprised 202 patients; 127 patients (62.9%) received CTLA-4 monotherapy or a combination, and 75 (37.1%) received PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy. Higher BMIs ≥ 30 were associated with a higher incidence of IMDC than BMIs ≤ 25 (11.4% vs. 7.9%, respectively; p = 0.029). Higher grades of colitis (grade 3-4) correlated with lower BMI (p = 0.03). BMI level was not associated with other IMDC characteristics or did not influence overall survival (p = 0.83). BMI is strongly correlated with VFA, SFA, and TFA (p < 0.0001). Higher BMI at ICI initiation was linked to a higher incidence of IMDC but did not appear to affect outcomes. BMI strongly correlated with body fat parameters measured by abdominal imaging, suggesting its reliability as an obesity index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Kono
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Malek Shatila
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Guofan Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Antony Mathew
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wasay Mohajir
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Krishnavathana Varatharajalu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei Qiao
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anusha S. Thomas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yinghong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Cardiovascular risk in bipolar disorder - A case for the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis? J Affect Disord 2023; 324:410-417. [PMID: 36587906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are associated with elevated mortality risk secondary to natural causes. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) constitutes the most prevalent underlying condition. Patients with BD display higher CVD-associated excess mortality than MDD patients. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) volume, a known predictor of premature CV morbidity and adrenal gland (AG) volume, an indicator for chronic hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation, were compared in BD and MDD patients. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging was performed to assess EAT and AG volume in age-, gender-, and body mass index (BMI)-matched MDD (N = 27) and BD (N = 27) patients. Ten-year CV mortality risk and diabetes risk were assessed by PROCAM, ESC-SCORE, and FINDRISK, respectively; metabolic syndrome (MetS) was determined following NCEP/ATP III criteria. RESULTS Cardiometabolic risk scores and frequency of MetS were comparable, and scores of cardiometabolic risk indices did not significantly differ in both groups. After adjustment for age, BMI, and physical activity, EAT and AG volumes were significantly higher in BD compared to MDD. Partial correlation analyses showed a significant positive association of EAT and AG volumes in BD but not in the MDD. LIMITATIONS The modest sample size warrants confirmation in a larger cohort and the cross-sectional design does not allow for temporal or causal inferences. CONCLUSION Our study indicates increased EAT accumulation in BD patients. This was associated with HPA axis dysregulation. Therapeutic lifestyle interventions that reduce EAT volume should be considered in clinical BD management.
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Supplementing Diets with Agriophyllum squarrosum Reduced Blood Lipids, Enhanced Immunity and Anti-Inflammatory Capacities, and Mediated Lipid Metabolism in Tan Lambs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243486. [PMID: 36552407 PMCID: PMC9774518 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Agriophyllum squarrosum (sand rice), a widespread desert plant, possesses anti-hyperglycemic and anti-inflammatory properties, and has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for many years. However, its effects on ruminants are unknown. To fill this gap, we examined the effects of A. squarrosum on the immune and anti-inflammatory responses of lambs. A total of 23, 6-month-old Tan ewe-lambs (27.6 ± 0.47 kg) were divided into four groups and offered a basic diet (C—control), or a diet that contained 10%, 20%, or 30% A. squarrosum, on a dry matter basis, for 128 days. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol were lower (p = 0.004) in the 30% supplemented lambs than controls, while concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were lower (p = 0.006) in the 10% and 20%, but not in 30% supplemented lambs than controls. Serum-cortisol concentrations were lower (p = 0.012) in the 30% supplemented lambs and free fatty acid concentrations were higher in the 10% and 20% supplemented lambs than in control lambs (p < 0.001). Supplementation with A. squarrosum decreased (p < 0.05) the area of adipocytes in subcutaneous adipose tissue, but there was no difference between the 20% and 30% diets. Conversely, the area in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) increased (p < 0.05), especially for the 10% and 20% supplemented diets. Supplementation with A. squarrosum also enriched immune and anti-inflammatory related and lipid and glucose-metabolic pathways and associated differentially expressed gene expressions in adipose tissue. A total of 10 differential triacylglycerol, 34 differential phosphatidylcholines and seven differential phosphatidylethanolamines decreased in the diet with 30% supplementation, when compared to the other diets. Finally, adipocyte-differentiation genes, and immune and inflammatory response-related gene expression levels decreased in lamb adipocytes cultured with an aqueous A. squarrosum extract. In conclusion, supplementing lamb diets with A. squarrosum reduced blood lipids, enhanced immunity and anti-inflammatory capacities, and mediated lipid metabolism in adipose tissue and adipocytes of Tan lambs. A level of approximately 10% is recommended, but further research is required to determine the precise optimal level.
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Corral A, Alcala M, Carmen Duran-Ruiz M, Arroba AI, Ponce-Gonzalez JG, Todorčević M, Serra D, Calderon-Dominguez M, Herrero L. Role of long non-coding RNAs in adipose tissue metabolism and associated pathologies. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Wang R, Zhang X, Ren H, Zhou H, Yuan Y, Chai Y, Hou X. Effects of different exercise types on visceral fat in young individuals with obesity aged 6-24 years old: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:987804. [PMID: 36246116 PMCID: PMC9562999 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.987804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The prevalence of pediatric obesity remains high all over the world. Various exercise interventions have been applied to decrease the visceral fat in young individuals with obesity. But the evidence remains controversial on the effect of the exercise on visceral fat. Moreover, it is unclear which type of the exercise is the most effective for young individuals with overweight or obesity to reduce visceral fat. Objective: The objective of this review and meta-analysis is to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of different exercise interventions on visceral fat in young individuals with overweight or obesity. Methods: Four databases consisting of PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library were searched prior to May 2022. Fifteen studies with a total of 30 data points involving 1,134 participants were included in this meta-analysis. And the interventions were limited to 4 exercise types [i.e., aerobic exercise (AE), resistance exercise (RE), aerobic exercise combined with resistance exercise (CE), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT)]. Data Synthesis: The results showed that AE (Standardized Mean Difference = -0.32; 95% CI = -0.50 to -0.13; p = 0.0007; I2 = 37%) and HIIT (SMD = -0.59; 95% CI = -0.87 to -0.31; p < 0.0001; I2 = 0%) had a significant reduction effect on visceral fat. And the effect of HIIT seemed better than AE. However, RE (SMD = -0.58; 95% CI = -1.34 to 0.17; p = 0.13; I2 = 76%) and CE (SMD = -0.21; 95% CI = -0.81 to 0.38; p = 0.48; I2 = 63%) had a non-significant effect on visceral fat decline. Additionally, compared with the control group, exercise interventions had a significant effect on reducing visceral fat in adolescents (SMD = -0.54; 95% CI = -0.82 to -0.26; p = 0.0001; I2 = 64%) and young adults (SMD = -0.42; 95% CI = -0.69 to -0.15; p = 0.003; I2 = 0%) rather than children (SMD = -0.15; 95% CI = -0.32 to 0.02; p = 0.08; I2 = 0%). And the gender-based subgroup analysis indicated that the effectiveness of the exercise on the reduction of visceral fat was more significant in males (SMD = -1.27; 95% CI = -1.67 to -0.87; p < 0.00001; I2 = 0%) than that in females (SMD = -0.31; 95% CI = -0.48 to -0.14; p = 0.0004; I2 = 0%). Conclusion: This review and meta-analysis demonstrates that exercise interventions are efficient to decrease visceral fat in adolescents (12-18 years old) and young adults (18-24 years old). Among different exercise types, AE and HIIT are helpful for young individuals with overweight or obesity to reduce visceral fat and HIIT appears to be the most effective exercise intervention. In addition, the effect of exercise interventions on the consumption of visceral fat is more significant in males than that in females. Systematic Review Registration: [http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO], identifier [CRD42022310878].
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Ren
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Huixuan Zhou
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqing Yuan
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Shandong, China
| | - Yunlong Chai
- Department of Physical Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Hou
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Xiao Hou,
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11
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Relationship between Cardiometabolic Factors and the Response of Blood Pressure to a One-Year Primary Care Lifestyle Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome Patients. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090861. [PMID: 36144265 PMCID: PMC9500796 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic hypertension has been recognized as a modifiable traditional cardiovascular risk factor and influenced by many factors such as eating habits, physical activity, diabetes, and obesity. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to identify factors that predict changes in blood pressure induced by a one-year lifestyle intervention in primary care settings involving a collaboration between family physicians, dietitians, and exercise specialists. Patients with metabolic syndrome diagnosis were recruited by family physicians participating in primary care lifestyle intervention among several family care clinics across Canada. Participants for whom all cardiometabolic data at the beginning (T0) and the end (T12) of the one-year intervention were available were included in the present analysis (n = 101). Patients visited the dietitian and the exercise specialist weekly for the first three months and monthly for the last nine months. Diet quality, exercise capacity, anthropometric indicators, and cardiometabolic variables were evaluated at T0 and at T12. The intervention induced a statistically significant decrease in waist circumference (WC), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, and plasma triglycerides, and an increase in cardiorespiratory fitness (estimated VO2max). Body weight (p < 0.001), body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.001), and fasting blood glucose (p = 0.006) reduction, and VO2max increase (p = 0.048) were all related to changes in SBP. WC was the only variable for which changes were significantly correlated with those in both SBP (p < 0.0001) and DBP (p = 0.0004). Variations in DBP were not associated with changes in other cardiometabolic variables to a statistically significant extent. Twelve participants were identified as adverse responders (AR) in both SBP and DBP and displayed less favorable changes in WC. The beneficial effects of the primary care lifestyle intervention on blood pressure were significantly associated with cardiometabolic variables, especially WC. These findings suggest that a structured lifestyle intervention in primary care can help improve cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with metabolic syndrome and that WC should be systematically measured to better stratify the patient’s hypertension risk.
