1
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Odigie AE, Capozza P, Tempesta M, Decaro N, Pratelli A. Epidemiological investigation of enteric canine coronaviruses in domestic dogs: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Vet Sci 2024; 174:105289. [PMID: 38749265 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Canine enteric coronavirus (CeCoV) is a globally distributed enteric pathogen that causes significant harm to canines. The objective of this systematic review was to examine the global dissemination of CeCoV and assess the potential for infected canines to be exposed to various CeCoV genotypes and subtypes. With an aggregated prevalence of 18.8%, the study predicted regional variations, indicating that CeCoV is an exceptionally prevalent disease. The increased likelihood that infected canines will be asymptomatic is a significant cause for concern, as undetected cases of CeCoV infection could persist and spread the disease. This underscores the significance of ongoing surveillance of CeCoV in order to avert its transmission. Nevertheless, further investigation is necessary in order to ascertain the moderators that significantly impact the prevalence and distribution of distinct subtypes and genotypes of CeCoV. Hence, it is imperative to undertake randomized clinical trials in order to acquire a more accurate understanding of the variables that influence the prevalence of CeCoV. By conducting ongoing surveillance, regional variations in the prevalence of CeCoV in canines can be accounted for, thereby enhancing our comprehension of the illness and ultimately impeding its transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Capozza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Pratelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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2
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Albuquerque MA, Deus DRD, Lobo PS, Teixeira DM, Maués MAC, Cardoso JF, Silva LDD, Gabbay YB, Resque HR, Silva Soares LD, Siqueira JAM, Guerra SFS. Detection of G3 human-like rotavirus in institutionalized dogs from Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1295-1301. [PMID: 37076753 PMCID: PMC10234945 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00972-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral gastroenteritis is a common clinical problem in dogs and group A rotavirus (RVA) is one of the agents involved in this etiology. It mainly affects dogs in the first 6 months of life, and these animals are considered an important reservoir and potential transmitters of the virus to other susceptible hosts, such as humans. Among the different types of RVA, G3 is the most detected in dogs, and this genotype is also involved in infections in other animals, including humans. Thus, the present study aims to investigate the presence of RVA in samples of dogs from a public kennel. A total of 64 fecal samples from dogs with diarrhea were analyzed, collected from April 2019 to March 2020, from the kennel of the Zoonosis Control Center, located in Belém, a city in the North of Brazil. The extracted genetic material was subjected to reverse transcription followed by real-time PCR (RT-qPCR); the positives were tested by RT-PCR with a specific primer for the RVA VP7 gene, after nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. One sample was subjected to high-performance sequencing. A positivity of 7.8% (5/64) was observed for RVA, all characterized as G3, grouping in the G3-III lineage, with greater similarity to human samples. Different regions of the RVA genome fragments were found. These results emphasize the need for animal health surveillance to better understand the global strain dispersion of RVA and elucidate possible interspecies transmission events, monitoring the genetic diversity of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrícia Santos Lobo
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Pará, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Dielle Monteiro Teixeira
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Pará, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | | | - Jedson Ferreira Cardoso
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Pará, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Luciana Damascena da Silva
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Pará, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Yvone Benchimol Gabbay
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Pará, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Hugo Reis Resque
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Pará, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Luana da Silva Soares
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Pará, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | | | - Sylvia Fátima Santos Guerra
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Pará, Ananindeua, Brazil.
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3
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Pratelli A, Tempesta M, Elia G, Martella V, Decaro N, Buonavoglia C. The knotty biology of canine coronavirus: A worrying model of coronaviruses' danger. Res Vet Sci 2021; 144:190-195. [PMID: 34838321 PMCID: PMC8605815 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe clinical diseases associated to αCoronavirus (αCoV) infections were recently demonstrated for the first time in humans and a closely related but distinct canine CoV (CCoV) variant was identified in the nasopharyngeal swabs of children with pneumonia hospitalized in Malaysia, in 2017-2018. The complete genome sequence analysis demonstrated that the isolated strain, CCoV-HuPn-2018, was a novel canine-feline-like recombinant virus with a unique nucleoprotein. The occurrence of three human epidemics/pandemic caused by CoVs in the recent years and the detection of CCoV-HuPn-2018, raises questions about the ability of these viruses to overcome species barriers from their reservoirs jumping to humans. Interestingly, in this perspective, it is interesting to consider the report concerning new CCoV strains with a potential dual recombinant origin through partial S-gene exchange with porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) identified in pups died with acute gastroenteritis in 2009. The significance of the ability of CCoVs to evolve is still unclear, but several questions arisen on the biology of these viruses, focusing important epidemiological outcomes in the field, in terms of both virus evolution and prophylaxis. The new CCoV-Hupn-2018 should lead researchers to pay more attention to the mechanisms of recombination among CoVs, rather than to the onset of variants as a result of mutations, suggesting a continuous monitoring of these viruses and in particular of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Pratelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Strada per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy.
