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Rodríguez-Berríos RR, Ríos-Delgado AM, Perdomo-Lizardo AP, Cardona-Rivera AE, Vidal-Rosado ÁG, Narváez-Lozano GA, Nieves-Quiñones IA, Rodríguez-Vargas JA, Álamo-Diverse KY, Lebrón-Acosta N, Medina-Berríos N, Rivera-Lugo PS, Avellanet-Crespo YA, Ortiz-Colón YW. Extraction, Isolation, Characterization, and Bioactivity of Polypropionates and Related Polyketide Metabolites from the Caribbean Region. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1087. [PMID: 37508183 PMCID: PMC10376297 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Caribbean region is a hotspot of biodiversity (i.e., algae, sponges, corals, mollusks, microorganisms, cyanobacteria, and dinoflagellates) that produces secondary metabolites such as polyketides and polypropionates. Polyketides are a diverse class of natural products synthesized by organisms through a biosynthetic pathway catalyzed by polyketide synthase (PKS). This group of compounds is subdivided into fatty acids, aromatics, and polypropionates such as macrolides, and linear and cyclic polyethers. Researchers have studied the Caribbean region to find natural products and focused on isolation, purification, structural characterization, synthesis, and conducting biological assays against parasites, cancer, fungi, and bacteria. These studies have been summarized in this review, including research from 1981 to 2020. This review includes about 90 compounds isolated in the Caribbean that meet the structural properties of polyketides. Out of 90 compounds presented, 73 have the absolute stereochemical configuration, and 82 have shown biological activity. We expect to motivate the researchers to continue exploring the Caribbean region's marine environments to discover and investigate new polyketide and polypropionate natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl R Rodríguez-Berríos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan PR 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
| | - Agnes M Ríos-Delgado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan PR 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
| | - Amanda P Perdomo-Lizardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan PR 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
| | - Andrés E Cardona-Rivera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan PR 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
| | - Ángel G Vidal-Rosado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan PR 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
| | - Guillermo A Narváez-Lozano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan PR 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
| | - Iván A Nieves-Quiñones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan PR 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
| | - Jeremy A Rodríguez-Vargas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan PR 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
| | - Keiry Y Álamo-Diverse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan PR 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
| | - Naiara Lebrón-Acosta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan PR 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
| | - Nataniel Medina-Berríos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan PR 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
| | - Patricia S Rivera-Lugo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan PR 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
| | - Yeriel A Avellanet-Crespo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan PR 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
| | - Yermarie W Ortiz-Colón
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan PR 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
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2
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Arteaga-Sogamoso E, Rodríguez F, Amato A, Ben-Gigirey B, Fraga S, Mafra LL, Fernandes LF, de Azevedo Tibiriçá CEJ, Chomérat N, Nishimura T, Homma C, Adachi M, Mancera-Pineda JE. Morphology and phylogeny of Prorocentrum porosum sp. nov. (Dinophyceae): A new benthic toxic dinoflagellate from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 121:102356. [PMID: 36639183 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A new marine benthic toxic Prorocentrum species is described from the tropical/subtropical regions of the Atlantic (Colombian Caribbean Sea and Northeast Brazil) and Pacific (Southern Japan) oceans. Morphological cell structures were examined using light (LM) and scanning electron (SEM) microscopy. Prorocentrum porosum sp. nov. was characterized by 35.9-50.2 μm long and 25.4-45.7 μm deep cells, covered by broadly ovoid symmetric thecal plates. The surface of both thecal plates is smooth and covered by randomly scattered kidney-shaped pores (n = 102-149), rounder towards the center, absent in the central part, and surrounded by a conspicuous marginal ring of about 69-92 evenly spaced pores. Broad V-shaped periflagellar area exhibiting flagellar and accessory pores. The molecular phylogenetic position of P. porosum sp. nov. was inferred using partial LSU rRNA gene (rDNA) and rDNA ITS sequences. This new species branched with high support in a Prorocentrum clade including P. caipirignum, P. hoffmannianum and P. cf. lima (P. lima morphotype 5 sensuZhang et al., 2015). Pairwise comparison of ITS1 and ITS2 transcripts with these closest relatives revealed the presence of compensatory base changes (CBCs), with the exception of P. cf. lima (P. lima morphotype 5), which only showed in ITS2 a hemi-CBC (HCBC) and two base changes that possibly induce a structural modification. Toxin analyses performed in two Colombian and Brazilian strains in the present study detected the presence of low amounts of okadaic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Arteaga-Sogamoso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras José Benito Vives de Andréis, INVEMAR, Santa Marta, Colombia. Calle 25 No. 2-55, Playa Salguero, Rodadero, Santa Marta, Colombia; Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Caribe, Santa Marta, Colombia. Calle 25 No. 2-55, Playa Salguero, Rodadero, Santa Marta, Colombia.
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Centro Nacional Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo. Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain; European Union Reference Laboratory for Monitoring of Marine Biotoxins, Citexvi Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Alberto Amato
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble-Alpes CEA CNRS INRA IRIG-CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Begoña Ben-Gigirey
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Monitoring of Marine Biotoxins, Citexvi Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Luiz Laureno Mafra
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 61, 83255-976, Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Luciano Felício Fernandes
- Departamento de Botânica, SCB, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 19031, 81531-990, Curitiba, Paraná CEP Brazil
| | | | - Nicolas Chomérat
- Station de Biologie Marine, IFREMER, Littoral, LER BO, Place de la Croix, F-29900, Concarneau, France
| | - Tomohiro Nishimura
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, 7010 Nelson, New Zealand; Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, 783-8502, Kochi Japan
| | - Chiho Homma
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, 783-8502, Kochi Japan
| | - Masao Adachi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science (LAQUES), Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Otsu, Monobe, Nankoku, 783-8502, Kochi Japan
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3
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Liang C, Ji Y, Ma J, Zhang C, Zhao H. Development of a highly sensitive and specific monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for detection of okadaic acid in oysters and green mussels. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2022.2076812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiyong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chundong Zhang
- Modern Agricultural Inspection, Testing & Control Center of Hainan Province, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
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Blanco J, Martín H, Mariño C, Rossignoli AE. Okadaic Acid Depuration from the Cockle Cerastoderma edule. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:216. [PMID: 35324713 PMCID: PMC8950396 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The cockle Cerastoderma edule is a commercially important species in many European Countries. It can accumulate okadaic acid (OA) and other toxins in its group, which makes it unsuitable for human consumption, producing harvesting bans to avoid intoxications. The duration of those bans depends in part on the depuration kinetics of the toxin in this species. In this work, this kinetics was studied by means of fitting different models to depuration data experimentally obtained, using naturally contaminated cockles. Cockles depurated OA faster than most other bivalve species studied. Models that include Michaelis-Menten kinetics describe the depuration better than those using a first order exponential decrease to describe the first (or the only) compartment. One-compartment models were not able to describe the final part of the depuration curve, in which OA was depurated very slowly. Therefore, two-compartment models were needed. Esters were depurated at a much faster rate than the free form of the toxin; however, no significant esterification was detected during the process. The slow depuration rate suggests that other bivalve species could be used as sentinels to monitor cockle populations, but caution should be taken when toxin concentrations are very high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Blanco
- Centro de Investigacions Mariñas (CIMA), Xunta de Galicia, Pedras de Coron s/n, Vilanova de Arousa, 36620 Pontevedra, Spain; (H.M.); (C.M.); (A.E.R.)