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12
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Terada T, Reed JL, Vidal-Almela S, Mistura M, Kamiya K, Way KL. Sex-specific associations of fat mass and muscle mass with cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults with type 2 diabetes living with overweight and obesity: secondary analysis of the Look AHEAD trial. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21:40. [PMID: 35292039 PMCID: PMC8925200 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Distinguishable sex differences exist in fat mass and muscle mass. High fat mass and low muscle mass are independently associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in people living with type 2 diabetes; however, it is unknown if the association between fat mass and CVD risk is modified by muscle mass, or vice versa. This study examined the sex-specific interplay between fat mass and muscle mass on CVD risk factors in adults with type 2 diabetes living with overweight and obesity. Methods Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measures were used to compute fat mass index (FMI) and appendicular muscle mass index (ASMI), and participants were separated into high-fat mass vs. low-fat mass and high-muscle mass vs. low-muscle mass. A two-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA: high-FMI vs. low-FMI by high-ASMI vs. low-ASMI) was performed on CVD risk factors (i.e., hemoglobin A1C [A1C]; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; triglycerides; systolic and diastolic blood pressure; cardiorespiratory fitness, depression and health related-quality of life [HR-QoL]) at baseline and following a 1-year intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) for females and males separately, with a primary focus on the fat mass by muscle mass interaction effects. Results Data from 1,369 participants (62.7% females) who completed baseline DXA were analyzed. In females, there was a fat mass by muscle mass interaction effect on A1C (p = 0.016) at baseline. Post-hoc analysis showed that, in the low-FMI group, A1C was significantly higher in low-ASMI when compared to high-ASMI (60.3 ± 14.1 vs. 55.5 ± 13.5 mmol/mol, p = 0.023). In the high-FMI group, there was no difference between high-ASMI and low-ASMI (56.4 ± 12.5 vs. 56.5 ± 12.8 mmol/mol, p = 0.610). In males, only high-FMI was associated with higher A1C when compared to low-FMI (57.1 ± 14.4 vs. 54.2 ± 12.0 mmol/mol, p = 0.008) at baseline. Following ILI, there were significant fat mass by muscle mass interaction effects on changes in the mental component of HR-QoL in males. Conclusion Considering that A1C predicts future CVD, strategies to lower A1C may be especially important in females with low fat and low muscle mass living with type 2 diabetes. Our results highlight the complicated and sex-specific contribution of fat mass and muscle mass to CVD risk factors. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12933-022-01468-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Terada
- Exercise Physiology and Cardiovascular Health Lab, Division of Cardiac Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada.
| | - Jennifer L Reed
- Exercise Physiology and Cardiovascular Health Lab, Division of Cardiac Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sol Vidal-Almela
- Exercise Physiology and Cardiovascular Health Lab, Division of Cardiac Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada.,School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Matheus Mistura
- Exercise Physiology and Cardiovascular Health Lab, Division of Cardiac Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Kentaro Kamiya
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Kimberley L Way
- Exercise Physiology and Cardiovascular Health Lab, Division of Cardiac Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada.,Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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13
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He L, Bao T, Yang Y, Wang H, Gu C, Chen J, Zhai T, He X, Wu M, Zhao L, Tong X. Exploring the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus intestinal damp-heat syndrome and the therapeutic effect of Gegen Qinlian Decoction from the perspective of exosomal miRNA. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 285:114786. [PMID: 34763043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Diabetes is a common, complex, chronic metabolic disease. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-parallel controlled clinical study has shown that Gegen Qinlian Decoction (GQD) can reduce glycosylated hemoglobin in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) intestinal damp-heat syndrome patients in a dose-dependent manner. AIM To explore the pathogenesis of T2DM intestinal damp-heat syndrome and the therapeutic effect of GQD from the perspective of exosomal microRNA (miRNA). METHODS Eligible patients were selected and treated with GQD for 3 months to evaluate their clinical efficacy. Effective cases were matched with healthy volunteers, and saliva samples were collected. Exosomal miRNA was extracted from saliva and analyzed by chip sequencing. Subsequently, the function of the differential gene and the signal transduction pathway were analyzed using bioinformatics technology. Finally, three target miRNAs were randomly selected from the T2DM group/healthy group, and two target miRNAs in the T2DM before treatment/after treatment group were randomly selected for qPCR verification. Finally, we conducted a correlation analysis of the miRNAs and clinical indicators. The registration number for this research is ChiCTR-IOR-15006626. RESULTS (1) The expression of exosomal miRNA chips showed that there were 14 differentially expressed miRNAs in the T2DM group/healthy group, and 26 differentially expressed miRNAs in the T2DM before treatment/after treatment group. (2) Enrichment results showed that in the T2DM group/healthy group, it was primarily related to cell development, body metabolism, TGF-β, and ErbB signaling pathways. In the T2DM before treatment/after treatment group, it was mainly related to cellular metabolic regulation processes, and insulin, Wnt, and AMPK signaling pathways. (3) The qPCR verification showed that the expressions of hsa-miR-9-5p, hsa-miR-150-5p, and hsa-miR-216b-5p in the T2DM group was higher (P<0.05). Following GQD treatment, hsa-miR-342-3p and hsa-miR-221-3p were significantly downregulated (P<0.05). (4) hsa-miR-9-5p was positively correlated with BMI (P<0.05), and hsa-miR-150-5p was positively correlated with total cholesterol and triglycerides (P<0.05). The GQD efficacy-related gene hsa-miR-342-3p was positively correlated with the patient's initial blood glucose level (P<0.05), and hsa-miR-221-3p was positively correlated with total cholesterol and triglycerides (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The exosomal miRNA expression profile and signaling pathways related to T2DM intestinal damp-heat syndrome and the efficacy of GQD were established, which provides an alternative strategy for precision traditional Chinese medicine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiSha He
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Tingting Bao
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Chengjuan Gu
- Shenzhen Hospital of Guang Zhou University of Chinese Medicine (Futian), Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Tiangang Zhai
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China; Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xinhui He
- Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Mengyi Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Linhua Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Xiaolin Tong
- Endocrinology Department, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, 130117, China.
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14
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Camastra S, Ferrannini E. Role of anatomical location, cellular phenotype and perfusion of adipose tissue in intermediary metabolism: A narrative review. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:43-50. [PMID: 35031911 PMCID: PMC8873050 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09708-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is well-established that adipose tissue accumulation is associated with insulin resistance through multiple mechanisms. One major metabolic link is the classical Randle cycle: enhanced release of free fatty acids (FFA) from hydrolysis of adipose tissue triglycerides impedes insulin-mediated glucose uptake in muscle tissues. Less well studied are the different routes of this communication. First, white adipose tissue depots may be regionally distant from muscle (i.e., gluteal fat and diaphragm muscle) or contiguous to muscle but separated by a fascia (Scarpa's fascia in the abdomen, fascia lata in the thigh). In this case, released FFA outflow through the venous drainage and merge into arterial plasma to be transported to muscle tissues. Next, cytosolic triglycerides can directly, i.e., within the cell, provide FFA to myocytes (but also pancreatic ß-cells, renal tubular cells, etc.). Finally, adipocyte layers or lumps may be adjacent to, but not anatomically segregated, from muscle, as is typically the case for epicardial fat and cardiomyocytes. As regulation of these three main delivery paths is different, their separate contribution to substrate competition at the whole-body level is uncertain. Another important link between fat and muscle is vascular. In the resting state, blood flow is generally higher in adipose tissue than in muscle. In the insulinized state, fat blood flow is directly related to whole-body insulin resistance whereas muscle blood flow is not; consequently, fractional (i.e., flow-adjusted) glucose uptake is stimulated in muscle but not fat. Thus, reduced blood supply is a major factor for the impairment of in vivo insulin-mediated glucose uptake in both subcutaneous and visceral fat. In contrast, the insulin resistance of glucose uptake in resting skeletal muscle is predominantly a cellular defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Camastra
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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15
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Swerdlow AJ, Bruce C, Cooke R, Coulson P, Schoemaker MJ, Jones ME. Risk of breast cancer in men in relation to weight change: a national case‐control study in England and Wales. Int J Cancer 2022; 150:1804-1811. [PMID: 35049043 PMCID: PMC9303449 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is uncommon in men and knowledge about its causation limited. Obesity is a risk factor but there has been no investigation of whether weight change is an independent risk factor, as it is in women. In a national case‐control study, 1998 men with breast cancer incident in England and Wales during 2005 to 2017 and 1597 male controls were interviewed about risk factors for breast cancer including anthropometric factors at several ages. Relative risks of breast cancer in relation to changes in body mass index (BMI) and waist/height ratios at these ages were obtained by logistic regression modelling. There were significant trends of increasing breast cancer risk with increase in BMI from age 20 to 40 (odds ratio [OR] 1.11 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05‐1.17] per 2 kg/m2 increase in BMI; P < .001), and from age 40 to 60 (OR 1.12 [1.04‐1.20]; P = .003), and with increase in self‐reported adiposity compared to peers at age 11 to BMI compared with peers at age 20 (OR 1.19 [1.09‐1.30]; P < .001). Increase in waist/height ratio from age 20 to 5 years before diagnosis was also highly significantly associated with risk (OR 1.13 [1.08‐1.19]; P < .001). The associations with increases in BMI and waist/height ratio were significant independently of each other and of BMI or waist/height ratio at the start of the period of change analysed, and effects were similar for invasive and in situ tumours separately. Increases in BMI and abdominal obesity are each risk factors for breast cancer in men, independently of obesity per se. These associations might relate to increasing oestrogen levels with weight gain, but this needs investigation.
