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González-Montero MC, Andrés-Rodríguez J, García-Fernández N, Pérez-Pertejo Y, Reguera RM, Balaña-Fouce R, García-Estrada C. Targeting Trypanothione Metabolism in Trypanosomatids. Molecules 2024; 29:2214. [PMID: 38792079 PMCID: PMC11124245 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by trypanosomatids, including African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), Chagas disease, and different forms of leishmaniasis, are Neglected Tropical Diseases affecting millions of people worldwide, mainly in vulnerable territories of tropical and subtropical areas. In general, current treatments against these diseases are old-fashioned, showing adverse effects and loss of efficacy due to misuse or overuse, thus leading to the emergence of resistance. For these reasons, searching for new antitrypanosomatid drugs has become an urgent necessity, and different metabolic pathways have been studied as potential drug targets against these parasites. Considering that trypanosomatids possess a unique redox pathway based on the trypanothione molecule absent in the mammalian host, the key enzymes involved in trypanothione metabolism, trypanothione reductase and trypanothione synthetase, have been studied in detail as druggable targets. In this review, we summarize some of the recent findings on the molecules inhibiting these two essential enzymes for Trypanosoma and Leishmania viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Cristina González-Montero
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.-C.G.-M.); (J.A.-R.); (N.G.-F.); (Y.P.-P.); (R.M.R.)
| | - Julia Andrés-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.-C.G.-M.); (J.A.-R.); (N.G.-F.); (Y.P.-P.); (R.M.R.)
| | - Nerea García-Fernández
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.-C.G.-M.); (J.A.-R.); (N.G.-F.); (Y.P.-P.); (R.M.R.)
| | - Yolanda Pérez-Pertejo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.-C.G.-M.); (J.A.-R.); (N.G.-F.); (Y.P.-P.); (R.M.R.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Reguera
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.-C.G.-M.); (J.A.-R.); (N.G.-F.); (Y.P.-P.); (R.M.R.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Rafael Balaña-Fouce
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.-C.G.-M.); (J.A.-R.); (N.G.-F.); (Y.P.-P.); (R.M.R.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Estrada
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain; (M.-C.G.-M.); (J.A.-R.); (N.G.-F.); (Y.P.-P.); (R.M.R.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
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2
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Castro H, Rocha MI, Duarte M, Vilurbina J, Gomes-Alves AG, Leao T, Dias F, Morgan B, Deponte M, Tomás AM. The cytosolic hyperoxidation-sensitive and -robust Leishmania peroxiredoxins cPRX1 and cPRX2 are both dispensable for parasite infectivity. Redox Biol 2024; 71:103122. [PMID: 38490068 PMCID: PMC10955670 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Typical two-cysteine peroxiredoxins (2-Cys-PRXs) are H2O2-metabolizing enzymes whose activity relies on two cysteine residues. Protists of the family Trypanosomatidae invariably express one cytosolic 2-Cys-PRX (cPRX1). However, the Leishmaniinae sub-family features an additional isoform (cPRX2), almost identical to cPRX1, except for the lack of an elongated C-terminus with a Tyr-Phe (YF) motif. Previously, cytosolic PRXs were considered vital components of the trypanosomatid antioxidant machinery. Here, we shed new light on the properties, functions and relevance of cPRXs from the human pathogen Leishmania infantum. We show first that LicPRX1 is sensitive to inactivation by hyperoxidation, mirroring other YF-containing PRXs participating in redox signaling. Using genetic fusion constructs with roGFP2, we establish that LicPRX1 and LicPRX2 can act as sensors for H2O2 and oxidize protein thiols with implications for signal transduction. Third, we show that while disrupting the LicPRX-encoding genes increases susceptibility of L. infantum promastigotes to external H2O2in vitro, both enzymes are dispensable for the parasites to endure the macrophage respiratory burst, differentiate into amastigotes and initiate in vivo infections. This study introduces a novel perspective on the functions of trypanosomatid cPRXs, exposing their dual roles as both peroxidases and redox sensors. Furthermore, the discovery that Leishmania can adapt to the absence of both enzymes has significant implications for our understanding of Leishmania infections and their treatment. Importantly, it questions the conventional notion that the oxidative response of macrophages during phagocytosis is a major barrier to infection and the suitability of cPRXs as drug targets for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Castro
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Inês Rocha
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Duarte
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jordi Vilurbina
- Fachbereich Chemie, Abteilung Biochemie, RPTU Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ana Georgina Gomes-Alves
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Leao
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa Dias
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruce Morgan
- Institut für Biochemie, Zentrum für Human und Molekularbiologie (ZHMB), Universität des Saarlandes, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marcel Deponte
- Fachbereich Chemie, Abteilung Biochemie, RPTU Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ana Maria Tomás
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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3
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Tossounian MA, Zhao Y, Yu BYK, Markey SA, Malanchuk O, Zhu Y, Cain A, Gout I. Low-molecular-weight thiol transferases in redox regulation and antioxidant defence. Redox Biol 2024; 71:103094. [PMID: 38479221 PMCID: PMC10950700 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight (LMW) thiols are produced in all living cells in different forms and concentrations. Glutathione (GSH), coenzyme A (CoA), bacillithiol (BSH), mycothiol (MSH), ergothioneine (ET) and trypanothione T(SH)2 are the main LMW thiols in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. LMW thiols serve as electron donors for thiol-dependent enzymes in redox-mediated metabolic and signaling processes, protect cellular macromolecules from oxidative and xenobiotic stress, and participate in the reduction of oxidative modifications. The level and function of LMW thiols, their oxidized disulfides and mixed disulfide conjugates in cells and tissues is tightly controlled by dedicated oxidoreductases, such as peroxiredoxins, glutaredoxins, disulfide reductases and LMW thiol transferases. This review provides the first summary of the current knowledge of structural and functional diversity of transferases for LMW thiols, including GSH, BSH, MSH and T(SH)2. Their role in maintaining redox homeostasis in single-cell and multicellular organisms is discussed, focusing in particular on the conjugation of specific thiols to exogenous and endogenous electrophiles, or oxidized protein substrates. Advances in the development of new research tools, analytical methodologies, and genetic models for the analysis of known LMW thiol transferases will expand our knowledge and understanding of their function in cell growth and survival under oxidative stress, nutrient deprivation, and during the detoxification of xenobiotics and harmful metabolites. The antioxidant function of CoA has been recently discovered and the breakthrough in defining the identity and functional characteristics of CoA S-transferase(s) is soon expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Armineh Tossounian
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Yuhan Zhao
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Bess Yi Kun Yu
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel A Markey
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Oksana Malanchuk
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kyiv, 143, Ukraine
| | - Yuejia Zhu
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Cain
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Gout
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kyiv, 143, Ukraine.
