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De Greef D, Barton EM, Sandberg EN, Croley CR, Pumarol J, Wong TL, Das N, Bishayee A. Anticancer potential of garlic and its bioactive constituents: A systematic and comprehensive review. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 73:219-264. [PMID: 33301861 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vegetables of the Allium genus, such as garlic (Allium sativum L.), onions, shallots, leaks, and chives, have been used for many years for food consumption and for medicinal purposes. Historical medical texts have indicated the therapeutic applications of garlic as an antitumor, laxative, diuretic, antibacterial and antifungal agent. Specifically, garlic's antitumor abilities have been traced back 3500 years as a chemotherapeutic agent used in Egypt. Other beneficial effects of garlic consumption include lowering blood pressure, blood cholesterol, sugar and lipids. The processing and aging of garlic result in the production of non-toxic organosulfur by-products. These sulfur-containing compounds, such as allicin, diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, alliin, S-allylcysteine, and S-allylmercaptocysteine, impact various stages of carcinogenesis. The anticancer mechanisms of action of these garlic-derived phytochemicals include altering mitochondrial permeability, inhibiting angiogenesis, enhancing antioxidative and proapoptotic properties, and regulating cell proliferation. All these effects of garlic's sulfur-compounds have been demonstrated in various human cancers. The intent of this literature research is to explore the potential of garlic-derived products and bioactive organosulfur compounds as cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents. This investigation employs criteria for systematic review and critically analyzes published in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. Concerns and limitations that have arisen in past studies regarding standards of measurement, bioavailability, and method of delivery are addressed. Overall, it is hoped that through this systematic and comprehensive review, future researchers can be acquainted with the updated data assembled on anticancer properties of garlic and its phytoconstituents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily M Barton
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Elise N Sandberg
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | | | - Joshua Pumarol
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Tin Lok Wong
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Niranjan Das
- Department of Chemistry, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar College, Belonia 799 155, Tripura, India
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA.
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Anti-adipogenic Effect of β-Carboline Alkaloids from Garlic ( Allium sativum). Foods 2019; 8:foods8120673. [PMID: 31842405 PMCID: PMC6963209 DOI: 10.3390/foods8120673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is utilized worldwide for culinary and medicinal use and has diverse health benefits. As part of our ongoing research to identify bioactive components from natural resources, phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract of garlic led to the isolation and characterization of six compounds: Three eugenol diglycosides (1-3) and three β-carboline alkaloids (4-6). In particular, the absolute configurations of β-carboline alkaloids (5 and 6) were established by gauge-including atomic orbital nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift calculations, followed by DP4+ analysis. Here, we evaluated the effects of compounds 1-6 on 3T3-L1 preadipocyte adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation was evaluated using Oil Red O staining; the expression of adipogenic genes was detected using RT-qPCR. Among compounds 1-6, (1R,3S)-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (6) inhibited 3T3-L1 preadipocyte adipogenesis and reduced the expression of adipogenic genes (Fabp4, PPARγ, C/EBPβ, Adipsin, and Adipoq). Moreover, it markedly decreased the actylation of α-tubulin, which is crucial for cytoskeletal remodeling during adipogenesis. Anti-adipogenic effects were observed upon treatment with compound 6, not only during the entire process, but also on the first two days of adipogenesis. Additionally, treatment with compound 6 regulated the expression of genes involved in adipocyte lipid metabolism, decreasing the lipogenic gene (SREBP1) and increasing lipolytic genes (ATGL and HSL). We provide experimental evidence of the health benefits of using (1R,3S)-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid obtained from garlic to prevent excessive adipogenesis in obesity.
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Phan ADT, Netzel G, Chhim P, Netzel ME, Sultanbawa Y. Phytochemical Characteristics and Antimicrobial Activity of Australian Grown Garlic ( Allium Sativum L.) Cultivars. Foods 2019; 8:E358. [PMID: 31450776 PMCID: PMC6770571 DOI: 10.3390/foods8090358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study systematically evaluated the main bioactive compounds and associated biological properties of two Australian grown garlic cultivars and commercial non-Australian grown garlic (for comparison purposes only). Additionally, the distribution of bioactive compounds in garlic skin and clove samples was determined to obtain a better understanding of the potential biological functionality of the different garlic parts. The identification and quantification of bioactive compounds was performed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and photodiode array detection (UHPLC-PDA-MS). A principal component analysis was applied to assess the correlation between the determined bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity as well as antimicrobial activity. The content of phenolic compounds (free and bound forms) in the garlic skin samples was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of the garlic cloves, and was also higher (p < 0.05) in the Australian grown cultivars compared to the commercial non-Australian grown garlic. Anthocyanins were found in the skin samples of the Australian grown garlic cultivars. The organosulfur compounds were higher (p < 0.05) in the cloves compared to the skin samples and higher (p < 0.05) in the Australian grown cultivars compared to the studied commercial sample. As the richer source of bioactive compounds, the Australian grown garlic cultivars exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) higher antioxidant capacity and stronger (p < 0.05) antimicrobial activity than the commercial non-Australian grown garlic. The potential of garlic cultivars rich in bioactive compounds for domestic and industrial applications, e.g., condiment and natural food preservative, should be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Dao Thi Phan
- ARC Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Gabriele Netzel
- ARC Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Panhchapor Chhim
- ARC Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael E Netzel
- ARC Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yasmina Sultanbawa
- ARC Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia.
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S-allylmercapto-l-cysteine modulates MUC5AC and AQP5 secretions in a COPD model via NF-кB signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 39:307-313. [PMID: 27517516 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Garlic has shown versatile medicinal activities in the prevention and treatment of diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, no individual garlic bioactive components have yet been determined in the COPD treatment effects. In this work, S-allylmercapto-l-cysteine (SAMC) identified in the aged garlic was selected as a model compound to determine its COPD therapeutic potential. The COPD model was established by using lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to stimulate the human airway submucosal gland cell line SPC-A1. Previous studies show that both MUC5AC up-regulation and AQP5 down-regulation play an important role in viscous COPD mucus secretions. The modulation effects of SAMC on LPS-induced MUC5AC and AQP5 productions in SPC-A1 cells were then evaluated. Pretreatment of the SPC-A1 cells with SAMC attenuated MUC5AC secretion and increased AQP5 expression in a dose-dependent manner in the non-cytotoxic concentration range of 20 to 100μM. Mechanistic studies suggested that SAMC could suppress the accumulation of MUC5AC mRNA and inhibit IкBα degradation and NF-кB p65 translocation. These results suggest that SAMC could be a promising candidate in the prevention and treatment of MUC5AC-associated disorders such as COPD.