What's new?
Although obesity is an established risk factor for breast cancer in men, there have been no investigations of whether weight change is an independent risk factor, as it is in women. In an interview case‐control study including 1998 cases and 1597 controls, authors found that increase in body mass index and in abdominal obesity are each significant risk factors for breast cancer in men, independent of obesity per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology The Institute of Cancer Research London UK
- Division of Breast Cancer Research The Institute of Cancer Research London UK
| | - Cydney Bruce
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology The Institute of Cancer Research London UK
- Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| | - Rosie Cooke
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology The Institute of Cancer Research London UK
- Oxford Cancer Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Oxford UK
| | - Penny Coulson
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology The Institute of Cancer Research London UK
| | - Minouk J Schoemaker
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology The Institute of Cancer Research London UK
| | - Michael E Jones
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology The Institute of Cancer Research London UK
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16
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Ye RZ, Richard G, Gévry N, Tchernof A, Carpentier AC. Fat Cell Size: Measurement Methods, Pathophysiological Origins, and Relationships With Metabolic Dysregulations. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:35-60. [PMID: 34100954 PMCID: PMC8755996 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The obesity pandemic increasingly causes morbidity and mortality from type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and many other chronic diseases. Fat cell size (FCS) predicts numerous obesity-related complications such as lipid dysmetabolism, ectopic fat accumulation, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disorders. Nevertheless, the scarcity of systematic literature reviews on this subject is compounded by the use of different methods by which FCS measurements are determined and reported. In this paper, we provide a systematic review of the current literature on the relationship between adipocyte hypertrophy and obesity-related glucose and lipid dysmetabolism, ectopic fat accumulation, and cardiovascular disorders. We also review the numerous mechanistic origins of adipocyte hypertrophy and its relationship with metabolic dysregulation, including changes in adipogenesis, cell senescence, collagen deposition, systemic inflammation, adipokine secretion, and energy balance. To quantify the effect of different FCS measurement methods, we performed statistical analyses across published data while controlling for body mass index, age, and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Zhou Ye
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Gabriel Richard
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Gévry
- Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- Québec Heart and Lung Research Institute, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - André C Carpentier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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17
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Stapel B, Jelinic M, Drummond GR, Hartung D, Kahl KG. Adipose Tissue Compartments, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Risk in the Context of Depression. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:831358. [PMID: 35444568 PMCID: PMC9013771 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.831358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurobiological and behavioral underpinnings linking mental disorders, in particular, major depressive disorder (MDD), with cardiovascular disorders are a matter of debate. Recent research focuses on visceral (intra-abdominal and epicardial) adipose tissue and inflammation and their impact on the development of cardiometabolic disorders. Intra-abdominal adipose tissue is defined as an endocrine active fat compartment surrounding inner organs and is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, a risk factor for the later development of cardiovascular disorders. Epicardial (pericardial) adipose tissue is a fat compartment surrounding the heart with close proximity to the arteries supporting the heart. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is an important source of inflammatory mediators that, in concert with other risk factors, plays a leading role in cardiovascular diseases. In conjunction with the behavioral (physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle), psychological (adherence problems), and hormonal (dysfunction of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis with subsequent hypercortisolism) alterations frequently accompanying MDD, an enhanced risk for cardiovascular disorders results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Stapel
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Maria Jelinic
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Grant R Drummond
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Dagmar Hartung
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hanover, Germany
| | - Kai G Kahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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18
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Tang H, Zhou Q, Zheng F, Wu T, Tang YD, Jiang J. The Causal Effects of Lipid Profiles on Sleep Apnea. Front Nutr 2022; 9:910690. [PMID: 35799595 PMCID: PMC9253611 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.910690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Observational studies have suggested that lipid profiles were associated with risk of sleep apnea (SA). However, the specific lipid types and whether this relationship has a causal effect are uncertain. This study conducted two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) to investigate the potential causal relationship between lipid profiles and risk of SA. Materials and Methods We used the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) on European participants on the UK Biobank. After a rigorous single nucleotide polymorphism screening process to remove confounding effects, we performed MR and MVMR to explore the causal relationship between lipid profiles and SA risk. Results Both MR and MVMR showed causal effects of increased triglyceride on SA risk [MR: per 10 units, odds ratio (OR): 1.0156; 95% CI: 1.0057-1.0257; P value = 0.002; MVMR: per 10 units, OR: 1.0229; 95% CI: 1.0051-1.0411; P value = 0.011]. The sensitivity analysis including Cochran's Q test, MR-Egger intercept, and MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) test indicated that our findings were robust. The causal effects of triglyceride on SA did not change after adjusting for potential confounders (obesity, age, sex, and airway obstruction). Conclusion Genetically increased triglyceride levels have independent causal effects on risk of sleep apnea without the confounding effects of obesity, suggesting that lowering triglyceride concentrations may help to reduce the risk of sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Tang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fu Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Da Tang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuhui Jiang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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19
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Shin HI, Jung SH. Body Fat Distribution and Associated Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults With Cerebral Palsy. Front Neurol 2021; 12:733294. [PMID: 34956040 PMCID: PMC8692887 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.733294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Fat distribution has increasingly been acknowledged as a more significant health parameter than general obesity, in terms of the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to investigate the regional fat distribution pattern and general body fat characteristics of adults with cerebral palsy (CP), and we explored the risk of CVD in this population. Methods: People aged ≥20 years who were diagnosed with CP were recruited between February 2014 and November 2014. The subjects underwent a structured interview, laboratory studies, and physical examination. The amount and distribution of fat were determined directly by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Laboratory analysis was performed to measure total cholesterol and triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein, and fasting plasma glucose levels. The Framingham risk score (FRS) was used to present the 10-year risk for having CVD, and predictors such as sex, age, total cholesterol, HDL, systolic blood pressure, treatment for hypertension, and smoking status were used to calculate the FRS. Results: Ninety-nine adults (58 men, mean age 41.77 ± 8.95 years) with CP were included. The participants consisted of all five levels of the Gross Motor Function Classification System. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 22.52 ± 4.58 kg/m2. According to BMI criteria, 54.9% were overweight and 27.3% were obese. The fat mass index criteria revealed 10.1% excess fat and 7.6% obesity. In univariable regression analysis, age, the timing of physical function deterioration, and android fat percentage were associated with the FRS (p <0.001, p <0.001, and p = 0.007, respectively). In multiple regression analysis, the FRS was associated with age and android fat percentage, based on the following formula: " FRS= - 18 . 549 + 0 . 410 ∗ Age + 0 . 577 ∗ Android percent fat ( % ) ( R 2 =0 . 528 ) ' ' ( p < 0.001 ) . Conclusions: Body fat distribution in the android area is significantly associated with future CVD risk in adults with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Iee Shin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chung Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se Hee Jung
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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20
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Verdú E, Homs J, Boadas-Vaello P. Physiological Changes and Pathological Pain Associated with Sedentary Lifestyle-Induced Body Systems Fat Accumulation and Their Modulation by Physical Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413333. [PMID: 34948944 PMCID: PMC8705491 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A sedentary lifestyle is associated with overweight/obesity, which involves excessive fat body accumulation, triggering structural and functional changes in tissues, organs, and body systems. Research shows that this fat accumulation is responsible for several comorbidities, including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and metabolic dysfunctions, as well as pathological pain behaviors. These health concerns are related to the crosstalk between adipose tissue and body systems, leading to pathophysiological changes to the latter. To deal with these health issues, it has been suggested that physical exercise may reverse part of these obesity-related pathologies by modulating the cross talk between the adipose tissue and body systems. In this context, this review was carried out to provide knowledge about (i) the structural and functional changes in tissues, organs, and body systems from accumulation of fat in obesity, emphasizing the crosstalk between fat and body tissues; (ii) the crosstalk between fat and body tissues triggering pain; and (iii) the effects of physical exercise on body tissues and organs in obese and non-obese subjects, and their impact on pathological pain. This information may help one to better understand this crosstalk and the factors involved, and it could be useful in designing more specific training interventions (according to the nature of the comorbidity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Verdú
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (P.B.-V.)
| | - Judit Homs
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
- Department of Physical Therapy, EUSES-University of Girona, 17190 Salt, Spain
| | - Pere Boadas-Vaello
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (P.B.-V.)