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5
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Pearson LA, D'Agostino PM, Neilan BA. Recent developments in quantitative PCR for monitoring harmful marine microalgae. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 108:102096. [PMID: 34588118 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Marine microalgae produce a variety of specialised metabolites that have toxic effects on humans, farmed fish, and marine wildlife. Alarmingly, many of these compounds bioaccumulate in the tissues of shellfish and higher trophic organisms, including species consumed by humans. Molecular methods are emerging as a potential alternative and complement to the conventional microscopic diagnosis of toxic or otherwise harmful microalgal species. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) in particular, has gained popularity over the past decade as a sensitive, rapid, and cost-effective method for monitoring harmful microalgae. Assays targeting taxonomic marker genes provide the opportunity to identify and quantify (or semi-quantify) microalgal species and importantly to pre-empt bloom events. Moreover, the discovery of paralytic shellfish toxin biosynthesis genes in dinoflagellates has enabled researchers to directly monitor toxigenic species in coastal waters and fisheries. This review summarises the recent developments in qPCR detection methods for harmful microalgae, with emphasis on emerging toxin gene monitoring technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne A Pearson
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Paul M D'Agostino
- Chair of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Brett A Neilan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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Woydziak ZR, Yucel AJ, Chamberlin AR. Tautomycetin Synthetic Analogues: Selective Inhibitors of Protein Phosphatase I. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:839-850. [PMID: 33301228 PMCID: PMC8582298 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ser/Thr protein phosphatases (PPs) regulate a substantial range of cellular processes with protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2 A (PP2A) accounting for over 90 % of the activity within cells. Nevertheless, tools to study PPs are limited as PPs inhibitors, particularly those selective for PP1 inhibition, are relatively scarce. Two examples of PP1-selective inhibitors, which share structural similarities, are tautomycin (TTM) and tautomycetin (TTN). This work describes the development of PP1/PP2A inhibitors that incorporate key structural features of TTM and TTN and are designed to conserve regions known to bind the active site of PP1/PP2A but vary regions that differentially contact the hydrophobic groove of PP1/PP2A. In all 28 TTN analogues were synthetically generated that inhibit PP1/PP2A activity at <250 mM; seven possessed inhibition activity at 100 nM. The IC50 values were determined for the seven most active analogues, which ranged from 34 to 1500 nM (PP1) and 70 to 6800 nM (PP2A). Four of the seven analogues possessed PP1 selectivity, and one demonstrated eightfold selectivity in the nanomolar range (PP1 IC50 =34 nM, PP2A IC50 =270 nM). A rationale is given for the observed differences in selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Woydziak
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, 1300, Nevada State Dr., Henderson, NV 89002, USA
| | - A John Yucel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 147 Biol. Sci. Admin., Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - A Richard Chamberlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 147 Biol. Sci. Admin., Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Cho K, Heo J, Han J, Hong HD, Jeon H, Hwang HJ, Hong CY, Kim D, Han JW, Baek K. Industrial Applications of Dinoflagellate Phycotoxins Based on Their Modes of Action: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E805. [PMID: 33353166 PMCID: PMC7766252 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are an important group of phytoplanktons, characterized by two dissimilar flagella and distinctive features of both plants and animals. Dinoflagellate-generated harmful algal blooms (HABs) and associated damage frequently occur in coastal areas, which are concomitant with increasing eutrophication and climate change derived from anthropogenic waste and atmospheric carbon dioxide, respectively. The severe damage and harmful effects of dinoflagellate phycotoxins in the fishing industry have been recognized over the past few decades, and the management and monitoring of HABs have attracted much attention, leaving aside the industrial application of their valuable toxins. Specific modes of action of the organisms' toxins can effectively be utilized for producing beneficial materials, such as Botox and other therapeutic agents. This review aims to explore the potential industrial applications of marine dinoflagellate phycotoxins; furthermore, this review focuses on their modes of action and summarizes the available knowledge on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kichul Cho
- Department of Applied Marine Bioresource Science, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon-gun, Chungchungnam-do 33662, Korea; (K.C.); (J.H.); (H.D.H.); (H.J.); (H.-J.H.); (K.B.)
| | - Jina Heo
- Growth Engine Research Department, Chungbuk Research Institute (CRI), Chungju, Chungchungbuk-do 28517, Korea;
| | - Jinwook Han
- Department of Applied Marine Bioresource Science, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon-gun, Chungchungnam-do 33662, Korea; (K.C.); (J.H.); (H.D.H.); (H.J.); (H.-J.H.); (K.B.)
| | - Hyun Dae Hong
- Department of Applied Marine Bioresource Science, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon-gun, Chungchungnam-do 33662, Korea; (K.C.); (J.H.); (H.D.H.); (H.J.); (H.-J.H.); (K.B.)
| | - Hancheol Jeon
- Department of Applied Marine Bioresource Science, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon-gun, Chungchungnam-do 33662, Korea; (K.C.); (J.H.); (H.D.H.); (H.J.); (H.-J.H.); (K.B.)
| | - Hyun-Ju Hwang
- Department of Applied Marine Bioresource Science, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon-gun, Chungchungnam-do 33662, Korea; (K.C.); (J.H.); (H.D.H.); (H.J.); (H.-J.H.); (K.B.)
| | - Chang-Yu Hong
- Department of Environmental and Urban Research, Jeju Research Institute, Jeju-si, Jeju-do 63147, Korea;
| | - Daekyung Kim
- Daegu Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daegu, Gyeongsangbuk-do 41566, Korea
| | - Jong Won Han
- Department of Applied Marine Bioresource Science, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon-gun, Chungchungnam-do 33662, Korea; (K.C.); (J.H.); (H.D.H.); (H.J.); (H.-J.H.); (K.B.)
| | - Kyunghwa Baek
- Department of Applied Marine Bioresource Science, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (MABIK), Seocheon-gun, Chungchungnam-do 33662, Korea; (K.C.); (J.H.); (H.D.H.); (H.J.); (H.-J.H.); (K.B.)
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Zou J, Li Q, Lu S, Dong Y, Chen H, Zheng C, Cui L. The first benthic harmful dinoflagellate bloom in China: Morphology and toxicology of Prorocentrum concavum. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 158:111313. [PMID: 32568087 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
More frequent events and geographic expansion of benthic harmful algal blooms have been reported in recent years. An unexpected bloom of benthic P. concavum occurred in Xincun Bay, Hainan Island, the South China Sea was monitored in August 2018. Species identification, toxin analysis and toxicity test were conducted in the study. Quantitative study revealed that P. concavum had a high cell density on the surface of substrates and in water column. The bloom forming species was identified based on the morphology and phylogeny. Toxin analysis indicated that there were no detectable DSP toxins either in algae or in shellfish samples. The result of toxicity test revealed that the extracts of P. concavum caused the mortality of brine shrimp larvae (Artemia salina). The results from this study may provide more insight into the rising threats of harmful dinoflagellate blooms to marine benthic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zou
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qun Li
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Songhui Lu
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China.
| | - Yuelei Dong
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Heng Chen
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chengzhi Zheng
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Cui
- Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Verma A, Kazandjian A, Sarowar C, Harwood DT, Murray JS, Pargmann I, Hoppenrath M, Murray SA. Morphology and Phylogenetics of Benthic Prorocentrum Species (Dinophyceae) from Tropical Northwestern Australia. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100571. [PMID: 31574958 PMCID: PMC6833055 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 70 species of Prorocentrum are known, of which around 30 species are associated with benthic habitats. Some produce okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin (DTX) and their derivatives, which are involved in diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. In this study, we isolated and characterized Prorocentrum concavum and P. malayense from Broome in north Western Australia using light and scanning electron microscopy as well as molecular sequences of large subunit regions of ribosomal DNA, marking the first record of these species from Australian waters. The morphology of the motile cells of P. malayense was similar to P. concavum in the light microscopy, but differed by the smooth thecal surface, the pore pattern and the production of mucous stalk-like structures and a hyaline sheath around the non-motile cells. P. malayense could also be differentiated from other closely related species, P. leve and P. foraminosum, despite the similarity in thecal surface and pore pattern, by its platelet formula and morphologies. We tested the production of OA and DTXs from both species, but found that they did not produce detectable levels of these toxins in the given culturing conditions. This study aids in establishing more effective monitoring of potential harmful algal taxa in Australian waters for aquaculture and recreational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Verma
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Aniuska Kazandjian
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
- Laboratorio de Sistemática Molecular, Centro de Biodiversidad Marina, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas 89000, Venezuela.
| | | | - D Tim Harwood
- Seafood Safety Research Programme, Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
| | - J Sam Murray
- Seafood Safety Research Programme, Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
| | - Insa Pargmann
- Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg; Germany.
| | - Mona Hoppenrath
- Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg; Germany.
