1
|
Bejarano E, Domenech-Bendaña A, Avila-Portillo N, Rowan S, Edirisinghe S, Taylor A. Glycative stress as a cause of macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 101:101260. [PMID: 38521386 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
People are living longer and rates of age-related diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are accelerating, placing enormous burdens on patients and health care systems. The quality of carbohydrate foods consumed by an individual impacts health. The glycemic index (GI) is a kinetic measure of the rate at which glucose arrives in the blood stream after consuming various carbohydrates. Consuming diets that favor slowly digested carbohydrates releases sugar into the bloodstream gradually after consuming a meal (low glycemic index). This is associated with reduced risk for major age-related diseases including AMD, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. In comparison, consuming the same amounts of different carbohydrates in higher GI diets, releases glucose into the blood rapidly, causing glycative stress as well as accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Such AGEs are cytotoxic by virtue of their forming abnormal proteins and protein aggregates, as well as inhibiting proteolytic and other protective pathways that might otherwise selectively recognize and remove toxic species. Using in vitro and animal models of glycative stress, we observed that consuming higher GI diets perturbs metabolism and the microbiome, resulting in a shift to more lipid-rich metabolomic profiles. Interactions between aging, diet, eye phenotypes and physiology were observed. A large body of laboratory animal and human clinical epidemiologic data indicates that consuming lower GI diets, or lower glycemia diets, is protective against features of early AMD (AMDf) in mice and AMD prevalence or AMD progression in humans. Drugs may be optimized to diminish the ravages of higher glycemic diets. Human trials are indicated to determine if AMD progression can be retarded using lower GI diets. Here we summarized the current knowledge regarding the pathological role of glycative stress in retinal dysfunction and how dietary strategies might diminish retinal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eloy Bejarano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Veterinary School, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Domenech-Bendaña
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Veterinary School, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Sheldon Rowan
- JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, United States
| | - Sachini Edirisinghe
- Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, United States
| | - Allen Taylor
- Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bejarano E, Weinberg J, Clark M, Taylor A, Rowan S, Whitcomb EA. Redox Regulation in Age-Related Cataracts: Roles for Glutathione, Vitamin C, and the NRF2 Signaling Pathway. Nutrients 2023; 15:3375. [PMID: 37571310 PMCID: PMC10421530 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Age is the biggest risk factor for cataracts, and aberrant oxidative modifications are correlated with age-related cataracts, suggesting that proper redox regulation is important for lens clarity. The lens has very high levels of antioxidants, including ascorbate and glutathione that aid in keeping the lens clear, at least in young animals and humans. We summarize current functional and genetic data supporting the hypothesis that impaired regulation of oxidative stress leads to redox dysregulation and cataract. We will focus on the essential endogenous antioxidant glutathione and the exogenous antioxidant vitamin C/ascorbate. Additionally, gene expression in response to oxidative stress is regulated in part by the transcription factor NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 [NFE2L2]), thus we will summarize our data regarding cataracts in Nrf2-/- mice. In this work, we discuss the function and integration of these capacities with the objective of maintaining lens clarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eloy Bejarano
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (E.B.); (J.W.); (M.C.); (A.T.); (S.R.)
- School of Health Sciences and Veterinary, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jasper Weinberg
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (E.B.); (J.W.); (M.C.); (A.T.); (S.R.)
| | - Madison Clark
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (E.B.); (J.W.); (M.C.); (A.T.); (S.R.)
| | - Allen Taylor
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (E.B.); (J.W.); (M.C.); (A.T.); (S.R.)
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Developmental, Chemical and Molecular Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Sheldon Rowan
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (E.B.); (J.W.); (M.C.); (A.T.); (S.R.)
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Whitcomb
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (E.B.); (J.W.); (M.C.); (A.T.); (S.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bennett TM, Zhou Y, Meyer KJ, Anderson MG, Shiels A. Whole-exome sequencing prioritizes candidate genes for hereditary cataract in the Emory mouse mutant. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad055. [PMID: 36891866 PMCID: PMC10151407 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
The Emory cataract (Em) mouse mutant has long been proposed as an animal model for age-related or senile cataract in humans-a leading cause of visual impairment. However, the genetic defect(s) underlying the autosomal dominant Em phenotype remains elusive. Here, we confirmed development of the cataract phenotype in commercially available Em/J mice [but not ancestral Carworth Farms White (CFW) mice] at 6-8 months of age and undertook whole-exome sequencing of candidate genes for Em. Analysis of coding and splice-site variants did not identify any disease-causing/associated mutations in over 450 genes known to underlie inherited and age-related forms of cataract and other lens disorders in humans and mice, including genes for lens crystallins, membrane/cytoskeleton proteins, DNA/RNA-binding proteins, and those associated with syndromic/systemic forms of cataract. However, we identified three cataract/lens-associated genes each with one novel homozygous variant including predicted missense substitutions in Prx (p.R167C) and Adamts10 (p.P761L) and a disruptive in-frame deletion variant (predicted missense) in Abhd12 (p.L30_A32delinsS) that were absent in CFW and over 35 other mouse strains. In silico analysis predicted that the missense substitutions in Prx and Adamts10 were borderline neutral/damaging and neutral, respectively, at the protein function level, whereas, that in Abhd12 was functionally damaging. Both the human counterparts of Adamts10 and Abhd12 are clinically associated with syndromic forms of cataract known as Weil-Marchesani syndrome 1 and polyneuropathy, hearing loss, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa, and cataract syndrome, respectively. Overall, while we cannot exclude Prx and Adamts10, our data suggest that Abhd12 is a promising candidate gene for cataract in the Em/J mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Bennett
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yuefang Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kacie J Meyer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Michael G Anderson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Alan Shiels
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rowan S, Jiang S, Francisco SG, Pomatto LCD, Ma Z, Jiao X, Campos MM, Aryal S, Patel SD, Mahaling B, Riazuddin SA, Duh EJ, Lachke SA, Hejtmancik JF, de Cabo R, FitzGerald PG, Taylor A. Aged Nrf2-Null Mice Develop All Major Types of Age-Related Cataracts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:10. [PMID: 34882206 PMCID: PMC8665303 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.15.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Age-related cataracts affect the majority of older adults and are a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Treatments that delay cataract onset or severity have the potential to delay cataract surgery, but require relevant animal models that recapitulate the major types of cataracts for their development. Unfortunately, few such models are available. Here, we report the lens phenotypes of aged mice lacking the critical antioxidant transcription factor Nfe2l2 (designated as Nrf2 −/−). Methods Three independent cohorts of Nrf2 −/− and wild-type C57BL/6J mice were evaluated for cataracts using combinations of slit lamp imaging, photography of freshly dissected lenses, and histology. Mice were fed high glycemic diets, low glycemic diets, regular chow ad libitum, or regular chow with 30% caloric restriction. Results Nrf2 −/− mice developed significant opacities between 11 and 15 months and developed advanced cortical, posterior subcapsular, anterior subcapsular, and nuclear cataracts. Cataracts occurred similarly in male mice fed high or low glycemic diets, and were also observed in 21-month male and female Nrf2 −/− mice fed ad libitum or 30% caloric restriction. Histological observation of 18-month cataractous lenses revealed significant disruption to fiber cell architecture and the retention of nuclei throughout the cortical region of the lens. However, fiber cell denucleation and initiation of lens differentiation was normal at birth, with the first abnormalities observed at 3 months. Conclusions Nrf2 −/− mice offer a tool to understand how defective antioxidant signaling causes multiple forms of cataract and may be useful for screening drugs to prevent or delay cataractogenesis in susceptible adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon Rowan
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Shuhong Jiang
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sarah G Francisco
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Laura C D Pomatto
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Zhiwei Ma
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Xiaodong Jiao
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Maria M Campos
- NEI Histology Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Sandeep Aryal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
| | - Shaili D Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
| | - Binapani Mahaling
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - S Amer Riazuddin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Elia J Duh
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Salil A Lachke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States.,Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
| | - J Fielding Hejtmancik
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Paul G FitzGerald
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Allen Taylor
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dietary Patterns, Carbohydrates, and Age-Related Eye Diseases. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092862. [PMID: 32962100 PMCID: PMC7551870 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a third of older adults in the U.S. experience significant vision loss, which decreases independence and is a biomarker of decreased health span. As the global aging population is expanding, it is imperative to uncover strategies to increase health span and reduce the economic burden of this age-related disease. While there are some treatments available for age-related vision loss, such as surgical removal of cataracts, many causes of vision loss, such as dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), remain poorly understood and no treatments are currently available. Therefore, it is necessary to better understand the factors that contribute to disease progression for age-related vision loss and to uncover methods for disease prevention. One such factor is the effect of diet on ocular diseases. There are many reviews regarding micronutrients and their effect on eye health. Here, we discuss the impact of dietary patterns on the incidence and progression of age-related eye diseases, namely AMD, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. Then, we focus on the specific role of dietary carbohydrates, first by outlining the physiological effects of carbohydrates on the body and then how these changes translate into eye and age-related ocular diseases. Finally, we discuss future directions of nutrition research as it relates to aging and vision loss, with a discussion of caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, drug interventions, and emerging randomized clinical trials. This is a rich field with the capacity to improve life quality for millions of people so they may live with clear vision for longer and avoid the high cost of vision-saving surgeries.
