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Chaves LSM, Bergo ES, Bickersmith SA, Laporta GZ, Conn JE, Sallum MAM. Forest cover percentage drives the peak biting time of Nyssorhynchus darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Brazilian Amazon. Malar J 2024; 23:166. [PMID: 38807105 PMCID: PMC11131226 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04984-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deforestation is an important driver of malaria dynamics, with a relevant impact on mosquito ecology, including larval habitat availability, blood-feeding behaviour, and peak biting time. The latter is one of several entomological metrics to evaluate vectorial capacity and effectiveness of disease control. This study aimed to test the effect of forest cover percentage on the peak biting time of Plasmodium-uninfected and infected Nyssorhynchus darlingi females. METHODS Mosquitoes were captured utilizing human landing catch (HLC) in the peridomestic habitat in field collections carried out in the wet, wet-dry transition, and dry seasons from 2014 to 2017 in areas with active malaria transmission in Amazonian Brazil. The study locations were in rural settlements in areas with the mean annual malaria parasite incidence (Annual Parasite Incidence, API ≥ 30). All Ny. darlingi females were tested for Plasmodium spp. infection using real time PCR technique. Forest cover percentage was calculated for each collection site using QGIS v. 2.8 and was categorized in three distinct deforestation scenarios: (1) degraded, < 30% forest cover, (2) intermediate, 30-70% forest cover, and (3) preserved, > 70% forest cover. RESULTS The highest number of uninfected female Ny. darlingi was found in degraded landscape-sites with forest cover < 30% in any peak biting time between 18:00 and 0:00. Partially degraded landscape-sites, with (30-70%) forest cover, showed the highest number of vivax-infected females, with a peak biting time of 21:00-23:00. The number of P. falciparum-infected mosquitoes was highest in preserved sites with > 70% forest cover, a peak biting at 19:00-20:00, and in sites with 30-70% forest cover at 22:00-23:00. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study show empirically that degraded landscapes favour uninfected Ny. darlingi with a peak biting time at dusk (18:00-19:00), whereas partially degraded landscapes affect the behaviour of Plasmodium-infected Ny. darlingi by shifting its peak biting time towards hours after dark (21:00-23:00). In preserved sites, Plasmodium-infected Ny. darlingi bite around dusk (18:00-19:00) and shortly after (19:00-20:00).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Suveges Moreira Chaves
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 - Pacaembu, CEP, 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | - Gabriel Z Laporta
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, FMABC Medical School University Center, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Jan E Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 - Pacaembu, CEP, 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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Mazarire TT, Lobb L, Newete SW, Munhenga G. The Impact of Climatic Factors on Temporal Mosquito Distribution and Population Dynamics in an Area Targeted for Sterile Insect Technique Pilot Trials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:558. [PMID: 38791773 PMCID: PMC11121319 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21050558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that climate affects the mosquito life history traits; however, its precise role in determining mosquito distribution and population dynamics is not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the influence of various climatic factors on the temporal distribution of Anopheles arabiensis populations in Mamfene, South Africa between 2014 and 2019. Time series analysis, wavelet analysis, cross-correlation analysis, and regression model combined with the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model were utilized to assess the relationship between climatic factors and An. arabiensis population density. In total 3826 adult An. arabiensis collected was used for the analysis. ARIMA (0, 1, 2) (0, 0, 1)12 models closely described the trends observed in An. arabiensis population density and distribution. The wavelet coherence and time-lagged correlation analysis showed positive correlations between An. arabiensis population density and temperature (r = 0.537 ), humidity (r = 0.495) and rainfall (r = 0.298) whilst wind showed negative correlations (r = -0.466). The regression model showed that temperature (p = 0.00119), rainfall (p = 0.0436), and humidity (p = 0.0441) as significant predictors for forecasting An. arabiensis abundance. The extended ARIMA model (AIC = 102.08) was a better fit for predicting An. arabiensis abundance compared to the basic model. Anopheles arabiensis still remains the predominant malaria vector in the study area and climate variables were found to have varying effects on the distribution and abundance of An. arabiensis. This necessitates other complementary vector control strategies such as the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) which involves releasing sterile males into the environment to reduce mosquito populations. This requires timely mosquito and climate information to precisely target releases and enhance the effectiveness of the program, consequently reducing the malaria risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Taona Mazarire
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; (L.L.); (G.M.)
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
- Geoinformatics Division, Agricultural Research Council-Natural Resource and Engineering, Arcadia, Pretoria 0083, South Africa;
| | - Leanne Lobb
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; (L.L.); (G.M.)
| | - Solomon Wakshom Newete
- Geoinformatics Division, Agricultural Research Council-Natural Resource and Engineering, Arcadia, Pretoria 0083, South Africa;
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Bramfontein, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Givemore Munhenga
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; (L.L.); (G.M.)
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
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Pfenning-Butterworth A, Buckley LB, Drake JM, Farner JE, Farrell MJ, Gehman ALM, Mordecai EA, Stephens PR, Gittleman JL, Davies TJ. Interconnecting global threats: climate change, biodiversity loss, and infectious diseases. Lancet Planet Health 2024; 8:e270-e283. [PMID: 38580428 PMCID: PMC11090248 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(24)00021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The concurrent pressures of rising global temperatures, rates and incidence of species decline, and emergence of infectious diseases represent an unprecedented planetary crisis. Intergovernmental reports have drawn focus to the escalating climate and biodiversity crises and the connections between them, but interactions among all three pressures have been largely overlooked. Non-linearities and dampening and reinforcing interactions among pressures make considering interconnections essential to anticipating planetary challenges. In this Review, we define and exemplify the causal pathways that link the three global pressures of climate change, biodiversity loss, and infectious disease. A literature assessment and case studies show that the mechanisms between certain pairs of pressures are better understood than others and that the full triad of interactions is rarely considered. Although challenges to evaluating these interactions-including a mismatch in scales, data availability, and methods-are substantial, current approaches would benefit from expanding scientific cultures to embrace interdisciplinarity and from integrating animal, human, and environmental perspectives. Considering the full suite of connections would be transformative for planetary health by identifying potential for co-benefits and mutually beneficial scenarios, and highlighting where a narrow focus on solutions to one pressure might aggravate another.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren B Buckley
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John M Drake
- School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Maxwell J Farrell
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alyssa-Lois M Gehman
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Hakai Institute, Calvert, BC, Canada
| | - Erin A Mordecai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Patrick R Stephens
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - John L Gittleman
- School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Nicholas School for the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - T Jonathan Davies
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Villena OC, McClure KM, Camp RJ, LaPointe DA, Atkinson CT, Sofaer HR, Berio Fortini L. Environmental and geographical factors influence the occurrence and abundance of the southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, in Hawai'i. Sci Rep 2024; 14:604. [PMID: 38182650 PMCID: PMC10770078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Hawaiian honeycreepers, a group of endemic Hawaiian forest birds, are being threatened by avian malaria, a non-native disease that is driving honeycreepers populations to extinction. Avian malaria is caused by the parasite Plasmodium relictum, which is transmitted by the invasive mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. Environmental and geographical factors play an important role in shaping mosquito-borne disease transmission dynamics through their influence on the distribution and abundance of mosquitoes. We assessed the effects of environmental (temperature, precipitation), geographic (site, elevation, distance to anthropogenic features), and trap type (CDC light trap, CDC gravid trap) factors on mosquito occurrence and abundance. Occurrence was analyzed using classification and regression tree models (CART) and generalized linear models (GLM); abundance (count data) was analyzed using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs). Models predicted highest mosquito occurrence at mid-elevation sites and between July and November. Occurrence increased with temperature and precipitation up to 580 mm. For abundance, the best model was a zero-inflated negative-binomial model that indicated higher abundance of mosquitoes at mid-elevation sites and peak abundance between August and October. Estimation of occurrence and abundance as well as understanding the factors that influence them are key for mosquito control, which may reduce the risk of forest bird extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswaldo C Villena
- Hawai'i Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
- The Earth Commons Institute, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Katherine M McClure
- Hawai'i Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Hawai'i National Park, HI, 96718, USA
| | - Richard J Camp
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Hawai'i National Park, HI, 96718, USA
| | - Dennis A LaPointe
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Hawai'i National Park, HI, 96718, USA
| | - Carter T Atkinson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Hawai'i National Park, HI, 96718, USA
| | - Helen R Sofaer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Hawai'i National Park, HI, 96718, USA
| | - Lucas Berio Fortini
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Hawai'i National Park, HI, 96718, USA.