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Swerdlow AJ, Bruce C, Cooke R, Coulson P, Griffin J, Butlin A, Smith B, Swerdlow MJ, Jones ME. Obesity and Breast Cancer Risk in Men: A National Case-Control Study in England and Wales. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2021; 5:pkab078. [PMID: 34738071 PMCID: PMC8562705 DOI: 10.1093/jncics/pkab078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is rare in men, and information on its causes is very limited from studies that have generally been small. Adult obesity has been shown as a risk factor, but more detailed anthropometric relations have not been investigated. Methods We conducted an interview population-based case-control study of breast cancer in men in England and Wales including 1998 cases incident during 2005-2017 at ages younger than 80 years and 1597 male controls, with questions asked about a range of anthropometric variables at several ages. All tests of statistical significance were 2-sided. Results Risk of breast cancer statistically significantly increased with increasing body mass index (BMI) at ages 20 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02 to 1.12 per 2-unit change in BMI), 40 (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.07 to 1.16), and 60 (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.09 to 1.19) years, but there was also an indication of raised risk for the lowest BMIs. Large waist circumference 5 years before interview was more strongly associated than was BMI with risk, and each showed independent associations. Associations were similar for invasive and in situ tumors separately and stronger for HER2-positive than HER2-negative tumors. Of the tumors, 99% were estrogen receptor positive. Conclusions Obesity at all adult ages, particularly recent abdominal obesity, is associated with raised risk of breast cancer in men, probably because of the conversion of testosterone to estrogen by aromatase in adipose tissue. The association is particularly strong for HER2-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Cydney Bruce
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rosie Cooke
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Penny Coulson
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - James Griffin
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Alison Butlin
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Beverley Smith
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - M Jill Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Michael E Jones
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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22
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Tutunchi H, Naeini F, Ebrahimi-Mameghani M, Najafipour F, Mobasseri M, Ostadrahimi A. Metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity and the progression of liver fibrosis: A cross-sectional study. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2021; 45:101754. [PMID: 34303827 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2021.101754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of liver fibrosis is the most important predictor of adverse outcomes in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Little is known regarding the risk factors for the progression of NAFLD to liver fibrosis. The present cross-sectional study aimed to examine the association of liver fibrosis with metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity among patients with NAFLD. METHODS The severity of fatty liver was examined using ultrasonography. We used the NAFLD fibrosis score to determine the severity of liver fibrosis. Anthropometric indices, physical activity, and body composition were assessed. Blood samples were collected to determine serum metabolic parameters. Participants without any component of metabolic syndrome and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) <2.5 were considered as metabolically healthy. To examine the association of liver fibrosis with metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity, multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were applied. RESULTS The current study included a total of 246 patients with NAFLD and low probability of fibrosis. 46.3% of subjects were metabolically healthy and 53.7% were metabolically unhealthy. Among metabolically healthy subjects, multivariable-adjusted ORs (CIs) for worsening of NAFLD fibrosis score comparing body mass indexes (BMIs) 23.0-24.9, 25-29.9, and ≥30 with a BMI=18.5-22.9 kg/m2 were 1.28 (1.09-1.56), 1.99 (1.49-2.63), and 3.96 (2.89-4.71), respectively. The corresponding ORs (95% CIs) among metabolically unhealthy subjects were 1.39 (1.32-1.64), 2.27 (1.98-2.49), and 4.11 (3.12-4.93), respectively. Moreover, in both healthy and unhealthy individuals, higher percentages of body fat and waist circumference were significantly associated with worsening of NAFLD fibrosis score. CONCLUSION Excess body fat contributes to the progression of liver fibrosis regardless of metabolic health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helda Tutunchi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Naeini
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran university of medical science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrangiz Ebrahimi-Mameghani
- Social Determinant of Health Research Center, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farzad Najafipour
- Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Mobasseri
- Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Ostadrahimi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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23
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Liu L, Chen Y, Chen J, Lu M, Guo R, Han J, Zhang Y, Pei X, Ping Z. The relationship between PRDM16 promoter methylation in abdominal subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue and obesity. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:2278-2284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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24
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Lin IT, Lee MY, Wang CW, Wu DW, Chen SC. Gender Differences in the Relationships among Metabolic Syndrome and Various Obesity-Related Indices with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Taiwanese Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18030857. [PMID: 33498329 PMCID: PMC7908550 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18030857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
(NAFLD) is increasing worldwide, and it is strongly associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and some obesity-related indices. However, few studies have investigated gender differences in these associations. The aim of this study was to investigate associations among MetS and various obesity-related indices with NAFLD, and also look at gender differences in these associations. We enrolled participants who completed a health survey in southern Taiwan. MetS was defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III for Asians, and the following obesity-related indices were calculated: body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist-hip ratio (WHR), lipid accumulation product (LAP), body roundness index (BRI), conicity index (CI), visceral adiposity index (VAI), body adiposity index (BAI), abdominal volume index (AVI), triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, and hepatic steatosis index (HSI). NAFLD was diagnosed when hepatic steatosis was noted on a liver ultrasound. A total of 1969 (764 men and 1205 women) participants were enrolled. Multivariable analysis showed that both male and female participants with MetS, high BMI, high WHtR, high WHR, high LAP, high BRI, high CI, high VAI, high BAI, high AVI, high TyG index, and high HSI were significantly associated with NAFLD. In addition, the interactions between MetS and gender, WHR and gender, LAP and gender, and TyG index and gender on NAFLD were statistically significant. Among these obesity-related indices, HSI and LAP had the greatest area under the curve in both men and women. Furthermore, stepwise increases in the number of MetS components and the values of indices corresponding to the severity of NAFLD were noted. In conclusion, our results demonstrated significant relationships between MetS and obesity-related indices with NAFLD, and also stepwise increases in the number of MetS components and the values of indices with the severity of NAFLD. MetS, WHR, LAP, and TyG index were associated with NAFLD more obviously in women than in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ting Lin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (I-T.L.); (M.-Y.L.)
| | - Mei-Yueh Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (I-T.L.); (M.-Y.L.)
| | - Chih-Wen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan; (C.-W.W.); (D.-W.W.)
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Da-Wei Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan; (C.-W.W.); (D.-W.W.)
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chia Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan; (C.-W.W.); (D.-W.W.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-8036783 (ext. 3440); Fax: +886-7-8063346
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25
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Shetty S, Kapoor N, Thomas N, Paul TV. DXA Measured Visceral Adipose Tissue, Total Fat, Anthropometric Indices and its Association With Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Mother-Daughter Pairs From India. J Clin Densitom 2021; 24:146-155. [PMID: 32651111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Visceral fat is the pathogenic fat depot associated with diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases. Estimation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by dual energy-X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a newer technique with less radiation exposure, shorter scanning time, and lower cost. In this study, we attempted to look at relationship between cardiometabolic risk factors and VAT, total body fat percent (TBF%) and anthropometry. We also studied the changes in body composition and metabolic parameters with menopause. The familial resemblance of VAT and TBF% in mother-daughter pair was also compared. This was a cross sectional community study of 300 women (150 postmenopausal mothers and 150 premenopausal daughters). Body composition indices by DXA and metabolic parameters were assessed. The association between DXA-VAT, TBF%, anthropometric measures, and cardiometabolic risk factors were studied by correlation, receiver operating characteristics curves, and logistic regression analysis. VAT indices were significantly higher and lean indices lower in postmenopausal women as compared to premenopausal women. One fourth of postmenopausal women were categorized as metabolically obese normal weight. DXA-VAT was a better predictor of cardiometabolic risk factors as compared to waist circumference, body mass index, and TF% in postmenopausal women (AUC:0.68 vs 0.62, 0.60 & 0.5, respectively), whereas body mass index had a better prediction in premenopausal women(AUC:0.68). VAT area >100 cm² had a significant association with the presence of ≥2 cardiometabolic risk factors (p = 0.04, OR: 2.2, CI:1.0-4.7) in the postmenopausal women. Daughters of the mothers with higher TBF% were found to have a higher TBF% compared to daughters of mothers with normal TBF% (36.2 ± 4.2 vs 32.2 ± 4.4, p = 0.03), similar resemblance was not seen for VAT. The study showed that the VAT increases and lean mass decreases with age and menopause. DXA measured VAT is a better predictor of cardiometabolic risk in postmenopausal women but not in premenopausal women. Total body fat may have a familial resemblance, but not the VAT which is determined by age, menopause, and probable life style factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Shetty
- Department of Endocrinology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, (MAHE), Manipal, India.