- Senckenberg am Meer, German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany.
| | - Shauna A Murray
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
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10
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Shultz D, Campbell L, Kudela RM. Trends in Dinophysis abundance and diarrhetic shellfish toxin levels in California mussels (Mytilus californianus) from Monterey Bay, California. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 88:101641. [PMID: 31582160 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) are produced by the marine dinoflagellate, Dinophysis, as well as select species of benthic Prorocentrum. The DSTs can bioaccumulate in shellfish and cause gastrointestinal illness when humans consume high levels of this toxin. Although not routinely monitored throughout the U.S., recent studies in Washington, Texas, and New York suggest DSTs may be widespread throughout U.S. coastal waters. This study describes a four-year time series (2013-2016) of Dinophysis concentration and DST level in California mussels (Mytilus californianus) from Santa Cruz Municipal Wharf (SCMW) in Monterey Bay, California. Results show a maximum Dinophysis concentration of 9404 cells/L during this study and suggest Dinophysis persists as a member of the background phytoplankton community throughout the year. In California mussels, DSTs were found at persistent low levels throughout the course of this study, and exceeded the FDA guidance level of 160 ng/g 19 out of 192 weeks sampled. Concentrations of Dinophysis alone are a positive but weak predictor of DST level in California mussels, and basic environmental variables (temperature, salinity, and nutrients) do not sufficiently explain variation in Dinophysis concentration at SCMW. This study demonstrates that Dinophysis in Monterey Bay are producing DSTs that accumulate in local shellfish throughout the year, occasionally reaching levels of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Shultz
- Ocean Sciences Department, 1156 High Street, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, United States.
| | - Lisa Campbell
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - Raphael M Kudela
- Ocean Sciences Department, 1156 High Street, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, United States
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Coates CJ, Lim J, Harman K, Rowley AF, Griffiths DJ, Emery H, Layton W. The insect, Galleria mellonella, is a compatible model for evaluating the toxicology of okadaic acid. Cell Biol Toxicol 2018; 35:219-232. [PMID: 30426330 PMCID: PMC6556153 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-018-09448-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The polyether toxin, okadaic acid, causes diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in humans. Despite extensive research into its cellular targets using rodent models, we know little about its putative effect(s) on innate immunity. We inoculated larvae of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, with physiologically relevant doses of okadaic acid by direct injection into the haemocoel (body cavity) and/or gavage (force-feeding). We monitored larval survival and employed a range of cellular and biochemical assays to assess the potential harmful effects of okadaic acid. Okadaic acid at concentrations ≥ 75 ng/larva (≥ 242 μg/kg) led to significant reductions in larval survival (> 65%) and circulating haemocyte (blood cell) numbers (> 50%) within 24 h post-inoculation. In the haemolymph, okadaic acid reduced haemocyte viability and increased phenoloxidase activities. In the midgut, okadaic acid induced oxidative damage as determined by increases in superoxide dismutase activity and levels of malondialdehyde (i.e. lipid peroxidation). Our observations of insect larvae correspond broadly to data published using rodent models of shellfish-poisoning toxidrome, including complementary LD50 values: 206–242 μg/kg in mice, ~ 239 μg/kg in G. mellonella. These data support the use of this insect as a surrogate model for the investigation of marine toxins, which offers distinct ethical and financial incentives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Coates
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Jenson Lim
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Katie Harman
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Andrew F Rowley
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - David J Griffiths
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Helena Emery
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Will Layton
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
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Effect of Suspended Particulate Matter on the Accumulation of Dissolved Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins by Mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis) under Laboratory Conditions. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070273. [PMID: 29970810 PMCID: PMC6071173 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, detection of trace amounts of dissolved lipophilic phycotoxins in coastal waters has been possible using solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) samplers. To explore the contribution of dissolved diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DST) to the accumulation of toxins by cultivated bivalves, mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were exposed to different concentrations of purified okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) in filtered (0.45 µm) seawater for 96 h. Accumulation and esterification of DST by mussels under different experimental conditions, including with and without the addition of the food microalga Isochrysis galbana, and with the addition of different size-fractions of suspended particulate matter (SPM) (<75 µm, 75–150 µm, 150–250 µm) were compared. Results showed that mussels accumulated similar amounts of OA and DTX1 from seawater with or without food microalgae present, and slightly lower amounts when SPM particles were added. Mussels preferentially accumulated OA over DTX1 in all treatments. The efficiency of the mussel’s accumulation of OA and DTX1 from seawater spiked with low concentrations of toxins was higher than that in seawater with high toxin levels. A large proportion of OA (86–94%) and DTX1 (65–82%) was esterified to DTX3 by mussels in all treatments. The proportion of I. galbana cells cleared by mussels was markedly inhibited by dissolved OA and DTX1 (OA 9.2 µg L−1, DTX1 13.2 µg L−1) in seawater. Distribution of total OA and DTX1 accumulated in the mussel tissues ranked in all treatments as follows: digestive gland > gills > mantle > residual tissues. However, the percentage of total DST in the digestive gland of mussels in filtered seawater (67%) was higher than with the addition of SPM particles (75–150 µm) (51%), whereas the gills showed the opposite trend in filtered seawater with (27%) and without (14.4%) SPM particles. Results presented here will improve our understanding of the mechanisms of DST accumulation by bivalves in marine aquaculture environments.
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Abstract
The mouse bioassay for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins has been used worldwide. In
this study, dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) and okadaic acid (OA) were compared for toxicity.
The lethality rate increased and the median survival time decreased in a dose-dependent
manner in both DTX-1 and OA. The median lethal dose value was 150.4 µg/kg
(95% confidence interval=130.1–171.2 µg/kg) for DTX-1 and 185.6
µg/kg (95% confidence interval=161.2–209.6 µg/kg) for
OA. The toxicity equivalent factor 1:1 has been used for OA and DTX-1 in the EU and Japan.
Thus, it may be considered that toxicity potential of DTX-1 has remained underestimated as
compared to that of OA and DTX-1 might be more toxic than OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hodaka Suzuki
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Toxicology, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan.,Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yumiko Okada
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
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Functions of protein phosphatase-6 in NF-κB signaling and in lymphocytes. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:693-701. [PMID: 28620030 PMCID: PMC5473023 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase-6 (PP6) is a member of the PPP family of Ser/Thr phosphatases involved in intracellular signaling. PP6 is conserved among all eukaryotes, and genetics in model organisms indicates it has non-redundant functions relative to other PPP phosphatases. PP6 functions in association with conserved SAPS subunits and, in vertebrate species, forms heterotrimers with Ankrd subunits. Multiple studies have demonstrated how PP6 exerts negative control at different steps of nuclear factor kappaB signaling. Expression of PP6 catalytic subunit and the PPP6R1 subunit is especially high in hematopoietic cells and lymphoid tissues. Recent efforts at conditionally knocking out genes for PP6c or PP6R1 (SAPS1) have revealed distinctive effects on development of and signaling in lymphocytes.