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Saager ES, Iwamura T, Jucker T, Murray KA. Deforestation for oil palm increases microclimate suitability for the development of the disease vector Aedes albopictus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9514. [PMID: 37308504 PMCID: PMC10260943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A major trade-off of land-use change is the potential for increased risk of infectious diseases, a.o. through impacting disease vector life-cycles. Evaluating the public health implications of land-use conversions requires spatially detailed modelling linking land-use to vector ecology. Here, we estimate the impact of deforestation for oil palm cultivation on the number of life-cycle completions of Aedes albopictus via its impact on local microclimates. We apply a recently developed mechanistic phenology model to a fine-scaled (50-m resolution) microclimate dataset that includes daily temperature, rainfall and evaporation. Results of this combined model indicate that the conversion from lowland rainforest to plantations increases suitability for A. albopictus development by 10.8%, moderated to 4.7% with oil palm growth to maturity. Deforestation followed by typical plantation planting-maturation-clearance-replanting cycles is predicted to create pulses of high development suitability. Our results highlight the need to explore sustainable land-use scenarios that resolve conflicts between agricultural and human health objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Saager
- Centre for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - T Iwamura
- Department F.-A. Forel for Aquatic and Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - T Jucker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - K A Murray
- MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Katusi GC, Hermy MRG, Makayula SM, Ignell R, Govella NJ, Hill SR, Mnyone LL. Seasonal variation in abundance and blood meal sources of primary and secondary malaria vectors within Kilombero Valley, Southern Tanzania. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:479. [PMID: 36539892 PMCID: PMC9768911 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05586-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing control tools have significantly reduced malaria over the past two decades. However, progress has been stalled due to increased resistance in primary vectors and the increasing role of secondary vectors. This study aimed to investigate the impact of seasonal change on primary and secondary vector abundance and host preference. Understanding the impact of seasonal dynamics of primary and secondary vectors on disease transmission will inform effective strategies for vector management and control. METHODS Vector abundance was measured through longitudinal collection of mosquitoes, conducted monthly during the wet and dry seasons, in Sagamaganga, a village in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania. Mosquitoes were collected indoors using CDC light traps and backpack aspirators, and outdoors using resting buckets baited with cattle urine. In addition, a direct measure of host preference was taken monthly using human- and cattle-baited mosquito electrocuting traps. A host census was conducted to provide an indirect measure of host preference together with monthly blood meal source analysis. All collected mosquitoes were assayed for Plasmodium sporozoites. RESULTS A total of 2828 anophelines were collected, of which 78.5% and 21.4%, were primary and secondary vectors, respectively. The abundance of the primary vectors, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus, and of the secondary vectors varied seasonally. Indirect measures of host preference indicated that all vectors varied blood meal choice seasonally, with the direct measure confirming this for An. arabiensis. All anopheline mosquitoes tested negative for sporozoites. CONCLUSIONS At the study location, the abundance of both primary and secondary vectors changed seasonally. Indirect and direct measures of host preference demonstrated that An. arabiensis varied from being zoophilic to being more opportunistic during the wet and dry seasons. A similar trend was observed for the other vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey C. Katusi
- grid.414543.30000 0000 9144 642XDepartment of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Off Mlabani Passage, Ifakara, P.O. Box 53, Morogoro, Tanzania ,grid.11887.370000 0000 9428 8105Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Marie R. G. Hermy
- grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Disease Vector Group, Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 190, 234 22 Lomma, Sweden
| | - Samwely M. Makayula
- grid.414543.30000 0000 9144 642XDepartment of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Off Mlabani Passage, Ifakara, P.O. Box 53, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Rickard Ignell
- grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Disease Vector Group, Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 190, 234 22 Lomma, Sweden
| | - Nicodem J. Govella
- grid.414543.30000 0000 9144 642XDepartment of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Off Mlabani Passage, Ifakara, P.O. Box 53, Morogoro, Tanzania ,grid.451346.10000 0004 0468 1595School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Sharon R. Hill
- grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Disease Vector Group, Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 190, 234 22 Lomma, Sweden
| | - Ladslaus L. Mnyone
- grid.11887.370000 0000 9428 8105Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3110, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Sunish IP, Shriram AN, De A, Sugunan AP, Vijayachari P. Characterization of the anopheline vector breeding habitats: Implications for elimination of malaria in tribal inhabited Car Nicobar Island. Indian J Med Res 2022; 156:240-249. [PMID: 36629183 PMCID: PMC10057366 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_3189_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Malaria is an important public health problem in Andaman & Nicobar archipelago. Among the three districts, Nicobar is the most endemic district where API is >2. In this district, the malaria incidence in Car Nicobar Tehsil has declined steadily over the past 10 years. A renewed initiative to consolidate this gain is being made with the ultimate objective of achieving zero indigenous transmission of malaria in Car Nicobar. So, the present study undertook a close environmental monitoring of water bodies for assessing changes in the risk potential of mosquito vector breeding habitats which can augment the elimination programme. Methods The breeding habitats of anopheline mosquitoes were sampled in 16 areas of Car Nicobar Island for eight time periods during 2017-2020. Along with anophelines, various associated water parameters (n=60) were estimated, viz. physicochemical (n=13), and biological, which included culicine mosquito immatures, insect predators (n=5), phytoplanktons (n=31) and zooplanktons (n=10). Results In the 16 study sites, overall 1126 surface water stagnating bodies constituting 21 different habitat types were surveyed. Of these, 17 were positive for anopheline breeding. Water bodies from three villages were consistently found to be positive for anopheline breeding. However, early instars of anopheline larvae were more abundant compared to the late instars. Four anopheline species were recorded, including Anopheles sundaicus, A. barbirostris, A. insulaeflorum and A. subpictus, in which 48 per cent were A. sundaicus. Multivariable analysis indicated that anopheline density was significantly higher in permanent water bodies than in temporary habitats (P<0.05) (high risk of anophelines). The highest pH (≥8.2), dissolved solids (≥0.39) levels showed significantly (P<0.05) decreased larval densities (lower risk of breeding), adjusted with breeding sites and season. Nitrite levels increased (P=0.022) larval densities. Interpretation & conclusions The present study facilitated estimating the productive period of a larval habitat enabling target larval sources to reduce adult populations. Implementing larviciding strategy before monsoon season is presumably the most cost-effective strategy. The output can be utilized for environmental monitoring of mosquito breeding risk in other malaria endemic areas, particularly where medium/large water bodies are the predominant breeding sites for malaria vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Sunish
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
| | - A N Shriram
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands; ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - Amitabha De
- Directorate of Health Services, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
| | - A P Sugunan
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
| | - P Vijayachari
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
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Larval mosquito management and risk to aquatic ecosystems: A comparative approach including current tactics and gene-drive Anopheles techniques. Transgenic Res 2022; 31:489-504. [PMID: 35798930 PMCID: PMC9489571 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-022-00315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic engineering of mosquitoes represents a promising tactic for reducing human suffering from malaria. Gene-drive techniques being developed that suppress or modify populations of Anopheles gambiae have the potential to be used with, or even possibly obviate, microbial and synthetic insecticides. However, these techniques are new and therefore there is attendant concern and uncertainty from regulators, policymakers, and the public about their environmental risks. Therefore, there is a need to assist decision-makers and public health stewards by assessing the risks associated with these newer mosquito management tactics so the risks can be compared as a basis for informed decision making. Previously, the effect of gene-drive mosquitoes on water quality in Africa was identified as a concern by stakeholders. Here, we use a comparative risk assessment approach for the effect of gene-drive mosquitoes on water quality in Africa. We compare the use of existing larvicides and the proposed genetic techniques in aquatic environments. Based on our analysis, we conclude that the tactic of gene-drive Anopheles for malaria management is unlikely to result in risks to aquatic environments that exceed current tactics for larval mosquitoes. As such, these new techniques would likely comply with currently recommended safety standards.
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Dakorah MP, Aninagyei E, Attoh J, Adedia D, Tettey CO, Kyei-Barffour I, Acheampong DO. Ecological and seasonal variations and other factors associated with clinical malaria in the Central Region of Ghana: A cross-sectional study. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:631-637. [PMID: 35580448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated malaria transmission under various contrasting settings in the Central Region, a malaria endemic region in Ghana. METHODS This cross-sectional study was carried out in five randomly selected districts in the Central Region of Ghana. Three of the districts were forested, while the rest was coastal. Study participants were selected to coincide with either the regular rainy or dry season. From each study site, hospital attendees were randomly selected with prior consent. Consciously, study participants were selected in both rainy (September and October, 2020) and dry (November and December, 2020) seasons. Clinical data for each patient was checked for clinical malaria suspicion and microscopic confirmation of malaria. Using SPSS Version 24 (Chicago, IL, USA), bivariate analysis was done to determine the association of independent variables (ecological and seasonal variations) with malaria status. When the overall analysis did not yield significant association, further statistical analysis was performed after stratification of variables (into age and gender) to determine whether any or both of them would significantly associate with the dependent variable. RESULTS Of the 3993 study participants, 62.5% were suspected of malaria whereas 38.2% were confirmed to have clinical falciparum malaria. Data analysis revealed that in both rainy and dry seasons, malaria cases were significantly higher in forested districts ) than coastal districts (x2 = 217.9 vs x2 = 50.9; p < 0.001). Taken together, the risk of malaria was significantly higher in the dry season (COR = 1.471, p < 0.001) and lower in coastal zones (COR = 0.826, p = 0.007). There was significant reduced risk of participants aged over 39 years of malaria (COR=0.657, p < 0.001). Whereas, in general patients between 10 and 19 years were insignificantly less likely to have malaria (COR = 0.911, p = 0.518) compared to participants aged less than< 10 years, the reverse was observed in coastal districts where patients less than 10 years of age in coastal districts were less likely to have malaria (COR=2.440, p = 0.003). In general, gender did not associate with malaria, but when stratified by study district, the risk of female gender to malaria was significantly higher in Agona Swedru (COR = 5.605, p < 0.001), Assin central (COR = 2.172, p < 0.001), Awutu Senya (COR = 2.410, p < 0.001) and Cape Coast (COR = 3.939, p < 0.001) compared to Abura-Asebu-Kwamankese. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the predictors of malaria differ from one endemic area to another. Therefore, malaria control interventions such as distribution of long-lasting insecticide treated bed nets, residual spraying with insecticide and mass distribution of antimalaria prophylaxis must be intensified in forested districts in all seasons with particular attention on females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mavis Puopelle Dakorah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Enoch Aninagyei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana.
| | - Juliana Attoh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - David Adedia
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | - Clement Okraku Tettey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Isaac Kyei-Barffour
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Desmond Omane Acheampong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
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Whittaker C, Winskill P, Sinka M, Pironon S, Massey C, Weiss DJ, Nguyen M, Gething PW, Kumar A, Ghani A, Bhatt S. A novel statistical framework for exploring the population dynamics and seasonality of mosquito populations. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220089. [PMID: 35414241 PMCID: PMC9006040 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the temporal dynamics of mosquito populations underlying vector-borne disease transmission is key to optimizing control strategies. Many questions remain surrounding the drivers of these dynamics and how they vary between species-questions rarely answerable from individual entomological studies (that typically focus on a single location or species). We develop a novel statistical framework enabling identification and classification of time series with similar temporal properties, and use this framework to systematically explore variation in population dynamics and seasonality in anopheline mosquito time series catch data spanning seven species, 40 years and 117 locations across mainland India. Our analyses reveal pronounced variation in dynamics across locations and between species in the extent of seasonality and timing of seasonal peaks. However, we show that these diverse dynamics can be clustered into four 'dynamical archetypes', each characterized by distinct temporal properties and associated with a largely unique set of environmental factors. Our results highlight that a range of environmental factors including rainfall, temperature, proximity to static water bodies and patterns of land use (particularly urbanicity) shape the dynamics and seasonality of mosquito populations, and provide a generically applicable framework to better identify and understand patterns of seasonal variation in vectors relevant to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Whittaker
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Peter Winskill
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | | | - Claire Massey
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel J Weiss
- Malaria Atlas Project, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Michele Nguyen
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter W Gething
- Malaria Atlas Project, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Vector Control Research Centre, Indira Nagar, Puducherry, India
| | - Azra Ghani
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Samir Bhatt
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.,Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Social Determinants of Malaria Prevalence Among Children Under Five Years: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Akure, Nigeria. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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12
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Larval flushing alters malaria endemicity patterns in regions with similar habitat abundance. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2022; 2:100080. [PMID: 36589868 PMCID: PMC9795365 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A model of Anopheles gambiae populations dynamics coupled with Plasmodium falciparum transmission dynamics is extended to include mechanisms of larval flushing which are known to occur. Flushing dynamics are modeled using a simulation that incorporates seasonal, autocorrelated, and random components based on 30 years of rainfall data for the Kakamega District of the western Kenya highlands. The model demonstrates that flushing phenomena can account for differences between regions with the same annual larval habitat pattern, changing the World Health Organization endemicity classification from either hyperendemic or holoendemic to hypoendemic disease patterns. Mesoendemic patterns of infection occur at the boundary of the holoendemic to hypoendemic transition. For some levels of flushing the entomological inoculation rate drops to an insignificant amount and disease disappears, while the annual indoor resting density remains well above zero. In these scenarios, the disease is hypoendemic, yet the model shows that outbreaks can occur when disease is introduced at particular time points.
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13
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Metchanun N, Borgemeister C, Amzati G, von Braun J, Nikolov M, Selvaraj P, Gerardin J. Modeling impact and cost-effectiveness of driving-Y gene drives for malaria elimination in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Evol Appl 2022; 15:132-148. [PMID: 35126652 PMCID: PMC8792473 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria elimination will be challenging in countries that currently continue to bear high malaria burden. Sex-ratio-distorting gene drives, such as driving-Y, could play a role in an integrated elimination strategy if they can effectively suppress vector populations. Using a spatially explicit, agent-based model of malaria transmission in eight provinces spanning the range of transmission intensities across the Democratic Republic of the Congo, we predict the impact and cost-effectiveness of integrating driving-Y gene drive mosquitoes in malaria elimination strategies that include existing interventions such as insecticide-treated nets and case management of symptomatic malaria. Gene drive mosquitoes could eliminate malaria and were the most cost-effective intervention overall if the drive component was highly effective with at least 95% X-shredder efficiency at relatively low fertility cost, and associated cost of deployment below 7.17 $int per person per year. Suppression gene drive could be a cost-effective supplemental intervention for malaria elimination, but tight constraints on drive effectiveness and cost ceilings may limit its feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gaston Amzati
- Université Evangélique en AfriqueBukavuDemocratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | | | | | - Jaline Gerardin
- Institute for Disease ModelingBellevueWashingtonUSA
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute for Global HealthNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
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14
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Incidence of clinical malaria, acute respiratory illness, and diarrhoea in children in southern Malawi: a prospective cohort study. Malar J 2021; 20:473. [PMID: 34930300 PMCID: PMC8685799 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-04013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria, acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and diarrhoea are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years old. Estimates of the malaria incidence are available from a previous study conducted in southern Malawi in the absence of community-led malaria control strategies; however, the incidence of the other diseases is lacking, owing to understudying and competing disease priorities. Extensive malaria control measures through a community participation strategy were implemented in Chikwawa, southern Malawi from May 2016 to reduce parasite prevalence and incidence. This study assessed the incidence of clinical malaria, ARIs and acute diarrhoea among under-five children in a rural community involved in malaria control through community participation. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted from September 2017 to May 2019 in Chikwawa district, southern Malawi. Children aged 6–48 months were recruited from a series of repeated cross-sectional household surveys. Recruited children were followed up two-monthly for 1 year to record details of any clinic visits to designated health facilities. Incidence of clinical malaria, ARIs and diarrhoea per child-years at risk was estimated, compared between age groups, area of residence and time. Results A total of 274 out of 281 children recruited children had complete results and contributed 235.7 child-years. Malaria incidence was 0.5 (95% CI (0.4, 0.5)) cases per child-years at risk, (0.04 in 6.0–11.9 month-olds, 0.5 in 12.0–23.9 month-olds, 0.6 in 24.0–59.9 month-olds). Incidences of ARIs and diarrhoea were 0.3 (95% CI (0.2, 0.3)), (0.1 in 6.0–11.9 month-olds, 0.4 in 12.0–23.9 month-olds, 0.3 in 24.0–59.9 month-olds), and 0.2 (95% CI (0.2, 0.3)), (0.1 in 6.0–11.9 month-olds, 0.3 in 12.0–23.9 month-olds, 0.2 in 24.0–59.9 month-olds) cases per child-years at risk, respectively. There were temporal variations of malaria and ARI incidence and an overall decrease over time. Conclusion In comparison to previous studies, there was a lower incidence of clinical malaria in Chikwawa. The incidence of ARIs and diarrhoea were also low and decreased over time. The results are promising because they highlight the importance of community participation and the integration of malaria prevention strategies in contributing to disease burden reduction. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-04013-5.