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhang F, Wang K, Liu G, Yang M, Luan Y, Zhao Z, Zhang J, Cao X, Zhang D. Allyl methyl disulfide inhibits IL-8 and IP-10 secretion in intestinal epithelial cells via the NF-кB signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 27:156-63. [PMID: 26003845 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Garlic and its active constituents have shown versatile medicinal activities in the prevention and treatment of various disorders. Allyl methyl disulfide (AMDS) was identified as one of the major bioactive components in an effective inhalation fork remedy using fresh garlic paste in our previous study. In this work, we investigated the immunological properties of AMDS to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the fork inhalation treatment using fresh garlic. The inhibition effect of AMDS on TNF-α-induced IL-8 and IP-10 production in intestinal epithelial cell lines HT-29 and Caco-2 was first evaluated. Pretreatment of the cells with AMDS attenuated IL-8 and IP-10 secretion induced by TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner in the non-cytotoxic concentration range of 20 to 150 μM. Mechanistic studies revealed that AMDS suppressed the accumulation of IL-8 mRNA and inhibited IкBα degradation and NF-кB p65 translocation into the nucleus at both the transcriptional and translational levels, suggesting that the attenuation effort of AMDS on cytokine IL-8 secretion might at least be partially related to the NF-κB signaling pathway. These results suggest that AMDS may be a promising phytochemical agent in the treatment of immunological disorders, such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, intestinal inflammatory diseases and others. In addition, the mechanistic study data indicated that immune modulation could be one of the therapeutic mechanisms of the effective fork treatment containing AMDS as one of the major components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Daxue Road, Western University Science Park, Jinan, Shandong 250353, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Fang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Kaiming Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Guangpu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Min Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Yuxia Luan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Zhongxi Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mucosal and Transdermal Drug Delivery Technologies, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 989 Xinluo Street, Jinan, Shandong 250101, PR China.
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mucosal and Transdermal Drug Delivery Technologies, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 989 Xinluo Street, Jinan, Shandong 250101, PR China
| | - Xinke Cao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mucosal and Transdermal Drug Delivery Technologies, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 989 Xinluo Street, Jinan, Shandong 250101, PR China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mucosal and Transdermal Drug Delivery Technologies, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 989 Xinluo Street, Jinan, Shandong 250101, PR China
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Kim NH, Lee S, Kang MJ, Jeong HG, Kang W, Jeong TC. Protective Effects of Diallyl Sulfide against Thioacetamide-Induced Toxicity: A Possible Role of Cytochrome P450 2E1. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:149-54. [PMID: 24753821 PMCID: PMC3975471 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of diallyl sulfide (DAS) on thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity and immunotoxicity were investigated. When male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated orally with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of DAS in corn oil for three consecutive days, the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1-selective p-nitrophenol hydroxylase was dose-dependently suppressed. In addition, the activities of CYP 2B-selective benzyloxyresorufin O-debenzylase and pentoxyresorufin O-depentylase were significantly induced by the treatment with DAS. Western immunoblotting analyses also indicated the suppression of CYP 2E1 protein and/or the induction of CYP 2B protein by DAS. To investigate a possible role of metabolic activation by CYP enzymes in thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity, rats were pre-treated with 400 mg/kg of DAS for 3 days, followed by a single intraperitoneal treatment with 100 and 200 mg/kg of thioacetamide in saline for 24 hr. The activities of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase significantly elevated by thioacetamide were protected in DAS-pretreated animals. Likewise, the suppressed antibody response to sheep erythrocytes by thioacetamide was protected by DAS pretreatment in female BALB/c mice. Taken together, our present results indicated that thioacetamide might be activated to its toxic metabolite(s) by CYP 2E1, not by CYP 2B, in rats and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Hee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangkyu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jeong Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonku Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Cheon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
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7
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Zeng T, Li Y, Zhang CL, Yu LH, Zhu ZP, Zhao XL, Xie KQ. Garlic oil suppressed the hematological disorders induced by chemotherapy and radiotherapy in tumor-bearing mice. J Food Sci 2014; 78:H936-42. [PMID: 23772706 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although the anticancer effects of garlic and its products have been demonstrated by a variety of studies; however, few studies were conducted to investigate the effects of garlic on the adverse effects of chemo/radiotherapy. In order to clarify the above question and make a more comprehensive understanding of the anticancer effects of garlic, tumor xenograft mice model was established by subcutaneous injection of H22 tumor cells, and was used for the investigation of effects of garlic oil (GO) on the chemo/radiotherapy. In the chemotherapy test, tumor-bearing mice were treated with cyclophosphamide (CTX) or CTX plus GO (25 or 50 mg/kg bw) for 14 d, while the mice received a single 5 Gy total body radiation or radiation plus GO (25 or 50 mg/kg bw) in radiotherapy test. The results showed that GO did not increase the tumor inhibitory rate of CTX/radiation, which indicated that GO could not enhance the chemo/radiosensitivity of cancer cells. However, the decrease of the peripheral total white blood cells (WBCs) count induced by CTX/radiation was significantly suppressed by GO cotreatment. Furthermore, GO cotreatment significantly inhibited the decrease of the DNA contents and the micronuclei ratio of the bone marrow. Lastly, the reduction of the endogenous spleen colonies induced by CTX/radiation was significantly suppressed by GO cotreatment. These findings support the idea that GO consumption may benefit for the cancer patients receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zeng
- School of Public Health, Shandong Univ., 44 Wenhua West Road, Shandong Province, Jinan City, 250012, People's Republic of China
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8
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Chen CY, Huang CF, Tseng YT, Kuo SY. Diallyl disulfide induces Ca2+ mobilization in human colon cancer cell line SW480. Arch Toxicol 2011; 86:231-8. [PMID: 21879349 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Diallyl disulfide (DADS), one of the major organosulfur compounds of garlic, is recognized as a group of potential chemopreventive compounds. In this study, we examines the early signaling effects of DADS on human colorectal cancer cells SW480 loaded with Ca(2+)-sensitive dye fura-2. It was found that DADS caused an immediate and sustained rise of [Ca(2+)](i) in a concentration-dependent manner (EC(50) = 232 μM). DADS also induced a [Ca(2+)](i) elevation when extracellular Ca(2+) was removed, but the magnitude was reduced by 45%. Depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores with 2 μM carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, a mitochondrial uncoupler, didn't affect DADS's effect. In Ca(2+)-free medium, the DADS-induced [Ca(2+)](i) rise was abolished by depleting stored Ca(2+) with 1 μM thapsigargin (an endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) pump inhibitor). DADS-caused [Ca(2+)](i) rise in Ca(2+)-containing medium was not affected by modulation of protein kinase C activity. The DADS-induced Ca(2+) influx was blocked by nicardipine (10 μM). U73122, an inhibitor of phospholipase C, abolished ATP (but not DADS)-induced [Ca(2+)](i) rise. These findings suggest that DADS induced a significant rise in [Ca(2+)](i) in SW480 colon cancer cells by stimulating both extracellular Ca(2+) influx and thapsigargin-sensitive intracellular Ca(2+) release via as yet unidentified mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yi Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, 151 Chinhsueh Rd, Ta-Liao District, Kaohsiung City, 83102, Taiwan