| | - Nitin Kapoor
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Nihal Thomas
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Thomas Vizhalil Paul
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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26
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Liu B, Fan D, Yin F. The Relationship between Vitamin D Status and Visceral Fat Accumulation in Males with Type 2 Diabetes. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2020; 66:396-401. [PMID: 33132341 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.66.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency may play an important role in obesity. The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between vitamin D status and visceral fat accumulation in males with type 2 diabetes. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 128 adult males with type 2 diabetes in Qinhuangdao. The nutritional status of vitamin D was assessed by circulating levels of 25(OH)D, vitamin D deficiency <30 nmol/L, vitamin D insufficiency 30-50 nmol/L and vitamin D sufficiency >50 nmol/L. Accumulation of visceral fat was defined as visceral fat area ≥100 cm2. The prevalence of visceral fat accumulation was 35.9%. The prevalence of visceral fat accumulation was 14.6%, 45.1% and 50.0% in type 2 diabetes with vitamin D sufficiency, vitamin D insufficiency and vitamin D deficiency, respectively. In multiple logistic regression analysis, subjects with vitamin D insufficiency [OR=4.255, p=0.012] and vitamin D deficiency [OR=6.122, p=0.022] were more likely to have visceral fat accumulation compared with subjects with vitamin D sufficiency. Visceral fat accumulation linked to the cluster of cardiometabolic risk factor in males with type 2 diabetes. There was a significant correlation between vitamin D status and visceral fat accumulation in males with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao
| | - Dongmei Fan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao
| | - Fuzai Yin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao
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27
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Florio AA, Campbell PT, Zhang X, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Wactawski-Wende J, Smith-Warner SA, Sinha R, Simon TG, Sesso HD, Schairer C, Rosenberg L, Rohan TE, Robien K, Renehan AG, Purdue MP, Poynter JN, Palmer JR, Newton CC, Lu Y, Linet MS, Liao LM, Lee IM, Koshiol J, Kitahara CM, Kirsh VA, Hofmann JN, Graubard BI, Giovannucci E, Gaziano JM, Gapstur SM, Freedman ND, Demuth J, Chong DQ, Chan AT, Buring JE, Bradshaw PT, Freeman LEB, McGlynn KA, Petrick JL. Abdominal and gluteofemoral size and risk of liver cancer: The liver cancer pooling project. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:675-685. [PMID: 31677159 PMCID: PMC7391795 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is known to be associated with primary liver cancer (PLC), but the separate effects of excess abdominal and gluteofemoral size are unclear. Thus, we examined the association between waist and hip circumference with risk of PLC overall and by histologic type-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). The Liver Cancer Pooling Project is a consortium of prospective cohort studies that include data from 1,167,244 individuals (PLC n = 2,208, HCC n = 1,154, ICC n = 335). Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using proportional hazards regression. Waist circumference, per 5 cm increase, was associated with an 11% increased PLC risk (HR = 1.11, 95%CI: 1.09-1.14), including when adjusted for hip circumference (HR = 1.12, 95%CI: 1.08-1.17) and also when restricted to individuals in a normal body mass index (BMI) range (18.5 to <25 kg/m2 ; HR = 1.14, 95%CI: 1.07-1.21). Hip circumference, per 5 cm increase, was associated with a 9% increased PLC risk (HR = 1.09, 95%CI: 1.06-1.12), but no association remained after adjustment for waist circumference (HR = 0.99, 95%CI: 0.94-1.03). HCC and ICC results were similar. These findings suggest that excess abdominal size is associated with an increased risk of liver cancer, even among individuals considered to have a normal BMI. However, excess gluteofemoral size alone confers no increased risk. Our findings extend prior analyses, which found an association between excess adiposity and risk of liver cancer, by disentangling the separate effects of excess abdominal and gluteofemoral size through utilization of both waist and hip circumference measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A. Florio
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Peter T. Campbell
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Stephanie A. Smith-Warner
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Rashmi Sinha
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tracey G. Simon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Howard D. Sesso
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Catherine Schairer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lynn Rosenberg
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Thomas E. Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Kim Robien
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Andrew G. Renehan
- Faculty Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P. Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jenny N. Poynter
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Christina C. Newton
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Yunxia Lu
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, Program in Public Health, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Martha S. Linet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Linda M. Liao
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - I-Min Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jill Koshiol
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Cari M. Kitahara
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Victoria A. Kirsh
- Epidemiology Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan N. Hofmann
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Barry I. Graubard
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - J. Michael Gaziano
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
| | - Susan M. Gapstur
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Neal D. Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jane Demuth
- Information Management Services Inc., Silver Spring, MD
| | - Dawn Q. Chong
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Julie E. Buring
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Patrick T. Bradshaw
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | | | - Katherine A. McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jessica L. Petrick
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA
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28
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Lonardo A, Mantovani A, Lugari S, Targher G. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of the association between NAFLD and metabolically healthy or metabolically unhealthy obesity. Ann Hepatol 2020; 19:359-366. [PMID: 32349939 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is continuing to rise in many countries, paralleling the epidemic of obesity worldwide. In the last years, the concept of metabolically healthy obesity [MHO, generally defined as obesity without metabolic syndrome (MetS)] has raised considerable scientific interest. MHO is a complex phenotype with risks intermediate between metabolically healthy individuals with normal-weight (NWMH) and patients who are obese and metabolically unhealthy (MUO, i.e. obesity with MetS). In this review we aimed to examine the association and pathophysiological link of NAFLD with MHO and MUO. Compared to NWMH individuals, patients with obesity, regardless of the presence of MetS features, are at higher risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events. Moreover, MHO patients have a greater risk of NAFLD development and progression compared to NWMH individuals. However, this risk is generally lower than that of MUO patients, suggesting a stronger adverse effect of coexisting MetS disorders than obesity per se on the severity of NAFLD. Nevertheless, since MHO is a dynamic state (with a significant proportion of MHO subjects progressing to MUO over time) and NAFLD itself may predict the transition from MHO to MUO, we believe that any effort should be made to identify NAFLD in all obese individuals, although they appear to be "metabolically healthy". Future research is needed to better understand the role of NAFLD and other pathogenic factors potentially involved in the transition from MHO to MUO and to elucidate how this transition may affect the presence and severity of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Lonardo
- Operating Unit of Metabolic Syndrome, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, Modena, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Mantovani
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Targher
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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29
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Abstract
Although visceral fat is strongly correlated with the metabolic complications of obesity, the existing data indicate it is not the cause of these complications. Excess release of free fatty acids (FFA) from adipose tissue lipolysis can account for a sizable portion of the metabolic complications of obesity. In humans, upper-body subcutaneous adipose tissue accounts for most systemic FFA, whereas visceral fat contributes a modest portion of the excess amount to which the liver is exposed. This pattern is maintained in upper-body/visceral obesity, except that greater amounts of visceral fat expose the liver to more FFA from visceral adipose tissue lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Jensen
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes, & Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Room 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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30
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Liao CC, Sheu WHH, Lin SY, Lee WJ, Lee IT. The Relationship Between Abdominal Body Composition and Metabolic Syndrome After a Weight Reduction Program in Adult Men with Obesity. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:1-8. [PMID: 32021346 PMCID: PMC6954077 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s228954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the relationship between changes in abdominal adipose tissue and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in men with obesity after a weight reduction program (WRP). PATIENTS AND METHODS Adult men with obesity and MetS were recruited for this prospective single-arm intervention study. Participants consumed an energy-restricted diet of 1200 kcal/day and performed 50-mins aerobic exercise daily for 12 weeks. Changes in the components of MetS were recorded. Changes in subcutaneous abdominal fat area (SAFA) and intra-abdominal fat area (IAFA) at the umbilicus level were determined using magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS A total of 30 men (mean age, 42.3 ± 10.0 years; body mass index, 33.7 ± 4.1 kg/m2) were included in this study. A moderate (8.0%) weight reduction occurred. Reversion of MetS was observed in 15 (50%) participants after the WRP. There was significant reduction in SAFA (68.3 ± 20.2 vs. 51.5 ± 18.6 cm2; P < 0.001) and IAFA (96.3 ± 15.6 vs. 86.0 ± 16.5 cm2; P < 0.001); the magnitude of reduction was greater for SAFA than for IAFA (-16.8 ± 7.7 vs. -10.3 ± 8.3 cm2; P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a reduction in IAFA to be an independent factor to decrease the risk of persistent MetS after WRP by adjustment for age, baseline IAFA, and change in SAFA (odds ratio = 0.25, 95% confidence interval: 0.07-0.95, P = 0.041). Reduction in SAFA was not significantly associated with the reversion of MetS (P = 0.411). CONCLUSION Reduction in IAFA via a 12-week WRP may help reverse MetS in men with obesity and MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Cheng Liao
- Department of Family Medicine, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayne Huey-Herng Sheu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yi Lin
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jane Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Te Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Science, Tunghai University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Correspondence: I-Te Lee Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650 Taiwan Boulevard, Sect. 4, Taichung40705, TaiwanTel +886-4-23741300Fax +886-4-23593662 Email
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31
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Breitfeld J, Kehr S, Müller L, Stadler PF, Böttcher Y, Blüher M, Stumvoll M, Kovacs P. Developmentally Driven Changes in Adipogenesis in Different Fat Depots Are Related to Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:138. [PMID: 32273869 PMCID: PMC7115744 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous (sc) and visceral (vis) adipose tissue (AT) contribute to the variability in pathophysiological consequences of obesity and adverse fat distribution. To gain insights into the molecular mechanisms distinguishing vis and sc fat, we compared the transcriptome during differentiation of immortalized adipocytes from murine epididymal (epi) and inguinal (ing) AT. RNA was extracted on different days of adipogenesis (-2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8) and analyzed using Clariom™ D mouse assays (Affymetrix) covering >214,900 transcripts in >66,100 genes. Transcript Time Course Analysis revealed 137 differentially expressed genes. The top genes with most divergent expression dynamics included developmental genes like Alx1, Lhx8, Irx1/2, Hoxc10, Hoxa5/10, and Tbx5/15. According to pathway analysis the majority of the genes were enriched in pathways related to AT development. Finally, in paired samples of human vis and sc AT (N = 63), several of these genes exhibited depot-specific variability in expression which correlated closely with body mass index and/or waist-to-hip ratio. In conclusion, intrinsically programmed differences in gene expression patterns during adipogenesis suggest that fat depot specific regulation of adipogenesis contributes to individual risk of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Breitfeld
- University of Leipzig Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jana Breitfeld
| | - Stephanie Kehr
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Luise Müller
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter F. Stadler
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad National de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yvonne Böttcher
- University of Leipzig Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Akershus Universitetssykehus, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- University of Leipzig Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Medical Department III—Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Peter Kovacs
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32
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In-vivo metabolic studies of regional adipose tissue. Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab 2019; 7:75-79. [PMID: 31646288 DOI: 10.1097/xce.0000000000000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of abdominal adipose tissue has long been associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Paradoxically, increased gluteofemoral adipose tissue, which is predominantly subcutaneous fat, seems to play a protective role. There has been significant scientific interest in understanding how abdominal and gluteofemoral depots confer opposing metabolic risks. However, the study of regional adipose physiology in vivo remains challenging. We discuss some of the methodologies used. We focus specifically on the arteriovenous difference technique and present some insights into gluteofemoral adipose physiology.