Collapse
|
6
|
Cheng C, Parreno J, Nowak RB, Biswas SK, Wang K, Hoshino M, Uesugi K, Yagi N, Moncaster JA, Lo WK, Pierscionek B, Fowler VM. Age-related changes in eye lens biomechanics, morphology, refractive index and transparency. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:12497-12531. [PMID: 31844034 PMCID: PMC6949082 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Life-long eye lens function requires an appropriate gradient refractive index, biomechanical integrity and transparency. We conducted an extensive study of wild-type mouse lenses 1-30 months of age to define common age-related changes. Biomechanical testing and morphometrics revealed an increase in lens volume and stiffness with age. Lens capsule thickness and peripheral fiber cell widths increased between 2 to 4 months of age but not further, and thus, cannot account for significant age-dependent increases in lens stiffness after 4 months. In lenses from mice older than 12 months, we routinely observed cataracts due to changes in cell structure, with anterior cataracts due to incomplete suture closure and a cortical ring cataract corresponding to a zone of compaction in cortical lens fiber cells. Refractive index measurements showed a rapid growth in peak refractive index between 1 to 6 months of age, and the area of highest refractive index is correlated with increases in lens nucleus size with age. These data provide a comprehensive overview of age-related changes in murine lenses, including lens size, stiffness, nuclear fraction, refractive index, transparency, capsule thickness and cell structure. Our results suggest similarities between murine and primate lenses and provide a baseline for future lens aging studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Cheng
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Justin Parreno
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Roberta B. Nowak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sondip K. Biswas
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Kehao Wang
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Masato Hoshino
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (Spring-8), Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uesugi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (Spring-8), Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Naoto Yagi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (Spring-8), Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Juliet A. Moncaster
- Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Woo-Kuen Lo
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Barbara Pierscionek
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Velia M. Fowler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mitchell SJ, Mitchell GJ, Mitchell JR. Modulation of frailty syndrome by diet: A review of evidence from mouse studies. Mech Ageing Dev 2019; 180:82-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
8
|
Bejarano E, Taylor A. Too sweet: Problems of protein glycation in the eye. Exp Eye Res 2018; 178:255-262. [PMID: 30145354 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory and epidemiological data indicate that high blood sugar levels and/or consuming high glycemia diets are linked to multiple age-related diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, cataract, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, diabetic retinopathy, and, apparently glaucoma. High concentrations of blood sugar and perturbations of the systems that regulate blood sugar lead to the accumulation of advanced-glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs are toxic compounds that are formed from the combination of sugars and their metabolites with biomolecules in a non-enzymatic biochemical reaction called glycation. In vitro and in vivo data indicate that high sugar consumption is associated with accumulation of AGEs in a variety of human tissues. Hyperglycemia, along with an oxidative environment and limited cell proliferation in many ocular tissues, encourages formation and precludes dilution of AGEs and associated damage by cell division. These circumstances make many eye tissues vulnerable to glycation-derived damage. Here, we summarize research regarding glycation-induced ocular tissue dysfunction and its contribution to the onset and development of eye disorders. We also discuss how management of carbohydrate nutrition may provide a low-cost way to ameliorate the progression of AGEs-related diseases, including age related macular degeneration and some cataracts, as they do for cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eloy Bejarano
- Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Allen Taylor
- Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Duriancik DM, Tippett JJ, Morris JL, Roman BE, Gardner EM. Age, calorie restriction, and age of calorie restriction onset reduce maturation of natural killer cells in C57Bl/6 mice. Nutr Res 2018; 55:81-93. [PMID: 29914631 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR), also known as energy restriction, has been shown to have a deleterious impact on both adult and aged mouse survival during influenza virus infection. Natural killer (NK) cell phenotypic differences contribute to increased susceptibility of adult CR mice. We hypothesized NK cell phenotype from adult and aged C57Bl/6 mice fed NIH-31 diet ad libitum (AL) would be different from NK cell phenotype from adult and aged mice fed NIH-31/NIA fortified diet at 40% CR. We hypothesized NK cell phenotype from mice consuming 40% CR initiated at 20 months of age would not be different from 40% CR initiated at 3 months of age. We initiated the 40% restriction either at the standard 12 weeks of age or at 78 weeks of age. NK cells were isolated and quantified from various tissues using flow cytometry. Aged CR mice had significantly reduced levels of terminally mature (CD27-CD11b+) NK cells, increased expression of the immature marker CD127, and decreased expression of the mature marker DX5. Total number of NK cells among cells was significantly lower in the lung and spleen of old-onset aged CR mice compared to aged AL mice, while there was no significant difference between young-onset aged CR and aged AL mice. Old-onset aged CR mice had significantly less early mature (DX5+ and CD27+CD11b+) NK cells compared to young-onset aged CR and aged AL fed mice. Overall, we found that CR in aged mice is detrimental to maturation of NK cells, which is exacerbated when CR is initiated in old age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Duriancik
- Biology Department, 459 Murchie Science Building, University of Michigan - Flint, 303 E. Kearsley Street, Flint, MI, USA 48502.
| | - Jared J Tippett
- Biology Department, 459 Murchie Science Building, University of Michigan - Flint, 303 E. Kearsley Street, Flint, MI, USA 48502.
| | - Jaslyn L Morris
- Biology Department, 459 Murchie Science Building, University of Michigan - Flint, 303 E. Kearsley Street, Flint, MI, USA 48502.
| | - Brooke E Roman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Room 236A G. M. Trout FSHN Building, Michigan State University, 469 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, USA 48824-1224.