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Berhe H, Kumar Cinthakunta Sridhar M, Zerihun M, Qvit N. The Potential Use of Peptides in the Fight against Chagas Disease and Leishmaniasis. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:227. [PMID: 38399281 PMCID: PMC10892537 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease and leishmaniasis are both neglected tropical diseases that affect millions of people around the world. Leishmaniasis is currently the second most widespread vector-borne parasitic disease after malaria. The World Health Organization records approximately 0.7-1 million newly diagnosed leishmaniasis cases each year, resulting in approximately 20,000-30,000 deaths. Also, 25 million people worldwide are at risk of Chagas disease and an estimated 6 million people are infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B, miltefosine, paromomycin, and pentamidine are currently used to treat leishmaniasis. Also, nifurtimox and benznidazole are two drugs currently used to treat Chagas disease. These drugs are associated with toxicity problems such as nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity, in addition to resistance problems. As a result, the discovery of novel therapeutic agents has emerged as a top priority and a promising alternative. Overall, there is a need for new and effective treatments for Chagas disease and leishmaniasis, as the current drugs have significant limitations. Peptide-based drugs are attractive due to their high selectiveness, effectiveness, low toxicity, and ease of production. This paper reviews the potential use of peptides in the treatment of Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. Several studies have demonstrated that peptides are effective against Chagas disease and leishmaniasis, suggesting their use in drug therapy for these diseases. Overall, peptides have the potential to be effective therapeutic agents against Chagas disease and leishmaniasis, but more research is needed to fully investigate their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nir Qvit
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel; (H.B.); (M.K.C.S.); (M.Z.)
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5
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Barrera-Téllez FJ, Prieto-Martínez FD, Hernández-Campos A, Martínez-Mayorga K, Castillo-Bocanegra R. In Silico Exploration of the Trypanothione Reductase (TryR) of L. mexicana. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16046. [PMID: 38003236 PMCID: PMC10671491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease which affects nearly 1.5 million people every year, with Mexico being an important endemic region. One of the major defense mechanisms of these parasites is based in the polyamine metabolic pathway, as it provides the necessary compounds for its survival. Among the enzymes in this route, trypanothione reductase (TryR), an oxidoreductase enzyme, is crucial for the Leishmania genus' survival against oxidative stress. Thus, it poses as an attractive drug target, yet due to the size and features of its catalytic pocket, modeling techniques such as molecular docking focusing on that region is not convenient. Herein, we present a computational study using several structure-based approaches to assess the druggability of TryR from L. mexicana, the predominant Leishmania species in Mexico, beyond its catalytic site. Using this consensus methodology, three relevant pockets were found, of which the one we call σ-site promises to be the most favorable one. These findings may help the design of new drugs of trypanothione-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Barrera-Téllez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Fernando D. Prieto-Martínez
- Instituto de Química, Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Carretera Mérida-Tetiz, Km. 4.5, Ucú 97357, Mexico
| | - Alicia Hernández-Campos
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Karina Martínez-Mayorga
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Unidad Mérida, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sierra Papacal, Mérida 97302, Mexico
| | - Rafael Castillo-Bocanegra
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
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Pillay CS, John N, Barry CJ, Mthethwa LMDC, Rohwer JM. Atypical network topologies enhance the reductive capacity of pathogen thiol antioxidant defense networks. Redox Biol 2023; 65:102802. [PMID: 37423162 PMCID: PMC10338151 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a significant health burden for developing countries, particularly with the rise of multidrug resistance. There is an urgent need to elucidate the factors underlying the persistence of pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma brucei. In contrast to host cells, these pathogens traverse multiple and varied redox environments during their infectious cycles, including exposure to high levels of host-derived reactive oxygen species. Pathogen antioxidant defenses such as the peroxiredoxin and thioredoxin systems play critical roles in the redox stress tolerance of these cells. However, many of the kinetic rate constants obtained for the pathogen peroxiredoxins are broadly similar to their mammalian homologs and therefore, their contributions to the redox tolerances within these cells are enigmatic. Using graph theoretical analysis, we show that compared to a canonical Escherichia coli redoxin network, pathogen redoxin networks contain unique network connections (motifs) between their thioredoxins and peroxiredoxins. Analysis of these motifs reveals that they increase the hydroperoxide reduction capacity of these networks and, in response to an oxidative insult, can distribute fluxes into specific thioredoxin-dependent pathways. Our results emphasize that the high oxidative stress tolerance of these pathogens depends on both the kinetic parameters for hydroperoxide reduction and the connectivity within their thioredoxin/peroxiredoxin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ché S Pillay
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa.
| | - Nolyn John
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Christopher J Barry
- Laboratory for Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Johann M Rohwer
- Laboratory for Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Rial MS, Reigada C, Prado N, Bua J, Esteva M, Pereira CA, Fichera LE. Effectiveness of the repurposed drug isotretinoin in an experimental murine model of Chagas disease. Acta Trop 2023; 242:106920. [PMID: 37028584 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Benznidazole and nifurtimox are the drugs currently used for the treatment of Chagas disease, however its side effects may affect patient adherence. In the search for new alternative therapies, we previously identified isotretinoin (ISO), an FDA-approved drug widely used for the treatment of severe acne through a drug repurposing strategy. ISO shows a strong activity against Trypanosoma cruzi parasites in the nanomolar range, and its mechanism of action is through the inhibition of T. cruzi polyamine and amino acid transporters from the Amino Acid/Auxin Permeases (AAAP) family. In this work, a murine model of chronic Chagas disease (C57BL/6 J mice), intraperitoneally infected with T. cruzi Nicaragua isolate (DTU TcI), were treated with different oral administrations of ISO: daily doses of 5 mg/kg/day for 30 days and weekly doses of 10 mg/kg during 13 weeks. The efficacy of the treatments was evaluated by monitoring blood parasitemia by qPCR, anti-T. cruzi antibodies by ELISA, and cardiac abnormalities by electrocardiography. No parasites were detected in blood after any of the ISO treatments. The electrocardiographic study of the untreated chronic mice showed a significant decrease in heart rate, while in the treated mice this negative chronotropic effect was not observed. Atrioventricular nodal conduction time in untreated mice was significantly longer than in treated animals. Mice treated even with ISO 10 mg/kg dose every 7 days, showed a significant reduction in anti-T. cruzi IgG levels. In conclusion, the intermittent administration of ISO 10 mg/kg would improve myocardial compromise during the chronic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela S Rial
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Dr. M Fatala Chaben/ANLIS-Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Chantal Reigada
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nilda Prado
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Dr. M Fatala Chaben/ANLIS-Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jacqueline Bua
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Dr. M Fatala Chaben/ANLIS-Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica Esteva