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Aguilar-Trujillo AC, Okolodkov YB, Herrera-Silveira JA, Merino-Virgilio FDC, Galicia-García C. Taxocoenosis of epibenthic dinoflagellates in the coastal waters of the northern Yucatan Peninsula before and after the harmful algal bloom event in 2011-2012. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 119:396-406. [PMID: 28342593 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication causes the major impact in the coastal waters of the state of Yucatan. In general, loss of water quality and biological communities and massive development of toxic microorganisms are some of the consequences of this phenomenon. To reveal changes in species composition and cell abundance of the taxocoenosis of epibenthic dinoflagellates before and after a harmful algal bloom event in the water column that lasted about 150days (August-December 2011) in the Dzilam - San Crisanto area (northern Yucatan Peninsula, southeastern Gulf of Mexico) were the main objectives of the present study. In August 2011 and September 2012, sampling along 20 transects perpendicular to the coastline along the entire northern Yucatan coast, starting from 20 sampling sites from El Cuyo in the east to Celestún in the west, at a distance of 50, 150 and 250m from the coast, was carried out. Physicochemical characteristics measured before and after the bloom were within the ranges previously reported in the study area. Salinity was the most stable characteristic, with mean values of 36.25 and 36.42 in 2011 and 2012, respectively. Phosphates were the only parameter that showed a wide range with higher values before the bloom (0.03-0.54μM/l). A total of 168 macrophyte (seaweeds and seagrasses), sponge and sediment samples (105 in 2011 and 63 in 2012) that included associated microphytobenthos were taken by snorkeling from 0.7 to 5m depth. Six substrate types were distinguished: Chlorophyta, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyta, Angiospermae (seagrasses), Demospongiae (sponges) and sediment. Chlorophytes dominated the collected samples: 38 samples in 2011 and 23 in 2012. Avrainvillea longicaulis f. laxa predominated before the bloom and Udotea flabellum after it. In total, 25 epibenthic dinoflagellate species from 11 genera were found. The genus Prorocentrum was the most representative in terms of the number of species. The highest total dinoflagellate cell abundances were observed in the sites with different types of macrophytes (up to 2441cells/g substrate wet weight in 2011 and up to 1068cells/g in 2012). The lowest cell densities were observed in the areas with scarce or no macrophytes on sandy seafloor. Before the bloom, Prorocentrum rhathymum (up to 4995cells/g) and P. cf. sipadanensis (up to 5275cells/g) were the most abundant, and after the bloom the latter was dominant (up to 3559cells/g); in 2012, both variety of substrates and dinoflagellate cell abundance diminished. A canonical correspondence analysis revealed significant relationships between the physicochemical variables and epiphytic/benthic dinoflagellate species either before or after the bloom. The pelagic bloom resulted in the loss of substrate for epiphytic dinoflagellates, which caused replacement of the dominant species and a decrease in cell abundance of the whole taxocoenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Aguilar-Trujillo
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados - Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida, Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Laboratorio de Producción Primaria, Carretera Antigua a Progreso km 6, Col. Gonzalo de Guerrero, C.P. 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Yuri B Okolodkov
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Pesquerías, Universidad Veracruzana, Laboratorio de Botánica Marina y Planctología, Calle Hidalgo No. 617, Col. Río Jamapa, C.P. 94290 Boca del Río, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Jorge A Herrera-Silveira
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados - Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida, Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Laboratorio de Producción Primaria, Carretera Antigua a Progreso km 6, Col. Gonzalo de Guerrero, C.P. 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Fany Del C Merino-Virgilio
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados - Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida, Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Laboratorio de Producción Primaria, Carretera Antigua a Progreso km 6, Col. Gonzalo de Guerrero, C.P. 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Citlalli Galicia-García
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Pesquerías, Universidad Veracruzana, Laboratorio de Botánica Marina y Planctología, Calle Hidalgo No. 617, Col. Río Jamapa, C.P. 94290 Boca del Río, Veracruz, Mexico; Instituto Tecnológico de Boca del Río, Laboratorio de Biología, km 12 Carretera Veracruz-Córdoba, C.P. 94290 Boca del Río, Veracruz, Mexico.
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Luo Z, Zhang H, Krock B, Lu S, Yang W, Gu H. Morphology, molecular phylogeny and okadaic acid production of epibenthic Prorocentrum (Dinophyceae) species from the northern South China Sea. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Botana LM, Hess P, Munday R, Nathalie A, DeGrasse SL, Feeley M, Suzuki T, van den Berg M, Fattori V, Garrido Gamarro E, Tritscher A, Nakagawa R, Karunasagar I. Derivation of toxicity equivalency factors for marine biotoxins associated with Bivalve Molluscs. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Alkawri A. Seasonal variation in composition and abundance of harmful dinoflagellates in Yemeni waters, southern Red Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 112:225-234. [PMID: 27555482 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
General abundance and species composition of a dinoflagellate community in Yemeni coastal waters of Al Salif (southern Red Sea) were studied with a view to understand the annual variations in particular the toxic species. Dinoflagellates were more abundant among phytoplankton. Thirty five dinoflagellate taxa were identified, among which 12 were reported as potentially toxic species. A significant change in seasonal abundance was recorded with the maximum (2.27∗106cellsl-1) in May, and the minimum (2.50∗102cellsl-1) recorded in January. Kryptoperidinium foliaceum, which was reported for the first time from the Red Sea, was the most abundant species with a maximum in May 2013 (2.26∗106cellsl-1). Spearman's rank correlation analysis indicates that, total harmful dinoflagellate cells, K. foliaceum, Prorocentrum gracile and Prorocentrum micans were significantly correlated with temperature. This study suggests that Yemeni waters should be monitored to investigate harmful species and to identify areas and seasons at higher risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulsalam Alkawri
- Department of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Environment, Hodeidah University, Republic of Yemen.
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19
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Han MS, Wang P, Kim JH, Cho SY, Park BS, Kim JH, Katano T, Kim BH. Morphological and Molecular Phylogenetic Position of Prorocentrum micans sensu stricto and Description of Prorocentrum koreanum sp. nov. from Southern Coastal Waters in Korea and Japan. Protist 2016; 167:32-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Production of a soluble single-chain variable fragment antibody against okadaic acid and exploration of its specific binding. Anal Biochem 2016; 503:21-7. [PMID: 26772159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Okadaic acid is a lipophilic marine algal toxin commonly responsible for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). Outbreaks of DSP have been increasing and are of worldwide public health concern; therefore, there is a growing demand for more rapid, reliable, and economical analytical methods for the detection of this toxin. In this study, anti-okadaic acid single-chain variable fragment (scFv) genes were prepared by cloning heavy and light chain genes from hybridoma cells, followed by fusion of the chains via a linker peptide. An scFv-pLIP6/GN recombinant plasmid was constructed and transformed into Escherichia coli for expression, and the target scFv was identified with IC-CLEIA (chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay). The IC15 was 0.012 ± 0.02 μg/L, and the IC50 was 0.25 ± 0.03 μg/L. The three-dimensional structure of the scFv was simulated with computer modeling, and okadaic acid was docked to the scFv model to obtain a putative structure of the binding complex. Two predicted critical amino acids, Ser32 and Thr187, were then mutated to verify this theoretical model. Both mutants exhibited significant loss of binding activity. These results help us to understand this specific scFv-antigen binding mechanism and provide guidance for affinity maturation of the antibody in vitro. The high-affinity scFv developed here also has potential for okadaic acid toxin detection.