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15
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Ranjha R, Sharma A. Forest malaria: the prevailing obstacle for malaria control and elimination in India. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2021-005391. [PMID: 33990358 PMCID: PMC8127975 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the decrease in malaria mortality and morbidity, it remains a significant public health problem in India. India is targeting malaria elimination from the country by 2030. Different areas in India are in different phases of malaria elimination. The emerging resistance in vectors as well parasite have added necessity to accelerate the malaria elimination programme. Forested areas remain the foci for malaria transmission due to favourable human and environmental factors. Here, we analysed the longitudinal data from 2000 to 2019 to see the trends in forest malaria in India. Population living in forested areas are major malaria contributors. From 2000 to 2019, ~32% of malaria cases and 42% of malaria related deaths were reported from forested districts which represent only ~6.6% of the total Indian population. Increasing insecticide resistance, a high percentage of submicroscopic infections and challenging to test and treat communities are the crucial components of the prevailing obstacles of forested malaria. To achieve the elimination goal, efforts should be intensified with more resources diverted to the forested areas. Malaria control in forested areas will bring fruitful results for malaria control in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Ranjha
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, Delhi, India.,Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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16
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Morris AL, Ghani A, Ferguson N. Fine-scale estimation of key life-history parameters of malaria vectors: implications for next-generation vector control technologies. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:311. [PMID: 34103094 PMCID: PMC8188720 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04789-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquito control has the potential to significantly reduce malaria burden on a region, but to influence public health policy must also show cost-effectiveness. Gaps in our knowledge of mosquito population dynamics mean that mathematical modelling of vector control interventions have typically made simplifying assumptions about key aspects of mosquito ecology. Often, these assumptions can distort the predicted efficacy of vector control, particularly next-generation tools such as gene drive, which are highly sensitive to local mosquito dynamics. Methods We developed a discrete-time stochastic mathematical model of mosquito population dynamics to explore the fine-scale behaviour of egg-laying and larval density dependence on parameter estimation. The model was fitted to longitudinal mosquito population count data using particle Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. Results By modelling fine-scale behaviour of egg-laying under varying density dependence scenarios we refine our life history parameter estimates, and in particular we see how model assumptions affect population growth rate (Rm), a crucial determinate of vector control efficacy. Conclusions Subsequent application of these new parameter estimates to gene drive models show how the understanding and implementation of fine-scale processes, when deriving parameter estimates, may have a profound influence on successful vector control. The consequences of this may be of crucial interest when devising future public health policy. Graphic abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04789-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Morris
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Azra Ghani
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Neil Ferguson
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
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17
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Keïta M, Sogoba N, Traoré B, Kané F, Coulibaly B, Traoré SF, Doumbia S. Performance of pirimiphos-methyl based Indoor Residual Spraying on entomological parameters of malaria transmission in the pyrethroid resistance region of Koulikoro, Mali. Acta Trop 2021; 216:105820. [PMID: 33400915 PMCID: PMC8008285 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Malaria vector control in Mali relies heavily on the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) in selected districts. As part of strengthening vector control strategies in Koulikoro district, the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) through the support from the US President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) has strategically driven the implementation of IRS, with the LLINs coverage also rising from 93.3% and 98.2%. Due to the increased reports of vector resistance to both pyrethroid and carbamates, there was a campaign for the use of pirimiphos-methyl, an organophosphate at Koulikoro between 2015 and 2016. In this study, the effect of IRS on malaria transmission was assessed, by comparing some key entomological indices between Koulikoro, where IRS was implemented and its neighboring district, Banamba that has never received IRS as vector control intervention. The study was conducted in two villages of each district (Koulikoro and Banamba). Pyrethrum spray catches and entry window trapping were used to collect mosquitoes on a monthly basis. WHO tube tests were carried out to assess mosquito susceptibility to insecticides. Mosquitoes were identified to species level by PCR and their infection to P. falciparum was detected by Enzyme Linked-Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA). Of the 527 specimens identified, An. coluzzii was the most frequent species (95%) followed by An. gambiae (4%) and An. arabiensis (1%). Its density was rainfall dependent in the no-IRS area, and almost independent in the IRS area. The infection rate (IR) in the no-IRS area was 0.96%, while it was null in the IRS area. In the no-IRS area, the entomological inoculation rate (EIR) was 0.21 infective bites /person month with a peak in September. High resistance to pyrethroids and carbamates and susceptibility to organophosphates was observed at all sites. The introduction of pirimiphos-methyl based IRS for vector control resulted in a significant decrease in malaria transmission. An. gambiae s.l., the main malaria vector in the area, was resistant to pyrethroids and carbamates but remained susceptible to the organophosphate pirimiphos-methyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Keïta
- Malaria Research and Training Center/International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali)/ Faculty of Medicine and Odonto Stomatology/University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB) Bamako, Mali.
| | - Nafomon Sogoba
- Malaria Research and Training Center/International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali)/ Faculty of Medicine and Odonto Stomatology/University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB) Bamako, Mali
| | - Boïssé Traoré
- Malaria Research and Training Center/International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali)/ Faculty of Medicine and Odonto Stomatology/University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB) Bamako, Mali
| | - Fousseyni Kané
- Malaria Research and Training Center/International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali)/ Faculty of Medicine and Odonto Stomatology/University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB) Bamako, Mali
| | - Boubacar Coulibaly
- Malaria Research and Training Center/International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali)/ Faculty of Medicine and Odonto Stomatology/University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB) Bamako, Mali
| | - Sekou Fantamady Traoré
- Malaria Research and Training Center/International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali)/ Faculty of Medicine and Odonto Stomatology/University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB) Bamako, Mali
| | - Seydou Doumbia
- Malaria Research and Training Center/International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali)/ Faculty of Medicine and Odonto Stomatology/University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB) Bamako, Mali
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18
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Chandu AGS, Sengupta PP, Jacob SS, Suresh KP, Borthakur SK, Patra G, Roy P. Seroprevalence of Trypanosoma evansi in cattle and analysis of associated climatic risk factors in Mizoram, India. J Parasit Dis 2020; 45:244-251. [PMID: 33746410 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01301-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Surra, a haemoprotozoan parasitic disease even in subclinical form poses a challenge in terms of diagnosis and management to animal health practitioners and policy makers as well; eventually imparting financial loss to the livestock holders. A systematic study was designed to assess the seroprevalence of surra in cattle and associated climatic risk factors, by collecting 480 serum samples across the eight districts of Mizoram during 2017-2019. The apparent and true seroprevalence detected by card agglutination test was 37.08% (CI at 95%: 32.88-41.49) and 36.59% (CI at 95%: 32.4-40.99) whereas by recombinant Variable Surface Glycoprotein based indirect ELISA was 41.88% (CI at 95%: 37.5-46.3) and 40.35% (CI at 95%: 36.02-44.76) respectively. Climate parameters which influence vector population were extracted from their respective database and were correlated with seroprevalence data. Linear discriminant analysis revealed that air temperature, relative humidity and diurnal temperature range, leaf area index and soil moisture as significant risk factors discriminating seropositive and seronegative data sets classified by indirect ELISA. This study is the first report on seroprevalence of surra in cattle of Mizoram and the situation demands deployment of intervention strategies in order to assess the endemicity of the disease and thereby preventing the economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G S Chandu
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, P.B. No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064 India
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Jain University, Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - P P Sengupta
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, P.B. No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064 India
| | - S S Jacob
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, P.B. No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064 India
| | - K P Suresh
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, P.B. No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064 India
| | - S K Borthakur
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - G Patra
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - P Roy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, P.B. No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064 India
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19
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Gowelo S, Chirombo J, Koenraadt CJ, Mzilahowa T, van den Berg H, Takken W, McCann RS. Characterisation of anopheline larval habitats in southern Malawi. Acta Trop 2020; 210:105558. [PMID: 32485166 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increasing the knowledgebase of anopheline larval ecology could enable targeted deployment of malaria control efforts and consequently reduce costs of implementation. In Malawi, there exists a knowledge gap in anopheline larval ecology and, therefore, basis for targeted deployment of larval source management (LSM) for malaria control, specifically larvicides. We set out to characterize anopheline larval habitats in the Majete area of Malawi on the basis of habitat ecology and anopheline larval productivity to create a basis for larval control initiatives in the country. METHODS Longitudinal surveys were conducted in randomly selected larval habitats over a period of fifteen months in Chikwawa district, southern Malawi. Biotic and abiotic parameters of the habitats were modelled to determine their effect on the occurrence and densities of anopheline larvae. RESULTS Seventy aquatic habitats were individually visited between 1-7 times over the study period. A total of 5,123 immature mosquitoes (3,359 anophelines, 1,497 culicines and 267 pupae) were collected. Anopheline and culicine larvae were observed in sympatry in aquatic habitats. Of the nine habitat types followed, dams, swamps, ponds, borehole runoffs and drainage channels were the five most productive habitat types for anopheline mosquitoes. Anopheline densities were higher in aquatic habitats with bare soil making up part of the surrounding land cover (p<0.01) and in aquatic habitats with culicine larvae (p<0.01) than in those surrounded by vegetation and not occupied by culicine larvae. Anopheline densities were significantly lower in highly turbid habitats than in clearer habitats (p<0.01). Presence of predators in the aquatic habitats significantly reduced the probability of anopheline larvae being present (p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS Anopheline larval habitats are widespread in the study area. Presence of bare soil, culicine larvae, predators and the level of turbidity of water are the main determinants of anopheline larval densities in aquatic habitats in Majete, Malawi. While the most productive aquatic habitats should be prioritised, for the most effective control of vectors in the area all available aquatic habitats should be targeted, even those that are not characterized by the identified predictors. Further research is needed to determine whether targeted LSM would be cost-effective when habitat characterisation is included in cost analyses and to establish what methods would make the characterisation of habitats easier.