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Dr. M Fatala Chaben/ANLIS-Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio A Pereira
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Laura E Fichera
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Dr. M Fatala Chaben/ANLIS-Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Hampton MB, Dickerhof N. Inside the phagosome: A bacterial perspective. Immunol Rev 2023; 314:197-209. [PMID: 36625601 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The neutrophil phagosome is one of the most hostile environments that bacteria must face and overcome if they are to succeed as pathogens. Targeting bacterial defense mechanisms should lead to new therapies that assist neutrophils to kill pathogens, but this has not yet come to fruition. One of the limiting factors in this effort has been our incomplete knowledge of the complex biochemistry that occurs within the rapidly changing environment of the phagosome. The same compartmentalization that protects host tissue also limits our ability to measure events within the phagosome. In this review, we highlight the limitations in our knowledge, and how the contribution of bacteria to the phagosomal environment is often ignored. There appears to be significant heterogeneity among phagosomes, and it is important to determine whether survivors have more efficient defenses or whether they are ingested into less threatening environments than other bacteria. As part of these efforts, we discuss how monitoring or recovering bacteria from phagosomes can provide insight into the conditions they have faced. We also encourage the use of unbiased screening approaches to identify bacterial genes that are essential for survival inside neutrophil phagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nina Dickerhof
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Lobo-Rojas Á, Quintero-Troconis E, Rondón-Mercado R, Pérez-Aguilar. MC, Concepción JL, Cáceres AJ. Consumption of Galactose by Trypanosoma cruzi Epimastigotes Generates Resistance against Oxidative Stress. Pathogens 2022; 11:1174. [PMID: 36297231 PMCID: PMC9611177 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate that Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes previously grown in LIT medium supplemented with 20 mM galactose and exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (100 μM) showed two-fold and five-fold viability when compared to epimastigotes grown in LIT medium supplemented with two different glucose concentrations (20 mM and 1.5 mM), respectively. Similar results were obtained when exposing epimastigotes from all treatments to methylene blue 30 μM. Additionally, through differential centrifugation and the selective permeabilization of cellular membranes with digitonin, we found that phosphoglucomutase activity (a key enzyme in galactose metabolism) occurs predominantly within the cytosolic compartment. Furthermore, after partially permeabilizing epimastigotes with digitonin (0.025 mg × mg-1 of protein), intact glycosomes treated with 20 mM galactose released a higher hexose phosphate concentration to the cytosol in the form of glucose-1-phosphate, when compared to intact glycosomes treated with 20 mM glucose, which predominantly released glucose-6-phosphate. These results shine a light on T. cruzi's galactose metabolism and its interplay with mechanisms that enable resistance to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Lobo-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
| | - Ender Quintero-Troconis
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
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Barreiro-Costa O, Quiroga Lozano C, Muñoz E, Rojas-Silva P, Medeiros A, Comini MA, Heredia-Moya J. Evaluation of the Anti- Leishmania mexicana and - Trypanosoma brucei Activity and Mode of Action of 4,4'-(Arylmethylene)bis(3-methyl-1-phenyl-1 H-pyrazol-5-ol). Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081913. [PMID: 36009460 PMCID: PMC9405596 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis are neglected infections caused by trypanosomatid parasites. The first-line treatments have many adverse effects, high costs, and are prone to resistance development, hence the necessity for new chemotherapeutic options. In line with this, twenty five 4,4′-(arylmethylene)bis(1H-pyrazol-5-ols) derivatives were synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their anti-trypanosomatid activity. Ten and five compounds from this series showed IC50 ≤ 10 µM against the promastigote and the bloodstream stage of Leishmania mexicana and Trypanosoma brucei brucei, respectively. Overall, derivatives with pyrazole rings substituted with electron-withdrawing groups proved more active than those with electron-donating groups. The hits proved moderately selective towards L. mexicana and T. brucei (selectivity index, SI, compared to murine macrophages = 5−26). The exception was one derivative displaying an SI (>111−189) against T. brucei that surpassed, by >6-fold, the selectivity of the clinical drug nifurtimox (SI = 13−28.5). Despite sharing a common scaffold, the hits differed in their mechanism of action, with halogenated derivatives inducing a rapid and marked intracellular oxidative milieu in infective T. brucei. Notably, most of the hits presented better absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties than the reference drugs. Several of the bioactive molecules herein identified represent a promising starting point for further improvement of their trypanosomatid potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalla Barreiro-Costa
- Center for Biomedical Research (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo College of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Cristina Quiroga Lozano
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Erika Muñoz
- Instituto de Microbiología y Programa de Maestría en Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito 170901, Ecuador
| | - Patricio Rojas-Silva
- Center for Biomedical Research (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo College of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
- Instituto de Microbiología y Programa de Maestría en Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito 170901, Ecuador
| | - Andrea Medeiros
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Marcelo A. Comini
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
- Correspondence: (M.A.C.); (J.H.-M.)
| | - Jorge Heredia-Moya
- Center for Biomedical Research (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo College of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
- Correspondence: (M.A.C.); (J.H.-M.)
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11
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Ali V, Behera S, Nawaz A, Equbal A, Pandey K. Unique thiol metabolism in trypanosomatids: Redox homeostasis and drug resistance. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2022; 117:75-155. [PMID: 35878950 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are mainly responsible for heterogeneous parasitic diseases: Leishmaniasis, Sleeping sickness, and Chagas disease and control of these diseases implicates serious challenges due to the emergence of drug resistance. Redox-active biomolecules are the endogenous substances in organisms, which play important role in the regulation of redox homeostasis. The redox-active substances like glutathione, trypanothione, cysteine, cysteine persulfides, etc., and other inorganic intermediates (hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide) are very useful as defence mechanism. In the present review, the suitability of trypanothione and other essential thiol molecules of trypanosomatids as drug targets are described in Leishmania and Trypanosoma. We have explored the role of tryparedoxin, tryparedoxin peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glutaredoxins in the anti-oxidant mechanism and drug resistance. Up-regulation of some proteins in trypanothione metabolism helps the parasites in survival against drug pressure (sodium stibogluconate, Amphotericin B, etc.) and oxidative stress. These molecules accept electrons from the reduced trypanothione and donate their electrons to other proteins, and these proteins reduce toxic molecules, neutralize reactive oxygen, or nitrogen species; and help parasites to cope with oxidative stress. Thus, a better understanding of the role of these molecules in drug resistance and redox homeostasis will help to target metabolic pathway proteins to combat Leishmaniasis and trypanosomiases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahab Ali
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India.