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Omar SH, Al-Wabel NA. Organosulfur compounds and possible mechanism of garlic in cancer. Saudi Pharm J 2009; 18:51-8. [PMID: 23960721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum), a member of the family Liliaceae, contains an abundance of chemical compounds that have been shown to possess beneficial effects to protect against several diseases, including cancer. Evidence supports the protective effects of garlic in stomach, colorectal, breast cancer in humans. The protective effects appear to be related to the presence of organosulfur compounds, predominantly allyl derivatives, which also have been shown to inhibit carcinogenesis in forestomach, esophagus, colon, mammary gland and lung of experimental animals. The exact mechanisms of the cancer-preventive effects are not clear, although several hypotheses have been proposed. Organosulfur compounds modulate the activity of several metabolizing enzymes that activate (cytochrome P450s) or detoxify (glutathione S-transferases) carcinogens and inhibit the formation of DNA adducts in several target tissues. Antiproliferative activity has been described in several tumor cell lines, which is possibly mediated by induction of apoptosis and alterations of the cell cycle. Organosulfur compounds in garlic are thus possible cancer-preventive agents. Clinical trials will be required to define the effective dose that has no toxicity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Omar
- College of Pharmacy, Al-Qassim University, P.O. Box 31922, Buraidah 51418, Saudi Arabia
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Chen CH, Su SJ, Chang KL, Huang MW, Kuo SY. The garlic ingredient diallyl sulfide induces Ca2+ mobilization in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:2344-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hassan HA, El-Agmy SM, Gaur RL, Fernando A, Raj MHG, Ouhtit A. In vivo evidence of hepato- and reno-protective effect of garlic oil against sodium nitrite-induced oxidative stress. Int J Biol Sci 2009; 5:249-55. [PMID: 19305642 PMCID: PMC2659008 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium nitrite (NaNO2), a food color fixative and preservative, contributes to carcinogenesis. We investigated the protective role of garlic oil against NaNO2-induced abnormalities in metabolic biochemical parameters and oxidative status in male albino rats. NaNO2 treatment for a period of three months induced a significant increase in serum levels of glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, urea and creatinine as well as hepatic AST and ALT. However, significant decrease was recorded in liver ALP activity, glycogen content, and renal urea and creatinine levels. In parallel, a significant increase in lipid peroxidation, and a decrease in glutathione content and catalase activity were observed in the liver and the kidney. However, garlic oil supplementation showed a remarkable amelioration of these abnormalities. Our data indicate that garlic is a phytoantioxidant with powerful chemopreventive properties against chemically-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa A Hassan
- 1. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sherif M El-Agmy
- 1. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rajiv L Gaur
- 2. Department of Pathology and Department of Genetics, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Augusta Fernando
- 2. Department of Pathology and Department of Genetics, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Madhwa HG Raj
- 3. Department of Ob Gyn and Biochemistry, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Allal Ouhtit
- 2. Department of Pathology and Department of Genetics, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Das T, Choudhury AR, Sharma A, Talukder G. Modification of Cytotoxic Effects of Inorganic Arsenic by a Crude Extract of Allium sativum L. in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/13880209309082960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tandra Das
- Genetic Toxicology Unit, Centre of Advanced Studies in Cell And Chromosome Research, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta, 700019, India
| | - Arati Roy Choudhury
- Genetic Toxicology Unit, Centre of Advanced Studies in Cell And Chromosome Research, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta, 700019, India
| | - Archana Sharma
- Genetic Toxicology Unit, Centre of Advanced Studies in Cell And Chromosome Research, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta, 700019, India
| | - Geeta Talukder
- Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, 99, Sarat Bose Road, Calcutta, 700026, India
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13
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Stan SD, Kar S, Stoner GD, Singh SV. Bioactive food components and cancer risk reduction. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:339-56. [PMID: 18092339 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Research over the last three decades has provided convincing evidence to support the premise that diets rich in fruits and vegetables may be protective against the risk of different types of cancers. Initial evidence for protective effect of fruits and vegetables against cancer risk came from population-based case-control studies, which prompted intense research aimed at (a) identification of bioactive component(s) responsible for the anticancer effects of fruits and vegetables, (b) elucidation of the mechanisms by which bioactive food components may prevent cancer, and (c) determination of their efficacy for prevention of cancer in animal models. The bioactive components responsible for cancer chemopreventive effects of various edible plants have now been identified. For instance, anticancer effect of Allium vegetables including garlic is attributed to organosulfur compounds (e.g., diallyl trisulfide). Interestingly, unlike cancer chemotherapy drugs, many bioactive food components selectively target cancer cells. Molecular basis for selectivity of anticancer bioactive food components towards cancer cells remains elusive, but these agents appear promiscuous and target multiple signal transduction pathways to inhibit cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Despite convincing observational and experimental evidence, however, limited effort has been directed towards clinical investigations to determine efficacy of bioactive food components for prevention of human cancers. This article reviews current knowledge on cancer chemopreventive effects of a few highly promising dietary constituents, including garlic-derived organosulfides, berry compounds, and cruciferous vegetable-derived isothiocyanates, and serves to illustrate complexity of the signal transduction mechanisms in cancer chemoprevention by these promising bioactive food components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia D Stan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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14
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Anti-cancer activity of highly purified sulfur in immortalized and malignant human oral keratinocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 22:87-95. [PMID: 17920232 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur is commonly used in Asia as an herbal medicine to treat inflammation and cancer, and potent chemopreventive effects have been demonstrated in various in vivo and in vitro models for sulfur-containing compounds found in naturally occurring products. Here, we report the growth inhibitory and apoptosis-related effects of a newly developed highly purified sulfur (HPS) on immortalized human oral keratinocytes (IHOKs) and on oral cancer cells representing two stages of oral cancer (HN4, HN12) based on a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, Western blotting, cell cycle analysis, and nuclear staining. The purity of the sulfur preparation was verified by high-performance liquid chromatography. HPS inhibited the proliferation of immortalized and malignant oral keratinocytes in a dose- and time-dependent manner. FITC-annexin V staining, DNA fragmentation testing, and Hoechst 33258 staining revealed that HPS inhibited cell growth via apoptosis. HPS increased the sub-G1 cell cycle fraction, with decreased expression of cyclins D1, D2, and E and their activating partners cdk2, cdk4, and cdk6, and a concomitant induction of p53 and p21/WAF1. Furthermore, HPS treatment increased the cytosolic level of cytochrome c and resulted in caspase-3 activation; this effect was correlated with Bax up-regulation and Bcl-2 down-regulation. Thus, these data suggest that HPS is a potential candidate for anti-cancer therapy in oral cancer.