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20
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Arisco NJ, Rice BL, Tantely LM, Girod R, Emile GN, Randriamady HJ, Castro MC, Golden CD. Variation in Anopheles distribution and predictors of malaria infection risk across regions of Madagascar. Malar J 2020; 19:348. [PMID: 32993669 PMCID: PMC7526177 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03423-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deforestation and land use change is widespread in Madagascar, altering local ecosystems and creating opportunities for disease vectors, such as the Anopheles mosquito, to proliferate and more easily reach vulnerable, rural populations. Knowledge of risk factors associated with malaria infections is growing globally, but these associations remain understudied across Madagascar's diverse ecosystems experiencing rapid environmental change. This study aims to uncover socioeconomic, demographic, and ecological risk factors for malaria infection across regions through analysis of a large, cross-sectional dataset. METHODS The objectives were to assess (1) the ecological correlates of malaria vector breeding through larval surveys, and (2) the socioeconomic, demographic, and ecological risk factors for malaria infection in four ecologically distinct regions of rural Madagascar. Risk factors were determined using multilevel models for the four regions included in the study. RESULTS The presence of aquatic agriculture (both within and surrounding communities) is the strongest predictive factor of habitats containing Anopheles larvae across all regions. Ecological and socioeconomic risk factors for malaria infection vary dramatically across study regions and range in their complexity. CONCLUSIONS Risk factors for malaria transmission differ dramatically across regions of Madagascar. These results may help stratifying current malaria control efforts in Madagascar beyond the scope of existing interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Arisco
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Building 2, Room 329, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Benjamin L Rice
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
| | - Luciano M Tantely
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Romain Girod
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Gauthier N Emile
- Madagascar Health and Environmental Research (MAHERY), Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Marcia C Castro
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Building 2, Room 329, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Christopher D Golden
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Building 2, Room 329, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
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21
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Mathania MM, Munisi DZ, Silayo RS. Spatial and temporal distribution of Anopheles mosquito's larvae and its determinants in two urban sites in Tanzania with different malaria transmission levels. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 11:e00179. [PMID: 32964148 PMCID: PMC7490549 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In order to be able to design and implement control measures directed to the mosquito larva stages an understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution and its determinants in different malaria transmission settings is important. This study therefore, intended to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of Anopheles mosquito's larvae and its determinants in two urban sites with different transmission levels, in Tanzania. Methodology This study was conducted in Dodoma and Morogoro regions in Tanzania. The study was an ecological study of repeated cross-sectional type. Searching for water bodies in the selected wards was done by going around all streets. Potential breeding sites were given unique identification numbers and larval sampling was done using the standard dipping method with a 350 ml mosquito scoop and a calibrated pipette. Visual identification of presence of larvae and its abundance in each sampling were used to describe the larvae density. A sample of Anopheles mosquitoes which emerged from collected larvae, were processed for species identification using PCR. Descriptive statistics were arrived at by calculating different proportions for the variables. The overall impact of the variables on the density of Anopheles larvae was tested using multiple logistic regression. Variables with p-value less than 0.05 were regarded as significant. Results A total of 724 water bodies out of which, 576 (79.6%) potential breeding sites were analyzed. It was found that, most (96.2%) of the potential breeding sites were manmade and most (59.5%) were less than 5 m in diameter and 87.2% were within 100 m from human settlement. Out of all the potential breeding sites, 69.8% and 30.2% were in Morogoro and Dodoma respectively, out of which 72.2% and 68.4% respectively, were found during rainy season. Habitats with clean water, at a distance of 10–100 m from the house, in natural, shaded and partial sunlight habitats had higher odds of having high density of mosquito larvae than their counterparts (p < .05). The PCR analysis showed that 72.5% were An. arabiensis, 4.5% An. gambiaes.s, 0.5% An.coustaniand 20% An. quadrianulatuswhile 2.5% of the samples could not be identified because DNA was not amplified. Conclusion and recommendation Type of water, distance from the breeding site to human settlement, light intensity and habitat origin were significant predictors of variation on the spatial and temporal distribution of Anopheles mosquito breeding sites. With increased global emphasis on control measures that targets mosquito immature stages; we recommend that larval control measures should be developed while considering the findings from this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Mathew Mathania
- Department of Basic and Behavioral Sciences, School of Nursing, Saint John's University of Tanzania, Dodoma, Tanzania.,Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - David Zadock Munisi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Dodoma, P.O. Box 259, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Richard S Silayo
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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22
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Koenker H, Taylor C, Burgert-Brucker CR, Thwing J, Fish T, Kilian A. Quantifying Seasonal Variation in Insecticide-Treated Net Use among Those with Access. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:371-382. [PMID: 31264562 PMCID: PMC6685578 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal variation in the proportion of the population using an insecticide-treated net (ITN) is well documented and is widely believed to be dependent on mosquito abundance and heat, driven by rainfall and temperature. However, seasonal variation in ITN use has not been quantified controlling for ITN access. Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey datasets, their georeferenced data, and public rainfall and climate layers were pooled for 21 countries. Nine rainfall typologies were developed from rainfall patterns in Köppen climate zones. For each typology, the odds of ITN use among individuals with access to an ITN within their households (“ITN use given access”) were estimated for each month of the year, controlling for region, wealth quintile, residence, year, temperature, and malaria parasitemia level. Seasonality of ITN use given access was observed over all nine rainfall typologies and was most pronounced in arid climates and less pronounced where rainfall was relatively constant throughout the year. Peak ITN use occurred 1–3 months after peak rainfall and corresponded with peak malaria incidence and average malaria transmission season. The observed lags between peak rainfall and peak ITN use given access suggest that net use is triggered by mosquito density. In equatorial areas, ITN use is likely to be high year-round, given the presence of mosquitoes and an associated year-round perceived malaria risk. These results can be used to inform behavior change interventions to improve ITN use in specific times of the year and to inform geospatial models of the impact of ITNs on transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Koenker
- PMI VectorWorks Project, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cameron Taylor
- The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program, ICF, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Clara R Burgert-Brucker
- RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia.,The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program, ICF, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Julie Thwing
- Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tom Fish
- The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program, ICF, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Albert Kilian
- PMI VectorWorks Project, Tropical Health LLP, Montagut, Spain
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Hast MA, Stevenson JC, Muleba M, Chaponda M, Kabuya JB, Mulenga M, Lessler J, Shields T, Moss WJ, Norris DE, For The Southern And Central Africa International Centers Of Excellence In Malaria Research. Risk Factors for Household Vector Abundance Using Indoor CDC Light Traps in a High Malaria Transmission Area of Northern Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:126-136. [PMID: 31074411 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria transmission is dependent on the density and distribution of mosquito vectors, but drivers of vector abundance have not been adequately studied across a range of transmission settings. To inform intervention strategies for high-burden areas, further investigation is needed to identify predictors of vector abundance. Active household (HH) surveillance was conducted in Nchelenge district, Luapula Province, northern Zambia, a high-transmission setting with limited impact of malaria control. Between April 2012 and July 2017, mosquitoes were collected indoors during HH visits using CDC light traps. Demographic, environmental, and climatological correlates of vector abundance were identified using log-binomial regression models with robust standard errors. The primary malaria vectors in this setting were Anopheles funestus sensu stricto (s.s.) and Anopheles gambiae s.s. Anopheles funestus predominated in both seasons, with a peak in the dry season. Anopheles gambiae peaked at lower numbers in the rainy season. Environmental, climatic, and demographic factors were correlated with HH vector abundance. Higher vector counts were found in rural areas with low population density and among HHs close to roads and small streams. Vector counts were lower with increasing elevation and slope. Anopheles funestus was negatively associated with rainfall at lags of 2-6 weeks, and An. gambiae was positively associated with rainfall at lags of 3-10 weeks. Both vectors had varying relationships with temperature. These results suggest that malaria vector control in Nchelenge district should occur throughout the year, with an increased focus on dry-season transmission and rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa A Hast
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jennifer C Stevenson
- Macha Research Trust, Choma District, Zambia.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mbanga Muleba
- The Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Mike Chaponda
- The Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia
| | | | | | - Justin Lessler
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Timothy Shields
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William J Moss
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Douglas E Norris
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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24
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Koolhof IS, Gibney KB, Bettiol S, Charleston M, Wiethoelter A, Arnold AL, Campbell PT, Neville PJ, Aung P, Shiga T, Carver S, Firestone SM. The forecasting of dynamical Ross River virus outbreaks: Victoria, Australia. Epidemics 2019; 30:100377. [PMID: 31735585 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2019.100377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ross River virus (RRV) is Australia's most epidemiologically important mosquito-borne disease. During RRV epidemics in the State of Victoria (such as 2010/11 and 2016/17) notifications can account for up to 30% of national RRV notifications. However, little is known about factors which can forecast RRV transmission in Victoria. We aimed to understand factors associated with RRV transmission in epidemiologically important regions of Victoria and establish an early warning forecast system. We developed negative binomial regression models to forecast human RRV notifications across 11 Local Government Areas (LGAs) using climatic, environmental, and oceanographic variables. Data were collected from July 2008 to June 2018. Data from July 2008 to June 2012 were used as a training data set, while July 2012 to June 2018 were used as a testing data set. Evapotranspiration and precipitation were found to be common factors for forecasting RRV notifications across sites. Several site-specific factors were also important in forecasting RRV notifications which varied between LGA. From the 11 LGAs examined, nine experienced an outbreak in 2011/12 of which the models for these sites were a good fit. All 11 LGAs experienced an outbreak in 2016/17, however only six LGAs could predict the outbreak using the same model. We document similarities and differences in factors useful for forecasting RRV notifications across Victoria and demonstrate that readily available and inexpensive climate and environmental data can be used to predict epidemic periods in some areas. Furthermore, we highlight in certain regions the complexity of RRV transmission where additional epidemiological information is needed to accurately predict RRV activity. Our findings have been applied to produce a Ross River virus Outbreak Surveillance System (ROSS) to aid in public health decision making in Victoria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain S Koolhof
- College of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; College of Sciences and Engineering, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Katherine B Gibney
- Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Surveillance, Health Protection Branch, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Silvana Bettiol
- College of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Michael Charleston
- College of Sciences and Engineering, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Anke Wiethoelter
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna-Lena Arnold
- Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Surveillance, Health Protection Branch, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patricia T Campbell
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter J Neville
- Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Surveillance, Health Protection Branch, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Health, Western Australia, Public and Aboriginal Health, Environmental Health Directorate, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Phyo Aung
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tsubasa Shiga
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott Carver
- College of Sciences and Engineering, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Simon M Firestone
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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25
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Greischar MA, Beck-Johnson LM, Mideo N. Partitioning the influence of ecology across scales on parasite evolution. Evolution 2019; 73:2175-2188. [PMID: 31495911 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vector-borne parasites must succeed at three scales to persist: they must proliferate within a host, establish in vectors, and transmit back to hosts. Ecology outside the host undergoes dramatic seasonal and human-induced changes, but predicting parasite evolutionary responses requires integrating their success across scales. We develop a novel, data-driven model to titrate the evolutionary impact of ecology at multiple scales on human malaria parasites. We investigate how parasites invest in transmission versus proliferation, a life-history trait that influences disease severity and spread. We find that transmission investment controls the pattern of host infectiousness over the course of infection: a trade-off emerges between early and late infectiousness, and the optimal resolution of that trade-off depends on ecology outside the host. An expanding epidemic favors rapid proliferation, and can overwhelm the evolutionary influence of host recovery rates and mosquito population dynamics. If transmission investment and recovery rate are positively correlated, then ecology outside the host imposes potent selection for aggressive parasite proliferation at the expense of transmission. Any association between transmission investment and recovery represents a key unknown, one that is likely to influence whether the evolutionary consequences of interventions are beneficial or costly for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Greischar
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | | | - Nicole Mideo
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
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26
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Saavedra MP, Conn JE, Alava F, Carrasco-Escobar G, Prussing C, Bickersmith SA, Sangama JL, Fernandez-Miñope C, Guzman M, Tong C, Valderrama C, Vinetz JM, Gamboa D, Moreno M. Higher risk of malaria transmission outdoors than indoors by Nyssorhynchus darlingi in riverine communities in the Peruvian Amazon. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:374. [PMID: 31358033 PMCID: PMC6664538 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains an important public health problem in Peru where incidence has been increasing since 2011. Of over 55,000 cases reported in 2017, Plasmodium vivax was the predominant species (76%), with P. falciparum responsible for the remaining 24%. Nyssorhynchus darlingi (previously Anopheles darlingi) is the main vector in Amazonian Peru, where hyperendemic Plasmodium transmission pockets have been found. Mazán district has pronounced spatial heterogeneity of P. vivax malaria. However, little is known about behavior, ecology or seasonal dynamics of Ny. darlingi in Mazán. This study aimed to gather baseline information about bionomics of malaria vectors and transmission risk factors in a hyperendemic malaria area of Amazonian Peru. METHODS To assess vector biology metrics, five surveys (two in the dry and three in the rainy season), including collection of sociodemographic information, were conducted in four communities in 2016-2017 on the Napo (Urco Miraño, URC; Salvador, SAL) and Mazán Rivers (Visto Bueno, VIB; Libertad, LIB). Human-biting rate (HBR), entomological inoculation rate (EIR) and human blood index (HBI) were measured to test the hypothesis of differences in entomological indices of Ny. darlingi between watersheds. A generalized linear mixed effect model (GLMM) was constructed to model the relationship between household risk factors and the EIR. RESULTS Nyssorhynchus darlingi comprised 95% of 7117 Anophelinae collected and its abundance was significantly higher along the Mazán River. The highest EIRs (3.03-4.54) were detected in March and June in URC, LIB and VIB, and significantly more Ny. darlingi were infected outdoors than indoors. Multivariate analysis indicated that the EIR was >12 times higher in URC compared with SAL. The HBI ranged from 0.42-0.75; humans were the most common blood source, followed by Galliformes and cows. There were dramatic differences in peak biting time and malaria incidence with similar bednet coverage in the villages. CONCLUSIONS Nyssorhynchus darlingi is the predominant contributor to malaria transmission in the Mazán District, Peru. Malaria risk in these villages is higher in the peridomestic area, with pronounced heterogeneities between and within villages on the Mazán and the Napo Rivers. Spatiotemporal identification and quantification of the prevailing malaria transmission would provide new evidence to orient specific control measures for vulnerable or at high risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon P Saavedra
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Jan E Conn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York-Albany, Albany, NY, USA. .,Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.
| | | | - Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Catharine Prussing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York-Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Jorge L Sangama
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos Fernandez-Miñope
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Mitchel Guzman
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos Tong
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Instituto de Medicinal Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Marta Moreno
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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27
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Jules JR, Albuquerque HG, Suárez-Mutis MC, Pereira de Oliveira SM, Gil-Santana HR, Rodrigues W, Alencar J. Species Diversity and Abundance of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Cachoeiras de Macacu Municipality, Rio de Janeiro State: An Area of the Atlantic Forest Receptive and Vulnerable to Malaria. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:849-858. [PMID: 30649408 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the diversity of Anopheles Meigen, 1818 belonging to the subgenus Nyssorhynchus Blanchard, 1902 in four areas of Cachoeiras de Macacu municipality, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The immature collections were carried out during a rainy period and a post-rainy season. During the two periods, 3,932 specimens of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) were collected: 562 in the rainy period (14.29%) and 3,370 in the post-rainy period (85.70%). Among 3,932 specimens collected during both periods, 489 were identified, 50 (8.89%) in the rainy period and 439 (13.02%) in the post-rainy period. Nine Anopheles species were recorded: Anopheles albitarsis Lynch Arribálzaga, 1878 s.l. (76.86%), An. braziliensis (Chagas, 1907) (17%); An. evansae (Bréthes, 1926) (8, 48%); An. triannulatus (Neiva & Pinto, 1922) s.l. (8.23%); An. oswaldoi (Peryassú, 1922) (6.43%); An. strodei Root, 1926 (5.40%); An. argyritarsis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827 (1.54%); An. rangeli Gabaldón et al., 1940 (1.28%); and An. aquasalis Curry, 1932 (0.51%). Among them, An. albitarsis was dominant and abundant in 93.75% of the collection points. Our results show a diverse Anopheles fauna in the municipality of Cachoeiras de Macacu, with a strong association of occurrence between An. rangeli and An. oswaldoi; An. rangeli and An. evansae; An. evansae and An. oswaldoi; and An. albitarsis s.l. and An. braziliensis during the rainy period. However, there was a weak correlation in the post-rainy period, except between An. rangeli and An. oswaldoi and between An. triannulatus and An. aquasalis, which displayed a moderate linear correlation. Our results suggest that following a potential reintroduction of malaria Cachoeiras de Macacu, local transmission of Plasmodium Marchiafava & Celli, 1885 may be enhanced by the presence of nine Nyssorhynchus species (all potential malaria vectors).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Ricardo Jules
- Diptera Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - William Rodrigues
- Diptera Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jeronimo Alencar
- Diptera Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Collins CM, Bonds JAS, Quinlan MM, Mumford JD. Effects of the removal or reduction in density of the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae s.l., on interacting predators and competitors in local ecosystems. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 33:1-15. [PMID: 30044507 PMCID: PMC6378608 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
New genetic control methods for mosquitoes may reduce vector species without direct effects on other species or the physical environment common with insecticides or drainage. Effects on predators and competitors could, however, be a concern as Anopheles gambiae s.l. is preyed upon in all life stages. We overview the literature and assess the strength of the ecological interactions identified. Most predators identified consume many other insect species and there is no evidence that any species preys exclusively on any anopheline mosquito. There is one predatory species with a specialisation on blood-fed mosquitoes including An. gambiae s.l.. Evarcha culicivora is a jumping spider, known as the vampire spider, found around Lake Victoria. There is no evidence that these salticids require Anopheles mosquitoes and will readily consume blood-fed Culex. Interspecific competition studies focus on other mosquitoes of larval habitats. Many of these take place in artificial cosms and give contrasting results to semi-field studies. This may limit their extrapolation regarding the potential impact of reduced An. gambiae numbers. Previous mosquito control interventions are informative and identify competitive release and niche opportunism; so while the identity and relative abundance of the species present may change, the biomass available to predators may not.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Collins
- Centre for Environmental PolicyImperial College LondonLondonU.K.
| | - J. A. S. Bonds
- Bonds Consulting Group LLCPanama City Beach, FloridaU.S.A.
| | - M. M. Quinlan
- Centre for Environmental PolicyImperial College LondonLondonU.K.
| | - J. D. Mumford
- Centre for Environmental PolicyImperial College LondonLondonU.K.
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Chahad-Ehlers S, Fushita AT, Lacorte GA, Assis PCPD, Del Lama SN. Effects of habitat suitability for vectors, environmental factors and host characteristics on the spatial distribution of the diversity and prevalence of haemosporidians in waterbirds from three Brazilian wetlands. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:276. [PMID: 29716645 PMCID: PMC5930942 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2847-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Wetlands are ecosystems in which vectors of avian haemosporidians live and reproduce and where waterbirds join to breed in colonies. Brazil has wetlands at different latitudes, which enables testing the influence of the ecological factors on the prevalence and diversity of haemosporidians. We identified avian haemosporidians in waterbird species in three wetlands and investigated the effects of vector habitat suitability, landscape and host characteristics on the diversity and prevalence of these parasites. Methods We created a map with the probability of occurrence of avian haemosporidian vectors using maximum-entropy modelling based on references addressing species known to be vectors of haemosporidians in birds in Brazil. We determined the prevalence and diversity index of haemosporidians in the great egret (Ardea alba) (n = 129) and roseate spoonbill (Platalea ajaja) (n = 180) and compared the findings to data for the wood stork (Mycteria americana) (n = 199). Results We report the first record of Plasmodium in the family Threskiornithidae: four lineages in the roseate spoonbill, which also presented one lineage of Haemoproteus. In the family Ardeidae, we found three Plasmodium lineages in the great egret. The similar habitat suitability for vectors found in three wetlands explains the pattern of haemosporidian diversity determined for great egret and wood stork populations. Comparisons of haemosporidian diversity within each waterbird species and between regions showed a higher level in the central-western roseate spoonbill population than in the northern population (P = 0.021). Removing the host effect, we discussed the results obtained in terms of characteristics of the Pantanal region. Comparisons of Plasmodium spp. prevalence among waterbird species within the same wetland showed higher level in roseate spoonbill (74%) than those found in the great egret (21%) and wood stork (11%). Excluding the environmental effect, we interpreted result focusing host characteristics that favour infection: time required for nestlings to be covered by feathers and migratory behaviour. Conclusions The map of habitat suitability showed that wetlands located in a 30° latitudinal range offer similar conditions for avian vectors species and diversity of haemosporidians. The lineages described in waterbirds were previously identified in birds of prey as Plasmodium paranucleophilum. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2847-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Chahad-Ehlers
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 SP-310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Angela Terumi Fushita
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Aplicadas Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados 5001, Santo André, São Paulo, 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Augusto Lacorte
- Laboratório Biologia Molecular, Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais, Bambuí, Fazenda Varginha, Rodovia Bambuí - Medeiros, km 5, Bambuí, Minas Gerais, 38900-000, Brazil
| | - Pamela Carla Pereira de Assis
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 SP-310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Silvia Nassif Del Lama
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 SP-310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
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30
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Lambert B, North A, Burt A, Godfray HCJ. The use of driving endonuclease genes to suppress mosquito vectors of malaria in temporally variable environments. Malar J 2018; 17:154. [PMID: 29618367 PMCID: PMC5885365 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of gene drive systems to manipulate populations of malaria vectors is currently being investigated as a method of malaria control. One potential system uses driving endonuclease genes (DEGs) to spread genes that impose a genetic load. Previously, models have shown that the introduction of DEG-bearing mosquitoes could suppress or even extinguish vector populations in spatially-heterogeneous environments which were constant over time. In this study, a stochastic spatially-explicit model of mosquito ecology is combined with a rainfall model which enables the generation of a variety of daily precipitation patterns. The model is then used to investigate how releases of a DEG that cause a bias in population sex ratios towards males are affected by seasonal or random rainfall patterns. The parameters of the rainfall model are then fitted using data from Bamako, Mali, and Mbita, Kenya, to evaluate release strategies in similar climatic conditions. Results In landscapes with abundant resources and large mosquito populations the spread of a DEG is reliable, irrespective of variability in rainfall. This study thus focuses mainly on landscapes with low density mosquito populations where the spread of a DEG may be sensitive to variation in rainfall. It is found that an introduced DEG will spread into its target population more reliably in wet conditions, yet an established DEG will have more impact in dry conditions. In strongly seasonal environments, it is thus preferable to release DEGs at the onset of a wet season to maximize their spread before the following dry season. If the variability in rainfall has a substantial random component, there is a net increase in the probability that a DEG release will lead to population extinction, due to the increased impact of a DEG which manages to establish in these conditions. For Bamako, where annual rainfall patterns are characterized by a long dry season, it is optimal to release a DEG at the start of the wet season, where the population is growing fastest. By contrast release timing is of lower importance for the less seasonal Mbita. Conclusion This analysis suggests that DEG based methods of malaria vector control can be effective in a wide range of climates. In environments with substantial temporal variation in rainfall, careful timing of releases which accounts for the temporal variation in population density can substantially improve the probability of mosquito suppression or extinction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2259-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Lambert
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK. .,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Ace North
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Austin Burt
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - H Charles J Godfray
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
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Kabaghe AN, Chipeta MG, Gowelo S, Mburu M, Truwah Z, McCann RS, van Vugt M, Grobusch MP, Phiri KS. Fine-scale spatial and temporal variation of clinical malaria incidence and associated factors in children in rural Malawi: a longitudinal study. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:129. [PMID: 29506570 PMCID: PMC5839004 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spatio-temporal variations in malaria burden are currently complex and costly to measure, but are important for decision-making. We measured the spatio-temporal variation of clinical malaria incidence at a fine scale in a cohort of children under five in an endemic area in rural Chikhwawa, Malawi, determined associated factors, and monitored adult mosquito abundance. Methods We followed-up 285 children aged 6–48 months with recorded geolocations, who were sampled in a rolling malaria indicator survey, for one year (2015–2016). Guardians were requested to take the children to a nearby health facility whenever ill, where health facility personnel were trained to record malaria test results and temperature on the child’s sick-visit card; artemisinin-based combination therapy was provided if indicated. The cards were collected and replaced 2-monthly. Adult mosquitoes were collected from 2-monthly household surveys using a Suna trap. The head/thorax of adult Anopheles females were tested for presence of Plasmodium DNA. Binomial logistic regression and geospatial modelling were performed to determine predictors of and to spatially predict clinical malaria incidence, respectively. Results Two hundred eighty two children, with complete results, and 267.8 child-years follow-up time were included in the analysis. The incidence rate of clinical malaria was 1.2 cases per child-year at risk; 57.1% of the children had at least one clinical malaria case during follow-up. Geographical groups of households where children experienced repeated malaria infections overlapped with high mosquito densities and high entomological inoculation rate locations. Conclusions Repeated malaria infections within household groups account for the majority of cases and signify uneven distribution of malaria risk within a small geographical area. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2730-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alinune N Kabaghe
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands. .,School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre 3, Malawi.