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Tong M, Smith JL, Kulis DM, Anderson DM. Role of dissolved nitrate and phosphate in isolates of Mesodinium rubrum and toxin-producing Dinophysis acuminata. AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 2015; 75:169-185. [PMID: 27721571 PMCID: PMC5055077 DOI: 10.3354/ame01757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Dinophysis acuminata, a producer of toxins associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and/or pectenotoxins (PTXs), is a mixotrophic species that requires both ciliate prey and light for growth. Linkages have been described in the literature between natural abundances of the predator Dinophysis and its prey, Mesodinium rubrum, and culture experiments have demonstrated that prey, in addition to light, is required for toxin production by Dinophysis acuminata; together these suggest Mesodinium is a critical component for Dinophysis growth and toxicity. However, little is known about the role of dissolved inorganic nutrients on Mesodinium growth or that of toxin-producing Dinophysis. Accordingly, a series of experiments were conducted to investigate the possible uptake of dissolved nitrate and phosphate by 1) Dinophysis starved of prey, 2) Dinophysis feeding on Mesodinium rubrum, and 3) M. rubrum grown in nutritionally-modified media. All single-clone or mixed cultures were monitored for dissolved and particulate nutrient levels over the growth cycle, as well as growth rate, biomass, and toxin production when appropriate. D. acuminata did not utilize dissolved nitrate or phosphate in the medium under any nutrient regime tested, i.e., nutrient-enriched and nutrient-reduced, in the absence or presence of prey, or during any growth phase monitored, i.e., exponential and plateau phases. Changes in particulate phosphorus and nitrogen in D. acuminata, were instead, strongly influenced by the consumption of M. rubrum prey, and these levels quickly stabilized once prey were no longer available. M. rubrum, on the other hand, rapidly assimilated dissolved nitrate and phosphate into its particulate nutrient fraction, with maximum uptake rates of 1.38 pmol N/cell/day and 1.63 pmol P/cell/day. While D. acuminata did not benefit directly from the dissolved nitrate and phosphate, its growth (0.37±0.01 day-1) and toxin production rates for okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) or pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), 0.1, 0.9 and 2.6 pg /cell/day, respectively, were directly coupled to prey availability. These results suggest that while dissolved nitrate and phosphate do not have a direct effect on toxin production or retention by D. acuminata, these nutrient pools contribute to prey growth and biomass, thereby indirectly influencing D. acuminata blooms and overall toxin in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Tong
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Juliette L Smith
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - David M Kulis
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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22
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Rodríguez LP, González V, Martínez A, Paz B, Lago J, Cordeiro V, Blanco L, Vieites JM, Cabado AG. Occurrence of lipophilic marine toxins in shellfish from Galicia (NW of Spain) and synergies among them. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1666-87. [PMID: 25815891 PMCID: PMC4413180 DOI: 10.3390/md13041666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipophilic marine toxins pose a serious threat for consumers and an enormous economic problem for shellfish producers. Synergistic interaction among toxins may play an important role in the toxicity of shellfish and consequently in human intoxications. In order to study the toxic profile of molluscs, sampled during toxic episodes occurring in different locations in Galicia in 2014, shellfish were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), the official method for the detection of lipophilic toxins. The performance of this procedure was demonstrated to be fit for purpose and was validated in house following European guidelines. The vast majority of toxins present in shellfish belonged to the okadaic acid (OA) group and some samples from a particular area contained yessotoxin (YTX). Since these toxins occur very often with other lipophilic toxins, we evaluated the potential interactions among them. A human neuroblastoma cell line was used to study the possible synergies of OA with other lipophilic toxins. Results show that combination of OA with dinophysistoxin 2 (DTX2) or YTX enhances the toxicity triggered by OA, decreasing cell viability and cell proliferation, depending on the toxin concentration and incubation time. The effects of other lipophilic toxins as 13-desmethyl Spirolide C were also evaluated in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura P Rodríguez
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
| | - Virginia González
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
| | - Aníbal Martínez
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Paz
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
| | - Jorge Lago
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
| | - Victoria Cordeiro
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
| | - Lucía Blanco
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
| | - Juan Manuel Vieites
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
| | - Ana G Cabado
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
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Zhang X, Fang J, Zou Y, Zou L, Hu N, Wang P. A novel Love Wave biosensor for rapid and sensitive detection of marine toxins. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2015; 2015:3181-3184. [PMID: 26736968 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7319068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Marine toxins are produced by plankton and do a great harm to human through food chain by accumulating in shellfishes and fishes. It is highly required and favorable to develop novel methods for the rapid and efficient detection of marine toxins to avoid the poisoning cases that have occurred frequently in many countries. This study presents a real-time Love Wave biosensor for the rapid detection of okadaic acid (OA), which used HepG2 cell lines as the sensing elements. The results indicate that this cell-based biosensor can provide real-time information of cellular activities induced by okadaic acid and has a higher sensitivity than the conventional cell-based assay. It is suggested that this cell-based biosensor can be used as a convenient and efficient method for marine toxin detection, which has a great potential to contribute to avoid the harmful effects of marine toxins on the human health.