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15
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Rahman MS. Allicin and Other Functional Active Components in Garlic: Health Benefits and Bioavailability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10942910601113327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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Chung LY. The antioxidant properties of garlic compounds: allyl cysteine, alliin, allicin, and allyl disulfide. J Med Food 2006; 9:205-13. [PMID: 16822206 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2006.9.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Garlic and garlic extracts, through their antioxidant activities, have been reported to provide protection against free radical damage in the body. This study investigated antioxidant properties of garlic compounds representing the four main chemical classes, alliin, allyl cysteine, allyl disulfide, and allicin, prepared by chemical synthesis or purification. Alliin scavenged superoxide, while allyl cysteine and allyl disulfide did not react with superoxide. Allicin suppressed the formation of superoxide by the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, probably via a thiol exchange mechanism. Alliin, allyl cysteine, and allyl disulfide all scavenged hydroxyl radicals; the rate constants calculated based on deoxyribose competitive assay were 1.4-1.7 x 10(10), 2.1-2.2 x 10(9), and 0.7-1.5 x 10(10) M (1) second(1), respectively. Contrary to previous reports, allicin did not exhibit hydroxyl radical scavenging activity in this study. Alliin, allicin, and allyl cysteine did not prevent induced microsomal lipid peroxidation, but both alliin and allyl cysteine were hydroxyl scavengers, and allyl disulfide was a lipid peroxidation terminator. In summary, our findings indicated that allyl disulfide, alliin, allicin, and allyl cysteine exhibit different patterns of antioxidant activities as protective compounds against free radical damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lip Yong Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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17
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Shukla Y, Kalra N. Cancer chemoprevention with garlic and its constituents. Cancer Lett 2006; 247:167-81. [PMID: 16793203 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2006] [Revised: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advance metastasized cancers are generally incurable; hence an effort to prolong the process of carcinogenesis through chemoprevention has emerged consistent with this notion. In recent years, a considerable attention has been placed to identify naturally occurring chemopreventive substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or reversing the process of carcinogenesis. A number of phenolic substances, particularly those present in dietary and medicinal plants, have been shown to possess substantial anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic activities. Epidemiological observations and laboratory studies, both in cell culture and animal models have indicated anticarcinogenic potential of garlic and its constituents, which has been traditionally used for varied human ailments around the world. Chemical analysis has indicated that protective effects of garlic appear to be related to the presence of organosulfur compounds mainly allyl derivatives. Several mechanisms have been presented to explain cancer chemopreventive effects of garlic-derived products. These include modulation in activity of several metabolizing enzymes that activate and detoxify carcinogens and inhibit DNA adduct formation, antioxidative and free radicals scavenging properties and regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis and immune responses. Recent data show that garlic-derived products modulate cell-signaling pathways in a fashion that controls the unwanted proliferation of cells thereby imparting strong cancer chemopreventive as well as cancer therapeutic effects. This review discusses mechanistic basis of cancer chemopreventive effects of garlic-derived products, their implication in cancer management and ways and means to take these agents from bench to real life situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogeshwer Shukla
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, P.O. Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India.
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18
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Wu XJ, Kassie F, Mersch-Sundermann V. The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production on diallyl disulfide (DADS) induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human A549 lung carcinoma cells. Mutat Res 2005; 579:115-24. [PMID: 16024053 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Revised: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 02/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Diallyl disulfide (DADS), an oil soluble constituent of garlic (Allium sativum), has been reported to cause antimutagentic and anticarcinogenic effects in vitro and in vivo by modulating phases I and II enzyme activities. In recent years, several studies suggested that the chemopreventive effects of DADS can also be attributed to induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells. In the present study, we reported that DADS-induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M and apoptosis in human A549 lung cancer cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Additionally, a significant increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was induced in A549 cells less than 0.5h after DADS treatment, indicating that ROS may be an early event in DADS-modulated apoptosis. Treatment of A549 cells with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) completely abrogated DADS-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The result indicated that oxidative stress modulates cell proliferation and cell death induced by DADS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jiang Wu
- Institute of Indoor and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Aulweg 123, D-35385 Giessen, Germany
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Khanum F, Anilakumar KR, Viswanathan KR. Anticarcinogenic properties of garlic: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2005; 44:479-88. [PMID: 15615431 DOI: 10.1080/10408690490886700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Garlic is a popular spice added to several edible preparations and is a remedy for a variety of ailments. Epidemeological as well as laboratory studies have shown that garlic consumption reduces certain cancer incidences in the stomach, colon, mammary, cervical, etc. This article focuses on the general chemistry, metabolism, anticarcinogenic properties, mechanism of action behind the anticarcinogenic effects, functional foods based on garlic; and future areas of research. Garlic has been shown to metabolized into N-aceryl-S-allyl cysteine, allyl mercaptan, diallyl disulfide, diallyl sulfide, diallyl sulfoxide, diallyl sulfone, and allyl methyl sulfide. Garlic has been thought to bring about its anticarcinogenic effect through a number of mechanisms, such as the scavenging of radicals, increasing gluathione levels, increasing the activities of enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase, catalase, inhibition of cytochrome p4502E1, DNA repair mechanisms, prevention of chromosomal damage etc. Future research should standardize the dosage of garlic and type, ie., whether it should be taken fresh, cooked, or aged. The formulation of odorless functional foods with the retention of anticarcinogenic activity should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhath Khanum
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Defense Food Research Laboratory, Siddarthanagar, Mysore, India