| | - Maria Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Strada per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Gabriella Elia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Strada per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Strada per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Strada per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Strada per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
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4
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Bergmann M, Freisl M, Hartmann K. [Prevention of canine parvovirosis - Part 1: Humoral and cellular immunity]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:44-50. [PMID: 33588464 DOI: 10.1055/a-1319-4564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirosis remains a common and highly infectious disease. Thus, adequate protection is essential for all dogs at any time. In this, humoral immunity plays an essential role. The presence of antibodies in adult dogs suggests immunity against the disease, and nearly all adult dogs possess antibodies (either due to previous vaccination or infection). Meanwhile, worldwide vaccination guidelines recommend measurement of pre-vaccination antibodies instead of regular triennial re-vaccinations in adult dogs. Studies have demonstrated a long lasting duration of immunity against canine parvovirus. Re-vaccination therefore possesses no beneficial effect when dogs already have pre-vaccination antibodies. Thus, when antibodies are present, unnecessary re-vaccinations that potentially cause vaccine-associated adverse events should be avoided. Hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization can be performed in specialized laboratories for quantitative antibody titer measurement. Semiquantitative point-of-care (POC) tests for detection of CPV antibodies are available. Since the presence of CPV antibodies in adult dogs that have been vaccinated or previously infected suggests adequate immunity against disease, these POC tests can be a useful tool in practice. They identify dogs that might potentially be unprotected and require re-vaccination during preventive health care appointments. Concerning the POC tests' quality assessment, a high specificity (low number of false positive test results) is considered the most important feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Bergmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Monika Freisl
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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5
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Khade SM, Yabaji SM, Srivastava J. An update on COVID-19: SARS-CoV-2 life cycle, immunopathology, and BCG vaccination. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 51:650-658. [PMID: 33226885 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1848869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The causative agent of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 possesses RNA as a genetic material with 79% of the match with the bat SARS-CoV genome, which became epidemic in 2002. The SARS-CoV-2 peripheral Spike-Fc protein binds specifically to the ACE2 receptors present on bronchial epithelial cells and alveolar pneumocytes to downmodulates its expression which leads to severe acute respiratory failure. The disease is super infectious from human to human and the symptoms are similar to flu. The old aged and immunocompromised population are severely affected, and healthcare providers globally applied various strategies for treatment including the repurposing of drugs including antimalarial drug, hydroxychloroquine and anti-viral drugs.Herein, we described the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, immune responses, possible drug targets, vaccines under the trials and correlated the possibility of trained immunity induced by BCG vaccination over control of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The countries with constraint BCG vaccination policy are struggling badly compared to countries with BCG vaccination policy. The BCG vaccination policy supports either lowering the total number of COVID-19 cases or the increasing recovery rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar M Khade
- Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai University for Human Excellence, Kalaburgi, India
| | - Shivraj M Yabaji
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jyoti Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai University for Human Excellence, Kalaburgi, India
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6
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Charoenkul K, Janetanakit T, Bunpapong N, Boonyapisitsopa S, Tangwangvivat R, Suwannakarn K, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y, Amonsin A. Molecular characterization identifies intra-host recombination and zoonotic potential of canine rotavirus among dogs from Thailand. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1240-1252. [PMID: 32772501 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
From September 2016 to January 2019, we collected 710 rectal swabs from both healthy and sick dogs from small animal hospitals in 5 provinces of Thailand. The samples were tested for canine rotavirus group A (CRV) by using one-step RT-PCR specific to the VP6 gene. Our results showed that 0.70% (5/710) were positive for CRV. The five CRVs were then characterized by whole-genome sequencing. Our results showed that the genotype of Thai CRVs is G3P[3], which is the predominant genotype reported in dogs. The Thai CRVs posed a novel genetic constellation 'G3-P[3]-I3-R3-C3-M3-A9-N2-T3-E3-H6', which has never been reported in CRVs from dogs but has been reported in rotaviruses from humans. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the Thai CRVs are the result of multiple reassortments in which gene segments might have originated from human and bat rotaviruses and suggests the zoonotic potential of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonpan Charoenkul
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Taveesak Janetanakit
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Napawan Bunpapong
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supanat Boonyapisitsopa
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ratanaporn Tangwangvivat
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kamol Suwannakarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apiradee Theamboonlers
- Center of Excellence for Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence for Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alongkorn Amonsin
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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7
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Diagnosis and characterization of canine parvovirus-2 affecting canines of South Gujarat, India. ACTA VET BRNO 2018. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201887030247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out in the region of South Gujarat, India, to determine the prevalence and predisposing factors of canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) infection in acute gastroenteritis of pups. Further, haemagglutination (HA) test, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and rapid immunochromatography test were compared for diagnosis and prevalent CPV-2 types were ascertained. A total of 73 diarrhoea samples were collected and out of those 32, 33 and 35 were found positive via HA, ELISA and PCR, respectively. In rapid test, 26/52 samples were found positive. Among different age-groups, 11/24 and 13/21 animals were positive in pups aged 4–8 and 8–12 weeks, respectively. All but one (34/35) positive samples were from unvaccinated animals. Labrador was found to be the most susceptible breed (n = 13) to infection. Considering PCR as the best test, 47.94% (35/73) prevalence of CPV was recorded. Among PCR positive samples, 3 and 32 belonged to type CPV-2a and CPV-2b, respectively. Type CPV-2c was not detected among the examined samples. Sequencing analysis of 9/10 CPV-2b isolates revealed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (A-G) at position 4106 (alanine to threonine) and suggested the occurrence of mutant, new CPV-2b in this area. As other major pathogen canine coronavirus was detected in 7/38 CPV negative samples. Conclusively, CPV-2 infection was detected in 47.97% cases of AGE of pups which warrants search for other pathogens in the diagnostic procedure. This work is among the few recent reports which depict the occurrence of a novel mutant (new CPV-2b) in India.