| | - Elizabeth M Gardner
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Room 236A G. M. Trout FSHN Building, Michigan State University, 469 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, USA 48824-1224.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hallam D, Wan T, Saretzki G. Dietary restriction mitigates age-related accumulation of DNA damage, but not all changes in mouse corneal epithelium. Exp Gerontol 2015; 67:72-9. [PMID: 25937374 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cornea protects the anterior eye and accounts for two thirds of the eyes refractive capacity. The homeostasis of corneal epithelium is thought to be maintained by putative stem cells residing in the epithelial basal layer. As a tissue constantly exposed to environmental stress, the cornea is hypothesised to accumulate persistent DNA damage events with time in stem cell populations. Recently, telomere associated DNA damage foci (TAFs) have been suggested as a marker for persistent DNA damage which can be used to detect senescent cells during ageing. Dietary restriction (DR) is the only known non-genetic intervention that is able to increase both life and health span among various animal species. The aim of this study was to analyse changes in corneal properties with age and under 16 months of DR. We employed immunofluorescence staining for ɣH2A.X together with telomere fluorescence in situ hybridisation (immuno-FISH) on mouse corneas from young, old ad libitum (AL) fed as well as dietary restricted (DR) mice. Our data show that the central corneas of old mice had significantly more general and telomere-associated DNA damage compared to young mice while DR treatment was able to reduce the amount of DNA damage significantly. We also found that the thickness of the peripheral region of the cornea, where the putative stem cells may reside, decreased with age regardless of whether the animals underwent DR treatment or not. Number of bullae, which indicates corneal edema, accumulated in old corneas in the central area and DR treatment mitigated the formation of these bullae. Moreover, the protein levels of the stem cell marker TAp63 decreased with age only in the central but not the peripheral region of the cornea. This finding suggests that epithelial progenitors might be better maintained in the peripheral than the central cornea during ageing. Together with the finding that the peripheral corneal showed no increase in DNA damage during age, we speculate that in mice, like humans, the putative stem cells reside in the peripheral cornea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dean Hallam
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Bioscience, Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tengfei Wan
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Bioscience, Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gabriele Saretzki
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Bioscience, Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Biswas SK, Brako L, Gu S, Jiang JX, Lo WK. Regional changes of AQP0-dependent square array junction and gap junction associated with cortical cataract formation in the Emory mutant mouse. Exp Eye Res 2014; 127:132-42. [PMID: 25088353 PMCID: PMC4175145 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Emory mutant mouse has been widely used as an animal model for human senile cataract since it develops late-onset hereditary cataract. Here, we focus on the regional changes of aquaporin-0 (AQP0) and connexins that are associated with the cortical cataract formation in the Emory mutant mice. Emory mutant and CFW wild-type mice at age 1-16 months were used in this study. By using an established photography system with dissecting microscopy, the opacities were first detected at the anterior or posterior lens center surface in Emory mice at age 7 months, and gradually extended toward the equator during the 16 months examined. Scanning EM verified that disorganized and fragmented fiber cells were associated with the areas of opacities within approximately 200 μm from the lens surface, indicating that Emory mouse cataracts belong to the cortical cataracts. Freeze-fracture TEM further confirmed that cortical cataracts exhibited extensive wavy square array junctions, small gap junctions and globules. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that in contrast to the high labeling intensity of AQP0-loop antibody, the labeling of AQP0 C-terminus antibody was decreased considerably in superficial fibers in Emory cataracts. Similarly, a significant decrease in the labeling of the antibody against Cx50 C-terminus, but not Cx46 C-terminus, occurred in superficial and outer cortical fibers in Emory cataracts. Western blotting further revealed that the C-termini of both AQP0 and Cx50 in Emory cataracts were decreased to over 50% to that of the wild-type. Thus, this systematic study concludes that the Emory mouse cataract belongs to the cortical cataract which is due to regional breakdown of superficial fibers associated with formation of AQP0-dependent wavy square array junctions, small gap junctions and globules. The marked decreases of the C-termini of both AQP0 and Cx50 in the superficial fibers may disturb the needed interaction between these two proteins during fiber cell differentiation and thus play a role in the cortical cataract formation in Emory mutant mice.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aquaporins/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cataract/metabolism
- Cataract/pathology
- Connexins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Eye Proteins/metabolism
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Freeze Fracturing
- Gap Junctions/metabolism
- Gap Junctions/ultrastructure
- Lens Cortex, Crystalline/metabolism
- Lens Cortex, Crystalline/ultrastructure
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sondip K Biswas
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, 30310 GA, USA
| | - Lawrence Brako
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, 30310 GA, USA
| | - Sumin Gu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jean X Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Woo-Kuen Lo
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, 30310 GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Oxidative stress, protein glycation and nutrition--interactions relevant to health and disease throughout the lifecycle. Proc Nutr Soc 2014; 73:430-8. [PMID: 24877772 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665114000603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Protein glycation has been studied for over a century now and plays an important role in disease pathogenesis throughout the lifecycle. Strongly related to diabetic complications, glycation of Hb has become the gold standard method for diabetes diagnosis and monitoring. It is however attracting attention in normoglycaemia as well lately. Longitudinal studies increasingly suggest a positive relationship between glycation and the risk of chronic diseases in normoglycaemic individuals, but the mechanisms behind this association remain unclear. The interaction between glycation and oxidative stress may be particularly relevant in the normoglycaemic context, as suggested by recent epidemiological and in vitro evidence. In that context nutritional and lifestyle factors with an influence on redox status, such as smoking, fruit and vegetable and antioxidants consumption, may have the capacity to promote or inhibit glycation. However, experimental data from controlled trials are lacking the quality and rigour needed to reach firm conclusions. In the present review, we discuss the importance of glycation for health through the lifecycle and focus on the importance of oxidative stress as a driver for glycation. The importance of nutrition to modulate glycation is discussed, based on the evidence available and recommendations towards higher quality future research are made.
Collapse
|
13
|
Walsh ME, Shi Y, Van Remmen H. The effects of dietary restriction on oxidative stress in rodents. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 66:88-99. [PMID: 23743291 PMCID: PMC4017324 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is observed during aging and in numerous age-related diseases. Dietary restriction (DR) is a regimen that protects against disease and extends life span in multiple species. However, it is unknown how DR mediates its protective effects. One prominent and consistent effect of DR in a number of systems is the ability to reduce oxidative stress and damage. The purpose of this review is to comprehensively examine the hypothesis that dietary restriction reduces oxidative stress in rodents by decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and increasing antioxidant enzyme activity, leading to an overall reduction of oxidative damage to macromolecules. The literature reveals that the effects of DR on oxidative stress are complex and likely influenced by a variety of factors, including sex, species, tissue examined, types of ROS and antioxidant enzymes examined, and duration of DR. Here we present a comprehensive review of the existing literature on the effect of DR on mitochondrial ROS generation, antioxidant enzymes, and oxidative damage. In a majority of studies, dietary restriction had little effect on mitochondrial ROS production or antioxidant activity. On the other hand, DR decreased oxidative damage in the majority of cases. Although the effects of DR on endogenous antioxidants are mixed, we find that glutathione levels are the most likely antioxidant to be increased by dietary restriction, which supports the emerging redox-stress hypothesis of aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Walsh
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Yun Shi
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA; Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA; Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kawashima M, Ozawa Y, Shinmura K, Inaba T, Nakamura S, Kawakita T, Watanabe M, Tsubota K. Calorie restriction (CR) and CR mimetics for the prevention and treatment of age-related eye disorders. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:1096-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
15
|
Jarrett SG, Boulton ME. Consequences of oxidative stress in age-related macular degeneration. Mol Aspects Med 2012; 33:399-417. [PMID: 22510306 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The retina resides in an environment that is primed for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and resultant oxidative damage. The retina is one of the highest oxygen-consuming tissues in the human body. The highest oxygen levels are found in the choroid, but this falls dramatically across the outermost retina, creating a large gradient of oxygen towards the retina and inner segments of the photoreceptors which contain high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. This micro-environment together with abundant photosensitizers, visible light exposure and a high energy demand supports a highly oxidative milieu. However, oxidative damage is normally minimized by the presence of a range of antioxidant and efficient repair systems. Unfortunately, as we age oxidative damage increases, antioxidant capacity decreases and the efficiency of reparative systems become impaired. The result is retinal dysfunction and cell loss leading to visual impairment. It appears that these age-related oxidative changes are a hallmark of early age-related macular degeneration (AMD) which, in combination with hereditary susceptibility and other retinal modifiers, can progress to the pathology and visual morbidity associated with advanced AMD. This review reassesses the consequences of oxidative stress in AMD and strategies for preventing or reversing oxidative damage in retinal tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Jarrett
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chiu CJ, Robman L, McCarty CA, Mukesh BN, Hodge A, Taylor HR, Taylor A. Dietary carbohydrate in relation to cortical and nuclear lens opacities in the melbourne visual impairment project. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:2897-905. [PMID: 20181844 PMCID: PMC2891456 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In vitro and in vivo animal studies suggest that dietary carbohydrates play a role in cataractogenesis. Few epidemiologic studies have been conducted to evaluate this association. The objective of this study was to examine the cross-sectional associations between total carbohydrate intake, dietary glycemic index (dGI), and the risk of cortical and nuclear cataracts. METHODS After excluding 864 persons from 2473 eligible participants, 1609 eligible nondiabetic participants (mean age, 57.6 years, 55.9% female) in the Melbourne Visual Impairment Project (VIP) were enrolled. Dietary information derived from a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire and cataract status graded by the Wilmer protocol (cortical cataract: opacity >or=4/16; nuclear cataract grade >or=2) were collected. With the use of the generalized estimating approach to logistic regression to account for the lack of independence between the eyes of an individual, the associations between dietary carbohydrates and risk of cataract in eyes with no or a single type (pure) of cataract were examined. RESULTS Multivariate adjustment showed that pure cortical cataract (197 eyes) was significantly associated with total carbohydrate intake (odds ratio [OR] comparing the highest quartile with the lowest quartile = 3.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.10-9.27; P(trend) = 0.017). The OR for nuclear cataract (366 eyes) comparing the third quartile of dGI with the first quartile (OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.02-2.65) was significant, but there was not a consistent dose-response association (P(trend) = 0.75). CONCLUSIONS Carbohydrate intake may be optimized to prolong eye lens function. Because of the high proportion of subjects with missing covariates, these results warrant further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Jung Chiu
- From the Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Catherine Anne McCarty
- the Centre for Eye Research Australia and
- the Marshfield Medical Research Foundation, Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, Wisconsin
| | | | - Allison Hodge
- the Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
| | | | - Allen Taylor
- From the Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Anekonda TS. The Benefits of Calorie Restriction and Calorie Restriction Mimetics as Related to the Eye. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 3:28-37. [PMID: 20844606 DOI: 10.2174/1876326x00903020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of calorie restriction without malnutrition seem to possess many beneficial effects in numerous disease states. Recently, studies related to calorie restriction mimetics that biochemically mimic the effects of calorie restriction are also becoming increasingly popular. Both calorie restriction and calorie restriction mimetics trigger an adaptive response reminiscent of mild-stress or low-dose toxic response, which is frequently referred to as hormesis in the toxicology literature. Although some benefits of calorie restriction and calorie restriction mimetics have been studied, the role of hormesis-related pathways in the eye has not been given a special attention. This review will present the current literature on calorie restriction and calorie restriction mimetics as related to most prominent eye diseases and provide insights on the therapeutic role of hormesis in eye diseases.