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Chen C, Pung D, Leong V, Hebbar V, Shen G, Nair S, Li W, Kong ANT. Induction of detoxifying enzymes by garlic organosulfur compounds through transcription factor Nrf2: effect of chemical structure and stress signals. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:1578-90. [PMID: 15477009 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2004] [Revised: 06/22/2004] [Accepted: 07/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Garlic organosulfur compounds (OSCs) are recognized as a group of potential chemopreventive compounds. It is known that garlic OSCs can modulate drug metabolism systems, especially various phase II detoxifying enzymes, though the mechanism underlying their inductive effect on these enzymes remains largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the transcriptional levels of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) genes, the reporter activity mediated by antioxidant response element (ARE), and the protein level of transcription factor nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), after administration of three major garlic OSCs--diallyl sulfide (DAS), diallyl disulfide (DADS), and diallyl trisulfide (DATS)--in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Our results showed that ARE activation and Nrf2 protein accumulation were well correlated with phase II gene expression induction. The structure-activity relationship study indicated that the third sulfur in the structure of OSCs contributed substantially to their bioactivities, and that allyl-containing OSCs were more potent than propyl-containing OSCs. To better understand the signaling events involved in the upregulation of detoxifying enzymes by DATS, ARE activity and Nrf2 protein levels were examined after transient transfection of HepG2 cells with mutant Nrf2, cotreatment with antioxidants, and pretreatment with protein kinase inhibitors. DATS-induced ARE activity was inhibited by dominant-negative Nrf2 Kelch-like ECH-associating protein 1 and constructs. Cotreatment with thiol antioxidants decreased the ARE activity and Nrf2 protein level induced by DATS. Three major mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)--extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38--were activated by DATS treatment. However, the inhibition of these MAPKs did not affect DATS-induced ARE activity. Pretreatment with various upstream protein kinase inhibitors showed that the protein kinase C pathway was not directly involved in DATS-induced ARE activity, but instead the calcium-dependent signaling pathway appeared to play a role in the DATS-induced cytoprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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21
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Singh A, Arora A, Shukla Y. Modulation of altered hepatic foci induction by diallyl sulphide in Wistar rats. Eur J Cancer Prev 2004; 13:263-9. [PMID: 15554553 DOI: 10.1097/01.cej.0000127633.89678.fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diallyl sulphide (DAS) is a sulphur-containing volatile compound present in garlic (Allium sativum). It has been shown to inhibit a number of chemically induced forms of cancer in experimental animals. The present study demonstrates the inhibitory effect of DAS on the development of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) initiated and 2-acetyl-aminofluorene (2-AAF) promoted preneoplastic altered hepatic foci (AHF) in Wistar rats. AHF were scored and analysed by quantitative stereology using the Image Analysis system from frozen liver sections stained for biological markers, namely glutathione S-transferase, placental form (GST-P), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6 Pase) and alkaline phosphatase (AlkPase). DAS-supplemented rats were found to restore the near-normal levels of enzymes GST-P and GGT when exposed to DEN and 2-AAF. DAS administration following DEN and 2-AAF exposure led to the restoration of enzymic activity of ATPase, G6 Pase and AlkPase, as evident by number and area of the foci. These findings suggest the protective role of DAS in rat hepatocarcinogenesis, by suppressing DEN- and 2-AAF-induced AHF development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Singh
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, PO Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226 001, India
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22
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Tapiero H, Townsend DM, Tew KD. Organosulfur compounds from alliaceae in the prevention of human pathologies. Biomed Pharmacother 2004; 58:183-93. [PMID: 15164729 PMCID: PMC6361170 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2004.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A strong association between elevated plasma low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) and the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has been established. Oxidation of LDL (Ox-LDL) promotes vascular dysfunction, enhances the production and release of inflammatory mediators such as reactive oxygen species and contribute to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. In addition, Ox-LDL enhances the production and release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-6, arachidonic acid metabolites and nitric oxide (NO) that are responsible for various human pathologies including cancer. Organosulfur compounds (OSC) from alliaceae modulate the glutathione (GSH) redox cycle and inhibits NFkappa-B activation in human T cells. Furthermore, OSC bioactivities include antioxidant, antibacterial, anticarcinogenic, antiatherogenic, immunostimulatory, and liver protection potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haim Tapiero
- Université de Paris-Faculté de Pharmacie CNRS UMR 8612, Châtenay Malabry, France.
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23
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Oommen S, Anto RJ, Srinivas G, Karunagaran D. Allicin (from garlic) induces caspase-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 485:97-103. [PMID: 14757128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum) has been used for centuries for treating various ailments, and its consumption is said to reduce cancer risk and its extracts and components effectively block experimentally induced tumors. Allicin, the major component present in freshly crushed garlic, is one of the most biologically active compounds of garlic. We found that allicin inhibited the growth of cancer cells of murine and human origin. Allicin induced the formation of apoptotic bodies, nuclear condensation and a typical DNA ladder in cancer cells. Furthermore, activation of caspases-3, -8 and -9 and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase were induced by allicin. The present results demonstrating allicin-induced apoptosis of cancer cells are novel since allicin has not been shown to induce apoptosis previously. Our results also provide a mechanistic basis for the antiproliferative effects of allicin and partly account for the chemopreventive action of garlic extracts reported by earlier workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suby Oommen
- Division of Cancer Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram-695014, Kerala, India
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24
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Sengupta A, Ghosh S, Das S. Administration of garlic and tomato can protect from carcinogen induced clastogenicity. Nutr Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(02)00357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Sahu SC. Dual role of organosulfur compounds in foods: a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2002; 20:61-76. [PMID: 12734054 DOI: 10.1081/gnc-120005388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfur compounds present in natural food are generally considered as beneficial for health because of their antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. This has led to their excessive and long-term consumption. However, there is also evidence that these compounds demonstrate toxicity and adverse health effects suggesting their potential dual biological roles. Thus, they can act as double-edged biological swords.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saura C Sahu
- Division of In Vitro and Biochemical Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
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26