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8
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Ortega AF, Martínez-Castañeda JS, Bautista-Gómez LG, Muñoz RF, Hernández IQ. Identification of co-infection by rotavirus and parvovirus in dogs with gastroenteritis in Mexico. Braz J Microbiol 2017; 48:769-773. [PMID: 28716388 PMCID: PMC5628314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first report on circulating canine rotavirus in Mexico. Fifty samples from dogs with gastroenteritis were analyzed used polymerase chain reaction and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in order to identify parvovirus and rotavirus, respectively; 7% of dogs were infected with rotavirus exclusively, while 14% were co-infected with both rotavirus and parvovirus; clinical signs in co-infected dogs were more severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Flores Ortega
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - José Simón Martínez-Castañeda
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, México.
| | - Linda G Bautista-Gómez
- Centro Universitario Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Amecameca de Juárez, México
| | - Raúl Fajardo Muñoz
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Israel Quijano Hernández
- Hospital Veterinario de Pequeñas Especies, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, México
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9
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Proksch AL, Hartmann K. [Diagnostic tools for canine parvovirus infection]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2015; 43:351-7. [PMID: 26403490 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-150354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) infection is one of the most important and common infectious diseases in dogs, in particular affecting young puppies when maternal antibodies have waned and vaccine-induced antibodies have not yet developed. The mortality rate remains high. Therefore, a rapid and safe diagnostic tool is essential to diagnose the disease to 1) provide intensive care treatment and 2) to identify virus-shedding animals and thus prevent virus spread. Whilst the detection of antibodies against CPV is considered unsuitable to diagnose the disease, there are several different methods to directly detect complete virus, virus antigen or DNA. Additionally, to test in commercial laboratories, rapid in-house tests based on ELISA are available worldwide. The specificity of the ELISA rapid in-house tests is reported to be excellent. However, results on sensitivity vary and high numbers of false-negative results are commonly reported, which potentially leads to misdiagnosis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a very sensitive and specific diagnostic tool. It also provides the opportunity to differentiate vaccine strains from natural infection when sequencing is performed after PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K Hartmann
- Prof. Dr. Katrin Hartmann, Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 München, E-Mail:
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10
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Otto PH, Rosenhain S, Elschner MC, Hotzel H, Machnowska P, Trojnar E, Hoffmann K, Johne R. Detection of rotavirus species A, B and C in domestic mammalian animals with diarrhoea and genotyping of bovine species A rotavirus strains. Vet Microbiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Terada Y, Matsui N, Noguchi K, Kuwata R, Shimoda H, Soma T, Mochizuki M, Maeda K. Emergence of pathogenic coronaviruses in cats by homologous recombination between feline and canine coronaviruses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106534. [PMID: 25180686 PMCID: PMC4152292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II feline coronavirus (FCoV) emerged via double recombination between type I FCoV and type II canine coronavirus (CCoV). In this study, two type I FCoVs, three type II FCoVs and ten type II CCoVs were genetically compared. The results showed that three Japanese type II FCoVs, M91-267, KUK-H/L and Tokyo/cat/130627, also emerged by homologous recombination between type I FCoV and type II CCoV and their parent viruses were genetically different from one another. In addition, the 3'-terminal recombination sites of M91-267, KUK-H/L and Tokyo/cat/130627 were different from one another within the genes encoding membrane and spike proteins, and the 5'-terminal recombination sites were also located at different regions of ORF1. These results indicate that at least three Japanese type II FCoVs emerged independently. Sera from a cat experimentally infected with type I FCoV was unable to neutralize type II CCoV infection, indicating that cats persistently infected with type I FCoV may be superinfected with type II CCoV. Our previous study reported that few Japanese cats have antibody against type II FCoV. All of these observations suggest that type II FCoV emerged inside the cat body and is unable to readily spread among cats, indicating that these recombination events for emergence of pathogenic coronaviruses occur frequently.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Cat Diseases/virology
- Cats
- Coronavirus Infections/veterinary
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Coronavirus, Canine/classification
- Coronavirus, Canine/genetics
- Coronavirus, Canine/pathogenicity
- Coronavirus, Feline/classification
- Coronavirus, Feline/genetics
- Coronavirus, Feline/pathogenicity
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Dogs
- Genes, Viral
- Homologous Recombination
- Japan
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Terada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Matsui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Keita Noguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Ryusei Kuwata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimoda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takehisa Soma
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Marupi Lifetech Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Masami Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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12
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Grellet A, Chastant-Maillard S, Robin C, Feugier A, Boogaerts C, Boucraut-Baralon C, Grandjean D, Polack B. Risk factors of weaning diarrhea in puppies housed in breeding kennels. Prev Vet Med 2014; 117:260-5. [PMID: 25175676 PMCID: PMC7114196 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Diarrhea represents one of the most frequent disorders in dogs. In puppies, degradation of feces quality is associated with a reduced daily weight gain and an increased risk of death. Prevention of diarrhea in puppies requires a global approach encompassing enteropathogens, environment and management practices especially when housed in groups. The purpose of this study was to determine prevalence of enteropathogens in puppies in breeding kennels and to identify risk factors of diarrhea. Two hundred and sixty six puppies (between 5 and 14 weeks of age) from 29 French breeding kennels were included. For each kennel, data about environment, management of the kennel and puppies’ characteristics (age, sex and breed) were collected. For each puppy, fecal consistency and fecal excretion of enteropathogens (viruses and parasites) was evaluated. At least one enteropathogen was identified in 77.1% of puppies and 24.8% of puppies presented abnormal feces. The main risk factor of weaning diarrhea was fecal excretion of canine parvovirus type 2 (odds ratio = 5; confidence interval 95%: 1.7–14.7). A targeted sanitary and medical prophylaxis against canine parvovirus type 2 should be implemented to decrease risk of weaning diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Grellet
- Royal Canin Research Center (Grellet, Feugier), 650 avenue de la Petite Camargue, 30470 Aimargues, France.
