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Ren Y, Qiang Y, Zhu B, Tang W, Duan X, Li Z. General Strategy for Bioluminescence Sensing of Peptidase Activity In Vivo Based on Tumor-Targeting Probiotic. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4334-4341. [PMID: 33624497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The abnormally expressed peptidases in human tissues are associated with many kinds of cancers. Monitoring of endogenous peptidase activity could allow us for pathophysiology elucidation and early clinical diagnosis. Herein, we developed a general strategy for bioluminescence (BL) sensing of peptidase activity in vivo based on tumor-targeting probiotics. The probiotic that harbored a luciferase-encoding plasmid was used to target and colonize tumor and provide luciferase for BL imaging. The peptide-based probes Lc and GPc were applied to track leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) activity, respectively, by simply adding l-leucine and Gly-Pro dipeptides at the N-terminus of d-cysteine, which were specifically controlled by peptidase cleavage and released free d-cysteine to conduct a subsequent click condensation reaction with 2-cyano-6-hydroxybenzothiazole (HCBT) to produce firefly luciferin in situ, giving rise to a strong BL signal. Neither gene modification of cells of interest nor complicated synthesis was required in this BL system. Encouraged by these advantages, we successfully used our probes to monitor LAP and DPPIV activities in vitro and in vivo, respectively. A good linearity between BL and peptidase was obtained in the concentration range of 2.5-40.0 mU/mL with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.1 mU/mL (55 ng/mL) for LAP and 2.0-40.0 mU/mL with a LOD of 0.78 mU/mL (1.15 ng/mL) for DPPIV, respectively. Additionally, approximately 5-fold (LAP) and 10-fold (DPPIV) differences in the BL signal before and after treatment with a specific inhibitor were also obtained for in vivo BL imaging. All these results reflected the potential application value of our probes in BL sensing of peptidase activity. We envision that our strategy may be a useful approach for monitoring a wide range of peptidases in tumors, especially in primary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Ren
- Key laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yao Qiang
- Key laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Beibei Zhu
- Key laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Wei Tang
- Key laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xinrui Duan
- Key laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zhengping Li
- Key laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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2
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Shevchenko KV, Andreeva LA, Nagaev IY, Shevchenko VP, Myasoedov NF. [Study of stability of proline-containing derivatives of dopamine and serotonin in the biological media in vitro experiments]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2019; 65:498-506. [PMID: 31876520 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20196506498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Boc-Gly-Pro-DP, Z-Gly-Pro-DP, LA-Gly-Pro-DP, Boc-Gly-Pro-Srt, Z-Gly-Pro-Srt were synthesized for the first time. The stability of these compounds in the presence of leucine aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase Y, carboxypeptidase B and proline endopeptidase (PEP) was determined. It turned out that the compounds are stable in the presence of aminopeptidases and carboxypeptidases. In the presence of PEP, dopamine (DP) and serotonin (Srt) are cleaved from the synthesized preparations. Thus, new proline-containing Srt and DP derivatives were obtained, Srt and DP could be gradually released from them. This suggest the possibility of a prolonged action of these biologically active compounds on the vital activity of cells and, consequently, of the whole organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Shevchenko
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - L A Andreeva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - I Yu Nagaev
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - V P Shevchenko
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - N F Myasoedov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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3
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Shevchenko KV, Nagaev IY, Andreeva LA, Shevchenko VP, Myasoedov NF. [Stability of prolin-containing peptides in biological media]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2019; 65:180-201. [PMID: 31258142 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20196503180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
New data on peptide drugs have been summarized; their high stability is due to both the introduction of Pro-Gly-Pro in various amino acid sequences and the modification of the glyproline fragment itself. Pro-Gly-Pro-Leu, ACTH(6-9)Pro-Gly-Pro, 5-oxo-Pro-Arg-Pro and 5-oxo-Pro-His-Pro-NH2 were used as proline-containing peptides. Tritiated peptides were obtained: Pro-Gly-Pro-Leu with specific radioactivity of 135 Ci/mmol, ACTH(6-9)Pro-Gly-Pro - 26 Ci/mmol, 5-oxo-Pro-Arg-Pro - 60 Ci/mmol and 5-oxo-Pro-His-Pro-NH2 - 75 Ci/mmol. The concentration of Pro-Gly-Pro-Leu, ACTH(6-9)Pro-Gly-Pro, 5-oxo-Pro-Arg-Pro and 5-oxo-Pro-His-Pro-NH2 in the blood was found to be about 200 times more than in the brain for intranasal administration, and in average 600 times more for intravenous administration. The stability of proline-containing peptides in vitro experiments was determined using different commercially available peptidases (leucine aminopeptidases, dipeptidases, carboxypeptidases B and Y), and using nasal mucus, microsomal fraction of the rat brain (IMPC) and rat blood plasma. During peptidase hydrolysis of Pro-Gly-Pro-Leu, the main metabolites were Gly-Pro-Leu, Pro-Gly-Pro, Gly-Pro and Pro-Gly. For ACTH(6-9)Pro-Gly-Pro, the main metabolites were Phe-Arg-Trp-Pro-Gly-Pro and Trp-Pro-Gly-Pro. In peptidase hydrolysis of 5-oxo-Pro-His-Pro-NH2, the major metabolite was 5-oxo-Pro-His-Pro. It was shown that with different methods of peptides administration the composition of the metabolites formed is different. Based on the data obtained, resistance to enzymatic cleavage of peptides and their metabolic pathways were evaluated. Thus, these new data have shown that the above approaches can be used to prolong the action of glyprolines in living objects. In this case, the degradation of proline-containing peptides occurs mainly not due to the action of proteases, but due to other ways of degradation. In general, the data presented in the review indicate the promise of intranasal way of introducing biologically active peptides into the brain of living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Shevchenko
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - I Yu Nagaev
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - L A Andreeva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - V P Shevchenko
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - N F Myasoedov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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4
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Shevchenko KV, Nagaev IY, Andreeva LA, Shevchenko VP, Myasoedov NF. Stability of Proline-Containing Peptides in Biological Media. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW), SUPPLEMENT SERIES B: BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750819030089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Castaldi M, Baratella M, Menegotto IG, Castaldi G, Giovenzana GB. A concise and efficient synthesis of vildagliptin. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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6
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Zhang C, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Chen S, Luo Y. Production and identification of antioxidant and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitory peptides from bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) muscle hydrolysate. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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7
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Prolyl-specific peptidases for applications in food protein hydrolysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7837-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6838-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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8