| | - Michael G Chipeta
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre 3, Malawi.,Lancaster University, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK.,Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust, P O Box 30096, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Steve Gowelo
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre 3, Malawi.,Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Monicah Mburu
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre 3, Malawi.,Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Zinenani Truwah
- Management Sciences for Health - Malawi Program, EBC Building, Off Paul Kagame Road, Private Bag 398, Lilongwe 3, Malawi
| | - Robert S McCann
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre 3, Malawi.,Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Michèle van Vugt
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kamija S Phiri
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre 3, Malawi
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Asale A, Duchateau L, Devleesschauwer B, Huisman G, Yewhalaw D. Zooprophylaxis as a control strategy for malaria caused by the vector Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae): a systematic review. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:160. [PMID: 29157310 PMCID: PMC5697156 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0366-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Zooprophylaxis is the use of wild or domestic animals, which are not the reservoir host of a given disease, to divert the blood-seeking malaria vectors from human hosts. In this paper, we systematically reviewed zooprophylaxis to assess its efficacy as a malaria control strategy and to evaluate the possible methods of its application. Methods The electronic databases, PubMed Central®, Web of Science, Science direct, and African Journals Online were searched using the key terms: “zooprophylaxis” or “cattle and malaria”, and reports published between January 1995 and March 2016 were considered. Thirty-four reports on zooprophylaxis were retained for the systematic review. Results It was determined that Anopheles arabiensis is an opportunistic feeder. It has a strong preference for cattle odour when compared to human odour, but feeds on both hosts. Its feeding behaviour depends on the available hosts, varying from endophilic and endophagic to exophilic and exophagic. There are three essential factors for zooprophylaxis to be effective in practice: a zoophilic and exophilic vector, habitat separation between human and host animal quarters, and augmenting zooprophylaxis with insecticide treatment of animals or co-intervention of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets and/or indoor residual spraying. Passive zooprophylaxis can be applied only in malaria vector control if cattle and human dwellings are separated in order to avoid the problem of zoopotentiation. Conclusions The outcomes of using zooprophylaxis as a malaria control strategy varied across locations. It is therefore advised to conduct a site-specific evaluation of its effectiveness in vector control before implementing zooprophylaxis as the behaviour of Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes varies across localities and circumstances. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-017-0366-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abebe Asale
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biometry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biometry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gerdien Huisman
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biometry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Ngowo HS, Kaindoa EW, Matthiopoulos J, Ferguson HM, Okumu FO. Variations in household microclimate affect outdoor-biting behaviour of malaria vectors. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:102. [PMID: 29552642 PMCID: PMC5829465 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12928.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Mosquito behaviours including the degree to which they bite inside houses or outside is a crucial determinant of human exposure to malaria. Whilst seasonality in mosquito vector abundance is well documented, much less is known about the impact of climate on mosquito behaviour. We investigated how variations in household microclimate affect outdoor-biting by malaria vectors, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus. Methods: Mosquitoes were sampled indoors and outdoors weekly using human landing catches at eight households in four villages in south-eastern Tanzania, resulting in 616 trap-nights over 12 months. Daily temperature, relative humidity and rainfall were recorded. Generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) were used to test associations between mosquito abundance and the microclimatic conditions. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) were used to investigate the influence of microclimatic conditions on the tendency of vectors to bite outdoors (proportion of outdoor biting). Results: An. arabiensis abundance peaked during high rainfall months (February-May), whilst An. funestus density remained stable into the dry season (May-August) . Across the range of observed household temperatures, a rise of 1 ºC marginally increased nightly An. arabiensis abundance (~11%), but more prominently increased An. funestus abundance (~66%). The abundance of An. arabiensis and An. funestus showed strong positive associations with time-lagged rainfall (2-3 and 3-4 weeks before sampling). The degree of outdoor biting in An. arabiensis was significantly associated with the relative temperature difference between indoor and outdoor environments, with exophily increasing as temperature inside houses became relatively warmer. The exophily of An. funestus did not vary with temperature differences. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that malaria vector An. arabiensis shifts the location of its biting from indoors to outdoors in association with relative differences in microclimatic conditions. These environmental impacts could give rise to seasonal variation in mosquito biting behaviour and degree of protection provided by indoor-based vector control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halfan S. Ngowo
- Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emmanuel Wilson Kaindoa
- Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa
| | - Jason Matthiopoulos
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Heather M. Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fredros O. Okumu
- Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa
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34
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Diouf I, Rodriguez-Fonseca B, Deme A, Caminade C, Morse AP, Cisse M, Sy I, Dia I, Ermert V, Ndione JA, Gaye AT. Comparison of Malaria Simulations Driven by Meteorological Observations and Reanalysis Products in Senegal. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14101119. [PMID: 28946705 PMCID: PMC5664620 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of the spatial and temporal variability of climate parameters is crucial to study the impact of climate-sensitive vector-borne diseases such as malaria. The use of malaria models is an alternative way of producing potential malaria historical data for Senegal due to the lack of reliable observations for malaria outbreaks over a long time period. Consequently, here we use the Liverpool Malaria Model (LMM), driven by different climatic datasets, in order to study and validate simulated malaria parameters over Senegal. The findings confirm that the risk of malaria transmission is mainly linked to climate variables such as rainfall and temperature as well as specific landscape characteristics. For the whole of Senegal, a lag of two months is generally observed between the peak of rainfall in August and the maximum number of reported malaria cases in October. The malaria transmission season usually takes place from September to November, corresponding to the second peak of temperature occurring in October. Observed malaria data from the Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme (PNLP, National Malaria control Programme in Senegal) and outputs from the meteorological data used in this study were compared. The malaria model outputs present some consistencies with observed malaria dynamics over Senegal, and further allow the exploration of simulations performed with reanalysis data sets over a longer time period. The simulated malaria risk significantly decreased during the 1970s and 1980s over Senegal. This result is consistent with the observed decrease of malaria vectors and malaria cases reported by field entomologists and clinicians in the literature. The main differences between model outputs and observations regard amplitude, but can be related not only to reanalysis deficiencies but also to other environmental and socio-economic factors that are not included in this mechanistic malaria model framework. The present study can be considered as a validation of the reliability of reanalysis to be used as inputs for the calculation of malaria parameters in the Sahel using dynamical malaria models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahima Diouf
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Atmosphère et de l'Océan-Siméon Fongang, Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique de l'Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), BP 5085, Dakar-Fann, Dakar 10700, Senegal.
- Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, Universidad Complutense de, Plaza de las Ciencias s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Belen Rodriguez-Fonseca
- Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, Universidad Complutense de, Plaza de las Ciencias s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain.
- Instituto de Geociencias IGEO, CSIC-UCM, Agencia Estatal del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Abdoulaye Deme
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche de Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie, Université Gaston Berger de Saint-Louis, BP 234, Saint-Louis 32000, Senegal.
| | - Cyril Caminade
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Water House Building, Liverpool L693GL, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research [M1] (NIHR), Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK.
| | - Andrew P Morse
- National Institute for Health Research [M1] (NIHR), Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK.
- Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Roxby Building, Liverpool L69 7ZT, UK.
| | - Moustapha Cisse
- Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme (PNLP), BP 25 270 Dakar-Fann, Dakar 10700, Senegal.
| | - Ibrahima Sy
- Centre de Suivi Ecologique, BP 15532, Fann Résidense, Dakar 10700, Senegal.
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar (IPD), Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, 36 Av. Pasteur, BP 220 Dakar, Dakar 12900, Senegal.
| | - Volker Ermert
- Institute of Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 13, D-50923 Cologne, Germany.
| | | | - Amadou Thierno Gaye
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Atmosphère et de l'Océan-Siméon Fongang, Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique de l'Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), BP 5085, Dakar-Fann, Dakar 10700, Senegal.
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35
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Abiodun GJ, Witbooi P, Okosun KO. Modeling and analyzing the impact of temperature and rainfall on mosquito population dynamics over Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. INT J BIOMATH 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793524517500553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Malaria parasites are strongly dependent on Anopheles mosquitoes for transmission; for this reason, mosquito population dynamics are a crucial determinant of malaria risk. However, temperature and rainfall play a significant role in both aquatic and adult stages of the Anopheles. Consequently, it is important to understand the biology of malaria vector mosquitoes in the study of malaria transmission. In this study, we develop a climate-based, ordinary-differential-equation model to analyze how rainfall and temperature determine mosquito population size. In the model, we consider in detail the influence of ambient temperature on gonotrophic and sporogonic cycles over Amajuba District, Kwazulu-Natal Province, South Africa. In particular, we further use the model to simulate the spatial distribution of the mosquito biting rate over the study region. Our results reflect high seasonality of the population of An. gambiae over the region and also demonstrate the influence of climatic factors on the mosquito population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gbenga J. Abiodun
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, Republic of South Africa
| | - Peter Witbooi
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, Republic of South Africa
| | - Kazeem O. Okosun
- Department of Mathematics, Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark, Andries Potgieter Blvrd-1900, Republic of South Africa
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36
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Beck-Johnson LM, Nelson WA, Paaijmans KP, Read AF, Thomas MB, Bjørnstad ON. The importance of temperature fluctuations in understanding mosquito population dynamics and malaria risk. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:160969. [PMID: 28405386 PMCID: PMC5383843 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is a key environmental driver of Anopheles mosquito population dynamics; understanding its central role is important for these malaria vectors. Mosquito population responses to temperature fluctuations, though important across the life history, are poorly understood at a population level. We used stage-structured, temperature-dependent delay-differential equations to conduct a detailed exploration of the impacts of diurnal and annual temperature fluctuations on mosquito population dynamics. The model allows exploration of temperature-driven temporal changes in adult age structure, giving insights into the population's capacity to vector malaria parasites. Because of temperature-dependent shifts in age structure, the abundance of potentially infectious mosquitoes varies temporally, and does not necessarily mirror the dynamics of the total adult population. In addition to conducting the first comprehensive theoretical exploration of fluctuating temperatures on mosquito population dynamics, we analysed observed temperatures at four locations in Africa covering a range of environmental conditions. We found both temperature and precipitation are needed to explain the observed malaria season in these locations, enhancing our understanding of the drivers of malaria seasonality and how temporal disease risk may shift in response to temperature changes. This approach, tracking both mosquito abundance and age structure, may be a powerful tool for understanding current and future malaria risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M. Beck-Johnson
- Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Author for correspondence: Lindsay M. Beck-Johnson e-mail:
| | - William A. Nelson
- Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Krijn P. Paaijmans
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew F. Read
- Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew B. Thomas
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Ottar N. Bjørnstad
- Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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37
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Ma M, Huang M, Leng P. Abundance and distribution of immature mosquitoes in urban rivers proximate to their larval habitats. Acta Trop 2016; 163:121-9. [PMID: 27515809 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Whether ecological restoration of polluted urban rivers would provide suitable breeding habitats for some mosquitoes was not clear yet. It was therefore important to determine how altered river conditions influence mosquito ecology. Monthly data on water quality and larval density were obtained to determine the effects of river systems on the distribution and abundance of immature mosquitoes in two coastal cities in Eastern China. In total, 5 species within two genera of mosquitoes were collected and identified in habitat with vegetation from three positive rivers. Culex pipiens pallens was the most abundant and widely distributed species. A new species (Culex fuscanus) was reported in certain districts. Physico-chemical parameters of river water were important, but not the only, set of influences on immature mosquito breeding. Aquatic vegetation could increase the likelihood of mosquito breeding while artificial aeration might prevent the approach of mosquitoes. Slow-moving water might be a new potential marginal habitat type for some Culex and Aedes albopictus. Variation of river system with ecological restoration might influence the abundance and distribution of immature mosquitoes.