| | - Sachidananda Behera
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Afreen Nawaz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Asif Equbal
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Botany, Araria College, Purnea University, Purnia, Bihar, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Department of Clinical Medicine, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India
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12
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Pedra-Rezende Y, Bombaça ACS, Menna-Barreto/ RFS. Is the mitochondrion a promising drug target in trypanosomatids? Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e210379. [PMID: 35195164 PMCID: PMC8862782 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760210379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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13
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Liu T, Zhang X. Comparative transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveal glutathione metabolic network and functional genes underlying blue and red-light mediation in maize seedling leaf. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:593. [PMID: 34906076 PMCID: PMC8670197 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03376-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Light quality severely affects biosynthesis and metabolism-associated process of glutathione. However, the role of specific light is still unclear on the glutathione metabolism. In this article, comparatively transcriptome and metabolome methods are used to fully understand the blue and red-light conditions working on the glutathione metabolism in maize seedling leaf. RESULTS There are 20 differently expressed genes and 4 differently expressed metabolites in KEGG pathway of glutathione metabolism. Among them, 12 genes belong to the glutathione S-transferase family, 3 genes belong to the ascorbate peroxidase gene family and 2 genes belong to the ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase gene family. Three genes, G6PD, SPDS1, and GPX1 belong to the gene family of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, spermidine synthase, and glutathione peroxidase, respectively. Four differently expressed metabolites are identified. Three of them, Glutathione disulfide, Glutathione, and l-γ-Glutamyl-L-amino acid are decreased while L-Glutamate is increased. In addition, Through PPI analysis, two annotated genes gst16 and DAAT, and 3 unidentified genes 100381533, pco105094 and umc2770, identified as RPP13-like3, BCAT-like1and GMPS, were obtained. By the analysis of protein sequence and PPI network, we predict that pco105094 and umc2770 were involved in the GSSG-GSH and AsA-GSH cycle in the network of glutathione metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Compared to red light, blue light remarkably changed the transcription signal transduction and metabolism of glutathione metabolism. Differently expressed genes and metabolic mapped to the glutathione metabolism signaling pathways. In total, we obtained three unidentified genes, and two of them were predicted in current glutathione metabolism network. This result will contribute to the research of glutathione metabolism of maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiedong Liu
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Xiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
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14
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Martín-Montes Á, Clares MP, Martín-Escolano R, Delgado-Pinar E, Marín C, Verdejo B, Martínez-Camarena Á, Molina-Carreño D, García-España E, Sánchez-Moreno M. Heterocyclic Diamines with Leishmanicidal Activity. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:3168-3181. [PMID: 34734686 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the world's most neglected diseases with a worldwide prevalence of 12 million people. There are no effective human vaccines for its prevention, and outdated drugs hamper treatment. Therefore, research aimed at developing new therapeutic tools to fight leishmaniasis remains a crucial goal today. With this purpose in mind, here, we present 10 new compounds made up by linking alkylated ethylenediamine units to pyridine or quinoline heterocycles with promising in vitro and in vivo efficacy against promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania infantum, Leishmania donovani, and Leishmania braziliensis species. Three compounds (2, 4, and 5) showed a selectivity index much higher in the amastigote form than the reference drug glucantime. These three derivatives affected the parasite infectivity rates; the result was lower parasite infectivity rates than glucantime tested at an IC25 dose. In addition, these derivatives were substantially more active against the three Leishmania species tested than glucantime. The mechanism of action of these compounds has been studied, showing alterations in glucose catabolism and leading to greater levels of iron superoxide dismutase inhibition. These molecules could be potential candidates for leishmaniasis chemotherapy due to their effectiveness and their ready synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Martín-Montes
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, C/Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - María Paz Clares
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular Universidad De Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rubén Martín-Escolano
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, C/Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, CT2 7NJ Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Estefanía Delgado-Pinar
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular Universidad De Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- University of Coimbra, Department of Chemistry, CQC, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, C/Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Begoña Verdejo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular Universidad De Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Álvaro Martínez-Camarena
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular Universidad De Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Molina-Carreño
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, C/Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Enrique García-España
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular Universidad De Valencia, C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, C/Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
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15
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da Rosa R, Dambrós BP, Höehr de Moraes M, Grand L, Jacolot M, Popowycz F, Steindel M, Schenkel EP, Campos Bernardes LS. Natural-product-inspired design and synthesis of two series of compounds active against Trypanosoma cruzi: Insights into structure-activity relationship, toxicity, and mechanism of action. Bioorg Chem 2021; 119:105492. [PMID: 34838333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemical scaffolds of natural products have historically been sources of inspiration for the development of novel molecules of biological relevance, including hit and lead compounds. To identify new compounds active against Trypanosoma cruzi, we designed and synthesized 46 synthetic derivatives based on the structure of two classes of natural products: tetrahydrofuran lignans (Series 1) and oxazole alkaloids (Series 2). Compounds were screened in vitro using a cellular model of T. cruzi infection. In the first series of compounds, 11 derivatives of hit compound 5 (EC50 = 1.1 µM) were found to be active; the most potent (7, 8, and 13) had EC50 values of 5.1-34.2 µM. In the second series, 17 analogs were found active at 50 µM; the most potent compounds (47, 49, 59, and 63) showed EC50 values of 24.2-49.1 µM. Active compounds were assessed for selectivity, hemocompatibility, synergistic potential, effects on mitochondrial membrane potential, and inhibitory effect on trypanothione reductase. All active compounds showed low toxicity against uninfected THP-1 cells and human erythrocytes. The potency of compounds 5 and 8 increased steadily in combination with benznidazole, indicating a synergistic effect. Furthermore, compounds 8, 47, 49, 59, and 63 inhibited parasitic mitochondria in a dose-dependent manner. Although increased reactive oxygen species levels might lead to mitochondrial effects, the results indicate that the mechanism of action of the compounds is not dependent on trypanothione reductase inhibition. In silico calculation of chemical descriptors and principal component analysis showed that the active compounds share common chemical features with other trypanocidal molecules and are predicted to have a good ADMET profile. Overall, the results suggest that the compounds are important candidates to be further studied for their potential against T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael da Rosa
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica Medicinal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Campus Universitário, 88040900, Florianópolis, Brasil; Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE Lyon, UMR 5246, ICBMS. 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69621, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Bibiana Paula Dambrós
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Campus Universitário, 88040900, Florianópolis, Brasil
| | - Milene Höehr de Moraes
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Campus Universitário, 88040900, Florianópolis, Brasil
| | - Lucie Grand
- Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE Lyon, UMR 5246, ICBMS. 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69621, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Maïwenn Jacolot
- Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE Lyon, UMR 5246, ICBMS. 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69621, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Florence Popowycz
- Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE Lyon, UMR 5246, ICBMS. 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69621, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Mario Steindel
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Campus Universitário, 88040900, Florianópolis, Brasil
| | - Eloir Paulo Schenkel
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica Medicinal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Campus Universitário, 88040900, Florianópolis, Brasil
| | - Lílian Sibelle Campos Bernardes
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica Medicinal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Campus Universitário, 88040900, Florianópolis, Brasil.