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Bode SA, Hansen MB, Oerlemans RAJF, van Hest JCM, Löwik DWPM. Enzyme-Activatable Cell-Penetrating Peptides through a Minimal Side Chain Modification. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:850-6. [PMID: 25915685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activatable cell-penetrating peptides are of great interest in drug delivery because of their enhanced selectivity which can be controlled by the external stimuli that trigger their activation. The use of a specific enzymatic reaction to trigger uptake of an inert peptide offers a relevant targeting strategy because the activation process takes place in a short time and only in areas where the specific cell surface enzyme is present. To this aim, the lysine side chain of Tat peptides was modified with an enzyme-cleavable domain of minimal size. This yielded blocked Tat-peptides which were inactive but that could be activated by coincubation with the selected enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia A Bode
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Bio-organic Chemistry, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Morten B Hansen
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Bio-organic Chemistry, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roy A J F Oerlemans
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Bio-organic Chemistry, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Bio-organic Chemistry, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis W P M Löwik
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Bio-organic Chemistry, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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9
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Smoum R, Rubinstein A, Dembitsky VM, Srebnik M. Boron containing compounds as protease inhibitors. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4156-220. [PMID: 22519511 DOI: 10.1021/cr608202m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reem Smoum
- The School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
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10
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Jadav P, Bahekar R, Shah SR, Patel D, Joharapurkar A, Kshirsagar S, Jain M, Shaikh M, Sairam KVVM. Long-acting peptidomimetics based DPP-IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3516-21. [PMID: 22503246 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolidine based peptidomimetics are reported as potent and selective DPP-IV inhibitors for the treatment of T2DM. Compounds 16c and 16d showed excellent in vitro potency and selectivity towards DPP-IV and the lead compound 16c showed sustained antihyperglycemic effects, along with improved pharmacokinetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Jadav
- Zydus Research Centre, Sarkhej-Bavla NH 8A Moraiya, Ahmedabad, India
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11
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Chen X, Pradhan T, Wang F, Kim JS, Yoon J. Fluorescent Chemosensors Based on Spiroring-Opening of Xanthenes and Related Derivatives. Chem Rev 2011; 112:1910-56. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200201z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1608] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Chen
- Departments of Chemistry and Nano Science and of Bioinspired Science (WCU), Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tuhin Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - Fang Wang
- Departments of Chemistry and Nano Science and of Bioinspired Science (WCU), Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Departments of Chemistry and Nano Science and of Bioinspired Science (WCU), Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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12
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Abstract
Relative to carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen, very little is currently known about boron in therapeutics. In addition, there are very few boron-containing natural products identified to date to serve as leads for medicinal chemists. Perceived risks of using boron and lack of synthetic methods to handle boron-containing compounds have caused the medicinal chemistry community to shy away from using the atom. However, physical, chemical and biological properties of boron offer medicinal chemists a rare opportunity to explore and pioneer new areas of drug discovery. Boron therapeutics are emerging that show different modes of inhibition against a variety of biological targets. With one boron-containing therapeutic agent on the market and several more in various stages of clinical trials, the occurrence of this class of compound is likely to grow over the next decade and boron could become widely accepted as a useful element in future drug discovery.
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13
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Parsa KVL, Pal M. Preclinical development of dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor alogliptin: a brief overview. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:855-69. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.588695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Hsu T, Tsai TY, Tseng YJ, Chiou MC, Lu CT, Chao YS, Jiaang WT. Synthesis of 3,3-Dimethylglutamic Acid Derivatives as DPP-IV Inhibitors and Evaluation of Their Chemical Stability. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201190049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Darkoh C, El-Bouhssini M, Baum M, Clack B. Characterization of a prolyl endoprotease from Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Sunn pest) infested wheat. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 74:163-178. [PMID: 20568295 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps, Puton, infested and uninfested wheat seeds were obtained from the International Center for Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria, with the primary objective to identify the type of enzyme deposited by the Sunn pest on the wheat responsible for the gluten degradation. Enzyme levels were extremely low due to the enzyme being secreted by the insect in localized areas on the seed. Only extract from the infested wheat contained glutenase activity. Anion exchange, Cu(2+) sepharose, and gel filtration chromatography were used to partially purify and enrich protein samples from both infested wheat and uninfested wheat. An SDS-gluten assay was used to show gluten specificity while a commercially available chromogenic proline peptide, benzyloxycarbonyl-Gly-Pro-p-nitroanalide (ZGPpNA), was utilized to identify fractions containing the active proline specific enzyme activity and to determine Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Despite low levels of enzyme on the infested wheat, the enzyme was partially purified and enriched exhibiting a specific activity of 4.5 U/mg of total protein for gluten in a SDS gluten assay (1 U of enzyme activity was defined as the decrease in gel height in millimeters in 1 h) and exhibited a high-affinity Km of 65 microM for ZGPpNA, cleaving at the carboxy terminus of the proline residue. The enzyme exhibited optimal activity between pH 8 and 10.0 at temperatures between 20 degrees and 35 degrees C. The enzyme was identified to be a prolyl endoprotease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Darkoh
- Division of Biotechnology, Science Research Center, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas 75962, USA
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16
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Wang L, Zhang B, Ji J, Li B, Yan J, Zhang W, Wu Y, Wang X, Hou H. Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Compounds as Potent Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910902919522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Betancort JM, Winn DT, Liu R, Xu Q, Liu J, Liao W, Chen SH, Carney D, Hanway D, Schmeits J, Li X, Gordon E, Campbell DA. Bicyclic cyanothiazolidines as novel dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4437-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Havale SH, Pal M. Medicinal chemistry approaches to the inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:1783-802. [PMID: 19217790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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19