Collapse
|
18
|
Partadiredja G, Worrall S, Bedi K. Early life undernutrition alters the level of reduced glutathione but not the activity levels of reactive oxygen species enzymes or lipid peroxidation in the mouse forebrain. Brain Res 2009; 1285:22-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
19
|
Tan J, Wang JJ, Flood V, Kaushik S, Barclay A, Brand-Miller J, Mitchell P. Carbohydrate nutrition, glycemic index, and the 10-y incidence of cataract. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:1502-8. [PMID: 17991665 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although dietary carbohydrates are thought to play a role in cataractogenesis, few epidemiologic studies have examined links between carbohydrate nutrition and cataract. OBJECTIVES We investigated the associations between dietary glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), total carbohydrate intake, and 10-y incident nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular cataract. DESIGN Of 3654 baseline participants in an Australian population aged >/=49 y (1992-1994), 933 were seen after 5 and/or 10 y, had completed a detailed semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire, had no previous cataract surgery or baseline cataract, and had photographs taken to assess incident cataract with the Wisconsin Cataract Grading System. Dietary information was collected with a validated food questionnaire. GI was calculated from a customized database of Australian foods. GI, GL, and all other nutrients were energy adjusted. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs were calculated with the use of discrete logistic models. RESULTS After age, sex, diabetes, and other factors were controlled for, each SD increase in GI significantly predicted incident cortical cataract (HR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.39). Participants within the highest compared with the lowest quartile of GI were more likely to develop incident cortical cataract (HR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.13, 2.78; P for trend = 0.035). These findings were similar after excluding participants with diabetes, although they were slightly attenuated and marginally nonsignificant (HR: 1.16; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.37, per SD increase in GI). No association was found between GI and nuclear or posterior subcapsular cataract and between GL or carbohydrate quantity and any cataract subtype. CONCLUSION In an Australian cohort, poorer dietary carbohydrate quality, reflected by high GI, predicted incident cortical cataract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Aydin C, Ince E, Koparan S, Cangul IT, Naziroglu M, Ak F. Protective effects of long term dietary restriction on swimming exercise-induced oxidative stress in the liver, heart and kidney of rat. Cell Biochem Funct 2007; 25:129-37. [PMID: 16143963 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the hypothesis that long term dietary restriction would have beneficial effects on the oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme systems in liver, heart and kidney in adult male rats undergoing different intensities of swimming exercise. Sixty male, Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned as either dietary restricted on every other week day (DR) or fed ad libitum (AL) groups, and each group was further subdivided into sedentary, endurance swimming exercise training (submaximal exercise) and exhaustive swimming exercise (maximal exercise) groups. Animals in the submaximal exercise group swam 5 days/week for 8 weeks, while maximal exercise was performed as an acute bout of exercise. In parallel with the increase in the intensity of the exercise, the degree of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation were increased in both the DR and AL groups; however the rate of increase was lower in the DR group. Reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione reductase (GR) enzyme activities were lower in the DR group than in the AL group. In parallel with the increase in exercise intensity, GSH and GR enzyme activities decreased, whereas an increase was observed in GSH-Px enzyme activity. In conclusion, the comparison between the DR and AL groups with the three swimming exercise conditions shows that the DR group is greatly protected against different swimming exercise-induced oxidative stress compared with the AL group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cenk Aydin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, TR-16059, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shang F, Dudek E, Liu Q, Boulton ME, Taylor A. Protein Quality Control by the Ubiquitin Proteolytic Pathway: Roles in Resistance to Oxidative Stress and Disease. Isr J Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1560/a8aa-y8rp-9drw-y8ax] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
22
|
Chiu CJ, Milton RC, Gensler G, Taylor A. Dietary carbohydrate intake and glycemic index in relation to cortical and nuclear lens opacities in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83:1177-84. [PMID: 16685063 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/83.5.1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the association between dietary carbohydrates and cataract in nondiabetic persons. OBJECTIVE The aim was to test whether recent dietary carbohydrate intakes or glycemic index (GI; a measure of carbohydrate intake quality) was associated with the presence of cortical or nuclear opacities. DESIGN A modified Block food-frequency questionnaire was used to obtain dietary information from 3377 participants (aged 60-80 y; 56% were women) in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS). Lens status was evaluated by using the AREDS System for Classifying Cataracts. Associations were examined for eyes with only a single, or pure, type of lens opacity by using the generalized estimating approach to logistic regression to account for the lack of independence between the eyes of a person. RESULTS For participants in the highest quartile, dietary GI was associated with a higher prevalence of all pure nuclear opacities [grade >2; odds ratio (OR): 1.29; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.59; P for trend = 0.02] and moderate nuclear opacities (grade > or =4; OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 0.96, 2.14; P for trend = 0.052). The OR in a comparison of the highest with the lowest quartile of intake was 1.27 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.63; P for trend = 0.09) for cortical opacities of any severity (>0% of area opaque), and the OR increased somewhat for moderate cortical opacities (>5% of area opaque; OR: 1.71; 95% CI: 1.00, 2.95; P for trend = 0.056). CONCLUSIONS Results from the cross-sectional analysis of AREDS baseline data suggest that dietary glycemic quality and dietary carbohydrate quantity may be associated with prevalent nuclear and cortical opacities, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Jung Chiu
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 2111, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wolf N, Penn P, Pendergrass W, Van Remmen H, Bartke A, Rabinovitch P, Martin GM. Age-related cataract progression in five mouse models for anti-oxidant protection or hormonal influence. Exp Eye Res 2005; 81:276-85. [PMID: 16129095 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2005.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2004] [Revised: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Five mouse models with known alterations of resistance to oxidative damage were compared by slit lamp examination for the presence and degree of advancement of age-related cataract in young adult and old animals along with wild type controls. A group of young and old normal C57BL/6Jax mice were examined first to constitute a standard, and they were found to exhibit age-related cataract development. Following this, four models on the C57BL/6 background with imposed genetic alterations affecting anti-oxidant enzyme presence or activity, and one outbred model in which a deletion blocked the growth hormone/IGF-1 axis, were similarly examined. There was no evidence of foetal or juvenile cataract development in any of these models, and an age-related severity for lens opacities was shown between young adult and old mice in all groups. Model 1, mice null for the anti-oxidant gene glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX1) had significantly advanced cataracts in older mice vs. same age controls. In mouse model 2 hemizygous knockout of SOD2 (MnSOD) did not affect age-related cataract development. In model 3 combining the GPX1 and SOD2 deficiencies in the same animal did not advance cataract development beyond that of the GPX1 null alone. In model 4 the addition of anti-oxidant protection in the lens by transfection of human catalase targeted only to the mitochondria resulted in a significant delay in cataract development. The 5th model, growth hormone receptor knockout (GHR-/-) mice, also demonstrated a significant reduction in age-related cataract development, as well as dwarfism. These findings, in general, support the oxidative theory of age-related cataract development. The exception, the partial deletion of SOD2 in the hemizygous KO model, probably did not represent a sufficiently severe deprivation of anti-oxidant protection to produce pathologic changes in the lens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norman Wolf
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 3557470, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7470, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chiu CJ, Morris MS, Rogers G, Jacques PF, Chylack LT, Tung W, Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Taylor A. Carbohydrate intake and glycemic index in relation to the odds of early cortical and nuclear lens opacities. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81:1411-6. [PMID: 15941895 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/81.6.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal studies suggest a role for dietary carbohydrate in cataractogenesis. However, few published human studies have evaluated associations between carbohydrate nutrition and lens opacification. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to test the hypothesis that long-term carbohydrate intake and dietary glycemic index are associated with the odds of early cortical and nuclear opacities. DESIGN Subjects were 417 Boston-area members of the Nurses' Health Study cohort aged 53-73 y. Dietary information was based on an average from 5 semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaires collected over a 14-y period. Opacities were assessed by using the Lens Opacity Classification System III (LOCS III). We used eyes (n = 711) as the unit of analysis and generated odds ratios by using a generalized estimating approach to logistic regression to account for the lack of independence between the 2 eyes of each subject. RESULTS After multivariate adjustment, the odds of cortical opacities (LOCS III >/=1.0) among women in the highest tertile of carbohydrate intake (>/=200 g/d) was 2.46 times (95% CI: 1.30, 4.64; P for trend = 0.005) that among women in the lowest tertile (<185 g/d). This association was not affected by adjustment for dietary glycemic index, which was not associated with early cortical opacities. Carbohydrate nutrition was not associated with the odds of nuclear opacities (LOCS III >/=2.5). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that carbohydrate quantity, but not carbohydrate quality, is associated with early cortical opacities, and that neither the quantity nor the quality of dietary carbohydrate affects the risk of nuclear opacities in middle-aged women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Jung Chiu