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16
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Shafi MT, Bamra T, Das S, Kumar A, Abhishek K, Kumar M, Kumar V, Kumar A, Mukherjee R, Sen A, Das P. Mevalonate kinase of Leishmania donovani protects parasite against oxidative stress by modulating ergosterol biosynthesis. Microbiol Res 2021; 251:126837. [PMID: 34375804 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis comprises of a wide variety of diseases, caused by protozoan parasite belonging to the genus Leishmania. Leishmania parasites undergo different types of stress during their lifetime and have developed strategies to overcome this damage. Identifying the mechanistic approach used by the parasite in dealing with the stress is of immense importance for unfolding the survival strategy adopted by the parasite. Mevalonate kinase (MVK) is an important regulatory factor in the mevalonate pathway in both bacteria and eukaryotes. In this study, we explored the role of Leishmania donovani mevalonate kinase (LdMVK) in parasite survival under stress condition. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and menadione, the two known oxidants were used to carry out the experiments. The MVK expression was found to be up regulated ∼2.1 fold and ∼2.3 fold under oxidative stress condition and under the effect of anti-Leishmania drug, AmBisome respectively. The cell viability declined under the effect of MVK inhibitor viz: vanadyl sulfate (VS). The level of intracellular ROS was also found to be increased under the effect of MVK inhibitor. To confirm the findings, LdMVK over expression (LdMVK OE) and LdMVK knockdown (LdMVK KD) parasites were generated. The level of ergosterol, an important component of plasma membrane in L. donovani, was observed and found to be reduced by nearly 60 % in LdMVK KD parasite and increased by nearly 30 % in LdMVK OE parasites as compared to wild type. However, the ergosterol content was found to be elevated under oxidative stress. Furthermore, LdMVK was also found to be associated with maintaining the plasma membrane integrity and also in preventing the peroxidation of cellular lipids when exposed to oxidative stress. The above data clearly suggests that MVK has a vital role in protecting the parasite from oxidative stress. These findings may also explore the contribution of LdMVK in drug unresponsiveness which may help in future rational drug designing for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Taj Shafi
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, 800 007, India
| | - Tanvir Bamra
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, 800 007, India
| | - Sushmita Das
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, 801 507, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, 800 007, India
| | - Kumar Abhishek
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, 800 007, India
| | - Manjay Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, 800 007, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, 800 007, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, 800 007, India
| | - Rimi Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, 800 007, India
| | - Abhik Sen
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, 800 007, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, 800 007, India; Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sheikhpura, Patna, Bihar, 800 014, India.
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17
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Dias GG, Paz ERS, Nunes MP, Carvalho RL, Rodrigues MO, Rodembusch FS, da Silva Júnior EN. Imidazoles and Oxazoles from Lapachones and Phenanthrene-9,10-dione: A Journey through their Synthesis, Biological Studies, and Optical Applications. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2702-2738. [PMID: 34170622 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Diverse structural frameworks are found in natural compounds and are well known for their chemical and biological properties; such compounds include the imidazoles and oxazoles. Researchers worldwide are continually working on the development of methods for synthesizing new molecules bearing these basic moiety and evaluating their properties and applications. To expand the knowledge related to azoles, this review summarizes important examples of imidazole and oxazole derivatives from 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds, such as lapachones and phenanthrene-9,10-diones, not only regarding their synthesis and biological applications but also their photophysical properties and uses. The data concerning the latter are particularly scarce in the literature, which leads to underestimation of the potential applications that can be envisaged for these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleiston G Dias
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Esther R S Paz
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mateus P Nunes
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Renato L Carvalho
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marieli O Rodrigues
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiano S Rodembusch
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eufrânio N da Silva Júnior
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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18
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Tamaki S, Mochida K, Suzuki K. Diverse Biosynthetic Pathways and Protective Functions against Environmental Stress of Antioxidants in Microalgae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1250. [PMID: 34205386 PMCID: PMC8234872 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic microalgae have been classified into several biological divisions and have evolutionarily acquired diverse morphologies, metabolisms, and life cycles. They are naturally exposed to environmental stresses that cause oxidative damage due to reactive oxygen species accumulation. To cope with environmental stresses, microalgae contain various antioxidants, including carotenoids, ascorbate (AsA), and glutathione (GSH). Carotenoids are hydrophobic pigments required for light harvesting, photoprotection, and phototaxis. AsA constitutes the AsA-GSH cycle together with GSH and is responsible for photooxidative stress defense. GSH contributes not only to ROS scavenging, but also to heavy metal detoxification and thiol-based redox regulation. The evolutionary diversity of microalgae influences the composition and biosynthetic pathways of these antioxidants. For example, α-carotene and its derivatives are specific to Chlorophyta, whereas diadinoxanthin and fucoxanthin are found in Heterokontophyta, Haptophyta, and Dinophyta. It has been suggested that AsA is biosynthesized via the plant pathway in Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta and via the Euglena pathway in Euglenophyta, Heterokontophyta, and Haptophyta. The GSH biosynthetic pathway is conserved in all biological kingdoms; however, Euglenophyta are able to synthesize an additional thiol antioxidant, trypanothione, using GSH as the substrate. In the present study, we reviewed and discussed the diversity of microalgal antioxidants, including recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Tamaki
- Microalgae Production Control Technology Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; (K.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Keiichi Mochida
- Microalgae Production Control Technology Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; (K.M.); (K.S.)
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- School of Information and Data Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Kengo Suzuki
- Microalgae Production Control Technology Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; (K.M.); (K.S.)
- euglena Co., Ltd., Tokyo 108-0014, Japan
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19
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da Silva MA, Fokoue HH, Fialho SN, Dos Santos APDA, Rossi NRDLP, Gouveia ADJ, Ferreira AS, Passarini GM, Garay AFG, Alfonso JJ, Soares AM, Zanchi FB, Kato MJ, Teles CBG, Kuehn CC. Antileishmanial activity evaluation of a natural amide and its synthetic analogs against Leishmania (V.) braziliensis: an integrated approach in vitro and in silico. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2199-2218. [PMID: 33963899 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07169-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is considered a neglected disease, which makes it an unattractive market for the pharmaceutical industry; hence, efforts in the search for biologically active substances are hampered by this lack of financial motivation. Thus, in the present study, we report the leishmanicidal activity and the possible mechanisms of action of compounds with promising activity against the species Leishmania (V.) braziliensis, the causative agent of the skin disease leishmaniasis. The natural compound 1a (piplartine) and the analog 2a were the most potent against promastigote forms with growth inhibition values for 50% of the parasite population (IC50) = 8.58 and 11.25 μM, respectively. For amastigote forms, the ICa50 values were 1.46 and 16.7 μM, respectively. In the molecular docking study, piplartine showed favorable binding energy (-7.13 kcal/mol) and with 50% inhibition of trypanothione reductase (IC50) = 91.1 μM. Preliminary investigations of the mechanism of action indicate that piplartine increased ROS levels, induced loss of cell membrane integrity, and caused accumulation of lipid bodies after 24 h of incubation at its lowest effective concentration (IC50), which was not observed for the synthetic analog 2a. The mode of action for the leishmanicidal activity of piplartine (1a) was assigned to involve affinity for the trypanothione reductase of Leishmania (V.) braziliensis TR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minelly A da Silva
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rondônia - IFRO, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.
- Federal University of Rondônia - UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.