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Structure-based design and synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives as dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:2362-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Yoshida T, Sakashita H, Akahoshi F, Hayashi Y. [(S)-γ-(4-Aryl-1-piperazinyl)-l-prolyl]thiazolidines as a novel series of highly potent and long-lasting DPP-IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:2618-21. [PMID: 17317162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.01.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the search for an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) highly potent both in vitro and in vivo, we synthesized a series of L-prolylthiazolidine-based DPP-IV inhibitors having 4-arylpiperazine or 4-arylpiperidine at the gamma-position of the proline structure. Of these compounds, the 4-(5-nitro-2-pyridyl)piperazine analog 21e showed a sub-nanomolar (IC(50)=0.92 nmol/L) DPP-IV inhibitory activity and a long-lasting in vivo DPP-IV inhibition profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yoshida
- Chemistry Laboratory, Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
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21
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Lai JH, Wu W, Zhou Y, Maw HH, Liu Y, Milo LJ, Poplawski SE, Henry GD, Sudmeier JL, Sanford DG, Bachovchin WW. Synthesis and Characterization of Constrained Peptidomimetic Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors: Amino-Lactam boroAlanines. J Med Chem 2007; 50:2391-8. [PMID: 17458948 DOI: 10.1021/jm061321+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe here the epimerization-free synthesis and characterization of a new class of conformationally constrained lactam aminoboronic acid inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV; E.C. 3.4.14.5). These compounds have the advantage that they cannot undergo the pH-dependent cyclization prevalent in most dipeptidyl boronic acids that attenuates their potency at physiological pH. For example, D-3-amino-1-[L-1-boronic-ethyl]-pyrrolidine-2-one (amino-D-lactam-L-boroAla), one of the best lactam inhibitors of DPP IV, is several orders of magnitude less potent than L-Ala-L-boroPro, as measured by Ki values (2.3 nM vs 30 pM, respectively). At physiological pH, however, it is actually more potent than L-Ala-L-boroPro, as measured by IC50 values (4.2 nM vs 1400 nM), owing to the absence of the potency-attenuating cyclization. In an interesting and at first sight surprising reversal of the relationship between stereochemistry and potency observed with the conformationally unrestrained Xaa-boroPro class of inhibitors, the L-L diastereomers of the lactams are orders of magnitude less effective than the D-L lactams. However, this interesting reversal and the unexpected potency of the D-L lactams as DPP IV inhibitors can be understood in structural terms, which is explained and discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack H Lai
- Contribution from the Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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22
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Kondo T, Nekado T, Sugimoto I, Ochi K, Takai S, Kinoshita A, Tajima Y, Yamamoto S, Kawabata K, Nakai H, Toda M. Design and synthesis of new potent dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors with enhanced ex vivo duration. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:2631-50. [PMID: 17293118 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of 5beta-methylprolyl-2-cyanopyrrolidine analogs were synthesized and evaluated as DPP-IV inhibitors, and the duration of their ex vivo activity was assessed. Comparison of their potency and duration of action was done among three different species. The mode of binding was investigated, and the effect on the plasma glucose level was evaluated. Structure-activity relationships are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kondo
- Minase Research Institute, Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto, Mishima, Osaka 618-8585, Japan.
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23
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Wiedeman PE. DPPIV inhibition: promising therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2007; 45:63-109. [PMID: 17280902 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(06)45502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Wiedeman
- Abbott Laboratories, Department R4CP, Building AP9B, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6113, USA
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24
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Sakashita H, Akahoshi F, Yoshida T, Kitajima H, Hayashi Y, Ishii S, Takashina Y, Tsutsumiuchi R, Ono S. Lead optimization of [(S)-γ-(arylamino)prolyl]thiazolidine focused on γ-substituent: Indoline compounds as potent DPP-IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:641-55. [PMID: 17113301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors are looked to as a potential new antidiabetic agent class. A series of [(S)-gamma-(arylamino)prolyl]thiazolidine compounds in which the electrophilic nitrile is removed are chemically stable DPP-IV inhibitors. To discover a structure for the gamma-substituent of the proline moiety more suitable for interacting with the S(2) pocket of DPP-IV, optimization focused on the gamma-substituent was carried out. The indoline compound 22e showed a DPP-IV-inhibitory activity 100-fold more potent than that of the prolylthiazolidine 10 and comparable to that of NVP-DPP728. It also displayed improved inhibitory selectivity for DPP-IV over DPP8 and DPP9 compared to compound 10. Indoline compounds such as 22e have a rigid conformation with double restriction of the aromatic moiety by proline and indoline structures to promote interaction with the binding site in the S(2) pocket of DPP-IV. The double restriction effect provides a potent inhibitory activity which compensates for the decrease in activity caused by removing the electrophilic nitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sakashita
- Chemistry Laboratory, Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
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25
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Goodnow RA, Gillespie P. 1Hit and Lead Identification: Efficient Practices for Drug Discovery. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2007; 45:1-61. [PMID: 17280901 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(06)45501-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Goodnow
- Discovery Chemistry, Roche Research Center, Nutley, NJ 07110-1199, USA
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26
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Gilmore BF, Carson L, McShane LL, Quinn D, Coulter WA, Walker B. Synthesis, kinetic evaluation, and utilization of a biotinylated dipeptide proline diphenyl phosphonate for the disclosure of dipeptidyl peptidase IV-like serine proteases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 347:373-9. [PMID: 16824486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.06.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report on the synthesis, kinetic characterisation, and application of a novel biotinylated and active site-directed inactivator of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV). Thus, the dipeptide-derived proline diphenyl phosphonate NH(2)-Glu(biotinyl-PEG)-Pro(P)(OPh)(2) has been prepared by a combination of classical solution- and solid-phase methodologies and has been shown to be an irreversible inhibitor of porcine DPP-IV, exhibiting an over all second-order rate constant (k(i)/K(i)) for inhibition of 1.57 x 10(3) M(-1) min(-1). This value compares favourably with previously reported rates of inactivation of DPP-IV by dipeptides containing a P(1) proline diphenyl phosphonate grouping [B. Boduszek, J. Oleksyszyn, C.M. Kam, J. Selzler, R.E. Smith, J.C. Powers, Dipeptide phophonates as inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, J. Med. Chem. 37 (1994) 3969-3976; B.F. Gilmore, J.F. Lynas, C.J. Scott, C. McGoohan, L. Martin, B. Walker, Dipeptide proline diphenyl phosphonates are potent, irreversible inhibitors of seprase (FAPalpha), Biochem, Biophys. Res. Commun. 346 (2006) 436-446.], thus demonstrating that the incorporation of the side-chain modified (N-biotinyl-3-(2-(2-(3-aminopropyloxy)-ethoxy)-ethoxy)-propyl) glutamic acid residue at the P(2) position is compatible with inhibitor efficacy. The utilisation of this probe for the detection of both purified dipeptidyl peptidase IV and the disclosure of a dipeptidyl peptidase IV-like activity from a clinical isolate of Porphyromonas gingivalis, using established electrophoretic and Western blotting techniques previously developed by our group, is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan F Gilmore
- School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, UK.