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bhattacharyya TK, Merz M, Thomas JR. Modulation of cutaneous aging with calorie restriction in Fischer 344 rats: a histological study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 7:12-6. [PMID: 15655168 DOI: 10.1001/archfaci.7.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether histological changes in skin owing to intrinsic aging in a laboratory rodent model are modulated by caloric restriction (CR). METHODS The abdominal skin from colony-raised ad libitum-fed Fischer 344 rats and age-matched rats subjected to CR was studied in the light microscope using histological morphometric methods. Animals 4, 12, and 24 months or older were used in this study. We studied the skin to obtain (1) quantitative data on the depth of the epidermis, dermis, and fat layer, the epidermal cellular density, the percentage fraction of dermal collagen, elastic fibers, pilosebaceous units, and capillaries, and the fibroblast density; and (2) qualitative assessment of histological staining for dermal glycosaminoglycans. We analyzed data by means of general linear model 2-way analysis of variance to obtain significance for the effects of age, diet, and age-diet interaction. RESULTS The ad libitum-fed rats showed age-related increase in the depth of the epidermis, dermis, and fat layer. Calorie restriction prevented these changes, but epidermal nuclear density appeared to be stimulated. A trend toward increased values for collagen and elastic fibers, fibroblasts, and capillaries in skin samples from CR rats was observed. Pilosebaceous units were not modified. Moderately reduced staining for the dermal glycosaminoglycans in the skin of CR rats was noticed. CONCLUSIONS Histomorphological changes resulting from intrinsic aging affected some of the studied variables in the rat skin, and these changes were delayed or prevented by CR. Some stimulatory effects, such as increased densities of fibroblasts and capillary profiles and higher values of connective tissue fibers resulting from CR, were also observed. Cutaneous morphological changes due to natural aging in this rat model seem to be modified by physiological or metabolic alterations imposed by CR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tapan K Bhattacharyya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang K, Li D, Sun F. Dietary caloric restriction may delay the development of cataract by attenuating the oxidative stress in the lenses of Brown Norway rats. Exp Eye Res 2004; 78:151-8. [PMID: 14667836 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2003.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dietary caloric restriction (CR) is the only experimental intervention that can reliably retard the development of cataract in a normal animal model. Here we have studied the possible mechanisms by which CR retards the age-related degeneration of the lens of Brown Norway rats. We have found that CR slowed protein insolubilization and blunted declines of the total soluble thiols, protein thiols, reduced glutathione and ascorbic acid levels in the lenses of old BN rats. From the lens protein point of view, the development of cataract in rat lenses has 3 stages: (1) the precipitation of gamma-crystallin, (2) the insolubilization of beta-crystallin, and (3) the final precipitation of alpha-crystallin which was saturated with other denatured lens proteins. A similar sequence is also observed when the lens proteins are subjected to oxidative stress in vitro. These data are the first to suggest that CR may retard the age-related degeneration of the lens by attenuating the oxidative stress in the lens. Since oxidative stress is likely a main cause of human cataract, CR intervention may be relevant to humans as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keyang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032-3702, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jacques PF, Moeller SM, Hankinson SE, Chylack LT, Rogers G, Tung W, Wolfe JK, Willett WC, Taylor A. Weight status, abdominal adiposity, diabetes, and early age-related lens opacities. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78:400-5. [PMID: 12936921 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/78.3.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between weight status and the risk of lens opacities has received little attention. OBJECTIVE We examined the cross-sectional relations of body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)), waist circumference, and diabetes with the presence of age-related lens opacities. DESIGN Eye examinations were conducted in 466 Boston-area women aged 53-73 y who were without previously diagnosed cataracts and were part of the Nurses' Health Study cohort. Weight, height, waist, and hip measurements were obtained by self-report. Lens status was evaluated by using the Lens Opacification Classification System III (LOCS III). BMI and waist circumference were used as measures of overweight and abdominal adiposity, respectively. Nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular (PSC) opacities were defined as LOCS III scores > or = 2.5, > or = 1.0, and > or = 0.5, respectively. Diabetes was defined as a history of type 2 diabetes or as a fasting plasma glucose concentration > or = 7.0 mmol/L. RESULTS Women with diabetes were significantly more likely to have PSC opacities [odds ratio (OR): 4.1; 95% CI: 1.8, 9.4] than were women with fasting plasma glucose concentrations < 6.1 mmol/L. Women with a BMI > or = 30 had a higher prevalence of PSC opacities than did women with a BMI < 25 (OR: 2.5; 1.2, 5.2), and women with a waist circumference > or = 89 cm had a higher prevalence of PSC opacities than did those with a waist circumference < 80 cm (OR: 2.3; 1.0, 5.2). Diabetes and measures of adiposity were unrelated to the prevalence of cortical and nuclear opacities. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes is a strong risk factor for PSC opacities, and overweight and abdominal adiposity may be risk factors for PSC opacities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Jacques
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging and Tufts University School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
van der Lely AJ. Hormone use and abuse: what is the difference between hormones as fountain of youth and doping in sports? J Endocrinol Invest 2003; 26:932-6. [PMID: 14964448 DOI: 10.1007/bf03345246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
GH can induce changes in body composition that are considered to be advantageous to aging subjects especially. However, there are no results indicating that the use of GH during aging should be advocated, because of the lack of any proven efficacy for whatever parameter. Also, data indicate that calorie restriction can extend life spans by altering the rate of decline in reserve capacity as well as by reducing the cumulative exposure to GH. Moreover, animal data suggest that lower GH actions are positively correlated with longevity. The abuse of GH by sportsmen is based on the belief that it has potent anabolic effects, while it is difficult to detect the abuse. Again, this supposed efficacy cannot be supported by any scientific data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J van der Lely
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kristal BS, Paolucci U. Caloric restriction in trans. SCIENCE OF AGING KNOWLEDGE ENVIRONMENT : SAGE KE 2003; 2003:PE19. [PMID: 12855763 DOI: 10.1126/sageke.2003.27.pe19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Caloric (or dietary) restriction (CR) is the most potent, robust, and reproducible known means of extending longevity and decreasing morbidity in laboratory mammals. Two of the major questions faced by researchers in this field are the applicability to humans and the biochemical mechanism(s) involved in the actions of CR. Studies in nonhuman primates are beginning to address the former; studies in phylogenetically lower organisms such as yeast and Drosophila are beginning to address the latter. de Cabo and colleagues now provide evidence that some aspects of CR can be reproduced in mammalian tissue culture cells exposed to sera from rats and monkeys subjected to CR. This work presents the initial development of a new model with which to approach mechanistic studies of CR and provides a new form of direct evidence that CR exerts at least some of its effects in trans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S Kristal
- Dementia Research Service, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Harper JM, Wolf N, Galecki AT, Pinkosky SL, Miller RA. Hormone levels and cataract scores as sex-specific, mid-life predictors of longevity in genetically heterogeneous mice. Mech Ageing Dev 2003; 124:801-10. [PMID: 12875743 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(03)00133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Serum levels of thyroxine (T4), leptin, and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), as well as cataract severity, were evaluated as predictors of life span in a population of genetically heterogeneous mice (UM-HET3). Long life span was predicted by low levels of leptin at age 4 months in females, and by low levels of IGF-I at age 15 months and high levels of T4 at age 4 months, in males. Cataract severity at either 18 or 24 months was also a significant predictor of life span in females only, but in contrast to what has been reported in human studies, relatively severe cataract was correlated with longer life span. Additional work is needed to evaluate the role of these hormones as potential modulators of the aging process, and to resolve the conflicting data obtained for cataract severity as a predictor of life span.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Harper