- Instituto Federal de Rondônia - Porto Velho-Calama, Av. Calama, 4985 - Flodoaldo Pontes Pinto, Porto Velho, RO, 76820-441, Brazil.
| | - Harold H Fokoue
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ/RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Saara N Fialho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Rondônia - FIOCRUZ/RO, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal - BIONORTE, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | | | - Norton R D L P Rossi
- Federal University of Rondônia - UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Rondônia - FIOCRUZ/RO, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | | | - Amália S Ferreira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Rondônia - FIOCRUZ/RO, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Passarini
- Federal University of Rondônia - UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Rondônia - FIOCRUZ/RO, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Ana F G Garay
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Rondônia - FIOCRUZ/RO, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica - CEDIC, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Jorge J Alfonso
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Rondônia - FIOCRUZ/RO, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica - CEDIC, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Federal University of Rondônia - UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Rondônia - FIOCRUZ/RO, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal - BIONORTE, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Epidemiology in the Western Amazon - INCT-EpiAmO, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Fernando B Zanchi
- Federal University of Rondônia - UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Rondônia - FIOCRUZ/RO, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal - BIONORTE, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Massuo J Kato
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina B G Teles
- Federal University of Rondônia - UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Rondônia - FIOCRUZ/RO, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal - BIONORTE, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Epidemiology in the Western Amazon - INCT-EpiAmO, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Christian C Kuehn
- Federal University of Rondônia - UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
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20
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Jafari M, Abolmaali SS, Tamaddon AM, Zomorodian K, Sarkari BS. Nanotechnology approaches for delivery and targeting of Amphotericin B in fungal and parasitic diseases. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:857-877. [PMID: 33890492 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AMB), with widespread antifungal and anti-parasitic activities and low cross-resistance with other drugs, has long been identified as a potent antimicrobial drug. However, its clinical toxicities, especially nephrotoxicity, have limited its use in clinical practice. Lately, nano-based systems have been the subject of serious research and becoming an effective strategy to improve toxicity and antimicrobial potency. Commercial AMB lipid formulations have been developed in order to improve the therapeutic index and nephrotoxicity, while limited use is mainly due to their high cost. The review aimed to highlight the updated information on nanotechnology-based approaches to the development of AMB delivery and targeting systems for treatment of fungal diseases and leishmaniasis, regarding therapeutic challenges and achievements of various delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Jafari
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz PO Box 71345-1583, Iran
| | - Samira Sadat Abolmaali
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz PO Box 71345-1583, Iran.,Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, PO Box 71345-1583, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Tamaddon
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz PO Box 71345-1583, Iran.,Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, PO Box 71345-1583, Iran
| | - Kamiar Zomorodian
- Department of Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicines, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, PO Box 7134845794, Iran.,Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, PO Box 7134845794, Iran
| | - Bahador Shahriarirad Sarkari
- Department of Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicines, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, PO Box 7134845794, Iran.,Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, PO Box 7134845794, Iran
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21
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Ortíz C, Moraca F, Laverriere M, Jordan A, Hamilton N, Comini MA. Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase from Trypanosomes: Selectivity for Steroids and Chemical Validation in Bloodstream Trypanosoma brucei. Molecules 2021; 26:E358. [PMID: 33445584 PMCID: PMC7826790 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) fulfills an essential role in cell physiology by catalyzing the production of NADPH+ and of a precursor for the de novo synthesis of ribose 5-phosphate. In trypanosomatids, G6PDH is essential for in vitro proliferation, antioxidant defense and, thereby, drug resistance mechanisms. So far, 16α-brominated epiandrosterone represents the most potent hit targeting trypanosomal G6PDH. Here, we extended the investigations on this important drug target and its inhibition by using a small subset of androstane derivatives. In Trypanosoma cruzi, immunofluorescence revealed a cytoplasmic distribution of G6PDH and the absence of signal in major organelles. Cytochemical assays confirmed parasitic G6PDH as the molecular target of epiandrosterone. Structure-activity analysis for a set of new (dehydro)epiandrosterone derivatives revealed that bromination at position 16α of the cyclopentane moiety yielded more potent T. cruzi G6PDH inhibitors than the corresponding β-substituted analogues. For the 16α brominated compounds, the inclusion of an acetoxy group at position 3 either proved detrimental or enhanced the activity of the epiandrosterone or the dehydroepiandrosterone derivatives, respectively. Most derivatives presented single digit μM EC50 against infective T. brucei and the killing mechanism involved an early thiol-redox unbalance. This data suggests that infective African trypanosomes lack efficient NADPH+-synthesizing pathways, beyond the Pentose Phosphate, to maintain thiol-redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Ortíz
- Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay;
| | - Francesca Moraca
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Marc Laverriere
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomus (IIB-INTECH, UNSAM-CONICET), Av. General Paz 5445, INTI, San Martín 1650, Pcia de Buenos Aires, Argentina;
| | - Allan Jordan
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK; (A.J.); (N.H.)
| | - Niall Hamilton
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK; (A.J.); (N.H.)
| | - Marcelo A. Comini
- Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay;
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22
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Piñeyro MD, Arias D, Parodi-Talice A, Guerrero S, Robello C. Trypanothione Metabolism as Drug Target for Trypanosomatids. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1834-1846. [PMID: 33308115 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201211115329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chagas Disease, African sleeping sickness, and leishmaniasis are neglected diseases caused by pathogenic trypanosomatid parasites, which have a considerable impact on morbidity and mortality in poor countries. The available drugs used as treatment have high toxicity, limited access, and can cause parasite drug resistance. Long-term treatments, added to their high toxicity, result in patients that give up therapy. Trypanosomatids presents a unique trypanothione based redox system, which is responsible for maintaining the redox balance. Therefore, inhibition of these essential and exclusive parasite's metabolic pathways, absent from the mammalian host, could lead to the development of more efficient and safe drugs. The system contains different redox cascades, where trypanothione and tryparedoxins play together a central role in transferring reduced power to different enzymes, such as 2-Cys peroxiredoxins, non-selenium glutathione peroxidases, ascorbate peroxidases, glutaredoxins and methionine sulfoxide reductases, through NADPH as a source of electrons. There is sufficient evidence that this complex system is essential for parasite survival and infection. In this review, we explore what is known in terms of essentiality, kinetic and structural data, and the development of inhibitors of enzymes from this trypanothione-based redox system. The recent advances and limitations in the development of lead inhibitory compounds targeting these enzymes have been discussed. The combination of molecular biology, bioinformatics, genomics, and structural biology is fundamental since the knowledge of unique features of the trypanothione-dependent system will provide tools for rational drug design in order to develop better treatments for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Arias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnologia del Litoral y Facultad de Bioquimica y Ciencias Biologicas, CONICET-UNL, Santa F, Argentina