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38
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Dewald JR, Fuller DO, Müller GC, Beier JC. A novel method for mapping village-scale outdoor resting microhabitats of the primary African malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae. Malar J 2016; 15:489. [PMID: 27659918 PMCID: PMC5034649 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1534-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge of Anopheles resting habitats is needed to advance outdoor malaria vector control. This study presents a technique to map locations of resting habitats using high-resolution satellite imagery (world view 2) and probabilistic Dempster-Shafer (D-S) modelling, focused on a rural village in southern Mali, West Africa where field sampling was conducted to determine outdoor habitat preferences of Anopheles gambiae, the main vector in the study area. Methods A combination of supervised and manual image classification was used to derive an accurate land-cover map from the satellite image that provided classes (i.e., photosynthetically active vegetation, water bodies, wetlands, and buildings) suitable for habitat assessment. Linear fuzzy functions were applied to the different image classes to scale resting habitat covariates into a common data range (0–1) with fuzzy breakpoints parameterized experimentally through comparison with mosquito outdoor resting data. Fuzzy layers were entered into a Dempster-Shafer (D-S) weight-of-evidence model that produced pixel-based probability of resting habitat locations. Results The D-S model provided a highly detailed suitability map of resting locations. The results indicated a significant difference (p < 0.001) between D-S values at locations positive for An. gambiae and a set of randomly sampled points. Further, a negative binomial regression indicated that although the D-S estimates did not predict abundance (p > 0.05) subsequent analysis suggested that the D-S modelling approach may provide a reasonable estimate locations of low-to-medium An. gambiae density. These results suggest that that D-S modelling performed well in identifying presence points and specifically resting habitats. Conclusion The use of a D-S modelling framework for predicting the outdoor resting habitat locations provided novel information on this little-known aspect of anopheline ecology. The technique used here may be applied more broadly at different geographic scales using Google Earth, Landsat or other remotely-sensed imagery to assess the malaria vector resting habitats where outdoor control measures can reduce the burden of the disease in Africa and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius R Dewald
- Department of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
| | - Douglas O Fuller
- Department of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Günter C Müller
- Kuvin Center for the Study of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - John C Beier
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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39
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Fleming DS, Koltes JE, Markey AD, Schmidt CJ, Ashwell CM, Rothschild MF, Persia ME, Reecy JM, Lamont SJ. Genomic analysis of Ugandan and Rwandan chicken ecotypes using a 600 k genotyping array. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:407. [PMID: 27230772 PMCID: PMC4882793 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2711-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Indigenous populations of animals have developed unique adaptations to their local environments, which may include factors such as response to thermal stress, drought, pathogens and suboptimal nutrition. The survival and subsequent evolution within these local environments can be the result of both natural and artificial selection driving the acquisition of favorable traits, which over time leave genomic signatures in a population. This study’s goals are to characterize genomic diversity and identify selection signatures in chickens from equatorial Africa to identify genomic regions that may confer adaptive advantages of these ecotypes to their environments. Results Indigenous chickens from Uganda (n = 72) and Rwanda (n = 100), plus Kuroilers (n = 24, an Indian breed imported to Africa), were genotyped using the Axiom® 600 k Chicken Genotyping Array. Indigenous ecotypes were defined based upon location of sampling within Africa. The results revealed the presence of admixture among the Ugandan, Rwandan, and Kuroiler populations. Genes within runs of homozygosity consensus regions are linked to gene ontology (GO) terms related to lipid metabolism, immune functions and stress-mediated responses (FDR < 0.15). The genes within regions of signatures of selection are enriched for GO terms related to health and oxidative stress processes. Key genes in these regions had anti-oxidant, apoptosis, and inflammation functions. Conclusions The study suggests that these populations have alleles under selective pressure from their environment, which may aid in adaptation to harsh environments. The correspondence in gene ontology terms connected to stress-mediated processes across the populations could be related to the similarity of environments or an artifact of the detected admixture. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2711-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J E Koltes
- Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | | | | | - C M Ashwell
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - M E Persia
- Virginia Polytechnic University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - J M Reecy
- Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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40
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Low M, Tsegaye AT, Ignell R, Hill S, Elleby R, Feltelius V, Hopkins R. The importance of accounting for larval detectability in mosquito habitat-association studies. Malar J 2016; 15:253. [PMID: 27142303 PMCID: PMC4855760 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1308-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquito habitat-association studies are an important basis for disease control programmes and/or vector distribution models. However, studies do not explicitly account for incomplete detection during larval presence and abundance surveys, with potential for significant biases because of environmental influences on larval behaviour and sampling efficiency. Methods Data were used from a dip-sampling study for Anopheles larvae in Ethiopia to evaluate the effect of six factors previously associated with larval sampling (riparian vegetation, direct sunshine, algae, water depth, pH and temperature) on larval presence and detectability. Comparisons were made between: (i) a presence-absence logistic regression where samples were pooled at the site level and detectability ignored, (ii) a success versus trials binomial model, and (iii) a presence-detection mixture model that separately estimated presence and detection, and fitted different explanatory variables to these estimations. Results Riparian vegetation was consistently highlighted as important, strongly suggesting it explains larval presence (−). However, depending on how larval detectability was estimated, the other factors showed large variations in their statistical importance. The presence-detection mixture model provided strong evidence that larval detectability was influenced by sunshine and water temperature (+), with weaker evidence for algae (+) and water depth (−). For larval presence, there was also some evidence that water depth (−) and pH (+) influenced site occupation. The number of dip-samples needed to determine if larvae were likely present at a site was condition dependent: with sunshine and warm water requiring only two dips, while cooler water and cloud cover required 11. Conclusions Environmental factors influence true larval presence and larval detectability differentially when sampling in field conditions. Researchers need to be more aware of the limitations and possible biases in different analytical approaches used to associate larval presence or abundance with local environmental conditions. These effects can be disentangled using data that are routinely collected (i.e., multiple dip samples at each site) by employing a modelling approach that separates presence from detectability. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1308-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Low
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Admasu Tassew Tsegaye
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rickard Ignell
- Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 102, 23053, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Sharon Hill
- Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 102, 23053, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Elleby
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vilhelm Feltelius
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard Hopkins
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, London, UK
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Jemal Y, Al-Thukair AA. Combining GIS application and climatic factors for mosquito control in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2016; 25:1593-1602. [PMID: 30591775 PMCID: PMC6303144 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to determine the effect of climatic factors (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) on mosquito abundance and to map mosquito larva breeding sites using GIS application in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. The data pertaining to larval and adult mosquito abundance/distribution and climatic factors were collected for the study period of 2014. Bi-variate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the relationship between mosquito abundance and climatic factors (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall). The utilization of GIS with GPS facilitates to identify and map larva breeding sites in the study area. The result showed strong negative correlation between mosquito abundance and temperature while there appeared a strong positive correlation with relative humidity and moderate positive correlation with rainfall. Low mosquito abundance was observed at high temperatures whereas high and moderate mosquito abundance was observed at high humidity and during rainy months, respectively. In the adult mosquito, the regression model for three climatic factors (temperature, RH and rainfall) and other factors showed a variation of 84.5% of the variance accounted for the climatic factors while the remaining 15.5% were attributed to other factors. In larva, 64.3% of the variance accounted for climatic factors, and the remaining 35.7% attributed to other factors such as the presence of vegetation, waste materials and water reservoirs such as ditches. In comparison, the larva seems influenced by the presence of vegetation, waste material, water reservoirs and ditches and less influenced by climatic factors than the adult mosquito. Development of a risk map by considering the flying distance of the adult mosquito from the studied sites showed three major clusters where a recommendation for management control program was suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Jemal
- Earth Science Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), P.O. Box: 8110, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Assad A Al-Thukair
- Life Science Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), P.O. Box: 157, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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A Regional Model for Malaria Vector Developmental Habitats Evaluated Using Explicit, Pond-Resolving Surface Hydrology Simulations. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150626. [PMID: 27003834 PMCID: PMC4803214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamical malaria models can relate precipitation to the availability of vector breeding sites using simple models of surface hydrology. Here, a revised scheme is developed for the VECTRI malaria model, which is evaluated alongside the default scheme using a two year simulation by HYDREMATS, a 10 metre resolution, village-scale model that explicitly simulates individual ponds. Despite the simplicity of the two VECTRI surface hydrology parametrization schemes, they can reproduce the sub-seasonal evolution of fractional water coverage. Calibration of the model parameters is required to simulate the mean pond fraction correctly. The default VECTRI model tended to overestimate water fraction in periods subject to light rainfall events and underestimate it during periods of intense rainfall. This systematic error was improved in the revised scheme by including the a parametrization for surface run-off, such that light rainfall below the initial abstraction threshold does not contribute to ponds. After calibration of the pond model, the VECTRI model was able to simulate vector densities that compared well to the detailed agent based model contained in HYDREMATS without further parameter adjustment. Substituting local rain-gauge data with satellite-retrieved precipitation gave a reasonable approximation, raising the prospects for regional malaria simulations even in data sparse regions. However, further improvements could be made if a method can be derived to calibrate the key hydrology parameters of the pond model in each grid cell location, possibly also incorporating slope and soil texture.