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27
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Oehlke J, Born I, Neubert K, Mittag E, Niedrich H. Synthesis of the tritium labelled ß-casomorphine analogues 3H-Phe-Pro-Gly-OH and 3H2-Tyr-Pro-3H-Phe-pyrrolidide. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580291202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Sakashita H, Akahoshi F, Kitajima H, Tsutsumiuchi R, Hayashi Y. [(S)-γ-(Arylamino)prolyl]thiazolidine compounds as a novel series of potent and stable DPP-IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:3662-71. [PMID: 16460948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors, or glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) enhancers, are looked to as a potential new class of antidiabetic agents. In particular, potent and long-acting inhibitors might offer advantages in exploiting DPP-IV inhibition. The series of [(S)-gamma-(arylamino)prolyl]-(S)-2-cyanopyrrolidine compounds on which we reported previously has a highly potent inhibitory activity but seemed to be unstable in neutral aqueous solution. Here, we describe [(S)-gamma-(arylamino)prolyl]thiazolidine compounds as a novel series of potent and stable DPP-IV inhibitors. They are the thiazolidine analogs of [(S)-gamma-(arylamino)prolyl]-(S)-2-cyanopyrrolidine but with the electrophilic nitrile removed to improve chemical stability in aqueous solution. Of the compounds investigated in the present study, the [((S)-gamma-3,4-dicyanophenylamino)prolyl]thiazolidine 12 m was the most potent. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the gamma-substituent in the proline moiety of the thiazolidide was similar to that obtained with the (S)-2-cyanopyrrolidide. The gamma-substituent in the proline moiety of both the (S)-2-cyanopyrrolidide and the thiazolidide may engage with the S(2) binding pocket of DPP-IV and thereby achieve hydrophobic interaction in the same manner. Based on pharmacokinetic experiments in rats, the representative compound 11, which displayed high oral bioavailability (BA=83.9%) and long half-life in plasma (t(1/2)=5.27 h), was found to have an excellent pharmacokinetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sakashita
- Research Laboratory II, Pharmaceuticals Research Unit, Research and Development Division, Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
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29
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Engel M, Hoffmann T, Manhart S, Heiser U, Chambre S, Huber R, Demuth HU, Bode W. Rigidity and Flexibility of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV: Crystal Structures of and Docking Experiments with DPIV. J Mol Biol 2006; 355:768-83. [PMID: 16330047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPIV) is an alpha,beta-hydrolase-like serine exopeptidase, which removes dipeptides, preferentially with a C-terminal l-Pro residue, from the N terminus of longer peptide substrates. Previously, we determined the tetrameric 1.8A crystal structure of native porcine DPIV. Each monomer is composed of a beta-propeller and a catalytic domain, which together embrace an internal cavity housing the active centre. This cavity is connected to the bulk solvent by a "propeller opening" and a "side opening". Here, we analyse DPIV complexes with a t-butyl-Gly-Pro-Ile tripeptide, Pro-boroPro, a piperazine purine compound, and aminoethyl phenyl sulfonylfluoride. The latter two compounds bind to the active-site groove in a compact and a quite bulky manner, respectively, causing considerable shifts of the catalytic Ser630 side-chain and of the Tyr547 phenolic group, which forms the oxyanion hole. The tripeptide, mimicking a peptide substrate, is clamped to the active site through tight interactions via its N-terminal alpha-ammonium group, the P2 carbonyl group, the P1-l-Pro side-chain, the C-terminal carboxylate group, and the stable orthoacid ester amide formed between the scissile peptide carbonyl group and Ser630 O(gamma). This stable trapping of the tripeptide could be due to stabilization of the protonated His740 imidazolium cation by the adjacent negatively charged C-terminal carboxylate group, preventing proton transfer to the leaving group nitrogen atom. Docking experiments with the compact rigid 58 residue protein aprotinin, which had been shown to be processed by DPIV, indicate that the Arg1-Pro2 N terminus can access the DPIV active site only upon widening of its side openings, probably by separation of the first and the last propeller blades, and/or of the catalytic and the propeller domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Engel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, AG Proteinaseforschung, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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30
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Abe M, Nagai M, Yamamoto K, Yamazaki H, Koga I, Satoh Y, Muraoka Y, Kurashige S, Ichikawa YI. Development of a Large-Scale Synthesis of Sulphostin, a Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitor. Org Process Res Dev 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/op058000c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Abe
- Research and Development Division, Pharmaceuticals Group, Nippon Kayaku Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8588, Japan, Microbial Chemistry Research Center, 14-23, Kamiosaki 3-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan, and Synthetic Group, NAC Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0042, Japan
| | - Masashi Nagai
- Research and Development Division, Pharmaceuticals Group, Nippon Kayaku Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8588, Japan, Microbial Chemistry Research Center, 14-23, Kamiosaki 3-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan, and Synthetic Group, NAC Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0042, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Yamamoto
- Research and Development Division, Pharmaceuticals Group, Nippon Kayaku Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8588, Japan, Microbial Chemistry Research Center, 14-23, Kamiosaki 3-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan, and Synthetic Group, NAC Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0042, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamazaki
- Research and Development Division, Pharmaceuticals Group, Nippon Kayaku Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8588, Japan, Microbial Chemistry Research Center, 14-23, Kamiosaki 3-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan, and Synthetic Group, NAC Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0042, Japan
| | - Ichiro Koga
- Research and Development Division, Pharmaceuticals Group, Nippon Kayaku Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8588, Japan, Microbial Chemistry Research Center, 14-23, Kamiosaki 3-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan, and Synthetic Group, NAC Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0042, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Satoh
- Research and Development Division, Pharmaceuticals Group, Nippon Kayaku Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8588, Japan, Microbial Chemistry Research Center, 14-23, Kamiosaki 3-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan, and Synthetic Group, NAC Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0042, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Muraoka