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Avula CPR, Fernandes G. Inhibition of H2O2-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes by calorie restriction during aging. Microsc Res Tech 2002; 59:282-92. [PMID: 12424790 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.10206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) is known to delay the aging process in rodents and is postulated to act by decreasing free radical generation and increasing antioxidant enzyme activity. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of CR and age on oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and associated changes in the levels of TNF-alpha, and Bcl-2 in splenic T lymphocytes. Ad libitum (AL)- or CR-fed C57BL/6J mice were sacrificed either at 6 (young) or 18 (old) months and splenic lymphocytes were incubated with or without 25 micro M H2O2 to induce apoptosis. Apoptosis increased with age in cells of AL-fed mice incubated with H2O2. CR prevented this rise in apoptosis in total splenic lymphocytes and in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocyte subsets either with or without H2O2. Free radicals increased and mitochondrial membrane potential decreased in aged mice. CR prevented these changes and also prevented the age-associated increase in TNF-alpha and loss of Bcl-2 in total splenic lymphocytes and in CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocyte subsets. In summary, lymphocytes in aged AL-fed mice were much more susceptible to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis whereas CR normalized apoptosis by preventing the increase in TNF-alpha and the decrease in Bcl-2 associated with aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C P Reddy Avula
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ando S, Tanaka Y, Toyoda nee Ono Y, Kon K, Kawashima SI. Turnover of synaptic membranes: age-related changes and modulation by dietary restriction. J Neurosci Res 2002; 70:290-7. [PMID: 12391588 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We examined age-related changes in the turnover rates of synaptic membrane components that might underlie the decrease in synaptic functions in senescence. Synaptic membrane constituents were labeled in vivo with deuterium and the disappearance of the deuterated molecules from synaptic membranes was measured by mass spectrometry. The turnover rates of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, cholesterol, and synaptophysin were all shown to slow down with aging. Dietary restriction, which is known to retard various aging processes, was found to decrease the turnover rates of membrane lipid species. Consequently, the fatty acid composition in phospholipids remained unchanged in the synaptic plasma membranes of food restricted mice. In contrast, the turnover rate of synaptophysin was accelerated under dietary restriction. This may mean that increased turnover enhances the removal of damaged proteins from membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Ando
- Neuronal Function Research Group, Division of Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Shang F, Nowell T, Gong X, Smith DE, Dallal GE, Khu P, Taylor A. Sex-linked differences in cataract progression in Emory mice. Exp Eye Res 2002; 75:109-11. [PMID: 12123642 DOI: 10.1006/exer.2002.1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
34
|
Taylor A, Shang F, Nowell T, Galanty Y, Shiloh Y. Ubiquitination capabilities in response to neocarzinostatin and H(2)O(2) stress in cell lines from patients with ataxia-telangiectasia. Oncogene 2002; 21:4363-73. [PMID: 12080467 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2001] [Revised: 03/20/2002] [Accepted: 03/27/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The human genetic disorder ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is due to lack of functional ATM, a protein kinase which is involved in cellular responses to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and possibly other oxidative stresses, as well as in regulation of several fundamental cellular functions. Studies regarding responses in A-T cells to the induction of DSBs utilize ionizing radiation or radiomimetic chemicals, such as neocarzinostatin (NCS), which induce DNA DSBs. This critical DNA lesion activates many defense systems, such as the cell cycle checkpoints. The cell cycle is also regulated through a timed and coordinated degradation of regulatory proteins via the ubiquitin pathway. Our recent studies indicate that the ubiquitin pathway is influenced by the cellular redox status and that it is the major cellular pathway for removal of oxidized proteins. Accordingly, we hypothesized that the absence of a functional ATM protein might involve perturbations to the ubiquitin pathway as well. We show here that upon treatment with NCS, there was a transient 50-70% increase in endogenous ubiquitin conjugates in A-T and wt lymphoblastoid cells. Ubiquitin conjugation capabilities per se and levels of substrates for conjugation were also similarly enhanced in wt and A-T cells upon NCS treatment. We also compared the ubiquitination response in A-T and wt cells using H(2)O(2) as the stress, in view of preexisting evidence of the effects of H(2)O(2) on ubiquitination capabilities in other types of cells. As with NCS treatment, there was an approximately 45% increase in endogenous ubiquitin conjugates by 2-4 h after exposure to H(2)O(2). Both cell types showed a rapid 50-150% increase in de novo formed 125I-ubiquitin conjugates. As compared with wt cells, unexposed A-T cells had higher endogenous levels of conjugates and enhanced conjugation capability. However, A-T cells mounted a more muted ubiquitination response to the stress. The enhanced ubiquitin conjugation in unstressed A-T cells and attenuated ability of these cells to respond to stress are consistent with the A-T cells being under oxidative stress and with their having an 'aged' phenotype. The indication that ubiquitin conjugate levels and ubiquitin conjugation capabilities are enhanced upon oxidative stress without significant changes in GSSG/GSH ratios indicates that assays of ubiquitination provide a sensitive measure of cellular stress. The data also add support to the impression that potentiated ubiquitination response to mild oxidative stress is a generalizable phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allen Taylor
- JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, 711 Washington Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Schaumberg DA. Reply to NRM Buist. Am J Clin Nutr 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/75.1.162a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
36
|
Arai Y, Hirose N, Nakazawa S, Yamamura K, Shimizu K, Takayama M, Ebihara Y, Osono Y, Homma S. Lipoprotein metabolism in Japanese centenarians: effects of apolipoprotein E polymorphism and nutritional status. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001; 49:1434-41. [PMID: 11890580 DOI: 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.4911234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the complex interaction of apolipoprotein (apo) E polymorphisms and environmental factors on lipoprotein profile in centenarians. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis. SETTING Tokyo metropolitan area. PARTICIPANTS Seventy-five centenarians and 73 healthy older volunteers (mean age 63.1 +/- 10.0) living in the Tokyo metropolitan area. MEASUREMENTS Plasma lipids and lipoproteins, cholesteryl ester transfer protein mass, apo E phenotype, body mass index, nutritional indices (serum albumin, prealbumin, transferrin), dietary intake, inflammation markers (C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6)), activities of daily living, and cognitive function. RESULTS In comparison with older people, the centenarians had low concentrations of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and a relative predominance of high-density lipoprotein 2 cholesterol. No environmental factor, except the number of apo E epsilon2 alleles, was a significant determinant of LDL-C and apo B, suggesting that the low apo B-containing lipoprotein in centenarians may be attributable to a genetic cause. Centenarians had elevated levels of lipoprotein (a) and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), which seem to be an unfavorable lipoprotein profile. Lower levels of HDL-C in the centenarians were associated with decreased serum albumin, elevated CRP and IL-6 levels, and cognitive impairment, suggesting that HDL-C could be a sensitive marker for frailty and comorbidity in the oldest old. CONCLUSIONS Low levels of apo B-containing lipoproteins attributable to a genetic cause may be advantageous for longevity. Lipoprotein profiles in centenarians were consistently related to the subjects' nutritional status, inflammation markers, and apo E polymorphisms. The results provide evidence for the importance of maintaining nutritional status in the very old.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Arai
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
It is clear that oxidative stress is associated with compromises to the lens. Recent literature indicates that antioxidants may ameliorate that risk and may actually decrease risk for cataract. This article will briefly review the etiology of cataract. It will also review the epidemiologic information with emphasis on roles for vitamins C and E and carotenoids. More thorough recent reviews are available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Taylor
- Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, Department of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Ophthalmology, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kawai SI, Vora S, Das S, Gachie E, Becker B, Neufeld AH. Modeling of risk factors for the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells after ischemia/reperfusion in rats: effects of age, caloric restriction, diabetes, pigmentation, and glaucoma. FASEB J 2001; 15:1285-7. [PMID: 11344115 DOI: 10.1096/fj.00-0666fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S I Kawai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Schaumberg DA, Glynn RJ, Christen WG, Hankinson SE, Hennekens CH. Relations of body fat distribution and height with cataract in men. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72:1495-502. [PMID: 11101477 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/72.6.1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cataract is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. Body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) is a risk factor for cataract, but other anthropometric measurements may also be important. OBJECTIVE We tested relations of alternative measures of body size, including height and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), as well as BMI, with cataract. DESIGN This was a prospective follow-up study. We analyzed data from 20271 participants in the Physicians' Health Study who did not have cataract at baseline and for whom there was complete information on weight, height, and other risk factors. For analyses concerning WHR, we excluded 3121 additional men for whom we did not have these measurements, assessed at the ninth year of follow-up. The main outcome measures were incident cataract and cataract surgery. RESULTS Among the 17150 men for whom there were complete data, we confirmed an incident cataract in 1727 during an average of 14 y of follow-up. In proportional hazards regression models that adjusted for many known or suspected risk factors, higher BMI [rate ratio (RR) = 1.25 for >/=27.8 compared with <22, P: for trend = 0. 03], height (RR = 1.23 for >/=184 cm compared with </=170 cm, P: for trend = 0.02), and WHR (RR = 1.31 for top compared with bottom quintile, P: for trend = 0.003) were each independently associated with incident cataract. CONCLUSIONS In addition to BMI, both height and abdominal adiposity are independent risk factors for cataract. These relations are biologically plausible and, if causal, suggest that prevention of obesity and beneficial lifestyle changes resulting in weight loss and reduction of central obesity would lessen the incidence and costs of cataract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Schaumberg