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33
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White JD, Dewal RS, Stanford KI. The beneficial effects of brown adipose tissue transplantation. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 68:74-81. [PMID: 31228478 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a disease that results from an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a potential therapeutic target to improve the comorbidities associated with obesity due to its inherent thermogenic capacity and its ability to improve glucose metabolism. Multiple studies have shown that activation of BAT using either pharmacological treatments or cold exposure had an acute effect to increase metabolic function and reduce adiposity. Recent preclinical investigations have explored whether increasing BAT mass or activation through transplantation models could improve glucose metabolism and metabolic health. Successful BAT transplantation models have shown improvements in glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, as well as reductions in body mass and decreased adiposity in recipients. BAT transplantation may confer its beneficial effects through several different mechanisms, including endocrine effects via the release of 'batokines'. More recent studies have demonstrated that beige and brown adipocytes isolated from human progenitor cells and transplanted into mouse models result in metabolic improvements similar to transplantation of whole BAT; this could represent a clinically translatable model. In this review we will discuss the impetus for both early and recent investigations utilizing BAT transplantation models, the outcomes of these studies, and review the mechanisms associated with the beneficial effects of BAT transplant to confer improvements in metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D White
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Revati S Dewal
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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34
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Pasternak-Mnich K, Ziemba B, Szwed A, Kopacz K, Synder M, Bryszewska M, Kujawa J. Effect of Photobiomodulation Therapy on the Increase of Viability and Proliferation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Lasers Surg Med 2019; 51:824-833. [PMID: 31165521 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We have investigated how low intensity laser irradiation emitted by a multiwave-locked system (MLS M1) affects the viability and proliferation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) depending on the parameters of the irradiation. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Cells isolated surgically from the femoral bone during surgery were identified by flow cytometry and cell differentiation assays. For irradiation, two wavelengths (808 and 905 nm) with the following parameters were used: power density 195, 230, and 318 mW/cm 2 , doses of energy 3, 10, and 20 J (energy density 0.93-6.27 J/cm 2 ), and in continuous (CW) or pulsed emission (PE) (frequencies 1,000 and 2,000 Hz). RESULTS There were statistically significant increases of cell viability and proliferation after irradiation at 3 J (CW; 1,000 Hz), 10 J (1,000 Hz), and 20 J (2,000 Hz). CONCLUSIONS Irradiation with the MLS M1 system can be used in vitro to modulate MSCs in preparation for therapeutic applications. This will assist in designing further studies to optimize the radiation parameters and elucidate the molecular mechanisms of action of the radiation. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Pasternak-Mnich
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska St., 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Barbara Ziemba
- Department of Clinical Genetic, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska St., 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szwed
- Department of General Biophysics, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Kopacz
- "DynamoLab" Academic Laboratory of Movement and Human Physical Performance, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska St., 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek Synder
- Medical Faculty, Clinic of Orthopedics and Pediatric Orthopedics, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska St., 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maria Bryszewska
- Department of General Biophysics, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kujawa
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska St., 92-213, Lodz, Poland
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Junjie W, Dongsheng H, Lei S, Hongzhuo L, Changying S. Testosterone Replacement Therapy Has Limited Effect on Increasing Bone Mass Density in Older Men: a Meta-analysis. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:73-84. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190206223244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Testosterone insufficiency may play a role in age-related decreases in bone mass density
(BMD) and osteoporosis in aging men. Testosterone replacement therapy (T therapy) seems to be a simple and
convenient way to increase BMD and improve the condition of osteoporosis.
Objective:
To evaluate the effects of T therapy in increasing BMD among older men with low serum testosterone
concentrations.
Methods:
A comprehensive search in the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Central databases
was undertaken for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effect of T therapy on osteoporosis in aging men.
Primary outcome measures were the change in BMD, bone turnover markers, prostate symptoms, body composition,
metabolic and endocrine system markers. The final search was performed in October 2018.
Results:
Seven RCTs were included. A total of 800 patients met the inclusion criteria. T therapy did not significantly
reverse the trend toward decreasing BMD in the spine, femoral neck, Ward’s triangle and the whole body,
with the exception of the trochanter and total hip. In addition, T therapy increased prostate size, lean mass, sex
hormone levels; reduced HDL concentration; and had no statistical effect on prostate symptoms, body composition,
serum hormones and metabolism.
Conclusion:
T therapy is not effective in increasing BMD in older men. In addition, it has limited effects on
prostate-specific antigen (PSA), the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), body mass index (BMI), fat
mass, parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-VitD and lipid metabolism, although it can increase prostate size, lean
mass, and sex hormone levels, and reduce glucose levels and HDL concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Junjie
- Changzhi Medical College, address: No. 161, Jiefangdong Street, Changzhi, Shanxi, 046000, China
| | - Hao Dongsheng
- Changzhi Medical College, address: No. 161, Jiefangdong Street, Changzhi, Shanxi, 046000, China
| | - Sun Lei
- Changzhi Medical College, address: No. 161, Jiefangdong Street, Changzhi, Shanxi, 046000, China
| | - Li Hongzhuo
- Changzhi Medical College, address: No. 161, Jiefangdong Street, Changzhi, Shanxi, 046000, China
| | - Sun Changying
- Changzhi Medical College, address: No. 161, Jiefangdong Street, Changzhi, Shanxi, 046000, China
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Obstructive sleep apnea and the metabolic syndrome: The road to clinically-meaningful phenotyping, improved prognosis, and personalized treatment. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 42:211-219. [PMID: 30279095 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an increasingly prevalent sleep disorder characterized by upper airway obstruction during sleep, resulting in breathing pauses, intermittent hypoxia, and fragmented sleep. In parallel, the constellation of adverse health outcomes associated with prolonged obesity, such as insulin resistance, elevated blood pressure, triglycerides, and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol - termed metabolic syndrome -raises the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, type 2 diabetes, and all-cause mortality. Affecting 35-40% of U.S. adults, risk factors for metabolic syndrome, including obesity, middle age, sedentary behavior, and genetics, share considerable overlap with those for OSA. Thus, it has been difficult to disentangle cause, effect, and whether certain treatments, such as CPAP, can improve these outcomes. In this paper, we provide an update to our 2005 review which explored the association between OSA and metabolic syndrome, highlighting visceral obesity as the common etiological factor of both conditions. This update includes (a) recent data on physiological and biochemical mechanisms, (b) new data in nonobese men and women as well as children and adolescents, (c) insight from the latest treatment studies, (d) the role of aging in understanding clinically-meaningful phenotypes of the disorder, and (e) the potential diagnostic/prognostic utility of biomarkers in identifying OSA patients with the strongest cardiometabolic risk.
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Saad F. Testosterone Therapy and Glucose Homeostasis in Men with Testosterone Deficiency (Hypogonadism). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1043:527-558. [PMID: 29224109 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since the early 1990s, it has been recognized that testosterone (T) levels are lower in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared with nondiabetic men (controls). Hypogonadism has been reported in approximately 50% of men with T2DM with robust correlations with measures of obesity, such as waist circumference and body mass index (BMI). In longitudinal studies, hypogonadism has been identified as a predictor of incident T2DM. Experimental withdrawal of T led to acute decreased insulin sensitivity, which can be reversed by normalization of T concentrations. Androgen deprivation therapy, commonly used in men with advanced prostate cancer, increases the risk of incident T2DM significantly.While short-term studies of T therapy in hypogonadal men with T2DM show only minor effects, long-term administration of T leads to meaningful and sustained improvements of glycemic control with parallel reductions in body weight and waist circumference. The more insulin-resistant and obese a patient is at the time of initiation of T therapy, the more improvements are noted. The observed effects are likely mediated by the increase in lean body mass invariably achieved by T therapy, as well as the improvement in energy and motivation, referred to as the psychotropic effects of T. As recommended by various guidelines, measuring T levels and, if indicated, restoring men's T levels into the normal physiological range can have a substantial impact on ameliorating T2DM in hypogonadal men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Saad
- Global Medical Affairs Andrology, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany. .,Gulf Medical University School of Medicine, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
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38
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Differential response to caloric restriction of retroperitoneal, epididymal, and subcutaneous adipose tissue depots in rats. Exp Gerontol 2018; 104:127-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Low-Frequency Intermittent Hypoxia Promotes Subcutaneous Adipogenic Differentiation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:4501757. [PMID: 29721149 PMCID: PMC5867560 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4501757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), characterized by intermittent hypoxia (IH), is associated with obesity and metabolic disorders. The mass and function of adipose tissue are largely dependent on adipogenesis. The impact of low-frequency IH on adipogenesis is unknown. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to IH (4 min for 10% O2 and 2 min for 21% O2) or intermittent normoxia (IN) for 6 weeks. The degree of adipogenic differentiation was evaluated by adipogenic transcriptional factors, adipocyte-specific proteins, and oily droplet production in both subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Upregulation of proadipogenic markers (CEBPα, PPARγ, and FABP4) and downregulation of antiadipogenic markers CHOP in line with smaller size of adipocytes were found in IH-exposed SAT. In vitro experiments using human preadipocytes (HPAs) of subcutaneous lineage during differentiation phase, subjected to IH (1% O2 for 10 min and 21% O2 for 5 min; 5% CO2) or IN treatment, were done to investigate the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R)/Akt pathway in adipogenesis. IH promoted the accumulation of oily droplets and adipogenesis-associated markers. IGF-1R kinase inhibitor NVP-AEW541 attenuated the proadipogenic role in IH-exposed HPAs. In summary, relatively low frequency of IH may enhance adipogenesis preferentially in SAT.