- Research and Development Division, Pharmaceuticals Group, Nippon Kayaku Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8588, Japan, Microbial Chemistry Research Center, 14-23, Kamiosaki 3-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan, and Synthetic Group, NAC Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0042, Japan
| | - Shuji Kurashige
- Research and Development Division, Pharmaceuticals Group, Nippon Kayaku Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8588, Japan, Microbial Chemistry Research Center, 14-23, Kamiosaki 3-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan, and Synthetic Group, NAC Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0042, Japan
| | - Yuh-ichiro Ichikawa
- Research and Development Division, Pharmaceuticals Group, Nippon Kayaku Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8588, Japan, Microbial Chemistry Research Center, 14-23, Kamiosaki 3-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan, and Synthetic Group, NAC Co. Ltd., 31-12, Shimo 3-chome, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0042, Japan
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31
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Sakashita H, Kitajima H, Nakamura M, Akahoshi F, Hayashi Y. 1-((S)-γ-Substituted prolyl)-(S)-2-cyanopyrrolidine as a novel series of highly potent DPP-IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2441-5. [PMID: 15863294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
1-(Gamma-substituted prolyl)-(S)-2-cyanopyrrolidines were designed based on the predicted binding mode of the known DPP-IV inhibitor NVP-DPP728 and evaluated for their inhibitory activity. In structure-activity relationship study at the gamma-position of proline, it became clear that compounds bearing (S)-stereochemistry were 20-fold more potent than the antipode. Of these compounds, the (3,4-dicyanophenyl)amino- and (3-chloro-4-cyanophenyl)amino-derivatives showed the highest inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sakashita
- Pharmaceuticals Research Unit, Research & Development Division, Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
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32
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Shan L, Marti T, Sollid L, Gray G, Khosla C. Comparative biochemical analysis of three bacterial prolyl endopeptidases: implications for coeliac sprue. Biochem J 2005; 383:311-8. [PMID: 15245330 PMCID: PMC1134072 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prolyl endopeptidases have potential for treating coeliac sprue, a disease of the intestine caused by proteolytically resistant peptides from proline-rich prolamins of wheat, barley and rye. We compared the properties of three similar bacterial prolyl endopeptidases, including the known enzymes from Flavobacterium meningosepticum (FM) and Sphingomonas capsulate (SC) and a novel enzyme from Myxococcus xanthus (MX). These enzymes were interrogated with reference chromogenic substrates, as well as two related gluten peptides (PQPQLPYPQPQLP and LQLQPFPQPQLPYPQPQLPYPQPQLPYPQPQPF), believed to play a key role in coeliac sprue pathogenesis. In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to evaluate the activity, specificity and acid/protease stability of the enzymes. All peptidases were relatively resistant to acid, pancreatic proteases and membrane peptidases of the small intestinal mucosa. Although their activities against reference substrates were similar, the enzymes exhibited substantial differences with respect to chain length and subsite specificity. SC hydrolysed PQPQLPYPQPQLP well, but had negligible activity against LQLQPFPQPQLPYPQPQLPYPQPQLPYPQPQPF. In contrast, the FM and MX peptidases cleaved both substrates, although the FM enzyme acted more rapidly on LQLQPFPQPQLPYPQPQLPYPQPQLPYPQPQPF than MX. Whereas the FM enzyme showed a preference for Pro-Gln bonds, SC cleaved both Pro-Gln and Pro-Tyr bonds with comparable efficiency, and MX had a modest preference for Pro-(Tyr/Phe) sites over Pro-Gln sites. While a more comprehensive understanding of sequence and chain-length specificity may be needed to assess the relative utility of alternative prolyl endopeptidases for treating coeliac sprue, our present work has illustrated the diverse nature of this class of enzymes from the standpoint of proteolysing complex substrates such as gluten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Shan
- *Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford Unversity, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A
| | - Thomas Marti
- †Celiac Sprue Research Foundation, 3181 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.A
| | - Ludvig M. Sollid
- ‡Institute of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, N-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gary M. Gray
- †Celiac Sprue Research Foundation, 3181 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304, U.S.A
- §Department of Medicine, Stanford Unversity, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- *Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford Unversity, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A
- ∥Department of Chemistry, Stanford Unversity, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A
- ¶Department of Biochemistry, Stanford Unversity, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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33
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Novel N-substituted-2-cyanopyrrolidines as potent inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.10.12.1937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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Abe M, Akiyama T, Umezawa Y, Yamamoto K, Nagai M, Yamazaki H, Ichikawa YI, Muraoka Y. Synthesis and biological activity of sulphostin analogues, novel dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:785-97. [PMID: 15653346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Revised: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structure of sulphostin (1), a novel dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor, is consisted of three key functional groups, including a characteristic amino(sulfoamino)phosphinyl group, on a piperidine ring. To examine the relationship between its structure and the inhibitory activity against DPP-IV, various analogues were synthesized and their activities were investigated. These results indicated that all of the functional groups on the piperidine ring were crucial to the DPP-IV inhibitory activity of sulphostin, and that the sulfonic acid group, which constructed the amino(sulfoamino)phosphinyl group, contributed to the stability of the compound. Moreover, those functional groups should be adjoined on the piperidine ring for the inhibitory activity. The size of the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring including piperidine appeared to scarcely affect the activity. In the present study, the sulfonic acid-deficient five-membered ring analogue 27a showed the strongest inhibitory activity (IC50=11 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Abe
- Microbial Chemistry Research Center, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan.