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Milner JA. Mechanisms by which garlic and allyl sulfur compounds suppress carcinogen bioactivation. Garlic and carcinogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 492:69-81. [PMID: 11480676 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1283-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Overall, a host of studies provides compelling evidence that garlic and its organic allyl sulfur components are effective inhibitors of the cancer process. These studies reveal that the benefits of garlic are not limited to a specific species, to a particular tissue, or to a specific carcinogen. Several mechanisms are likely to account for this protection. Notable among these is a depression in nitrosamine formation and a reduction in carcinogen bioactivation. The benefits provided by garlic must be viewed as part of the entire diet, since several dietary constituents can influence the degree of protection. More than one compound is responsible for the anticancer properties associated with garlic. Future research should focus on how genetic variability and daily environmental factors influence the anticancer benefits attributed to garlic and its allyl sulfur components.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Milner
- Nutrition Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, USA
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Abstract
Allyl sulfur compounds are the major active constituents found in crushed garlic. Research has revealed that garlic and its lipid- or water-soluble components have many pharmacologic properties; however, studies also demonstrate that heating has a negative influence on these beneficial effects. We recently conducted several studies to investigate the influence of microwave or oven heating on the anticarcinogenesis property of garlic. Our studies showed that as little as 60 s of microwave heating or 45 min of oven heating can block garlic's ability to inhibit in vivo binding of mammary carcinogen [7,12-dimethylbenzene(a)anthracene (DMBA)] metabolites to rat mammary epithelial cell DNA. Allowing crushed garlic to "stand" for 10 min before microwave heating for 60 s prevented the total loss of anticarcinogenic activity. Our studies demonstrated that this blocking of the ability of garlic was consistent with inactivation of alliinase. These studies suggest that heating destroyed garlic's active allyl sulfur compound formation, which may relate to its anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Song
- Graduate Program in Nutrition and Nutrition Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Abstract
Epidemiological and laboratory studies provide insight into the anticarcinogenic potential of garlic and its constituent compounds. Both water- and lipid-soluble allyl sulfur compounds are effective in blocking a myriad of chemically induced tumors. Part of the protection from these compounds probably relates to a block in nitrosamine formation and metabolism. However, blockage in the initiation and promotion phases of the carcinogenicity of various compounds, including polycyclic hydrocarbons, provide evidence that garlic and its constituents can alter several phase I and II enzymes. Their ability to block experimentally induced tumors in a variety of sites including skin, mammary and colon, suggests a general mechanism of action. Changes in DNA repair and in immunocompetence may also account for some of this protection. Some, but not all, allyl sulfur compounds can also effectively retard tumor proliferation and induce apoptosis. Changes in cellular thiol and phosphorylation stains may account for some of these antitumorigenic properties. The anticarcinogenic potential of garlic can be influenced by several dietary components including specific fatty acids, selenium, and vitamin A. Since garlic and its constituents can suppress carcinogen formation, carcinogen bioactivation, and tumor proliferation it is imperative that biomarkers be established to identify which individuals might benefit most and what intakes can occur with ill consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Milner
- Nutrition Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Yang CS, Chhabra SK, Hong JY, Smith TJ. Mechanisms of inhibition of chemical toxicity and carcinogenesis by diallyl sulfide (DAS) and related compounds from garlic. J Nutr 2001; 131:1041S-5S. [PMID: 11238812 DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.3.1041s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diallyl sulfide (DAS) is a flavor compound derived from garlic and is sequentially converted to diallyl sulfoxide (DASO) and diallyl sulfone (DASO(2)) by cytochrome P(450) 2E1 (CYP2E1). These compounds have been shown to reduce the incidence of a multitude of chemically induced tumors in animal models. The impediment of phase I activation of these carcinogens is hypothesized to be accountable for the reduction in tumor incidence. Indeed, DAS, DASO and DASO(2) are competitive inhibitors of CYP2E1. DASO(2), in addition, is a suicide inhibitor of CYP2E1. These compounds have been shown to reduce carbon tetrachloride-, N-nitrosodimethylamine- and acetaminophen-induced toxicity in rodents. All three chemicals are substrates for CYP2E1. The protective effect was observed when the organosulfur compounds were given before, during or soon after chemical treatment. DAS and DASO(2) inhibited the bioactivation of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and related lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice. Because CYP2E1 does not play a key role in NNK activation, the inhibition of other CYP enzymes active in NNK metabolism is likely. DAS also has been shown to induce other CYP and phase II enzymes as well as decrease hepatic catalase activity. All of these effects are observed at concentrations much higher than what is normally ingested by humans. The biological activities of garlic and its related compounds at lower concentrations that mimic human consumption remain to be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Yang
- Laboratory for Cancer Research, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA.
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Mofty ME, Essawy A, Shwaireb M, Rizk A, Sorour J, Gendi SE. Comparative Study on the Inhibitory Effects of Topical Application and Feeding of Different Egyptian Garlic Extracts on Chemically Induced Skin Tumors. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2001. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2001.81.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Karasaki Y, Tsukamoto S, Mizusaki K, Sugiura T, Gotoh S. A garlic lectin exerted an antitumor activity and induced apoptosis in human tumor cells. Food Res Int 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0963-9969(00)00122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gao CM, Takezaki T, Ding JH, Li MS, Tajima K. Protective effect of allium vegetables against both esophageal and stomach cancer: a simultaneous case-referent study of a high-epidemic area in Jiangsu Province, China. Jpn J Cancer Res 1999; 90:614-21. [PMID: 10429652 PMCID: PMC5926109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1999.tb00791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the relation between allium vegetable intake and cancer of the esophagus (EC) and stomach (SC) in Yangzhong city, which is one of the highest-risk areas for these cancers in Jiangsu province, China, a simultaneous case-referent study was conducted using histopathologically confirmed cases (EC: n = 81, SC: n = 153) and population-based referents (n = 234). A questionnaire was used to collect information on the general status of subjects, their dietary habits, frequency intake of allium vegetables and other foods, tea consumption, smoking and alcohol drinking. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by a multiple logistic regression model. The results showed that frequent intake of allium vegetables (including garlic, onion, Welsh onion and Chinese chives), raw vegetables, tomatoes and snap beans, and tea consumption were inversely associated with the risk for EC and SC. In the highest consumption category (> or = 1 time/week) of garlic, onion, Welsh onion and Chinese chives, the adjusted ORs compared with the lowest category (< 1 time/month) were 0.30 (CI = 0.19-0.47), 0.25 (CI = 0.11-0.54), 0.15 (CI = 0.08-0.26), and 0.57 (CI = 0.23-1.42) for EC, and 0.31 (CI = 0.22-0.44), 0.17 (CI = 0.08-0.36), 0.22 (CI = 0.15-0.31) and 0.40 (CI = 0.17-0.94) for SC, respectively. The main results in the present study suggested that allium vegetables, like raw vegetables, may have an important protecting effect against not only stomach cancer, but also esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Gao
- Division of Epidemiology, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China.