| | - Sylvie Chastant-Maillard
- Unité Toulousaine d'Elevage et Reproduction (UTER) (Chastant-Maillard), UMR INRA/ENVT 1225, IHAP Interactions Hôte-Pathogènes INP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 03, France
| | - Coralie Robin
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort (Robin, Boogaerts, Grandjean, Polack), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Alexandre Feugier
- Royal Canin Research Center (Grellet, Feugier), 650 avenue de la Petite Camargue, 30470 Aimargues, France
| | - Cassandre Boogaerts
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort (Robin, Boogaerts, Grandjean, Polack), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | | | - Dominique Grandjean
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort (Robin, Boogaerts, Grandjean, Polack), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Polack
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort (Robin, Boogaerts, Grandjean, Polack), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
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Ntafis V, Mari V, Decaro N, Papanastassopoulou M, Pardali D, Rallis TS, Kanellos T, Buonavoglia C, Xylouri E. Canine coronavirus, Greece. Molecular analysis and genetic diversity characterization. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 16:129-36. [PMID: 23410992 PMCID: PMC7106183 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is an etiologic agent of diarrhea in dogs and is known to have spread worldwide. Mild disease or asymptomatic carriage are probably in many cases common outcomes of infection. To date, two different genotypes of CCoV are known, CCoV type I (CCoV-I) and CCoV type II (CCoV-II). CCoV type II is divided in two subtypes, CCoV-IIa (classical strains) and CCoV-IIb, with CCoV-IIb emerging as a result of a putative recombination between CCoV-IIa and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of CCoV in Greece and to genetically analyze the circulating strains. Between December 2007 and December 2009, 206 fecal samples were collected from dogs with diarrhea from kennels, pet shops and veterinary clinics of different country regions. RT-PCR and real time RT-PCR assays were used for CCoV detection and characterization. CCoV was identified in 65.1% of the dogs presenting diarrhea, being more frequently detected in animals younger than 3 months old and in animals housed in groups. In 47% of the positive samples more than one CCoV genotype/subtype were detected, with triple CCoV-I/CCoV-IIa/CCoV-IIb infections being identified for the first time. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis revealed that CCoV-I Greek strains share low genetic relatedness to each other and to the prototype CCoV-I strains in the 5’ end of the S gene. Moreover, a divergent CCoV-IIa strain was identified. The circulation of highly variable CCoV-I and CCoV-IIb emerging strains, as well as the detection of the divergent strain, raise concerns on the importance of these new strains as primary pathogens of diarrhoeic syndromes diagnosed in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Ntafis
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece.
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14
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Zhu X, McTiernan CF, Rajagopalan N, Shah H, Fischer D, Toyoda Y, Letts D, Bortinger J, Gibson G, Xiang W, McCurry K, Mathier M, Glorioso JC, London B. Immunosuppression decreases inflammation and increases AAV6-hSERCA2a-mediated SERCA2a expression. Hum Gene Ther 2012; 23:722-32. [PMID: 22482463 PMCID: PMC3404422 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium pump SERCA2a (sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2a), which plays a central role in cardiac contraction, shows decreased expression in heart failure (HF). Increasing SERCA2a expression in HF models improves cardiac function. We used direct cardiac delivery of adeno-associated virus encoding human SERCA2a (AAV6-hSERCA2a) in HF and normal canine models to study safety, efficacy, and the effects of immunosuppression. Tachycardic-paced dogs received left ventricle (LV) wall injection of AAV6-hSERCA2a or solvent. Pacing continued postinjection for 2 or 6 weeks, until euthanasia. Tissue/serum samples were analyzed for hSERCA2a expression (Western blot) and immune responses (histology and AAV6-neutralizing antibodies). Nonpaced dogs received AAV6-hSERCA2a and were analyzed at 12 weeks; a parallel cohort received AAV-hSERCA2a and immunosuppression. AAV-mediated cardiac expression of hSERCA2a peaked at 2 weeks and then declined (to ~50%; p<0.03, 6 vs. 2 weeks). LV end diastolic and end systolic diameters decreased in 6-week dogs treated with AAV6-hSERCA2a (p<0.05) whereas LV diameters increased in control dogs. Dogs receiving AAV6-hSERCA2a developed neutralizing antibodies (titer ≥1:120) and cardiac cellular infiltration. Immunosuppression dramatically reduced immune responses (reduced inflammation and neutralizing antibody titers <1:20), and maintained hSERCA2a expression. Thus cardiac injection of AAV6-hSERCA2a promotes local hSERCA2a expression and improves cardiac function. However, the hSERCA2a protein level is reduced by host immune responses. Immunosuppression alleviates immune responses and sustains transgene expression, and may be an important adjuvant for clinical gene therapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhu
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | | | - Navin Rajagopalan
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Hemal Shah
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - David Fischer
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Yoshiya Toyoda
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Dustin Letts
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Jonathan Bortinger
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Gregory Gibson
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Wenyu Xiang
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Kenneth McCurry
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Michael Mathier
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Joseph C. Glorioso
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Barry London
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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15
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Grellet A, Feugier A, Chastant-Maillard S, Carrez B, Boucraut-Baralon C, Casseleux G, Grandjean D. Validation of a fecal scoring scale in puppies during the weaning period. Prev Vet Med 2012; 106:315-23. [PMID: 22520179 PMCID: PMC7114323 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In puppies weaning is a high risk period. Fecal changes are frequent and can be signs of infection by digestive pathogens (bacteria, viruses, parasites) and indicators of nutritional and environmental stress. The aim of this study was to define a pathological fecal score for weaning puppies, and to study the impact on that score of two intestinal viruses (canine parvovirus type 2 and canine coronavirus). For this, the quality of stools was evaluated on 154 puppies between 4 and 8 weeks of age (100 from small breeds and 54 from large breeds). The scoring was performed immediately after a spontaneous defecation based on a 13-point scale (from 1; liquid to 13; dry and hard feces). Fecal samples were frozen for further viral analysis. Each puppy was weighed once a week during the study period. The fecal score regarded as pathological was the highest score associated with a significant reduction in average daily gain (ADG). Fecal samples were checked by semi-quantitative PCR or RT-PCR for canine parvovirus type 2 and canine coronavirus identification, respectively. The quality of feces was affected by both age and breed size. In small breeds, the ADG was significantly reduced under a fecal score of 6 and 7 for puppies at 4–5 and 6–8 weeks of age, respectively. In large breeds, the ADG was significantly reduced under a fecal score of 5 whatever the age of the puppy. Whereas a high viral load of canine parvovirus type 2 significantly impacted feces quality, no effect was recorded for canine coronavirus. This study provides an objective threshold for evaluation of fecal quality in weaning puppies. It also emphasizes the importance to be given to age and breed size in that evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Grellet