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24
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Niemann H, Marmann A, Lin W, Proksch P. Sponge Derived Bromotyrosines: Structural Diversity through Natural Combinatorial Chemistry. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponge derived bromotyrosines are a multifaceted class of marine bioactive compounds that are important for the chemical defense of sponges but also for drug discovery programs as well as for technical applications in the field of antifouling constituents. These compounds, which are mainly accumulated by Verongid sponges, exhibit a diverse range of bioactivities including antibiotic, cytotoxic and antifouling effects. In spite of the simple biogenetic building blocks, which consist only of brominated tyrosine and tyramine units, an impressive diversity of different compounds is obtained through different linkages between these precursors and through structural modifications of the side chains and/or aromatic rings resembling strategies that are known from combinatorial chemistry. As examples for bioactive, structurally divergent bromotyrosines psammaplin A, Aplysina alkaloids featuring aerothionin, aeroplysinin-1 and the dienone, and the bastadins, including the synthetically derived hemibastadin congeners, have been selected for this review. Whereas all of these natural products are believed to be involved in the chemical defense of sponges, some of them may also be of particular relevance to drug discovery due to their interaction with specific molecular targets in eukaryotic cells. These targets involve important enzymes and receptors, such as histone deacetylases (HDAC) and DNA methyltransferases (DNMT), which are inhibited by psammaplin A, as well as ryanodine receptors that are targeted by bastadine type compounds. The hemibastadins such as the synthetically derived dibromohemibastadin are of particular interest due to their antifouling activity. For the latter, a phenoloxidase which catalyzes the bioglue formation needed for firm attachment of fouling organisms to a given substrate was identified as a molecular target. The Aplysina alkaloids finally provide a vivid example for dynamic wound induced bioconversions of natural products that generate highly efficient chemical weapons precisely when and where needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Niemann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Marmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Health Science Center, Beijing100191, China
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Lin C, Liu ZS, Tan CY, Guo YP, Li L, Ren HL, Li YS, Hu P, Gong S, Zhou Y, Lu SY. Contamination of commercially available seafood by key diarrhetic shellfish poisons along the coast of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:1545-1553. [PMID: 25167824 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing number of outbreaks of food-borne diseases caused by okadaic acid (OA) and its analogue dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1), two key diarrhetic shellfish poison (DSP) toxins, OA and DTX-1, have become a serious threat to public health and have attracted significant public attention in China. The aim of our study was to monitor OA and DTX-1 contamination in commercially available seafood and to provide references for tracking these toxins and preventing disease outbreaks. From 2010 to 2012, 40 species were collected from six coastal cities of four inland seas in China. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a lateral flow immunochromatographic (LFIC) test strip were used to analyse the samples, and the results were further confirmed using a commercially available ELISA kit. The monitoring results indicated that 23 of 40 species were positive for contamination. In addition, 14 of the positive species were determined to be inedible because the content of OA and DTX-1 was above the regulatory limit. Simultaneously, we verified that the digestive glands of shellfish tended to accumulate toxin, in contrast to the flesh. The highest concentrations of OA and DTX-1 were recorded in Scapharca broughtonii, which was collected from Qing Dao, in relation to the other analysed species. Moreover, the Arca family as well as Mytilus galloprovincialis were severely contaminated by OA and its analogue. The above results indicate that some of the commercially available seafood from the coastal cities in China may be inedible due to serious marine toxin contamination. The results of this study might play an important role in protecting consumer health and safety screening of marine products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
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Danielsen EM, Hansen GH, Severinsen MC. Okadaic acid: A rapid inducer of lamellar bodies in small intestinal enterocytes. Toxicon 2014; 88:77-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Arvanitoyannis IS, Kotsanopoulos KV, Papadopoulou A. Rapid Detection of Chemical Hazards (Toxins, Dioxins, and PCBs) in Seafood. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:1473-528. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.641132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Experimental basis for the high oral toxicity of dinophysistoxin 1: a comparative study of DSP. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:211-28. [PMID: 24394641 PMCID: PMC3920258 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6010211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) and its analogues, dinophysistoxin 1 (DTX1) and dinophysistoxin 2 (DTX2), are lipophilic and heat-stable marine toxins produced by dinoflagellates, which can accumulate in filter-feeding bivalves. These toxins cause diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in humans shortly after the ingestion of contaminated seafood. Studies carried out in mice indicated that DSP poisonous are toxic towards experimental animals with a lethal oral dose 2–10 times higher than the intraperitoneal (i.p.) lethal dose. The focus of this work was to study the absorption of OA, DTX1 and DTX2 through the human gut barrier using differentiated Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, we compared cytotoxicity parameters. Our data revealed that cellular viability was not compromised by toxin concentrations up to 1 μM for 72 h. Okadaic acid and DTX2 induced no significant damage; nevertheless, DTX1 was able to disrupt the integrity of Caco-2 monolayers at concentrations above 50 nM. In addition, confocal microscopy imaging confirmed that the tight-junction protein, occludin, was affected by DTX1. Permeability assays revealed that only DTX1 was able to significantly cross the intestinal epithelium at concentrations above 100 nM. These data suggest a higher oral toxicity of DTX1 compared to OA and DTX2.
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Medina M, Avila J, Villanueva N. Use of okadaic acid to identify relevant phosphoepitopes in pathology: a focus on neurodegeneration. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:1656-68. [PMID: 23697949 PMCID: PMC3707166 DOI: 10.3390/md11051656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is involved in the regulation of a wide variety of physiological processes and is the result of a balance between protein kinase and phosphatase activities. Biologically active marine derived compounds have been shown to represent an interesting source of novel compounds that could modify that balance. Among them, the marine toxin and tumor promoter, okadaic acid (OA), has been shown as an inhibitor of two of the main cytosolic, broad-specificity protein phosphatases, PP1 and PP2A, thus providing an excellent cell-permeable probe for examining the role of protein phosphorylation, and PP1 and PP2A in particular, in any physiological or pathological process. In the present work, we review the use of okadaic acid to identify specific phosphoepitopes mainly in proteins relevant for neurodegeneration. We will specifically highlight those cases of highly dynamic phosphorylation-dephosphorylation events and the ability of OA to block the high turnover phosphorylation, thus allowing the detection of modified residues that could be otherwise difficult to identify. Finally, its effect on tau hyperhosphorylation and its relevance in neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Medina
- CIBERNED (Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases), Valderrebollo 5, Madrid 28041, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Jesús Avila
- CIBERNED (Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases), Valderrebollo 5, Madrid 28041, Spain; E-Mail:
- Center of Molecular Biology “Severo Ochoa” CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-91-196-4803; Fax: +34-91-196-4715
| | - Nieves Villanueva
- National Center of Microbiology (CNM), Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), Crta. Majadahonda-Pozuelo km 2, Majadahonda, Madrid 28220, Spain; E-Mail:
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Prado-Alvarez M, Flórez-Barrós F, Méndez J, Fernandez-Tajes J. Effect of okadaic acid on carpet shell clam (Ruditapes decussatus) haemocytes by in vitro exposure and harmful algal bloom simulation assays. Cell Biol Toxicol 2013; 29:189-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-013-9246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dhib A, Frossard V, Turki S, Aleya L. Dynamics of harmful dinoflagellates driven by temperature and salinity in a northeastern Mediterranean lagoon. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:3369-3382. [PMID: 22832846 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To attempt to determine the effects of temperature and salinity on the dynamics of the dinoflagellate community, a monthly sampling was carried out from October 2008 to March 2009 at eight sampling stations in Ghar El Melh Lagoon (GML; Mediterranean Sea, Northern Tunisia). Dinoflagellates were dominant among plankton, accounting for 73.9 % of the lagoon's overall plankton community, and were comprised of 25 different species among which 17 were reported in the literature as harmful. While no significant difference was found in the distribution of dinoflagellates among the stations, a strong monthly difference was observed. This temporal variability was due to an increase in the abundance of Prorocentrum micans from December to February, leading to a strong decrease in the Shannon diversity index from station to station. At the onset of P. micans development, dinoflagellate abundances reached 1.26.10(5) cells l(-1). A redundance analysis indicates that both temperature and salinity have a significant effect on the dynamics of the dinoflagellate community. Using a generalized additive model, both temperature and salinity appear to have significant nonlinear relationships with P. micans abundances. Model predictions indicate that outbreaks of P. micans may occur at a temperature below 22.5 °C and with salinity above 32.5. We discuss our results against a backdrop of climate change which, by affecting temperature and salinity, is likely to have an antagonistic impact on P. micans development and subsequently on the dinoflagellate dynamics in GML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Dhib
- Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, La Goulette Port de Pêche, 2060 Tunisia