- Division of Preventive Medicine and the Channing Laboratory of the Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
The question of whether caloric restriction (CR) is hormetic is addressed in terms of two common definitions of the term. In terms of the older definition, i.e., a growth-stimulatory effect when lower doses of a compound which resulted in growth inhibition at higher doses, CR is better characterized as a co-hormetic (i.e., a paradigm which at relatively "low doses," in combination with some stimulus, will evince increased growth (proliferation) and at higher "doses" will inhibit this increased proliferation) rather than a hormetic agent. Mechanisms such as cellular selection of cellular subpopulations, increases in receptor efficiency, and preservation of cellular proliferative potential can interact with agents and produce increased growth as long as the CR is not too severe. In terms of a broader definition, i.e., nonmonotonic dose-response behavior of a compound for any adverse response, CR appears to be hormetic, both as a result of body weight (BW) loss and other potential mechanisms. The impact of changes in BW, or frank CR, can be considered a component of every test for hormesis, and is thus capable for interaction with any other agent. The changes that BW loss (or CR) induce are so profound that any aspect of an agent's action - metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics - can modulate the response of an organism to an agent. Similarly, other effects of a chemical that induce BW loss, e.g., physical activity or temperature dysregulation, can also induce dose-response curves that appear hormetic. The interaction of the hormetic agents of BW loss and CR can influence agent tests. Controlling these factors may make it possible to dissect the key components of a hormetic response. In addition, the effects of CR or BW loss appear to extrapolate well across species [Colman R, Kemnitz JW. Aging experiments using nonhuman primates. In: Yu BP (Ed), Methods in Aging Research. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1999, pp. 249-267]. Thus there is some reason to believe that these hormetic factors may be important for humans, and may already be a factor for tests of potentially adverse agents already conducted in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Turturro
- Division of Biometry and Risk Assessment, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wolf NS, Li Y, Pendergrass W, Schmeider C, Turturro A. Normal mouse and rat strains as models for age-related cataract and the effect of caloric restriction on its development. Exp Eye Res 2000; 70:683-92. [PMID: 10870527 DOI: 10.1006/exer.2000.0835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine: (1) which of the commonly used strains of laboratory rats and mice provide good models for human age-related cataract, and (2) whether long term caloric restriction, a regimen that prolongs both median and maximum life span in rodents, would also delay the time of appearance of this age-related pathology. Three strains of mice and two rat strains commonly used in laboratory work and maintained on either ad libitum (AL) or calorically restricted (CR) diets in the National Institutes of Aging and Diet Restriction colony were examined by slit lamp for age-related cataracts at four or more time points during their life spans. These strains were Brown Norway and Fischer 344 rats, and C57BL/6, (C57BL6 x DBA/2)F1 and (C57BL/6 x C3H)F1 mice. None of these strains develop congenital cataracts. Various stages of cataract were found in the great majority of these animals in old age. In both rat strains and one mouse strain the cataracts occurred after mid-life, were most advanced late in life, and were similar in locations and appearance to those in humans. In the two mouse strains in which some cataracts appeared as early as 10-14 months of age, previously identified genetic defects affecting the eye were probably involved in the early appearances. CR extended life spain in all five rat and mouse strains and also delayed both the time of first appearances and the subsequent increase in cataract severity over time in the four dark-eyed strains. CR did not delay cataract formation in the single albino rat strain studied. In summation: (1) commonly used strains of laboratory rats and mice that are free of congenital or early appearing cataracts due to genetic defects would appear to serve as appropriate models for human age-related cataract, (2) caloric restriction (CR) provides a protective effect, delaying development of cataracts in the dark-eyed mouse and rat strains, while also extending their life spans, (3) CR did not delay the development of lens damage in the nonpigmented eye of the single albino strain studied, although it extended life span.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N S Wolf
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-7470, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Obin M, Pike A, Halbleib M, Lipman R, Taylor A, Bronson R. Calorie restriction modulates age-dependent changes in the retinas of Brown Norway rats. Mech Ageing Dev 2000; 114:133-47. [PMID: 10799710 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(00)00096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effect of a 40% reduction in caloric intake (CR) versus ad libitum (AL) feeding on retinal aging. CR- and AL-fed Brown Norway (BN) rats were obtained at 12, 24 and 30 months of age from the National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR). Age-dependent declines in outer nuclear layer (ONL=photoreceptor) cell densities, ONL height, inner nuclear layer (INL) cell densities, and thicknesses of the inner retina and whole retina were quantified in thick sections at six loci across the circumference of the sensory retina (four peripheral, two central). Data were analyzed by repeated measures, general linear models. Aging in both diet groups was associated with declines in ONL cell density, ONL height, peripheral INL cell density and total retinal thickness (P< or =0.05). However, ONL cell densities, ONL height and retinal thickness were significantly greater in the CR versus AL diet group at all three ages (P< or =0.005). CR was also associated with a trend for greater peripheral INL cell density (P=0.06) and with greater INL thickness at 30 months (Bonferroni P=0.03). Elevated ONL cell densities in the CR-12 cohort relative to the AL-12 cohort could be explained by diet-associated differences in retinal length, i.e. delayed retinal growth in response to CR. Enhanced ONL cell density, ONL height, INL cell density, INL thickness and total retinal thickness in the CR-30 cohort appear to be as a result of reduced rates of retinal cell loss between 24 and 30 months. However, the protective effect of CR in retinas of older animals may also reflect the initial growth-associated enhancements which were observed in 12 month-old animals. The rat retina may provide a useful model for elucidating the neuroprotective mechanism(s) of CR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Obin
- Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, Jean Mayer USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
While many experimental studies have shown a protective effect of vitamin C in age-related cataract, other studies have revealed contrasting roles for this nutrient. Oxidative damage in the lens can be prevented by vitamin C. However, a pro-oxidant effect of vitamin C through H2O2 generation has been suggested. Vitamin C has also been shown to play a role in protein glycation, which is observed in cataract formation. A protective effect of dietary energy restriction appears to be inversely related to plasma vitamin C levels in rodents. Moreover, conclusions from human epidemiological and intervention studies are not uniform. The available evidence suggests that maintenance of sufficient plasma vitamin C is needed to prevent oxidative damage in the lens. More research will be needed in order to confirm the relative importance of of the different roles of vitamin C in the eye lens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C van der Pols
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Loft S, Deng XS, Tuo J, Wellejus A, Sørensen M, Poulsen HE. Experimental study of oxidative DNA damage. Free Radic Res 1998; 29:525-39. [PMID: 10098457 DOI: 10.1080/10715769800300571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Animal experiments allow the study of oxidative DNA damage in target organs and the elucidation of dose-response relationships of carcinogenic and other harmful chemicals and conditions as well as the study of interactions of several factors. So far the effects of more than 50 different chemical compounds have been studied in animal experiments mainly in rats and mice, and generally with measurement of 8-oxodG with HPLC-EC. A large number of well-known carcinogens induce 8-oxodG formation in liver and/or kidneys. Moreover several animal studies have shown a close relationship between induction of dative DNA damage and tumour formation. In principle the level of oxidative DNA damage in an organ or cell may be studied by measurement of modified bases in extracted DNA by immunohistochemical visualisation, and from assays of strand breakage before and after treatment with repair enzymes. However, this level is a balance between the rates of damage and repair. Until the repair rates and capacity can be adequately assessed the rate of damage can only be estimated from the urinary excretion of repair products albeit only as an average of the entire body. A number of model compounds have been used to induce oxidative DNA damage in experimental animals. The hepatocarcinogen 2-nitropropane induces up to 10-fold increases in 8-oxodG levels in rat liver DNA. The level of 8-oxodG is also increased in kidneys and bone marrow but not in the testis. By means of 2-nitropropane we have shown correspondence between the increases in 8-oxodG in target organs and the urinary excretion of 8-oxodG and between 8-oxodG formation and the comet assay in bone marrow as well potent preventive effects of extracts of Brussels sprouts. Others have shown similar effects of green tea extracts and its components. Drawbacks of the use of 2-nitropropane as a model for oxidative DNA damage relate particularly to formation of 8-aminoguanine derivatives that may interfere with HPLC-EC assays and have unknown consequences. Other model compounds for induction of oxidative DNA damage, such as ferric nitriloacetate, iron dextran, potassium bromate and paraquat, are less potent and/or more organ specific. Inflammation and activation of an inflammatory response by phorbol esters or E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induce oxidative DNA damage in many target cells and enhance benzene-induced DNA damage in mouse bone marrow. Experimental studies provide powerful tools to investigate agents inducing and preventing oxidative damage to DNA and its role in carcinogenesis. So far, most animal experiments have concerned 8-oxodG and determination of additional damaged bases should be employed. An ideal animal model for prevention of oxidative DNA damage has yet to he developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Loft