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Breeding and Sports Medicine Unit (UMES) (Grellet, Grandjean), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
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16
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Kumar M, Nandi S, Chidri S. Development of a polyclonal antibody-based AC-ELISA and its comparison with PCR for diagnosis of canine parvovirus infection. Virol Sin 2010; 25:352-60. [PMID: 20960181 PMCID: PMC7091066 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-010-3132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A polyclonal antibody-based antigen-capture ELISA (AC-ELISA) has been developed for detection of Canine parvovirus (CPV) antigens in faecal samples of dogs. The assay uses rabbit anti-CPV polyclonal antibody as the capture antibody, guinea pig anti-CPV polyclonal antibody as tracing antibody and anti-guinea pig HRPO conjugate as the detection system. The optimum dilution of the capture antibody and the tracing antibody capable of detecting the CPV-2 antigens was found to be 1:1 600 and 1:400, respectively, in the check-board titration. In this study, a total of 152 samples (129 faecal samples and 23 cell culture supernatant) were tested both by AC-ELISA and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the samples tested, 69 and 78 samples were found positive by AC-ELISA and PCR, respectively. The AC-ELISA had relative sensitivity, relative specificity and accuracy of 88.4%, 100.0% and 91.4% respectively. The analytical sensitivity of AC-ELISA was estimated to be 102.8 TCID50/mL whereas PCR sensitivity was 100.8 TCID50/mL. The AC-ELISA is a simple, quick and reliable method for screening large numbers of faecal samples of dogs suspected of CPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Virology Laboratory, Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
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17
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Decaro N, Buonavoglia C. An update on canine coronaviruses: viral evolution and pathobiology. Vet Microbiol 2008; 132:221-34. [PMID: 18635322 PMCID: PMC7117484 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of human severe acute respiratory syndrome incited renewed interest in animal coronaviruses (CoVs) as potential agents of direct and indirect zoonoses. The reinforced epidemiological surveillance on CoVs has led to the identification of new viruses, genotypes, pathotypes and host variants in animals and humans. In dogs, a CoV associated with mild enteritis, canine coronavirus (CCoV), has been known since 1970s. CoV strains with different biological and genetic properties with respect to classical CCoV strains have been identified in dogs in the last few years, leading to a full reconsideration of the CoV-induced canine diseases. The genetic evolution of dog CoVs is paradigmatic of how CoVs evolve through accumulation of point mutations, insertions or deletions in the viral genome, that led to the emergence of new genotypes (CCoV type I), biotypes (pantropic CCoV) and host variants (canine respiratory coronavirus). This paper is a review of the current literature on the recent genetic evolution of CCoV and emergence of new CoVs in the dog. The significances of the newly acquired information for the canine health status and prophylaxis programmes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Decaro
- Department of Public Health and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari, Strada per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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18
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Evermann JF, Abbott JR, Han S. Canine coronavirus-associated puppy mortality without evidence of concurrent canine parvovirus infection. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006; 17:610-4. [PMID: 16475526 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This report presents 2 cases in which puppy fatalities were associated with canine coronavirus (CCV), but no evidence of concurrent canine parvovirus (CPV-2) disease was observed. Case 1 involved a 7-week-old, male short-haired Chihuahua, which had become lethargic 24 hours after purchase from a pet store. Within 72 hours, the puppy began to vomit, had diarrhea, and was admitted to the veterinary clinic, where it was placed on IV fluids. The parvovirus Cite test was negative. The puppy died within 12 hours of admission and was submitted for diagnostic workup. Gross pathology revealed an enteritis suggestive of CPV-2. Histopathology on intestines showed scattered dilated crypts with necrotic cellular debris and neutrophils. There was moderate depletion and necrosis of lymphoid follicles. Electron microscopy (EM) on intestinal contents was positive for coronavirus and negative for parvovirus. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) on gut sections was positive for CCV and negative for CPV-2. Case 2 was an 8-week-old, male Shih Tzu, which was admitted to the veterinary clinic exhibiting symptoms of severe gastroenteritis with abdominal pain. The referring veterinarian euthanized the puppy, and the entire body was submitted for diagnostic evaluation. Necropsy revealed a severe ileo-cecal intussusception and segmental necrotic enteritis of the small intestine. Electron microscopy of the intestinal contents was positive for coronavirus and negative for parvovirus. Immunohistochemistry on sections of affected gut were positive for CCV and negative for CPV-2. These cases emphasize the importance of pursuing a diagnosis of CCV in young puppies when CPV-2 disease has been ruled out by IHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Evermann
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, USA
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19
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Matz ME, Guilford WG. Laboratory procedures for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract diseases of dogs and cats. N Z Vet J 2005; 51:292-301. [PMID: 16032343 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2003.36383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of laboratory tests are available for diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract diseases in dogs and cats. Use of these tests can lead to more accurate and rapid diagnoses. This review discusses laboratory tests, both new and old, and the role they currently play in the evaluation of animals presented with gastrointestinal problems. A minimum database helps assess the severity of the disorder, detect extra-gastrointestinal causes of problems and assists in formulating diagnostic and therapeutic plans. Faecal examination remains one of the most important diagnostic procedures in the investigation of gastrointestinal problems. Zinc sulphate faecal flotation is an excellent routine screening technique for helminth and protozoal infections, including giardiasis. Rectal cytology can assist in the diagnosis of large bowel disorders. Interpretation of faecal immunodiagnostic tests is hampered by insufficient knowledge of test sensitivities and specificities. Routine faecal cultures are not warranted and faecal occult blood tests are rarely indicated. Serum tests for gastric inflammation are now under development. The serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity test remains the gold standard technique for the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Breath hydrogen tests can be helpful in assessing the functional relevance of mild abnormalities in small-bowel biopsy specimens. Subnormal concentrations of serum cobalamin appear to be more specific indicators of gastrointestinal disease in cats than in dogs. Tests for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth remain controversial and assessment of gastrointestinal permeability has yet to prove its value in the diagnostic assessment of companion animals with gastrointestinal problems. Faecal alpha1-protease inhibitor shows promise for the diagnosis of protein-losing enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Matz