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Munday R. Is protein phosphatase inhibition responsible for the toxic effects of okadaic Acid in animals? Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:267-85. [PMID: 23381142 PMCID: PMC3640535 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) and its derivatives, which are produced by dinoflagellates of the genera Prorocentrum and Dinophysis, are responsible for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in humans. In laboratory animals, these toxins cause epithelial damage and fluid accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract, and at high doses, they cause death. These substances have also been shown to be tumour promoters, and when injected into the brains of rodents, OA induces neuronal damage reminiscent of that seen in Alzheimer’s disease. OA and certain of its derivatives are potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases, which play many roles in cellular metabolism. In 1990, it was suggested that inhibition of these enzymes was responsible for the diarrhetic effect of these toxins. It is now repeatedly stated in the literature that protein phosphatase inhibition is not only responsible for the intestinal effects of OA and derivatives, but also for their acute toxic effects, their tumour promoting activity and their neuronal toxicity. In the present review, the evidence for the involvement of protein phosphatase inhibition in the induction of the toxic effects of OA and its derivatives is examined, with the conclusion that the mechanism of toxicity of these substances requires re-evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex Munday
- AgResearch Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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Prado-Alvarez M, Flórez-Barrós F, Sexto-Iglesias A, Méndez J, Fernandez-Tajes J. Effects of okadaic acid on haemocytes from Mytilus galloprovincialis: a comparison between field and laboratory studies. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 81:90-93. [PMID: 23000349 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Individuals of Mytilus galloprovincialis, contaminated with Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) toxins, were studied with the aim to correlate the okadaic acid (OA) body burden and the percentage of damaged haemocytes by quantifying annexin V positive cells by flow cytometry. Results showed less percentage of damaged haemocytes in high OA contaminated samples. These data were compared with results of in vitro assays of mussel haemocytes exposed to increased concentrations of OA. Similarly, haemocytes exposed to the most concentrated OA solution were less damaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Prado-Alvarez
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Campus A Zapateira s/n, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
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A screening lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for on-site detection of okadaic acid in shellfish products. Anal Biochem 2012; 422:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sipiä V, Kankaanpää H, Meriluoto J, Høisæter T. The first observation of okadaic acid in flounder in the Baltic Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00364827.2000.10414597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lu SY, Zhou Y, Li YS, Lin C, Meng XM, Yan DM, Li ZH, Yu SY, Liu ZS, Ren HL. Production of monoclonal antibody and application in indirect competitive ELISA for detecting okadaic acid and dinophytoxin-1 in seafood. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 19:2619-2626. [PMID: 22828889 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0819-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE Okadaic acid (OA) and analogues of dinophysistoxin (DTX) are key diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins, which possibly arouse DSP symptoms by consuming the contaminated shellfish. Because of the stable toxicity in high temperature and the long-term carcinogenicity, the outbreaks of DSP related to consumption of bivalve mollusks contaminated by DSP toxins pose a hazard to public health. Therefore, it is worth developing a fast and reliable analytical method for the detection of OA and analogues in shellfish. In this paper, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (icELISA) for detecting OA and DTX-1 in seafood was developed based on monoclonal antibody (McAb). METHODS The OA was conjugated to human immunoglobulin G (IgG) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) by the active ester method as the immune antigen and the detective antigen. The spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with OA-IgG were fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells. A hybridoma cell line, which secreted McAb against OA, was selected by "limiting dilution" cloning. An icELISA was developed based on immobilized conjugate (OA-BSA) competing the McAb with the free OA in seafood sample. RESULTS A hybridoma cell line, which secreted IgG1 subclass monoclonal antibody (McAb) against OA, was selected. The IC(50) of the McAb for OA and dinophytoxin-1 (DTX-1) were 4.40 and 3.89 ng/mL, respectively. Based on the McAb, an indirect competitive ELISA for detection of OA and DTX-1 in seafood was developed. The regression equation was y = 54.713x - 25.879 with a coefficient correlation of R (2) = 0.9729. The linear range and the limit of detection were 0.4-12.5 and 0.45 ng/mL, respectively. The average recovery of OA and DTX-1 spiked shellfish was 82.29% with the coefficient of variation of 7.67%. CONCLUSION The developed icELISA is a fast, sensitive, and convenient assay for detecting of total amount of OA and DTX-1 in seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ying Lu
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Five major human toxic syndromes caused by the consumption of shellfish contaminated by algal toxins are presented. The increased risks to humans of shellfish toxicity from the prevalence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) may be a consequence of large-scale ecological changes from anthropogenic activities, especially increased eutrophication, marine transport and aquaculture, and global climate change. Improvements in toxin detection methods and increased toxin surveillance programmes are positive developments in limiting human exposure to shellfish toxins.
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An T, Winshell J, Scorzetti G, Fell JW, Rein KS. Identification of okadaic acid production in the marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum rhathymum from Florida Bay. Toxicon 2010; 55:653-7. [PMID: 19735671 PMCID: PMC2813983 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracts of fifty-seven newly isolated strains of dinoflagellates and raphidophytes were screened for protein phosphatase (PP2A) inhibition. Five strains, identified by rDNA sequence analysis as Prorocentrum rhathymum, tested positive and the presence of okadaic acid was confirmed in one strain by HPLC-MS/MS and by HPLC with fluorescence detection and HPLC-MS of the okadaic acid ADAM derivative. Quantitation of the ADAM derivative indicated that the concentration of okadaic acid in the culture medium is 0.153 microg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianying An
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8St., Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Jamie Winshell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8St., Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Gloria Scorzetti
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149, USA
- Division of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Jack W. Fell
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149, USA
- Division of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Kathleen S. Rein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8St., Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149, USA
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Murray S, Ip CLC, Moore R, Nagahama Y, Fukuyo Y. Are Prorocentroid Dinoflagellates Monophyletic? A Study of 25 Species Based on Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genes. Protist 2009; 160:245-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Contribution of natural inhibitors to the understanding of the PI3K/PDK1/PKB pathway in the insulin-mediated intracellular signaling cascade. Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:2217-2230. [PMID: 19330070 PMCID: PMC2635620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9112217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 11/08/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical initial steps in insulin action include phosphorylation of adapter proteins and activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). One of important components in this process is a protein called Akt/protein kinase B (PKB). The work of numerous different researchers indicates a role of PKB in regulating insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. The crucial role of lipid second messengers in PKB activation has been dissected through the use of the PI3K-specific inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002. Receptor-activated PI3K synthesizes the lipid second messenger PtdIns[3,4,5]-trisphosphate, leading to the recruitment of PKB to the membrane. Membrane attachment of PKB is mediated by its pleckstrin homology domain binding to PtdIns[3,4,5]-trisphosphate or PtdIns[3,4]-bisphosphate with high affinity. Activation of PKB alpha is then achieved at the plasma membrane by phosphorylation of Thr308 in the activation-loop of the kinase domain and Ser473 in the carboxy-terminal regulatory region, respectively. 3-Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) is responsible for T308 phosphorylation. The usage of specific inhibitors and natural compound has significantly contributed to investigate the molecular mechanism of PI3K/PDK1/PKB signaling pathway, leading to the putative therapeutics benefits of patients. This review focuses on the contribution of natural inhibitor or compound in our understanding of the mechanism by which insulin induces, especially in PI3K/PDK1/PKB signaling.
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Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) and its analogs, the dinophysistoxins, are potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. This action is well known to cause diarrhea and gastrointestinal symptons when the toxins reach the digestive tract by ingestion of mollusks. A less well-known effect of these group of toxins is their effect in the cytoskeleton. OA has been shown to stimulate cell motility, loss of stabilization of focal adhesions and a consequent loss of cytoskeletal organization due to an alteration in the tyrosine-phosphorylated state of the focal adhesion kinases and paxillin. OA causes cell rounding and loss of barrier properties through mechanisms that probably involve disruption of filamentous actin (F-actin) and/or hyperphosphorylation and activation of kinases that stimulate tight junction disassembly. Neither methyl okadaate (a weak phosphatase inhibitor) nor OA modify the total amount of F-actin, but both toxins cause similar changes in the F-actin cytoskeleton, with strong retraction and rounding, and in many cases cell detachment. OA and dinophysistoxin-1 (35S-methylokadaic acid) cause rapid changes in the structural organization of intermediate filaments, followed by a loss of microtubules, solubilization of intermediate filament proteins, and disruption of desmosomes. The detailed pathways that coordinate all these effects are not yet known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Vale
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, USC, Lugo, Spain.