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35
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Fukushima H, Hiratate A, Takahashi M, Saito M, Munetomo E, Kitano K, Saito H, Takaoka Y, Yamamoto K. Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of potent 3- or 4-substituted-2-cyanopyrrolidine dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:6053-61. [PMID: 15519151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Revised: 09/09/2004] [Accepted: 09/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors have attracted attention as potential drugs for use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes because they prevent degradation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and extend its duration of action. A series of 2-cyanopyrrolidines are among the most potent of DPP-IV inhibitors. We focused our attention on substitutions at the 3- or 4-position of 2-cyanopyrrolidines and synthesized and evaluated various derivatives. Among them, the 4-fluoro derivative was found to exhibit better DPP-IV inhibitory activity and higher plasma drug concentrations after oral administration to rats than the 4-unsubstituted derivative. We report here on the synthesis and biological data of the aforementioned derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukushima
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Weber
- Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA.
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37
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Abe M, Akiyama T, Nakamura H, Kojima F, Harada S, Muraoka Y. First synthesis and determination of the absolute configuration of sulphostin, a novel inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2004; 67:999-1004. [PMID: 15217282 DOI: 10.1021/np030491b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Sulphostin, a novel dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor, was isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces sp. MK251-43F3. Determination of the absolute configurations of two asymmetric atoms using the natural product was not achieved due to the small amount of the compound obtained. We synthesized four possible stereoisomers of sulphostin from D- or L-ornithine and compared their physicochemical and biological data to naturally isolated sulphostin. As a result, the absolute configurations at C-3 and the phosphorus atom of sulphostin were determined to be S and R, respectively, by X-ray crystallography. Synthetic sulphostin and its C-3 epimer have strong inhibitory activities against DPP-IV, IC50 values of which are 6.0 and 8.9 ng/mL, respectively. Thus it appears that the configuration of the phosphorus atom is primarily responsible for the activity; in contrast, the configuration of C-3 does not appear to affect the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Abe
- Microbial Chemistry Research Center, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan.
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38
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Wang A, Huang Y, Taunk P, Magnin DR, Ghosh K, Robertson JG. Application of robotics to steady state enzyme kinetics: analysis of tight-binding inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Anal Biochem 2003; 321:157-66. [PMID: 14511679 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(03)00434-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Using available commercial robotics and instrumentation, we developed a fully automated and rigorous steady state enzyme kinetic assay for dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV; E.C. 3.4.14.5). The automated assay was validated with isoleucyl thiazolidide, a potent inhibitor of DPP IV with K(is)=110nM. Signal window analysis indicated that the assay had a 98% probability of detecting an inhibitor yielding 15% inhibition, with a predicted false positive rate of 0.13%. A mechanistic inhibition version of the automated assay was validated with isoleucyl 4-cyanothiazolidide, a very potent inhibitor of DPP IV. Isoleucyl 4-cyanothiazolidide was a competitive inhibitor of purified porcine DPP IV with K(is)=1 nM. Similar K(is) values were obtained for purified rat DPP IV and for DPP IV activity in human plasma from normal and diabetic donors. The pH dependence of K(is) for isoleucyl 4-cyanothiazolidide yielded a bell-shaped profile, with pK(a)=5.0 and pK(b)=7.6. To date, over 100,000 data points have been generated in profiling targeted compound libraries and in the analysis of tight-binding inhibitors of DPP IV. The data also show that robotic analysis is capable of producing full mechanistic inhibition analysis in a timely fashion to support drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiying Wang
- Department of Metabolic Research, Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, NJ 08534, USA
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Thoma R, Löffler B, Stihle M, Huber W, Ruf A, Hennig M. Structural basis of proline-specific exopeptidase activity as observed in human dipeptidyl peptidase-IV. Structure 2003; 11:947-59. [PMID: 12906826 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(03)00160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), the main glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1)-degrading enzyme, has been proposed for the treatment of type II diabetes. We expressed and purified the ectodomain of human DPP-IV in Pichia pastoris and determined the X-ray structure at 2.1 A resolution. The enzyme consists of two domains, the catalytic domain, with an alpha/beta hydrolase fold, and a beta propeller domain with an 8-fold repeat of a four-strand beta sheet motif. The beta propeller domain contributes two important functions to the molecule that have not been reported for such structures, an extra beta sheet motif that forms part of the dimerization interface and an additional short helix with a double Glu sequence motif. The Glu motif provides recognition and a binding site for the N terminus of the substrates, as revealed by the complex structure with diprotin A, a substrate with low turnover that is trapped in the tetrahedral intermediate of the reaction in the crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Thoma
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharma Research Discovery, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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40
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Ghersi G, Dong H, Goldstein LA, Yeh Y, Hakkinen L, Larjava HS, Chen WT. Seprase-dPPIV association and prolyl peptidase and gelatinase activities of the protease complex. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 524:87-94. [PMID: 12675228 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47920-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Ghersi
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Palermo, Viale delle scienze 90138 Palermo, Italy
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41
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Villhauer EB, Brinkman JA, Naderi GB, Burkey BF, Dunning BE, Prasad K, Mangold BL, Russell ME, Hughes TE. 1-[[(3-hydroxy-1-adamantyl)amino]acetyl]-2-cyano-(S)-pyrrolidine: a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor with antihyperglycemic properties. J Med Chem 2003; 46:2774-89. [PMID: 12801240 DOI: 10.1021/jm030091l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibition has the potential to become a valuable therapy for type 2 diabetes. The synthesis and structure-activity relationship of a new DPP-IV inhibitor class, N-substituted-glycyl-2-cyanopyrrolidines, are described as well as the path that led from clinical development compound 1-[2-[5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)amino]ethylamino]acetyl-2-cyano-(S)-pyrrolidine (NVP-DPP728, 8c) to its follow-up, 1-[[(3-hydroxy-1-adamantyl) amino]acetyl]-2-cyano-(S)-pyrrolidine (NVP-LAF237, 12j). The pharmacological profile of 12j in obese Zucker fa/fa rats along with pharmacokinetic profile comparison of 8c and 12j in normal cynomolgus monkeys is discussed. The results suggest that 12j is a potent, stable, selective DPP-IV inhibitor possessing excellent oral bioavailability and potent antihyperglycemic activity with potential for once-a-day administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin B Villhauer
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, USA.