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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20
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Giffard CJ, Seino MM, Markwell PJ, Bektash RM. Benefits of bovine colostrum on fecal quality in recently weaned puppies. J Nutr 2004; 134:2126S-2127S. [PMID: 15284417 PMCID: PMC7107473 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.8.2126s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Catriona J Giffard
- Research and Development, Masterfoods Australia New Zealand, Wodonga, Vic 3690, Australia.
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21
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Jun Q, Xian-zhu X, Song-tao Y, De-sheng L, Gui-xue H, Yu-wei G, He-ting S, Zhong-pen Z, Zhi-jing X, Fang Y, Wen-qi H, Gen H. Serological survey on canine coronavirus antibodies in giant pandas by virus neutralization test. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH 2004; 15:295-297. [PMID: 32214748 PMCID: PMC7088830 DOI: 10.1007/bf02844956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to survey the infectious situation of canine coronavirus (CCV) in giant panda population, a virus neutralization test detecting specific antibodies against CCV in giant panda's sera was established by using two-fold dilutions of serum and 100 TCID50 of the virus. The 62 sera samples of giant pandas, which were gathered from zoos and reserve region of Sichuan Province, China were detected. The neutralization antibody titer of 1:4 was recognized as the positive criterion, 8 sera samples were detected to be positive, and the positive rate was 12.9%. The titers of neutralizing antibody ranged from 1:8 to 1:32. It was the first comprehensive investigation on neutralization antibodies against CCV in giant panda population in China. The results of study showed that the infection of CCV in giant panda population was universal, which has posed a threat to the health of giant panda. Therefore, it is incumbent on us to study safe and effective vaccines to protect giant panda against CCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Jun
- Institute of Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 130062 Changchun, P. R. China
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, 843300 Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Xia Xian-zhu
- Institute of Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 130062 Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yang Song-tao
- Institute of Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 130062 Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Li De-sheng
- Research & Conservation Center for Giant Panda of China, 623006 Sichuan, Wolong, P. R. China
| | - Hu Gui-xue
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Jinling Agricultural University, 1301162 Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Gao Yu-wei
- Institute of Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 130062 Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Sun He-ting
- Institute of Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 130062 Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Zhong-pen
- Institute of Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 130062 Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Xie Zhi-jing
- Institute of Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 130062 Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yan Fang
- Institute of Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 130062 Changchun, P. R. China
| | - He Wen-qi
- Institute of Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 130062 Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Huang Gen
- Institute of Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 130062 Changchun, P. R. China
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22
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Pratelli A, Elia G, Martella V, Palmieri A, Cirone F, Tinelli A, Corrente M, Buonavoglia C. Prevalence of canine coronavirus antibodies by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in dogs in the south of Italy. J Virol Methods 2002; 102:67-71. [PMID: 11879694 PMCID: PMC7119839 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(01)00450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa), using as antigen canine coronavirus-infected CrFK cell supernatant, was developed to detect antibodies against canine coronavirus (CCoV). Out of a total of 109 dog serum samples, 80 which were positive by routine virus neutralisation test were also Elisa positive. Seventeen samples which were negative by the virus neutralisation test, were positive by Elisa and by the confirmatory Western blotting test. The Elisa was substantially more sensitive than the virus neutralisation test in detecting antibodies to CCoV and may be used as an alternative technique to virus neutralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Pratelli
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari, S.p. per Casamassima km 3, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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23
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Naylor MJ, Harrison GA, Monckton RP, McOrist S, Lehrbach PR, Deane EM. Identification of canine coronavirus strains from feces by S gene nested PCR and molecular characterization of a new Australian isolate. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:1036-41. [PMID: 11230424 PMCID: PMC87870 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.3.1036-1041.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2000] [Accepted: 12/21/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A nested PCR (nPCR) assay for the detection of canine coronavirus (CCV) in fecal samples is described. The target sequence for the assay was a 514-bp fragment within the spike (S) glycoprotein gene. The sensitivity of the assay is extremely high, detecting as little as 25 50% tissue culture infective doses per g of unprocessed feces. A clinical trial using dogs challenged orally with CCV SA4 and CCV NVSL was used to compare viral isolation and the nPCR assay as detection techniques over a 2-week period of infection. Virus isolation detected CCV shedding from day 4 to 9 postchallenge, while the nPCR assay detected CCV shedding from day 4 to 13 postchallenge. Cloning and sequencing of the nPCR assay product enabled investigation of the evolutionary relationships between strains within the S gene. The simple and rapid procedure described here makes this assay an ideal alternative technique to electron microscopy and viral isolation in cell culture for detection of CCV shedding in feces. The described assay also provides a method of identifying new strains of CCV without the complicated and time-consuming practice of raising antibodies to individual strains. This is illustrated by the identification, for the first time, of an Australian isolate of CCV (UWSMN-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Naylor
- School of Science, University of Western Sydney, Nepean, Kingswood, New South Wales, 2747, Australia.