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Song K, Milner JA. Heating garlic inhibits its ability to suppress 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced DNA adduct formation in rat mammary tissue. J Nutr 1999; 129:657-61. [PMID: 10082770 DOI: 10.1093/jn/129.3.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present studies compared the impact of heating, either by microwave or convection oven, on the ability of garlic to reduce the in vivo bioactivation of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) in 55-d-old female Sprague-Dawley rats. In study 1, rats were fed a semipurified casein-based diet and treated by gastric gavage thrice weekly for 2-wk with crushed garlic (0.7 g in 2 mL corn oil) or the carrier prior to DMBA treatment (50 mg/kg body weight). Providing crushed garlic reduced by 64% (P < 0.05) the quantity DMBA-induced DNA adducts present in mammary epithelial cells compared to controls. In study 2, microwave treatment for 60 s, but not 30 s, decreased (P < 0.05) the protection provided by garlic against DMBA-induced adduct formation. In study 3, allowing crushed garlic to stand for 10 min prior to microwave heating for 60 s significantly (P < 0.05) restored its anticarcinogenic activity. Microwave heating of garlic for 30 s resulted in a 90% loss of alliinase activity. Heating in a convection oven (study 4) also completely blocked the ability of uncrushed garlic to retard DMBA bioactivation. Study 5 revealed that providing either 0.105 micromol diallyl disulfide or S-allyl cysteine by gastric gavage thrice weekly for 2 wk was effective in retarding DMBA bioactivation but isomolar alliin was not. These studies provide evidence that alliinase may be important for the formation of allyl sulfur compounds that contribute to a depression in DMBA metabolism and bioactivation.
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MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene/antagonists & inhibitors
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene/pharmacology
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene/toxicity
- Animals
- Anticarcinogenic Agents/pharmacology
- Carbon-Sulfur Lyases/metabolism
- DNA Adducts/metabolism
- Female
- Garlic/enzymology
- Hot Temperature
- Mammary Glands, Animal/drug effects
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Microwaves
- Plants, Medicinal
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Sulfur Compounds/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- K Song
- Graduate Program in Nutrition and Nutrition Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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34
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Challier B, Perarnau JM, Viel JF. Garlic, onion and cereal fibre as protective factors for breast cancer: a French case-control study. Eur J Epidemiol 1998; 14:737-47. [PMID: 9928867 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007512825851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of diet on breast cancer risk was investigated in a case-control study of 345 patients diagnosed with primary breast carcinoma between 1986 and 1989 in the north-east of France (Lorraine). For each case, one control was matched for age (+/-3 years) and socio-economic status. The dietary history questionnaire consisted of a self-administered food frequency questionnaire, a 6-day food diary and an energy expenditure record. It also elicited personal characteristics and medical history. While taking into account total caloric intake and established risk factors, breast cancer risk was shown to decrease as consumption of fibre (p value for trend = 0.03), and garlic and onions (p value for trend <10(-6)) increased. This study also supports the epidemiologic evidence that saturated fat intake and breast cancer risk are associated in post-menopausal women (p value for trend = 0.03). Conversely, it suggests that unsaturated fat intake could lower the risk in the same subgroup (p value for trend = 0.03). Our findings on protective factors of breast cancer could induce effective preventive measures and warrant further experimental investigations to isolate specific subfractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Challier
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Besançon,
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35
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Schaffer EM, Liu JZ, Milner JA. Garlic powder and allyl sulfur compounds enhance the ability of dietary selenite to inhibit 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary DNA adducts. Nutr Cancer 1997; 27:162-8. [PMID: 9121944 DOI: 10.1080/01635589709514519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
These studies examined the ability of garlic powder or allyl sulfur compounds to modify selenite protection against 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary epithelial cell DNA adducts. In Study 1, female rats (n = 5) were fed diets containing sodium selenite at 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 mg Se/kg and garlic powder at 0, 20, or 40 g/kg diet. Total DNA adducts correlated inversely with selenite or garlic powder intake. Garlic powder enhanced the selenite inhibition of mammary DNA adducts. In Study 2, selenite (2.0 mg Se/kg diet), garlic powder (20 g/kg diet), water-soluble S-allyl cysteine (SAC; 5.2 mumol/kg diet), and oil-soluble diallyl disulfide (DADS; 5.2 mumol/kg diet) inhibited (p < 0.05) total DNA adducts by 45%, 40%, 80%, and 75%, respectively. Combining selenite with garlic powder, SAC, or DADS further inhibited DNA adducts. Selenite, but not garlic powder, SAC, or DADS, enhanced liver glutathione S-transferase and uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase activities. Selenite, garlic powder, SAC, or DADS did not affect liver cytochrome P-450 1A1 activities. The present studies provide evidence that synergistic protection against the initiation of DMBA carcinogenesis occurs when selenite is supplemented in conjunction with garlic or its allyl sulfur components.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Schaffer
- Department of Nutrition, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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36
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Das T, Choudhury AR, Sharma A, Talukder G. Effects of crude garlic extract on mouse chromosomes in vivo. Food Chem Toxicol 1996; 34:43-7. [PMID: 8603796 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(95)00090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Three concentrations (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight) of fresh garlic (Allium sativum L.) were administered daily by gavage to Swiss albino mice for different durations up to 60 days. These concentrations had been observed to protect significantly against effects of known clastogens. The endpoints scored were frequencies of chromosomal aberrations and damaged cells induced in bone marrow preparations. These parameters were found to be directly dose dependent and after an initial enhancement at 7 days, were reduced following prolonged exposure for 30 and 60 days to the low level observed at 24 hr. Therefore, administration of a low concentration of garlic extract daily is suggested for at least 30 days to obtain the maximum benefit of the extract in protecting against the clastogenic effects of known genotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Das
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, India
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37
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Kelloff GJ, Boone CW, Crowell JA, Steele VE, Lubet RA, Doody LA, Malone WF, Hawk ET, Sigman CC. New agents for cancer chemoprevention. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY. SUPPLEMENT 1996; 26:1-28. [PMID: 9154166 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240630703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Clinical chemoprevention trials of more than 30 agents and agent combinations are now in progress or being planned. The most advanced agents are well known and are in large Phase III chemoprevention intervention trials or epidemiological studies. These drugs include several retinoids [e.g., retinol, retinyl palmitate, all-trans-retinoic acid, and 13-cis-retinoic acid], calcium, Beta carotene, vitamin E, tamoxifen, and finasteride. Other newer agents are currently being evaluated in or being considered for Phase II and early Phase III chemoprevention trials. Prominent in this group are all-trans-N-(4-hydroxy phenyl)retinamide (4-HPR) (alone and in combination with tamoxifen), 2-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (aspirin, piroxicam, sulindac), oltipraz, and dehydroepiandrostenedione (DHEA). A third group is new agents showing chemopreventive activity in animal models, epidemiological studies, or in pilot clinical intervention studies. They are now in preclinical toxicology testing or Phase I safety and pharmacokinetics trials preparatory to chemoprevention efficacy trials. These agents include S-allyl-l-cysteine, curcumin, DHEA analog 8354 (fluasterone), genistein, ibuprofen, indole-3-carbinol, perillyl alcohol, phenethyl isothiocyanate, 9-cis-retinoic acid, sulindac sulfone, tea extracts, ursodiol, vitamin D analogs, and p-xylyl selenocyanate. A new generation of agents and agent combinations will soon enter clinical chemoprevention studies based primarily on promising chemopreventive activity in animal models and in mechanistic studies. Among these agents are more efficacious analogs of known chemopreventive drugs including novel carotenoids (e.g., alpha-carotene and lutein). Also included are safer analogs which retain the chemopreventive efficacy of the parent drug such as vitamin D3 analogs. Other agents of high interest are aromatase inhibitors (e.g., (+)-vorozole), and protease inhibitors (e.g., Bowman-Birk soybean trypsin inhibitor). Combinations are also being considered, such as vitamin E with l-selenomethionine. Analysis of signal transduction pathways is beginning to yield classes of potentially active and selective chemopreventive drugs. Examples are ras isoprenylation and epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Kelloff