| | | | - Sergio Guerrero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnologia del Litoral y Facultad de Bioquimica y Ciencias Biologicas, CONICET-UNL, Santa F, Argentina
| | - Carlos Robello
- Unidad de Biologia Molecular, Instituto Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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23
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da Silva MTA, Silva IRE, Faim LM, Bellini NK, Pereira ML, Lima AL, de Jesus TCL, Costa FC, Watanabe TF, Pereira HD, Valentini SR, Zanelli CF, Borges JC, Dias MVB, da Cunha JPC, Mittra B, Andrews NW, Thiemann OH. Trypanosomatid selenophosphate synthetase structure, function and interaction with selenocysteine lyase. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008091. [PMID: 33017394 PMCID: PMC7595633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotes from the Excavata superphylum have been used as models to study the evolution of cellular molecular processes. Strikingly, human parasites of the Trypanosomatidae family (T. brucei, T. cruzi and L. major) conserve the complex machinery responsible for selenocysteine biosynthesis and incorporation in selenoproteins (SELENOK/SelK, SELENOT/SelT and SELENOTryp/SelTryp), although these proteins do not seem to be essential for parasite viability under laboratory controlled conditions. Selenophosphate synthetase (SEPHS/SPS) plays an indispensable role in selenium metabolism, being responsible for catalyzing the formation of selenophosphate, the biological selenium donor for selenocysteine synthesis. We solved the crystal structure of the L. major selenophosphate synthetase and confirmed that its dimeric organization is functionally important throughout the domains of life. We also demonstrated its interaction with selenocysteine lyase (SCLY) and showed that it is not present in other stable assemblies involved in the selenocysteine pathway, namely the phosphoseryl-tRNASec kinase (PSTK)-Sec-tRNASec synthase (SEPSECS) complex and the tRNASec-specific elongation factor (eEFSec) complex. Endoplasmic reticulum stress with dithiothreitol (DTT) or tunicamycin upon selenophosphate synthetase ablation in procyclic T. brucei cells led to a growth defect. On the other hand, only DTT presented a negative effect in bloodstream T. brucei expressing selenophosphate synthetase-RNAi. Furthermore, selenoprotein T (SELENOT) was dispensable for both forms of the parasite. Together, our data suggest a role for the T. brucei selenophosphate synthetase in the regulation of the parasite’s ER stress response. Selenium is both a toxic compound and a micronutrient. As a micronutrient, it participates in the synthesis of specific proteins, selenoproteins, as the amino acid selenocysteine. The synthesis of selenocysteine is present in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. The protist parasites of the Trypanosomatidae family, that cause major tropical diseases, conserve the complex machinery responsible for selenocysteine biosynthesis and incorporation in selenoproteins. However, this pathway has been considered dispensable for the parasitic protist cells. This has intrigued us, and lead to question that if maintained in the cell it should be under selective pressure and therefore be necessary. Also, extensive and dynamic protein-protein interactions must happen to deliver selenium-containing intermediates along the pathway in order to warrant efficient usage of biological selenium in the cell. In this study we have investigated the molecular interactions of different proteins involved in selenocysteine synthesis and its putative involvement in the endoplasmic reticulum redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Túlio Alves da Silva
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivan Rosa e Silva
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Lívia Maria Faim
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Natália Karla Bellini
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Murilo Leão Pereira
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura Lima
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Teresa Cristina Leandro de Jesus
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle and Center of Toxins, Immune Response and Cell Signaling—CeTICS, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Cristina Costa
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiana Faria Watanabe
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Humberto D'Muniz Pereira
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Júlio Cesar Borges
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Júlia Pinheiro Chagas da Cunha
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle and Center of Toxins, Immune Response and Cell Signaling—CeTICS, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bidyottam Mittra
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Norma W. Andrews
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Otavio Henrique Thiemann
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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24
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Saccoliti F, Di Santo R, Costi R. Recent Advancement in the Search of Innovative Antiprotozoal Agents Targeting Trypanothione Metabolism. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:2420-2435. [PMID: 32805075 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania and Trypanosoma parasites are responsible for the challenging neglected tropical diseases leishmaniases, Chagas disease, and human African trypanosomiasis, which account for up to 40,000 deaths annually mainly in developing countries. Current chemotherapy relies on drugs with significant limitations in efficacy and safety, prompting the urgent need to explore innovative approaches to improve the drug discovery pipeline. The unique trypanothione-based redox pathway, which is absent in human hosts, is vital for all trypanosomatids and offers valuable opportunities to guide the rational development of specific, broad-spectrum and innovative anti-trypanosomatid agents. Major efforts focused on the key metabolic enzymes trypanothione synthetase-amidase and trypanothione reductase, whose inhibition should affect the entire pathway and, finally, parasite survival. Herein, we will report and comment on the most recent studies in the search for enzyme inhibitors, underlining the promising opportunities that have emerged so far to drive the exploration of future successful therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Saccoliti
- D3 PharmaChemistry, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Santo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Roberta Costi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
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25
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Bar Routaray C, Bhor R, Bai S, Kadam NS, Jagtap S, Doshi PJ, Sundar S, Sawant S, Kulkarni MJ, Pai K. SWATH-MS based quantitative proteomics analysis to evaluate the antileishmanial effect of Commiphora wightii- Guggul and Amphotericin B on a clinical isolate of Leishmania donovani. J Proteomics 2020; 223:103800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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26
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Bogacz M, Dirdjaja N, Wimmer B, Habich C, Krauth-Siegel RL. The mitochondrial peroxiredoxin displays distinct roles in different developmental stages of African trypanosomes. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101547. [PMID: 32388269 PMCID: PMC7218024 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroperoxide reduction in African trypanosomes relies on 2-Cys-peroxiredoxins (Prxs) and glutathione peroxidase-type enzymes (Pxs) which both obtain their reducing equivalents from the trypanothione/tryparedoxin couple and thus act as tryparedoxin peroxidases. While the cytosolic forms of the peroxidases are essential, the mitochondrial mPrx and Px III appear dispensable in bloodstream Trypanosoma brucei. This led to the suggestion that in this developmental stage which is characterized by a mitochondrion that lacks an active respiratory chain, only one of the two peroxidases might be required. Here we show that bloodstream cells in which the Px III gene is deleted and mPrx is down-regulated by RNA interference, proliferate as the parental cells indicating that both mitochondrial peroxidases are dispensable. However, when we raised the culture temperature to 39 °C, mPrx-depleted cells died indicating that under conditions mimicking a fever situation in the mammalian host, the protein becomes essential. In contrast, depletion of mPrx in insect stage procyclic T. brucei causes a proliferation defect under standard conditions at 27 °C, in the absence of any stress. In the absence of mPrx, a tryparedoxin-coupled roGFP2 biosensor expressed in the mitochondrial matrix is unable to respond to antimycin A treatment. Thus mPrx reduces mitochondrial H2O2 with the generation of trypanothione disulfide and acts as peroxidase. However, mPrx-depleted procyclic cells neither display any alteration in the cytosolic or mitochondrial trypanothione redox state nor increased sensitivity towards exogenous oxidative stressors suggesting that the peroxidase activity is not the crucial physiological function. After prolonged mPrx-depletion, the cells almost stop proliferation and display a highly elongated shape and diminished MitoTracker Red staining. In contrast to the situation in the mammalian bloodstream T. brucei and Leishmania, mPrx appears to play a constitutive role for the morphology, mitochondrial function and proliferation of the insect stage of African trypanosomes. In bloodstream T. brucei, both mitochondrial tryparedoxin peroxidases are dispensable. Heat-stressed bloodstream cells require the mitochondrial peroxiredoxin (mPrx). In procyclic (PC) T. brucei, mPrx plays a constitutive role for proliferation. Lack of mPrx affects the structure and mitochondrial membrane potential of PC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bogacz