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24
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the frequency of serum antibodies (IgG and IgM) to canine coronavirus (CCV) in the Australian dog population and evaluate the role of CCV as a causative agent of gastroenteritis. DESIGN A serological survey of antibodies to CCV among different dog populations. PROCEDURE The development and characterisation of an indirect ELISA for the detection of antibodies (IgG and IgM) to CCV was undertaken. Sera collected from both diarrhoeal and non-diarrhoeal dogs from various populations throughout Australia were tested for these antibodies to CCV. RESULTS Serum samples (1396) collected from 1984 to 1998 were tested for the presence of IgG antibodies to CCV. Samples were divided into two categories on the basis of the number of dogs housed together. The groups were either an open population containing dogs housed as groups of three or less, or kennel populations. Sera from 15.8% of the open population and 40.8% of kennelled dogs were positive for CCV antibodies. The prevalence of antibodies varied from zero to 76% in kennelled dogs. About 23% of 128 dogs positive for IgG antibodies to CCV were also positive for IgM antibodies to CCV, indicating recent CCV infection. Of those dogs that were presented with clinical signs of gastroenteritis such as diarrhoea and vomiting (n = 29), 85% were positive in the IgM ELISA and 85.7% in the IgG ELISA for antibodies to CCV. In comparison, for those dogs presented without any history of gastroenteritis only 15% were positive for IgM and 30% positive for IgG. CONCLUSION Serological evidence indicates that infection with CCV in dogs is widespread throughout the Australian mainland. The prevalence of antibodies varies greatly among different populations, with an average of 40.8% positive in kennelled populations and 15.8% in the open population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Naylor
- School of Science, University of Western Sydney, Nepean, Kingswood, New South Wales 2747
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25
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Soma T, Hara M, Ishii H, Yamamoto S. Antibody testing against canine coronavirus by immunoperoxidase plaque staining. Vet Res Commun 2001; 25:327-36. [PMID: 11432433 PMCID: PMC7089154 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010634810315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The application of the immunoperoxidase (IP) plaque staining procedure (IP test) to the diagnosis of canine coronavirus (CCV) infection was investigated. The IP test did not react with sera from either 15 specific pathogen-free (SPF) dogs or 7 SPF dogs immunized with a multivalent vaccine, including canine parvovirus type 2, canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus type 2, and canine parainfluenza virus. To compare the IP test with the neutralizing test (NT), sera from 240 healthy dogs and from 3 experimentally CCV-infected dogs were examined. All 60 sera positive for NT antibody were positive for IP antibody, and all 180 sera negative for NT antibody were negative for IP antibody in the healthy dogs. The IP titres showed similar changes with time after CCV inoculation to those of the NT titres in the experimentally infected dogs. These findings indicate that the IP test specifically detected anti-CCV antibodies. When the IP test and NT were compared in dogs with diarrhoeic signs. 2.1% of 48 sera and 20.3% of 74 sera, which were all negative for NT antibody, were positive for IP antibody in the dogs of under one year of age and at least one year of age, respectively. The difference between the IP and NT titres (log10 [reciprocal of IP titre] log10 [reciprocal of NT titre]) for the diarrhoeic dogs of under one year of age (2.350 +/- 0.931) was significantly larger than that for the healthy dogs (0.982 +/- 0.447) (p<0.0001), the NT titre being negative or very low, despite a high IP titre in many diarrhoeic dogs. Hence, the IP test is more able to detect anti-CCV antibodies, especially in dogs showing clinical signs. The IP-positivity rate was significantly higher in the diarrhoeic dogs of under one year of age (48.7%) than in the healthy dogs (25.0%) (chi2 = 19.844, p<0.0001), suggesting that CCV may contribute to diarrhoea in many juvenile dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Soma
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Marupi Lifetech Co, Ltd, Ikeda, Osaka Japan
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26
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Abstract
During the last 40 years vaccines have been developed that have greatly reduced the incidence of infectious diseases of dogs. In general, modified live products have been superior to inactivated vaccines for dogs. It can be expected that recombinant and/or DNA vaccines may dominate the market in the future. Although most vaccines on the market are safe and efficacious, there have been exceptions where disease was induced by vaccination or dogs were not protected. The failure of protection may in part be due to variations in individual vaccine batches. Only potency tests but not efficacy tests are required, which may not be sufficient. For example, a virus titer in a vaccine may be meaningless if the minimum protective dose is not known. Overattenuated virus (e.g., CDV-Ond or parvovirus in cat cells) may have a high titer in tissue culture but is not immunogenic. The question of frequency of vaccination of dogs should be addressed. Annual revaccinations for CDV, CPV, and CAV are probably not needed. However, it would be desirable to collect more data to support less frequent vaccinations. Annual immunization for bacterial diseases such as kennel cough, Lyme disease, and leptospirosis should continue. It also would be desirable to develop more oro/nasal vaccines, perhaps combined with newly developed vectors that are less likely to induce undesirable side effects that may be seen after parenteral vaccination. Finally a word of warning against homeopathic "nosodes" to replace tested canine vaccines. They will appear highly effective as long as the majority of dogs remain vaccinated. As soon as a nonvaccinated dog population is large enough to allow virulent agents to spread, disease outbreaks will occur and we will be back where we began 40 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Appel