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Chirebvu E, Chimbari MJ, Ngwenya BN, Sartorius B. Clinical Malaria Transmission Trends and Its Association with Climatic Variables in Tubu Village, Botswana: A Retrospective Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0139843. [PMID: 26983035 PMCID: PMC4794139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Good knowledge on the interactions between climatic variables and malaria can be very useful for predicting outbreaks and preparedness interventions. We investigated clinical malaria transmission patterns and its temporal relationship with climatic variables in Tubu village, Botswana. A 5-year retrospective time series data analysis was conducted to determine the transmission patterns of clinical malaria cases at Tubu Health Post and its relationship with rainfall, flood discharge, flood extent, mean minimum, maximum and average temperatures. Data was obtained from clinical records and respective institutions for the period July 2005 to June 2010, presented graphically and analysed using the Univariate ANOVA and Pearson cross-correlation coefficient tests. Peak malaria season occurred between October and May with the highest cumulative incidence of clinical malaria cases being recorded in February. Most of the cases were individuals aged >5 years. Associations between the incidence of clinical malaria cases and several factors were strong at lag periods of 1 month; rainfall (r = 0.417), mean minimum temperature (r = 0.537), mean average temperature (r = 0.493); and at lag period of 6 months for flood extent (r = 0.467) and zero month for flood discharge (r = 0.497). The effect of mean maximum temperature was strongest at 2-month lag period (r = 0.328). Although malaria transmission patterns varied from year to year the trends were similar to those observed in sub-Saharan Africa. Age group >5 years experienced the greatest burden of clinical malaria probably due to the effects of the national malaria elimination programme. Rainfall, flood discharge and extent, mean minimum and mean average temperatures showed some correlation with the incidence of clinical malaria cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Chirebvu
- Okavango Research Institute, University of Botswana, Private Bag 285, Maun, Botswana
| | - Moses John Chimbari
- College of Health Sciences, Howard Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | | | - Benn Sartorius
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Parham PE, Waldock J, Christophides GK, Hemming D, Agusto F, Evans KJ, Fefferman N, Gaff H, Gumel A, LaDeau S, Lenhart S, Mickens RE, Naumova EN, Ostfeld RS, Ready PD, Thomas MB, Velasco-Hernandez J, Michael E. Climate, environmental and socio-economic change: weighing up the balance in vector-borne disease transmission. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:rstb.2013.0551. [PMID: 25688012 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Arguably one of the most important effects of climate change is the potential impact on human health. While this is likely to take many forms, the implications for future transmission of vector-borne diseases (VBDs), given their ongoing contribution to global disease burden, are both extremely important and highly uncertain. In part, this is owing not only to data limitations and methodological challenges when integrating climate-driven VBD models and climate change projections, but also, perhaps most crucially, to the multitude of epidemiological, ecological and socio-economic factors that drive VBD transmission, and this complexity has generated considerable debate over the past 10-15 years. In this review, we seek to elucidate current knowledge around this topic, identify key themes and uncertainties, evaluate ongoing challenges and open research questions and, crucially, offer some solutions for the field. Although many of these challenges are ubiquitous across multiple VBDs, more specific issues also arise in different vector-pathogen systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Parham
- Department of Public Health and Policy, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK Grantham Institute for Climate Change, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Joanna Waldock
- The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Deborah Hemming
- Meteorological Office Hadley Centre, UK Meteorological Office, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
| | - Folashade Agusto
- Department of Mathematics, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN 37044, USA
| | - Katherine J Evans
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Nina Fefferman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Holly Gaff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominium University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Abba Gumel
- Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1904, USA School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85069-7100, USA
| | - Shannon LaDeau
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, PO Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545-0129, USA
| | - Suzanne Lenhart
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1300, USA
| | - Ronald E Mickens
- Department of Physics, Clark Atlanta University, PO Box 172, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
| | - Elena N Naumova
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Richard S Ostfeld
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, PO Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545-0129, USA
| | - Paul D Ready
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Matthew B Thomas
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jorge Velasco-Hernandez
- Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mexico Institute of Mathematics Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Edwin Michael
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-0369, USA
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Jenkins E, Silva-Opps M, Opps SB, Perrin MR. Home Range and Habitat Selection of a Reintroduced African Wild Dog (Lycaon pictus) Pack in a Small South African Game Reserve. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3957/056.045.0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Upadhyayula SM, Mutheneni SR, Chenna S, Parasaram V, Kadiri MR. Climate drivers on malaria transmission in Arunachal Pradesh, India. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119514. [PMID: 25803481 PMCID: PMC4372434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted during the years 2006 to 2012 and provides information on prevalence of malaria and its regulation with effect to various climatic factors in East Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Correlation analysis, Principal Component Analysis and Hotelling's T² statistics models are adopted to understand the effect of weather variables on malaria transmission. The epidemiological study shows that the prevalence of malaria is mostly caused by the parasite Plasmodium vivax followed by Plasmodium falciparum. It is noted that, the intensity of malaria cases declined gradually from the year 2006 to 2012. The transmission of malaria observed was more during the rainy season, as compared to summer and winter seasons. Further, the data analysis study with Principal Component Analysis and Hotelling's T² statistic has revealed that the climatic variables such as temperature and rainfall are the most influencing factors for the high rate of malaria transmission in East Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryanaryana Murty Upadhyayula
- Biology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 607, India
| | - Srinivasa Rao Mutheneni
- Biology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 607, India
| | - Sumana Chenna
- Chemical Engineering Sciences, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 607, India
| | - Vaideesh Parasaram
- Chemical Engineering Sciences, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 607, India
| | - Madhusudhan Rao Kadiri
- Biology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 607, India
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The association of weather variability and under five malaria mortality in KEMRI/CDC HDSS in Western Kenya 2003 to 2008: a time series analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:1983-97. [PMID: 25674784 PMCID: PMC4344705 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120201983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is among the leading causes of mortality in the younger under-five group of children zero to four years of age. This study aims at describing the relationship between rainfall and temperature on under-five malaria or anaemia mortality in Kenya Medical Research Institute and United States Centers for Disease Control (KEMRI/CDC) Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS). This study was conducted through the ongoing KEMRI and CDC collaboration. A general additive model with a Poisson link function was fit to model the weekly association of lagged cumulative rainfall and average temperature on malaria/anemia mortality in KEMRI/CDC HDSS for the period 2003 to 2008. A trend function was included in the model to control for time trends and seasonality not explained by weather fluctuations. 95% confidence intervals was presented with estimates. Malaria or anemia mortality was found to be associated with changes in temperature and rainfall in the KEMRI HDSS, with a delay up to 16 weeks. The empirical estimates of associations describe established biological relationships well. This information, and particularly, the strength of the relationships over longer lead times can highlight the possibility of developing a predictive forecast with lead times up to 16 weeks in order to enhance preparedness to high transmission episodes.
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Ren Z, Wang D, Hwang J, Bennett A, Sturrock HJW, Ma A, Huang J, Xia Z, Feng X, Wang J. Spatial-temporal variation and primary ecological drivers of Anopheles sinensis human biting rates in malaria epidemic-prone regions of China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116932. [PMID: 25611483 PMCID: PMC4303435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robust malaria vector surveillance is essential for optimally selecting and targeting vector control measures. Sixty-two vector surveillance sites were established between 2005 and 2008 by the national malaria surveillance program in China to measure Anopheles sinensis human biting rates. Using these data to determine the primary ecological drivers of malaria vector human biting rates in malaria epidemic-prone regions of China will allow better targeting of vector control resources in space and time as the country aims to eliminate malaria. METHODS We analyzed data from 62 malaria surveillance sentinel sites from 2005 to 2008. Linear mixed effects models were used to identify the primary ecological drivers for Anopheles sinensis human biting rates as well as to explore the spatial-temporal variation of relevant factors at surveillance sites throughout China. RESULTS Minimum semimonthly temperature (β = 2.99; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.07- 3.92), enhanced vegetation index (β =1.07; 95% CI 0.11-2.03), and paddy index (the percentage of rice paddy field in the total cultivated land area of each site) (β = 0.86; 95% CI 0.17-1.56) were associated with greater An. Sinensis human biting rates, while increasing distance to the nearest river was associated with lower An. Sinensis human biting rates (β = -1.47; 95% CI -2.88, -0.06). The temporal variation (σ(s0)(2) = 0.83) in biting rates was much larger than the spatial variation (σ(t)(2) = 1.35), with 19.3% of temporal variation attributable to differences in minimum temperature and enhanced vegetation index and 16.9% of spatial variance due to distance to the nearest river and the paddy index. DISCUSSION Substantial spatial-temporal variation in An. Sinensis human biting rates exists in malaria epidemic-prone regions of China, with minimum temperature and enhanced vegetation index accounting for the greatest proportion of temporal variation and distance to nearest river and paddy index accounting for the greatest proportion of spatial variation amongst observed ecological drivers. CONCLUSIONS Targeted vector control measures based on these findings can support the ongoing malaria elimination efforts in China more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoupeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Duoquan Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jimee Hwang
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Adam Bennett
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hugh J. W. Sturrock
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Aimin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jixia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Center of 3S Technology and Mapping, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Ngom EHM, Faye ND, Talla C, Ndiaye EH, Ndione JA, Faye O, Ba Y, Diallo M, Dia I. Anopheles arabiensis seasonal densities and infection rates in relation to landscape classes and climatic parameters in a Sahelian area of Senegal. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:711. [PMID: 25526645 PMCID: PMC4279681 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0711-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of environmental and climatic factors on malaria vector bionomics and transmission is an important topic in the context of climatic change particularly at macro-geographical level. Sahelian areas could be particularly affected due to heterogeneous features including high inter-annual variability in rainfall and others associated parameters. Therefore, baseline information on the impact of environmental and climatic factors on malaria transmission at micro-geographical level is required for vector risk management and implementation of control strategies. METHODS Malaria vectors were collected indoors by pyrethrum spray catches in 14 villages belonging to 4 different landscape classes (wooded savanna, shrubby savanna, bare soils and steppe) in the sylvo-pastoral area of Senegal. Plasmodium falciparum infection rates were determined using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS An. arabiensis was the predominant species in all landscape classes and was the only species collected at the end of the rainy season excepted in villages located in bare soils where it cohabited with An. coluzzii. Mean temperature and relative humidity showed similar variations in all the landscape classes covered whereas rainfall was more heterogeneous in terms of pattern, frequency and amount. The mean densities of An. arabiensis displayed high seasonal differences with peaks observed in August or September. A positive non-significant correlation was observed between An. arabiensis densities for rainfall and humidity whereas a negative non-significant correlation was reported for temperature. Plasmodium falciparum-infected mosquitoes were detected only in wooded savanna and bare soils villages. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest key roles played by landscape classes and rainfall in malaria vector densities, infection rates and malaria transmission that could be more pronounced in villages situated in wooded savanna and bare soils. Due to the close relationship between environmental and meteorological parameters in this Sahelian region, additional studies on the impact of these parameters are required to further ascertain their association with entomological parameters involved in malaria transmission. From the public health point of view, such information could be useful for human population settlements as well as for monitoring and modelling purposes giving early warning system for implementation of interventions in these unstable transmission zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Hadji Malick Ngom
- Unité d'entomologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
- Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal.
| | | | - Cheikh Talla
- Unité d'entomologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
- Université Gaston Berger, Saint-Louis, Sénégal.
| | - El Hadji Ndiaye
- Unité d'entomologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
- Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal.
| | | | - Ousmane Faye
- Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal.
| | - Yamar Ba
- Unité d'entomologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Unité d'entomologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Unité d'entomologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
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Mweresa CK, Mukabana WR, Omusula P, Otieno B, Gheysens T, Takken W, van Loon JJA. Evaluation of textile substrates for dispensing synthetic attractants for malaria mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:376. [PMID: 25129505 PMCID: PMC4152566 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The full-scale impact of odour-baited technology on the surveillance, sampling and control of vectors of infectious diseases is partly limited by the lack of methods for the efficient and sustainable dispensing of attractants. In this study we investigated whether locally-available and commonly used textiles are efficient substrates for the release of synthetic odorant blends attracting malaria mosquitoes. Methods The relative efficacy of (a) polyester, (b) cotton, (c) cellulose + polyacrylate, and (d) nylon textiles as substrates for dispensing a synthetic odour blend (Ifakara blend 1(IB1)) that attracts malaria mosquitoes was evaluated in western Kenya. The study was conducted through completely randomized Latin square experimental designs under semi-field and field conditions. Results Traps charged with IB1-impregnated polyester, cotton and cellulose + polyacrylate materials caught significantly more female Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (semi-field conditions) and An. gambiae sensu lato (field conditions) mosquitoes than IB1-treated nylon (P = 0.001). The IB1-impregnated cellulose + polyacrylate material was the most attractive to female An. funestus mosquitoes compared to all other dispensing textile substrates (P < 0.001). The responses of female An. funestus mosquitoes to IB1-treated cotton and polyester were equal (P = 0.45). Significantly more female Culex mosquitoes were attracted to IB1-treated cotton than to the other treatments (P < 0.001). Whereas IB1-impregnated cotton and cellulose + polyacrylate material attracted equal numbers of female Mansonia mosquitoes (P = 0.44), the catches due to these two substrates were significantly higher than those associated with the other substrates (P < 0.001). Conclusion The number and species of mosquitoes attracted to a synthetic odour blend is influenced by the type of odour-dispensing material used. Thus, surveillance and intervention programmes for malaria and other mosquito vectors using attractive odour baits should select an odour-release material that optimizes the odour blend.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang R Mukabana
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P,O, Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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