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lipman RD, Smith DE, Blumberg JB, Bronson RT. Effects of caloric restriction or augmentation in adult rats: longevity and lesion biomarkers of aging. AGING (MILAN, ITALY) 1998; 10:463-70. [PMID: 10078316 DOI: 10.1007/bf03340160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) initiated in young rodents has been thoroughly documented to enhance longevity, but its efficacy when introduced at older ages has not been well investigated. Cohorts of 18- and 26-month-old male F344 x BN F1 hybrid rats were fed either: 1) NIH-31 meal (C); 2) vitamin and mineral fortified NIH-31 meal (R); or 3) vitamin and mineral fortified NIH-31 meal supplemented with corn oil and sweetened condensed milk (S). The C control rats were fed ad libitum, R rats were restricted to 32% of the caloric intake of the controls, and S rats were allowed to consume not more than 8% more calories than C rats. After 6 weeks, the average weights were significantly different between all diet and age groups. Although calorie manipulation altered body weight, no significant effect of the dietary intervention on longevity was found. The average lesion burden, including tumor burden and prevalence of nearly all commonly occurring lesions, were comparable between the groups. Thus, the manipulation of weight at ages beyond middle age has a much less profound impact than similar interventions during growth and maturation in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R D Lipman
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Scrofano MM, Shang F, Nowell TR, Gong X, Smith DE, Kelliher M, Dunning J, Mura CV, Taylor A. Calorie restriction, stress and the ubiquitin-dependent pathway in mouse livers. Mech Ageing Dev 1998; 105:273-90. [PMID: 9862235 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(98)00097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (R) is the only known method to delay the aging process and extend mean and maximal lifespan in rodents. R has been shown to delay the age-related accumulation of damaged proteins and to protect organisms from various stresses which can produce damaged proteins. Such stresses include irradiation, heat shock, and oxidative stress. The ubiquitin- and ATP-dependent proteolytic pathway (UPP) has been associated with the degradation of abnormal and/or damaged proteins. We examined the effect of diet and oxidative stress on activities of the UPP in supernatants from livers taken from 23-month-old Emory mice which had been exposed to an in-vivo injection of paraquat. Paraquat induces oxidative stress by generating superoxide radicals. In livers from non-stressed animals, steady-state levels of endogenous ubiquitin conjugates, de novo conjugate formation, and E1 and E2 activities were significantly lower in R animals than in control (C) animals. However, after exposure to paraquat, levels of endogenous ubiquitin conjugates were significantly higher in R versus C animals, and de novo conjugate formation and E1 and E2 activities in R animals rose to levels which were indistinguishable from levels of these activities noted in C animals. R was associated with an increased ability to degrade beta-lactoglobulin by the UPP after an oxidative stress was imposed. Ability to degrade beta-lactoglobulin by the C or R livers in non-stressed animals was not significantly different. Taken together, these data indicate that oxidative stress in R animals is associated with enhanced levels of ubiquitin conjugates and that this enhancement may be due to an increase in UPP activity. These data also indicate that the ability to form ubiquitin conjugates and the UPP system does not change with oxidative stress in C animals. The latter is consistent with prior reports that suggests that older C animals may already be in a state of enhanced oxidative stress and that activities of the UPP provide a sensitive indicator of levels of cellular redox status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Scrofano
- Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Scrofano MM, Jahngen-Hodge J, Nowell TR, Gong X, Smith DE, Perrone G, Asmundsson G, Dallal G, Gindlesky B, Mura CV, Taylor A. The effects of aging and calorie restriction on plasma nutrient levels in male and female Emory mice. Mech Ageing Dev 1998; 105:31-44. [PMID: 9922117 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(98)00077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effect of diet, age (4.5, 13 and 23 months), and sex on plasma levels of retinol, tocopherol, ascorbate, cholesterol, glucose and glycohemoglobin in male and female Emory mice which were fed control (C) and 50% calorie restricted (R) diets. Results showed that C fed animals tended to have higher levels of plasma ascorbate (50-71%), cholesterol (23-71%), glucose (38-81%) and glycohemoglobin (50%). However, these diet differences varied with the age and sex of the animals. Plasma retinol levels were lower only in R males vs. C males (50%). Novel sex-related differences in levels of plasma retinol (2-fold higher in C male mice than in C or R female mice) are described. Aging was associated with trends towards lower levels of plasma ascorbate (14-25%), glucose (34-36%) and glycohemoglobin (47-57%) from 4.5 to 23 months of age. However, these age differences depended upon the diet and sex of the animals. These data suggest that lower plasma levels of glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and cholesterol may be causally related to the life extension noted in R animals since elevated levels of these moieties have been related to aging. Since oxidative stress is thought to be causally related to aging it appears unlikely that retinol, tocopherol and ascorbate are causally related to R-induced life-extension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Scrofano
- Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Scrofano MM, Shang F, Nowell TR, Gong X, Smith DE, Kelliher M, Dunning J, Mura CV, Taylor A. Aging, calorie restriction and ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis in the livers of Emory mice. Mech Ageing Dev 1998; 101:277-96. [PMID: 9622231 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(97)00178-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (R), the only known method to delay the aging process and extend mean and maximal lifespan, has been shown to delay the age-related decline in protein degradation. There are several proteolytic pathways. The ubiquitin- and ATP-dependent proteolytic pathway (UPP) is frequently associated with degradation of damaged abnormal and/or regulatory proteins. We examined the effect of aging and R on supernatants of livers taken from young (4.5 months) and old (23 months) Emory mice. Aging was associated with increased levels of endogenous ubiquitin conjugates, enhanced ability to form high molecular weight conjugates and ubiquitin activating (E1) and ubiquitin conjugating (E2) activity in the control (C) liver supernatants. The age-related increase in levels of endogenous ubiquitin conjugates in liver appears to be primarily due to increased E1 and E2 activities. R prevented the age-related increase in E1 and E2 activity, and thus prevented the age-related increase in levels of ubiquitin conjugates. In spite of the age-related increase in ubiquitin conjugates, no age-related changes in ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathway were observed in the C animals. R was associated with an enhanced ability (130%) to degrade beta-lactoglobulin by the ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathway in livers from 4.5-month-old animals relative to age-matched C livers. However, rates of the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of beta-lactoglobulin in the 23-month-old C and R animals were indistinguishable. There were no age- or diet-related differences in the ability to degrade another substrate, oxidized ribonuclease (RNase).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Scrofano
- Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Aksenova MV, Aksenov MY, Carney JM, Butterfield DA. Protein oxidation and enzyme activity decline in old brown Norway rats are reduced by dietary restriction. Mech Ageing Dev 1998; 100:157-68. [PMID: 9541136 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(97)00133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of aging and diet restriction (DR) on the activity of creatine kinase (CK), glutamine synthetase (GS) and protein carbonyl formation in the cerebellum, hippocampus and cortex of male and female brown Norway (BN) rats has been investigated. It was demonstrated that CK activity in three different regions of the rat brain declines with age by 30%. Age-related decrease of GS activity was only 10-13% and did not reach statistical significance. Consistent with previously published studies, age-related increase of protein carbonyl content in each brain area studied has been observed. Preventive effects of a caloric restricted diet on the age-associated protein oxidation and changes of the activity of CK and GS in the brain was observed for both aging male and female BN rats. DR delayed the accumulation of protein carbonyls. Age-related changes of CK activity in rat brain were abrogated by DR. The activity of GS in the brain of old rats subjected to the caloric restricted diet was higher than that in the brain of young animals fed ad libitum. The results are consistent with the notion that DR may relieve age-associated level of oxidative stress and lessen protein damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M V Aksenova
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|