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Palmer-Densmore ML, Johnson AF, Sabara MI. Development and evaluation of an ELISA to measure antibody responses to both the nucleocapsid and spike proteins of canine coronavirus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOASSAY 1998; 19:1-22. [PMID: 9530608 DOI: 10.1080/01971529808005468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and reproducible enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for detection of canine coronavirus (CCV) specific antibodies directed to both the nucleocapsid (NC) and the spike (S) proteins. The coating antigen, a methanol-treated, S-protein enriched preparation, was produced by subjecting infected cells to Triton X-114 detergent followed by phase separation. The sensitivity of this assay was determined by following the course of infection in dogs experimentally infected with CCV. The specificity of the antibody response was determined by Western blot analysis and supported the increased magnitude of the ELISA response and the presence of serum neutralizing (SN) antibody. Due to the sensitivity and specificity of the IgG response detected by this assay it can be used to determine both virus exposure and vaccine efficacy.
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Fulker R, Wasmoen T, Atchison R, Chu HJ, Acree W. Efficacy of an inactivated vaccine against clinical disease caused by canine coronavirus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1995; 380:229-34. [PMID: 8830484 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1899-0_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Canine Coronavirus (CCV) is a causative agent of diarrhea in dogs. The reproduction of severe clinical disease with experimental CCV infection has been difficult. We have recently developed a CCV challenge model which reproduced clinical signs of disease in susceptible dogs. The following study was designed to determine whether immunization with an inactivated CCV vaccine would protect dogs from clinical disease induced using this model. Dogs (n = 13) were vaccinated with an inactivated CCV vaccine. Vaccinates and controls (n = 5) were orally inoculated with virulent CCV virus and treated with dexamethasone on days 0, 2, 4, and 6 after virus challenge. Control dogs developed clinical signs including diarrhea, dehydration, anorexia, depression, and nasal and ocular discharge. Diarrhea was noted in 80% of the controls and 60% progressed to a severe watery or bloody diarrhea that persisted for multiple days. Conversely, only 2/13 (15%) vaccinates developed mild diarrhea and none developed bloody diarrhea. The control dogs averaged 10.8 days of diarrhea compared to 1.4 days for vaccinates over the 21 day observation period. In addition to reduced clinical signs, the number of days of virus shedding and the level of CCV in feces was different for controls (100% shed virus) and vaccinates (38% shed virus). This study demonstrates that vaccination with an inactivated CCV vaccine can significantly reduce not only viral replication, but the occurrence of clinical disease following a virulent CCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fulker
- Fort Dodge Laboratories, Iowa, USA
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Langeveld JP, Casal JI, Osterhaus AD, Cortés E, de Swart R, Vela C, Dalsgaard K, Puijk WC, Schaaper WM, Meloen RH. First peptide vaccine providing protection against viral infection in the target animal: studies of canine parvovirus in dogs. J Virol 1994; 68:4506-13. [PMID: 8207825 PMCID: PMC236377 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.7.4506-4513.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A synthetic peptide vaccine which protects dogs against challenge with virulent canine parvovirus is described. The amino acid sequence used was discovered in previous studies on the immunogenic properties of previously mapped antigenic sites and represents the amino-terminal region of viral protein VP2. As with marker vaccines, it is possible to discriminate between vaccinated dogs that have not been exposed to the virus and dogs that have been infected with the virus. The protective mechanism can be explained by a humoral response against the peptide aided by T-cell epitopes contained in the carrier protein used for peptide coupling. This is the first example of a synthetic peptide vaccine that induces protection in target animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Langeveld
- Institute for Animal Science and Health, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Martin-Calvo M, Marcotegui MA, Simarro I. Canine-coronavirus (CCV) characterization in Spain. Epidemiological aspects. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1994; 41:249-56. [PMID: 7839745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1994.tb00225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this paper the characterization of a canine-coronavirus (CCV) strain isolated in Spain is reported. The CCV cellular-infection cycle on A-72 cells was studied using electron-microscopy techniques. The isolate was found to have similar electrophoretic profile and antigenic properties to an American reference strain. Sera samples were obtained from several canine populations and tested for viral antibodies using two immunoenzymatic methods. Sera specificity was confirmed using immunoblot analysis. The agreement between both ELISA tests produced adequate results (kappa value = 0.64).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martin-Calvo
- Dpto. Patalogia Animal I, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Compultense, Madrid, Spain
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