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42
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Lambeir AM, Durinx C, Scharpé S, De Meester I. Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV from bench to bedside: an update on structural properties, functions, and clinical aspects of the enzyme DPP IV. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2003; 40:209-94. [PMID: 12892317 DOI: 10.1080/713609354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 685] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV/CD26 (DPP IV) is a cell-surface protease belonging to the prolyloligopeptidase family. It selectively removes the N-terminal dipeptide from peptides with proline or alanine in the second position. Apart from its catalytic activity, it interacts with several proteins, for instance, adenosine deaminase, the HIV gp120 protein, fibronectin, collagen, the chemokine receptor CXCR4, and the tyrosine phosphatase CD45. DPP IV is expressed on a specific set of T lymphocytes, where it is up-regulated after activation. It is also expressed in a variety of tissues, primarily on endothelial and epithelial cells. A soluble form is present in plasma and other body fluids. DPP IV has been proposed as a diagnostic or prognostic marker for various tumors, hematological malignancies, immunological, inflammatory, psychoneuroendocrine disorders, and viral infections. DPP IV truncates many bioactive peptides of medical importance. It plays a role in glucose homeostasis through proteolytic inactivation of the incretins. DPP IV inhibitors improve glucose tolerance and pancreatic islet cell function in animal models of type 2 diabetes and in diabetic patients. The role of DPP IV/ CD26 within the immune system is a combination of its exopeptidase activity and its interactions with different molecules. This enables DPP IV/CD26 to serve as a co-stimulatory molecule to influence T cell activity and to modulate chemotaxis. DPP IV is also implicated in HIV-1 entry, malignant transformation, and tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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43
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Lorey S, Stöckel-Maschek A, Faust J, Brandt W, Stiebitz B, Gorrell MD, Kähne T, Mrestani-Klaus C, Wrenger S, Reinhold D, Ansorge S, Neubert K. Different modes of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26) inhibition by oligopeptides derived from the N-terminus of HIV-1 Tat indicate at least two inhibitor binding sites. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:2147-56. [PMID: 12752434 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV, CD26) plays an essential role in the activation and proliferation of lymphocytes, which is shown by the immunosuppressive effects of synthetic DP IV inhibitors. Similarly, both human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) Tat protein and the N-terminal peptide Tat(1-9) inhibit DP IV activity and T cell proliferation. Therefore, the N-terminal amino acid sequence of HIV-1 Tat is important for the inhibition of DP IV. Recently, we characterized the thromboxane A2 receptor peptide TXA2-R(1-9), bearing the N-terminal MWP sequence motif, as a potent DP IV inhibitor possibly playing a functional role during antigen presentation by inhibiting T cell-expressed DP IV [Wrenger, S., Faust, J., Mrestani-Klaus, C., Fengler, A., Stöckel-Maschek, A., Lorey, S., Kähne, T., Brandt, W., Neubert, K., Ansorge, S. & Reinhold, D. (2000) J. Biol. Chem.275, 22180-22186]. Here, we demonstrate that amino acid substitutions at different positions of Tat(1-9) can result in a change of the inhibition type. Certain Tat(1-9)-related peptides are found to be competitive, and others linear mixed-type or parabolic mixed-type inhibitors indicating different inhibitor binding sites on DP IV, at the active site and out of the active site. The parabolic mixed-type mechanism, attributed to both non-mutually exclusive inhibitor binding sites of the enzyme, is described in detail. From the kinetic investigations and molecular modeling experiments, possible interactions of the oligopeptides with specified amino acids of DP IV are suggested. These findings give new insights for the development of more potent and specific peptide-based DP IV inhibitors. Such inhibitors could be useful for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Lorey
- Department of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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44
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Zhao K, Lim DS, Funaki T, Welch JT. Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) by 2-(2-amino-1-fluoro-propylidene)-cyclopentanecarbonitrile, a fluoroolefin containing peptidomimetic. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:207-15. [PMID: 12470715 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00384-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Novel, potent inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV, EC 3.4.14.5, CD26), containing the fluoroolefin peptide isostere psi [CFz.dbnd6;C], have been prepared via the intermediacy of the Peterson fluoroolefination reaction. The nitrile containing inhibitors were found to inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase IV competitively with K(i) values for the l-3 and u-3 inhibitors of 7.69 and 6.03 microM, respectively. In contrast to earlier reported fluoroolefin containing inhibitors, the nitriles underwent no detectable degradation at pH 7.6 under buffered conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kake Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA
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45
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Lambeir AM, Durinx C, Scharpé S, De Meester I. Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV from Bench to Bedside: An Update on Structural Properties, Functions, and Clinical Aspects of the Enzyme DPP IV. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/713609354/?{alert(1)}] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
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46