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40
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Adipose Tissue Function and Expandability as Determinants of Lipotoxicity and the Metabolic Syndrome. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 960:161-196. [PMID: 28585199 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The adipose tissue organ is organised as distinct anatomical depots located all along the body axis and it is constituted of three different types of adipocytes : white, beige and brown which are integrated with vascular, immune, neural and extracellular stroma cells. These distinct adipocytes serve different specialised functions. The main function of white adipocytes is to ensure healthy storage of excess nutrients/energy and its rapid mobilisation to supply the demand of energy imposed by physiological cues in other organs, whereas brown and beige adipocytes are designed for heat production through uncoupling lipid oxidation from energy production. The concert action of the three type of adipocytes/tissues has been reported to ensure an optimal metabolic status in rodents. However, when one or multiple of these adipose depots become dysfunctional as a consequence of sustained lipid/nutrient overload, then insulin resistance and associated metabolic complications ensue. These metabolic alterations negatively affects the adipose tissue functionality and compromises global metabolic homeostasis. Optimising white adipose tissue expandability and its functional metabolic flexibility and/or promoting brown/beige mediated thermogenic activity counteracts obesity and its associated lipotoxic metabolic effects. The development of these therapeutic approaches requires a deep understanding of adipose tissue in all broad aspects. In this chapter we will discuss the characteristics of the different adipose tissue depots with respect to origins and precursors recruitment, plasticity, cellular composition and expandability capacity as well as molecular and metabolic signatures in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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41
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Gaines J, Vgontzas AN, Fernandez-Mendoza J, He F, Calhoun SL, Liao D, Bixler EO. Increased inflammation from childhood to adolescence predicts sleep apnea in boys: A preliminary study. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 64:259-265. [PMID: 28432036 PMCID: PMC7085276 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While chronic systemic inflammation in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been traditionally considered a consequence of intermittent hypoxia, several treatment studies targeting inflammation suggest that this process may precede the development of the disorder. A recent cross-sectional study in the Penn State Child Cohort (PSCC) revealed that inflammation largely mediates the association between visceral adiposity and OSA in adolescence. The purpose of this study was to examine for the first time whether, longitudinally, inflammation precedes OSA during this developmental period. A subsample of the PSCC with longitudinal sleep and inflammation data (n=51) was included in this study. Participants underwent 9-h polysomnography (22:00-7:00), physical exam, and fasting morning blood draw at both time points. Plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured via ELISA. At follow-up, visceral, subcutaneous, and total fat area were assessed via dual X-ray absorptiometry. Sex differences in body composition emerged in adolescence, with boys having more visceral adiposity than girls. Longitudinal increases in waist circumference from childhood to adolescence were associated with increases in CRP (ΔCRP) and follow-up CRP in boys, but not girls. Furthermore, in boys, ΔCRP was associated with higher follow-up apnea/hypopnea index (AHI). When ΔCRP was entered into a model predicting follow-up AHI, Δwaist circumference was no longer significant, indicating that inflammation largely explains the association between increasing central obesity and OSA severity. These preliminary findings, in a longitudinal, non-clinical sample of children developing OSA, suggest that inflammation derived from visceral adipose tissue precedes the development of the disorder, suggesting a potential causal mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Gaines
- Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Alexandros N. Vgontzas
- Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States,Corresponding author at: Penn State University College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry H073, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, United States. (A.N. Vgontzas)
| | - Julio Fernandez-Mendoza
- Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Fan He
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Susan L. Calhoun
- Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Duanping Liao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Edward O. Bixler
- Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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42
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Kusters YH, Schalkwijk CG, Houben AJ, Kooi ME, Lindeboom L, Op 't Roodt J, Joris PJ, Plat J, Mensink RP, Barrett EJ, Stehouwer CDA. Independent tissue contributors to obesity-associated insulin resistance. JCI Insight 2017; 2:89695. [PMID: 28679946 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.89695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induction of insulin resistance is a key pathway through which obesity increases risk of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular events. Although the detrimental effects of obesity on insulin sensitivity are incompletely understood, accumulation of visceral, subcutaneous, and liver fat and impairment of insulin-induced muscle microvascular recruitment (MVR) may be involved. As these phenotypic changes often coincide in obesity, we aimed to unravel whether they independently contribute to insulin resistance and thus constitute separate targets for intervention. METHODS We measured visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) volumes and intrahepatic lipid (IHL) content by MRI, and whole body glucose disposal (WBGD) and MVR (using contrast-enhanced ultrasound) responses to a euglycemic insulin clamp in lean (n = 25) and abdominally obese men (n = 52). Abdominally obese men were randomized to dietary weight loss intervention or habitual diet. RESULTS Obesity-associated increases in VAT, SAT, and IHL, along with the decrease in MVR, contributed independently to insulin resistance. Moreover, a dietary weight loss intervention reduced insulin resistance, and mediation analyses showed that decreased IHL and insulin-induced MVR, but not decreased VAT or SAT volumes, independently contributed to improved insulin resistance seen with weight loss. CONCLUSION Quantifying the mutually independent contributions of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, intrahepatic lipid, and insulin-induced muscle microvascular recruitment reveals distinct targets for treating obesity-associated insulin resistance. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01675401. FUNDING Funding was from the Top Institute Food and Nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvo Ham Kusters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Top Institute of Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Casper G Schalkwijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Top Institute of Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons Jhm Houben
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M Eline Kooi
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas Lindeboom
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Op 't Roodt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Top Institute of Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Joris
- Top Institute of Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands.,School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jogchum Plat
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Top Institute of Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands.,School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eugene J Barrett
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Coen DA Stehouwer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Terada T, Boulé NG, Forhan M, Prado CM, Kenny GP, Prud'homme D, Ito E, Sigal RJ. Cardiometabolic risk factors in type 2 diabetes with high fat and low muscle mass: At baseline and in response to exercise. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:881-891. [PMID: 28317297 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the interplay between high fat and low muscle mass on cardiometabolic risk factors at baseline and in response to exercise in type 2 diabetes. METHODS Using baseline percent body fat and skeletal muscle mass index, 248 participants were divided into high fat versus low fat and low muscle versus high muscle. Linear mixed models were used to examine the main effects of fat mass and muscle mass and their interaction on baseline cardiometabolic risk factors and changes in risk factors in response to 6-month exercise training. RESULTS At baseline, there was a fat mass by muscle mass interaction effect on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c ; P = 0.009), suggesting that low muscle was associated with elevated HbA1c in those with high fat but not low fat. Significant interactions between baseline fat mass and muscle mass on the exercise-induced changes in visceral adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and triglyceride concentration indicated that low muscle attenuated the exercise responses in participants with high fat at baseline (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS High fat and low muscle may be synergistically associated with higher HbA1c in type 2 diabetes. In participants with high fat mass, low muscle mass may attenuate exercise-induced improvements in some cardiometabolic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Terada
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Normand G Boulé
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mary Forhan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carla M Prado
- Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Glen P Kenny
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Denis Prud'homme
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Institut recherche, Hôpital Montfort, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eiji Ito
- Faculty of Tourism, Wakayama University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Ronald J Sigal
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Landgraf K, Schuster S, Meusel A, Garten A, Riemer T, Schleinitz D, Kiess W, Körner A. Short-term overfeeding of zebrafish with normal or high-fat diet as a model for the development of metabolically healthy versus unhealthy obesity. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 17:4. [PMID: 28327129 PMCID: PMC5361797 DOI: 10.1186/s12899-017-0031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obese individuals differ in their risk of developing metabolic and cardiovascular complications depending on fat distribution (subcutaneous versus visceral) and adipose tissue (AT) phenotype (hyperplasic versus hypertrophic). However, the exact mechanisms which determine whether an obese individual is metabolically healthy or unhealthy are not clear, and analyses of the underlying pathomechanisms are limited by the lack of suitable in vivo models in which metabolically healthy versus metabolically unhealthy AT accumulation can be specifically induced. In the current study, we aimed to establish a protocol for the use of zebrafish as a model for obesity-related metabolically healthy versus metabolically unhealthy AT accumulation. METHODS We overfed adult male zebrafish of the AB strain with normal fat diet (NFD) or high fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks and compared parameters related to obesity, i.e. body weight, body mass index, condition index and body fat percentage, to control zebrafish fed under physiological conditions. In addition, we investigated the presence of early obesity-related metabolic alterations by quantifying blood glucose levels, plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and by assessing ectopic lipid accumulation in the liver of zebrafish. Finally, we determined gene expression levels of marker genes related to lipid metabolism, inflammation and fibrosis in visceral AT and liver. RESULTS We show that 8-weeks overfeeding with either NFD or HFD leads to a significant increase in body weight and AT mass compared to controls. In contrast to NFD-overfed zebrafish, HFD-overfed zebrafish additionally present metabolic alterations, e.g. hyperglycemia and ectopic lipid accumulation in the liver, and a metabolically unhealthy AT phenotype with adipocyte hypertrophy especially in the visceral AT depot, which is accompanied by changes in the expression of marker genes for lipid metabolism, inflammation and fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we have established a method for the specific induction of metabolically distinct obesity phenotypes in zebrafish. Our results indicate that zebrafish represents an attractive model to study regulatory mechanisms involved in the determination of AT phenotype during development of metabolically healthy versus metabolically unhealthy obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Landgraf
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), University Hospital for Children & Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. .,Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Susanne Schuster
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), University Hospital for Children & Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrej Meusel
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Garten
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), University Hospital for Children & Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Riemer
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dorit Schleinitz
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), University Hospital for Children & Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Körner
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), University Hospital for Children & Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Abstract
The world is experiencing an epidemic of obesity and its concomitant health problems. One implication is that the normally robust negative feedback system that controls energy homeostasis must be responding to different inputs than in the past. In this review we discuss the influence of gender on the efficacy of adiposity hormones as they interact with food intake control systems in the brain. Specifically, the levels of insulin and leptin in the blood are correlated with body fat, insulin being related mainly to visceral fat and leptin to subcutaneous fat. Since females carry more fat subcutaneously and males carry more fat viscerally, leptin correlates better with total body fat in females and insulin correlates better in males. High visceral fat and plasma insulin are also risk factors for the complications of obesity, including type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular problems, and certain cancers, and these are more prevalent in males. Consistent with these systemic differences, the brains of females are more sensitive to the catabolic actions of low doses of leptin whereas the brains of males are more sensitive to the catabolic action of low doses of insulin. The implications of this are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.