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Perez R, Liu L, Lopez J, An T, Rein KS. Diverse bacterial PKS sequences derived from okadaic acid-producing dinoflagellates. Mar Drugs 2008; 6:164-79. [PMID: 18728765 PMCID: PMC2525486 DOI: 10.3390/md20080009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) and the related dinophysistoxins are isolated from dinoflagellates of the genus Prorocentrum and Dinophysis. Bacteria of the Roseobacter group have been associated with okadaic acid producing dinoflagellates and have been previously implicated in OA production. Analysis of 16S rRNA libraries reveals that Roseobacter are the most abundant bacteria associated with OA producing dinoflagellates of the genus Prorocentrum and are not found in association with non-toxic dinoflagellates. While some polyketide synthase (PKS) genes form a highly supported Prorocentrum clade, most appear to be bacterial, but unrelated to Roseobacter or Alpha-Proteobacterial PKSs or those derived from other Alveolates Karenia brevis or Crytosporidium parvum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Perez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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Diverse Bacterial PKS Sequences Derived From Okadaic Acid-Producing Dinoflagellates. Mar Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.3390/md6020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Faust MA, Vandersea MW, Kibler SR, Tester PA, Litaker RW. PROROCENTRUM LEVIS, A NEW BENTHIC SPECIES (DINOPHYCEAE) FROM A MANGROVE ISLAND, TWIN CAYS, BELIZE(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2008; 44:232-240. [PMID: 27041058 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As part of a long-term study of benthic dinoflagellates from the Belizean barrier reef system, we report a new species: Prorocentrum levis M. A. Faust, Kibler, Vandersea, P. A. Tester et Litaker sp. nov. P. levis cells are oval in valve view and range in size from 40 to 44 μm long and 37 to 40 μm wide. Each valve surface is smooth, with 221-238 valve pores and 99-130 marginal pores. These pores are uniformly small and range in diameter from 0.13 to 0.19 μm. Asexual reproduction in P. levis is atypical, occurring within a hyaline envelope, and produces long branching chains of adherent cells. A phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA indicated that of the Prorocentrum species sequenced so far, P. levis was most closely related to P. concavum. P. levis produces okadaic acid and dinophysis toxin-2 (DTX2). Further, SEM observations and SSU rDNA sequence for P. belizeanum M. A. Faust, which was isolated at the same time, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Faust
- Department of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland 20746, USANOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Mark W Vandersea
- Department of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland 20746, USANOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Steven R Kibler
- Department of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland 20746, USANOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Patricia A Tester
- Department of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland 20746, USANOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- Department of Botany, United States National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland 20746, USANOS/NOAA, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
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Vilariño N, Ares IR, Cagide E, Louzao MC, Vieytes MR, Yasumoto T, Botana LM. Induction of actin cytoskeleton rearrangement by methyl okadaate - comparison with okadaic acid. FEBS J 2008; 275:926-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chapter 13 Phycotoxins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Escoffier N, Gaudin J, Mezhoud K, Huet H, Chateau-Joubert S, Turquet J, Crespeau F, Edery M. Toxicity to medaka fish embryo development of okadaic acid and crude extracts of Prorocentrum dinoflagellates. Toxicon 2007; 49:1182-92. [PMID: 17382985 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic and subchronic toxicity following exposure to the DSP (Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning) toxin okadaic acid (OA) is receiving increasing attention as a public human health biohazard. However information on ecological impacts induced by proliferation of the OA producing dinoflagellate Prorocentrum is scarce. In order to analyse the toxicity of these substances, in vivo experiments were conducted on medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) embryos used as an experimental model. The study was focused on two strains of benthic Prorocentrum species, P. arenarium and P. emarginatum, naturally found in the Indian Ocean. Sample extracts (crude extracts, CE) were obtained from algal cultures and their toxic potential was explored. Their OA (and derivatives) content was evaluated by two methods: one based on chemical analysis using HPLC-MS, the other based on screening the inhibiting effect on protein phosphatase PP2A. P. arenarium extracts inhibit PP2A and the active toxin was confirmed as being OA by HPLC-MS. In contrast, P. emarginatum showed negative results regardless of the method used. The development of medaka fish embryos kept in medium containing pure OA or Prorocentrum CE was examined. Survival rates were reduced up to 100% depending on the concentrations used of both OA and CE of P. arenarium, while no effect was observed with CE of P. emarginatum. Anatomopathological studies of surviving embryos indicate that OA treatment resulted in significant increases in liver and digestive tract areas compared to controls. P. arenarium treated surviving embryos exhibited significant quantitative increases of global body and vitellus areas. Together, our results indicate that the toxic effects to medaka embryos development of pure OA and P. arenarium extracts containing OA are distinguishable. The differences may indicate the presence of additional toxic substance(s) (or molecules able to modulate OA impact) in the P. arenarium CE that probably are not present in P. emarginatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Escoffier
- USM 0505 Ecosystèmes et Interactions Toxiques, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, RDDM, 12 rue Buffon, F-75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
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Nascimento SM, Purdie DA, Morris S. Morphology, toxin composition and pigment content of Prorocentrum lima strains isolated from a coastal lagoon in southern UK. Toxicon 2005; 45:633-49. [PMID: 15777960 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Prorocentrum lima was isolated from the coastal Fleet lagoon, Dorset, UK in 2000 and a number of clonal cultures established. These were analyzed for okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1), DTX-2, DTX-4 and diol esters by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. OA concentrations varied from 0.4 to 17.1pg OAcell(-1) and DTX-1 from 0.4 to 11.3pg DTX-1cell(-1); DTX-2 was not detected in these isolates. OA and DTX-1 were detected in the culture media, as a result of toxin excretion. DTX-4 and a selection of DTX-4 diol esters were identified using selected ion monitoring, although not all strains produced these compounds. Cell size and number of marginal and valve pores of each strain were observed using scanning electron microscopy. OA and DTX-1 concentrations, pigment content and changes in nitrate and phosphate concentrations in the culture media were followed during growth of one strain of P. lima in batch culture. Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins have been previously detected in shellfish cultivated in the Fleet lagoon, but in the absence of any Dinophysis sp. cells. The identification of toxic P. lima strains from the Fleet suggests that this dinoflagellate is the most probable source of occasional DSP detected in the lagoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia M Nascimento
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, Southampton Oceanography Centre, The University of Southampton, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
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Abstract
Citation of a published work is one of the parameters considered in the analysis of relevance and importance of scientific contributions. In 2002, for the first time the Impact Factor of Toxicon has risen above 2.0, placing it at the 17th position among 76 journals in the 'toxicology' field. The aim of this article was to identify the most cited articles in Toxicon, that have contributed to the steady increase of its Impact Factor. The number of citations, complete reference and type of all documents appearing in Toxicon in the period 1963-2003 were retrieved from the ISI Web-of-Science homepage. The documents retrieved were sorted by the number of citations received. A 'citation index', defined as the number of citations divided by the number of years since publication, was calculated for each document. It was clearly seen that reviews in Toxicon received 4.4-fold more citations than articles. Unexpectedly, it was found that recent papers were proportionally more cited than old ones. A decrease in the proportion of papers dealing on 'snake*' through out the period and the broadened range of subjects of the most cited papers recently published in Toxicon reflects an increased 'visibility' in other fields of toxinology. Research on plant toxins gained its own space in Toxicon with newer publications showing high citation indexes. It can be postulated that these facts helped to increase Toxicon's Impact Factor from 1.248 in 1999 to 2.003 in 2002. With the increased number of issues in Toxicon as well as publications of subject-dedicated volumes containing mostly reviews, the Impact Factor of Toxicon is expected to keep rising in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Guimarães
- Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Prédio 43.421, CEP 91501970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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