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Lorey S, Faust J, Mrestani-Klaus C, Kähne T, Ansorge S, Neubert K, Bühling F. Transcellular proteolysis demonstrated by novel cell surface-associated substrates of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26). J Biol Chem 2002; 277:33170-7. [PMID: 12095981 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m200798200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes contribute to the regulation of cellular functions such as cell proliferation and death, cytokine production, and matrix remodeling. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV) catalyzes the cleavage of several cytokines and thereby contributes to the regulation of cytokine production and the proliferation of immune cells. Here we show for the first time that cell surface-bound DP IV catalyzes the cleavage of specific substrates that are associated with the cellular surface of neighboring cells. Rhodamine 110 (R110), a highly fluorescent xanthene dye, was used to synthesize dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV/CD26) substrates Gly(Ala)-Pro-R110-R, thus facilitating a stable binding of the fluorescent moiety on the cell surface. The fixation resulted from the interaction with the reactive anchor rhodamine and allowed the quantification of cellular DP IV activity on single cells. The reactivity, length, and hydrophobicity of rhodamine was characterized as the decisive factor that facilitated the determination of cellular DP IV activity. Using fluorescence microscopy, it was possible to differentiate between different DP IV activities. The hydrolysis of cell-bound substrates Xaa-Pro-R110-R by DP IV of neighboring cells and by soluble DP IV was shown using flow cytometry. These data demonstrate that ectopeptidases such as DP IV may be involved in communication between blood cells via proteolysis of cell-associated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Lorey
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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47
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Jahreis G, Peters K, Kirschke H. Purification of soluble and membrane-bound proteases with substrate-analogous inhibitors by affinity chromatography. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 2001; 49:491-505. [PMID: 11694297 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-022x(01)00216-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Specific modified substrate-analogous amino acids and peptides have been used as affinity ligands in the affinity chromatography of proteases. Alanine methyl ketone-Sepharose (AMK-Sepharose) is introduced as affinity support for the purification of a bacterial alanyl aminopeptidase (AAP) from a membrane protein extract and Arginine-Agarose as support for the preparation of a membrane-bound proteinase of myeloma cells (MP-1). Peptidyl methyl ketones as affinity ligands have been used to separate subtilisin enzymes and the cysteine proteases cathepsin B, L, and S. As a new type of ligands, spacer-bound peptidyl chloromethyl ketones are presented for a specific and oriented immobilization of proteinases. Oriented-immobilized cathepsin B was used to isolate antibodies against this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jahreis
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University, Hollystrasse 1, D-06097 Halle (Saale), Germany
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48
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Lorey S, Faust J, Bühling F, Ansorge S, Neubert K. A new type of fluorogenic substrates for determination of cellular dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV/CD26) activity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2001; 477:111-5. [PMID: 10849736 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46826-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The stability of cell associated fluorescence is an essential requirement for measurements of cellular enzymatic activity via enzyme catalyzed liberation of fluorophores. Rhodamine 110 (R110), a highly fluorescent xanthene dye, was used to synthesize nonfluorescent dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV) substrates Xaa-Pro-R110-Y allowing the stable covalent binding of the enzymatically released fluorescent R110-Y on cells. All compounds have been characterized as substrates of isolated DP IV with kcat/Km values of about 10(6) M-1.s-1. The hydrophobicity of the residue Y affects the affinity of the substrate to the catalytic site of DP IV. The compounds are characterized as sensitive substrates of cell surface associated DP IV of DP IV rich U-937 cells. The binding of the enzymatically released R110-Y on cells results in a stable cellular fluorescence. This way, the quantitative determination of cell surface associated DP IV activity is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lorey
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Germany
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49
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Chapter 19. DPP-IV inhibition and therapeutic potential. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(01)36059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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50
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Wrenger S, Faust J, Mrestani-Klaus C, Fengler A, Stockel-Maschek A, Lorey S, Kahne T, Brandt W, Neubert K, Ansorge S, Reinhold D. Down-regulation of T cell activation following inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV/CD26 by the N-terminal part of the thromboxane A2 receptor. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:22180-6. [PMID: 10896952 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m002338200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Using synthetic inhibitors, it has been shown that the ectopeptidase dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV) (CD26) plays an important role in the activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes. The human immunodeficiency virus-1 Tat protein, as well as the N-terminal nonapeptide Tat(1-9) and other peptides containing the N-terminal sequence XXP, also inhibit DP IV and therefore T cell activation. Studying the effect of amino acid exchanges in the N-terminal three positions of the Tat(1-9) sequence, we found that tryptophan in position 2 strongly improves DP IV inhibition. NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling show that the effect of Trp(2)-Tat(1-9) could not be explained by significant alterations in the backbone structure and suggest that tryptophan enters favorable interactions with DP IV. Data base searches revealed the thromboxane A2 receptor (TXA2-R) as a membrane protein extracellularly exposing N-terminal MWP. TXA2-R is expressed within the immune system on antigen-presenting cells, namely monocytes. The N-terminal nonapeptide of TXA2-R, TXA2-R(1-9), inhibits DP IV and DNA synthesis and IL-2 production of tetanus toxoid-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Moreover, TXA2-R(1-9) induces the production of the immunosuppressive cytokine transforming growth factor-beta1. These data suggest that the N-terminal part of TXA2-R is an endogenous inhibitory ligand of DP IV and may modulate T cell activation via DP IV/CD26 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wrenger
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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