- Chemoprevention Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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38
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Abstract
There is evidence that organosulfur compounds can inhibit the induction and growth of cancer. Several organosulfur compounds are dietary constituents and Allium species are a rich source of such molecules. Some but not all epidemiological studies have suggested that consumption of garlic can decrease cancer incidence. There is substantial evidence that constituents of garlic including diallyl sulfides can inhibit the induction of cancer in experimental animals. Effects on both tumor initiation and promotion have been documented. Some effects may be mediated by modulation of carcinogen metabolism involving altered ratios of phase I and phase II drug metabolizing enzymes. 59,60 Inhibitory actions on the growth of tumor cells have been documented and, for some tumor cells, differentiating effects of diallyl sulfides can occur. A definitive mechanism of action has not been established and evidence exists for effects at several sites in carcinogen metabolism and regulation of tumor growth. It is not always clear that laboratory studies can be extrapolated to reasonable levels of consumption by humans of garlic or other Allium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Lea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, USA
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39
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40
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Bishayee A, Chatterjee M. Anticarcinogenic biological response of Mikania cordata: reflections in hepatic biotransformation systems. Cancer Lett 1994; 81:193-200. [PMID: 8012937 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(94)90202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The chemopreventive role of an Indian medicinal plant Mikania cordata (Compositae), which is consumed as vegetable and advocated in folk-medicine, has been evaluated through its effects on Phase 1 and 2 of the hepatic drug-detoxifying enzyme system in rats. Although oral administration of a methanolic extract of this plant root (50, 100 or 150 mg/kg for 4, 8 or 12 weeks) has been found to have very little or no effect on hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome b5 contents as well as NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity, it afforded a marked induction of uridine diphosphoglucuronyl transferase activities of liver microsomes. The extract also significantly increased the activities of microsomal uridine diphosphoglucose dehydrogenase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate): quinine reductase and cytosolic glutathione s-transferases with a concomittant elevation in the contents of reduced glutathione. All these effects were found to be dose-dependent and maintained during 12 weeks of the extract treatment. Results of the study clearly indicate that the intracellular contents of active intermediates of various xenobiotics including chemical carcinogens would be reduced by the specific enhancement of drug-detoxifying enzymes in the liver of rats treated with the plant extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bishayee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Calcutta, India
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41
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Lee ES, Steiner M, Lin R. Thioallyl compounds: potent inhibitors of cell proliferation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1221:73-7. [PMID: 7510522 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(94)90218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
S-Allylmercaptocysteine was shown to inhibit vascular smooth-muscle and umbilical endothelial cell proliferation. Inhibition was dose-dependent and affected smooth-muscle cells more than endothelial cells. S-Allylmercaptocysteine was two orders of magnitude more potent than S-allylcysteine and cells grown in its presence showed distinct changes in their phosphorylation compared to untreated controls. Among the proteins whose phosphorylation was altered were GTP-activating protein, protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B and p34cdc2. We conclude that thioallyl compounds, natural constituents of garlic and known to inhibit malignant cells, can also reduce the proliferation of normal cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Aorta, Thoracic/cytology
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- CDC2 Protein Kinase/metabolism
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cysteine/analogs & derivatives
- Cysteine/pharmacology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- GTPase-Activating Proteins
- Garlic
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Phosphotyrosine
- Plants, Medicinal
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- Proteins/metabolism
- Rats
- Tyrosine/analogs & derivatives
- Tyrosine/analysis
- Umbilical Veins
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Lee
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket 02860
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42
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Transmammary exposure of mouse pups to allium sativum (garlic) and its effect on the neonatal hepatic xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes of mice. Nutr Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(05)80379-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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43
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el-Mofty MM, Sakr SA, Essawy A, Abdel Gawad HS. Preventive action of garlic on aflatoxin B1-induced carcinogenesis in the toad Bufo regularis. Nutr Cancer 1994; 21:95-100. [PMID: 8183725 DOI: 10.1080/01635589409514307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The action of fresh minced garlic and garlic oil on aflatoxin B1- (AFB1) induced carcinogenesis in the toad Bufo regularis was studied. Feeding toads with AFB1 induced tumors in 19% of the animals. Animals given AFB1 together with fresh garlic or garlic oil showed a significant reduction in tumor incidence. The tumor incidences were 3% and 9% in animals given AFB1 plus garlic and AFB1 plus garlic oil, respectively. In all three groups, the tumors were located in the liver (hepatocellular carcinomas), in addition to the kidney in animals treated with AFB1 alone and together with garlic. The kidney tumors were diagnosed as metastatic deposits from the primary liver tumors. It is speculated that one or more constituents of garlic may be responsible for inhibition of AFB1-induced carcinogenesis in B. regularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M el-Mofty
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt
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44
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Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA, Hermus RJ, Sturmans F. Garlic and its significance for the prevention of cancer in humans: a critical view. Br J Cancer 1993; 67:424-9. [PMID: 8439494 PMCID: PMC1968250 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1993.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently published results of epidemiologic case-control studies in China and Italy on gastric carcinoma in relation to diet suggest that consuming garlic may reduce the risk of gastric cancer. Chemical constituents of garlic have been tested for their inhibiting effect on carcinogenesis, using in vitro and in vivo models. In most experiments inhibition of tumour growth was established using fresh garlic extract, garlic compounds or synthetically prepared analogs. In this review the strengths and weaknesses of the experiments are discussed and the outcomes are evaluated to assess the possible significance of garlic or garlic compounds for the prevention of cancer in humans. It is concluded that evidence from laboratory experiments and epidemiologic studies is presently not conclusive as to the preventive activity of garlic. However, the available evidence warrants further research into the possible role of garlic in the prevention of cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dorant
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Limburg, Maastricht
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45
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Roychoudhury A, Das T, Sharma A, Talukder G. Use of crude extract of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in reducing cytotoxic effects of arsenic in mouse bone marrow. Phytother Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2650070214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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