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Uchoa MF, Moser VA, Pike CJ. Interactions between inflammation, sex steroids, and Alzheimer's disease risk factors. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 43:60-82. [PMID: 27651175 PMCID: PMC5123957 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder for which there are no effective strategies to prevent or slow its progression. Because AD is multifactorial, recent research has focused on understanding interactions among the numerous risk factors and mechanisms underlying the disease. One mechanism through which several risk factors may be acting is inflammation. AD is characterized by chronic inflammation that is observed before clinical onset of dementia. Several genetic and environmental risk factors for AD increase inflammation, including apolipoprotein E4, obesity, and air pollution. Additionally, sex steroid hormones appear to contribute to AD risk, with age-related losses of estrogens in women and androgens in men associated with increased risk. Importantly, sex steroid hormones have anti-inflammatory actions and can interact with several other AD risk factors. This review examines the individual and interactive roles of inflammation and sex steroid hormones in AD, as well as their relationships with the AD risk factors apolipoprotein E4, obesity, and air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana F Uchoa
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - V Alexandra Moser
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Christian J Pike
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Gómez-Hernández A, Beneit N, Díaz-Castroverde S, Escribano Ó. Differential Role of Adipose Tissues in Obesity and Related Metabolic and Vascular Complications. Int J Endocrinol 2016; 2016:1216783. [PMID: 27766104 PMCID: PMC5059561 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1216783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the contribution of white, brown, and perivascular adipose tissues to the pathophysiology of obesity and its associated metabolic and vascular complications. Weight gain in obesity generates excess of fat, usually visceral fat, and activates the inflammatory response in the adipocytes and then in other tissues such as liver. Therefore, low systemic inflammation responsible for insulin resistance contributes to atherosclerotic process. Furthermore, an inverse relationship between body mass index and brown adipose tissue activity has been described. For these reasons, in recent years, in order to combat obesity and its related complications, as a complement to conventional treatments, a new insight is focusing on the role of the thermogenic function of brown and perivascular adipose tissues as a promising therapy in humans. These lines of knowledge are focused on the design of new drugs, or other approaches, in order to increase the mass and/or activity of brown adipose tissue or the browning process of beige cells from white adipose tissue. These new treatments may contribute not only to reduce obesity but also to prevent highly prevalent complications such as type 2 diabetes and other vascular alterations, such as hypertension or atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Gómez-Hernández
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Beneit
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sabela Díaz-Castroverde
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Escribano
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Marzola P, Boschi F, Moneta F, Sbarbati A, Zancanaro C. Preclinical In vivo Imaging for Fat Tissue Identification, Quantification, and Functional Characterization. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:336. [PMID: 27725802 PMCID: PMC5035738 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Localization, differentiation, and quantitative assessment of fat tissues have always collected the interest of researchers. Nowadays, these topics are even more relevant as obesity (the excess of fat tissue) is considered a real pathology requiring in some cases pharmacological and surgical approaches. Several weight loss medications, acting either on the metabolism or on the central nervous system, are currently under preclinical or clinical investigation. Animal models of obesity have been developed and are widely used in pharmaceutical research. The assessment of candidate drugs in animal models requires non-invasive methods for longitudinal assessment of efficacy, the main outcome being the amount of body fat. Fat tissues can be either quantified in the entire animal or localized and measured in selected organs/regions of the body. Fat tissues are characterized by peculiar contrast in several imaging modalities as for example Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) that can distinguish between fat and water protons thank to their different magnetic resonance properties. Since fat tissues have higher carbon/hydrogen content than other soft tissues and bones, they can be easily assessed by Computed Tomography (CT) as well. Interestingly, MRI also discriminates between white and brown adipose tissue (BAT); the latter has long been regarded as a potential target for anti-obesity drugs because of its ability to enhance energy consumption through increased thermogenesis. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) performed with 18F-FDG as glucose analog radiotracer reflects well the metabolic rate in body tissues and consequently is the technique of choice for studies of BAT metabolism. This review will focus on the main, non-invasive imaging techniques (MRI, CT, and PET) that are fundamental for the assessment, quantification and functional characterization of fat deposits in small laboratory animals. The contribution of optical techniques, which are currently regarded with increasing interest, will be also briefly described. For each technique the physical principles of signal detection will be overviewed and some relevant studies will be summarized. Far from being exhaustive, this review has the purpose to highlight some strategies that can be adopted for the in vivo identification, quantification, and functional characterization of adipose tissues mainly from the point of view of biophysics and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquina Marzola
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, VeronaItaly
| | - Federico Boschi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, VeronaItaly
| | - Francesco Moneta
- Preclinical Imaging Division – Bruker BioSpin, Bruker Italia s.r.l, MilanoItaly
| | - Andrea Sbarbati
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, VeronaItaly
| | - Carlo Zancanaro
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, VeronaItaly
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Khanal P, Johnsen L, Axel AMD, Hansen PW, Kongsted AH, Lyckegaard NB, Nielsen MO. Long-Term Impacts of Foetal Malnutrition Followed by Early Postnatal Obesity on Fat Distribution Pattern and Metabolic Adaptability in Adult Sheep. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156700. [PMID: 27257993 PMCID: PMC4892656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate whether over- versus undernutrition in late foetal life combined with obesity development in early postnatal life have differential implications for fat distribution and metabolic adaptability in adulthood. Twin-pregnant ewes were fed NORM (100% of daily energy and protein requirements), LOW (50% of NORM) or HIGH (150%/110% of energy/protein requirements) diets during the last trimester. Postnatally, twin-lambs received obesogenic (HCHF) or moderate (CONV) diets until 6 months of age, and a moderate (obesity correcting) diet thereafter. At 2½ years of age (adulthood), plasma metabolite profiles during fasting, glucose, insulin and propionate (in fed and fasted states) tolerance tests were examined. Organ weights were determined at autopsy. Early obesity development was associated with lack of expansion of perirenal, but not other adipose tissues from adolescence to adulthood, resulting in 10% unit increased proportion of mesenteric of intra-abdominal fat. Prenatal undernutrition had a similar but much less pronounced effect. Across tolerance tests, LOW-HCHF sheep had highest plasma levels of cholesterol, urea-nitrogen, creatinine, and lactate. Sex specific differences were observed, particularly with respect to fat deposition, but direction of responses to early nutrition impacts were similar. However, prenatal undernutrition induced greater metabolic alterations in adult females than males. Foetal undernutrition, but not overnutrition, predisposed for adult hypercholesterolaemia, hyperureaemia, hypercreatinaemia and hyperlactataemia, which became manifested only in combination with early obesity development. Perirenal expandability may play a special role in this context. Differential nutrition recommendations may be advisable for individuals with low versus high birth weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Khanal
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lærke Johnsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anne Marie Dixen Axel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Pernille Willert Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anna Hauntoft Kongsted
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nette Brinch Lyckegaard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mette Olaf Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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50
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Kociucka B, Jackowiak H, Kamyczek M, Szydlowski M, Szczerbal I. The relationship between adipocyte size and the transcript levels of SNAP23, BSCL2 and COPA genes in pigs. Meat Sci 2016; 121:12-18. [PMID: 27232380 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Breed-specific differences in fat tissue accumulation in the pig provide an opportunity to study the genetic background of this process. In the present study three pig breeds, differing in fatness, were analyzed in terms of the size of adipocytes derived from three tissues (subcutaneous, visceral and longissimus dorsi muscle) in relation to transcript levels of genes (SNAP23, BSCL2 and COPA), which encode proteins involved in lipid droplet formation. The analysis of adipocyte size revealed significant effects of breed and tissue and confirmed earlier reports that an elevated backfat thickness in some pig breeds is correlated with a larger adipocyte size. Variability in the transcript abundance of the studied genes among breeds and tissues was observed. We found a positive correlation between the abundance of the SNAP23 transcript and adipocyte diameter. The obtained results indicate that SNAP23 may be considered as an interesting candidate gene involved in adipose tissue growth in the pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Kociucka
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Hanna Jackowiak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Zoology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-625 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marian Kamyczek
- Pig Hybridization Centre, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 64-122 Pawlowice, Poland
| | - Maciej Szydlowski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Izabela Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland.
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