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie Dirdjaja
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Wimmer
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carina Habich
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Luise Krauth-Siegel
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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27
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Zhang N, Jiang N, Zhang K, Zheng L, Zhang D, Sang X, Feng Y, Chen R, Yang N, Wang X, Cheng Z, Suo X, Lun Z, Chen Q. Landscapes of Protein Posttranslational Modifications of African Trypanosoma Parasites. iScience 2020; 23:101074. [PMID: 32403088 PMCID: PMC7218301 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins of all living cells undergo a myriad of post-translational modifications (PTMs) that are critical to multifarious life processes. In this study, we describe the first comprehensive multiple PTM-omics atlas in parallel with quantitative proteome analyses of two representative species of African trypanosomes, Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma evansi. Ten PTM types with approximately 40,000 modified sites and 150 histone marks with a fine map on each protein of the two African trypanosomes were accomplished. The two biologically different trypanosomal species displayed distinct PTM-omic features, regulation pathways, and networks. Modifications in the proteins involved in the redox system were mainly upregulated in T. brucei, whereas proteins associated with motility were predominantly modified in T. evansi. The establishment of a database of multiple PTMs in the two parasites provides us with a deep insight into the biological mechanisms that underpin life processes in trypanosomes with different life cycles. The first multi-proteomic profiles of T. brucei and T. evansi were generated Histones are modified heavily and are highly conserved in trypanosomes The two biologically different trypanosomes displayed distinct PTM-omic features Crosstalk between different PTMs involved in critical biological processes
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Lili Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Na Yang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- College of Basic Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhongyi Cheng
- Jingjie PTM Biolab (Hangzhou) Co. Ltd, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xun Suo
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhaorong Lun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Qijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China; The Research Unit for Pathogenic Mechanisms of Zoonotic Parasites, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang 110866, China.
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28
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Butenko A, Opperdoes FR, Flegontova O, Horák A, Hampl V, Keeling P, Gawryluk RMR, Tikhonenkov D, Flegontov P, Lukeš J. Evolution of metabolic capabilities and molecular features of diplonemids, kinetoplastids, and euglenids. BMC Biol 2020; 18:23. [PMID: 32122335 PMCID: PMC7052976 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-0754-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Euglenozoa are a protist group with an especially rich history of evolutionary diversity. They include diplonemids, representing arguably the most species-rich clade of marine planktonic eukaryotes; trypanosomatids, which are notorious parasites of medical and veterinary importance; and free-living euglenids. These different lifestyles, and particularly the transition from free-living to parasitic, likely require different metabolic capabilities. We carried out a comparative genomic analysis across euglenozoan diversity to see how changing repertoires of enzymes and structural features correspond to major changes in lifestyles. Results We find a gradual loss of genes encoding enzymes in the evolution of kinetoplastids, rather than a sudden decrease in metabolic capabilities corresponding to the origin of parasitism, while diplonemids and euglenids maintain more metabolic versatility. Distinctive characteristics of molecular machines such as kinetochores and the pre-replication complex that were previously considered specific to parasitic kinetoplastids were also identified in their free-living relatives. Therefore, we argue that they represent an ancestral rather than a derived state, as thought until the present. We also found evidence of ancient redundancy in systems such as NADPH-dependent thiol-redox. Only the genus Euglena possesses the combination of trypanothione-, glutathione-, and thioredoxin-based systems supposedly present in the euglenozoan common ancestor, while other representatives of the phylum have lost one or two of these systems. Lastly, we identified convergent losses of specific metabolic capabilities between free-living kinetoplastids and ciliates. Although this observation requires further examination, it suggests that certain eukaryotic lineages are predisposed to such convergent losses of key enzymes or whole pathways. Conclusions The loss of metabolic capabilities might not be associated with the switch to parasitic lifestyle in kinetoplastids, and the presence of a highly divergent (or unconventional) kinetochore machinery might not be restricted to this protist group. The data derived from the transcriptomes of free-living early branching prokinetoplastids suggests that the pre-replication complex of Trypanosomatidae is a highly divergent version of the conventional machinery. Our findings shed light on trends in the evolution of metabolism in protists in general and open multiple avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzhelika Butenko
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Fred R Opperdoes
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olga Flegontova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Horák
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Hampl
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Biocev, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick Keeling
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Denis Tikhonenkov
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Russia
| | - Pavel Flegontov
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic. .,Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic. .,Present address: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic. .,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.
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Ebersoll S, Bogacz M, Günter LM, Dick TP, Krauth-Siegel RL. A tryparedoxin-coupled biosensor reveals a mitochondrial trypanothione metabolism in trypanosomes. eLife 2020; 9:53227. [PMID: 32003744 PMCID: PMC7046469 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomes have a trypanothione redox metabolism that provides the reducing equivalents for numerous essential processes, most being mediated by tryparedoxin (Tpx). While the biosynthesis and reduction of trypanothione are cytosolic, the molecular basis of the thiol redox homeostasis in the single mitochondrion of these parasites has remained largely unknown. Here we expressed Tpx-roGFP2, roGFP2-hGrx1 or roGFP2 in either the cytosol or mitochondrion of Trypanosoma brucei. We show that the novel Tpx-roGFP2 is a superior probe for the trypanothione redox couple and that the mitochondrial matrix harbors a trypanothione system. Inhibition of trypanothione biosynthesis by the anti-trypanosomal drug Eflornithine impairs the ability of the cytosol and mitochondrion to cope with exogenous oxidative stresses, indicating a direct link between both thiol systems. Tpx depletion abolishes the cytosolic, but only partially affects the mitochondrial sensor response to H2O2. This strongly suggests that the mitochondrion harbors some Tpx and, another, as yet unidentified, oxidoreductase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Bogacz
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lina M Günter
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias P Dick
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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30
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Talevi A, Carrillo C, Comini M. The Thiol-polyamine Metabolism of Trypanosoma cruzi: Molecular Targets and Drug Repurposing Strategies. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6614-6635. [PMID: 30259812 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180926151059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chagas´ disease continues to be a challenging and neglected public health problem in many American countries. The etiologic agent, Trypanosoma cruzi, develops intracellularly in the mammalian host, which hinders treatment efficacy. Progress in the knowledge of parasite biology and host-pathogen interaction has not been paralleled by the development of novel, safe and effective therapeutic options. It is then urgent to seek for novel therapeutic candidates and to implement drug discovery strategies that may accelerate the discovery process. The most appealing targets for pharmacological intervention are those essential for the pathogen and, whenever possible, absent or significantly different from the host homolog. The thiol-polyamine metabolism of T. cruzi offers interesting candidates for a rational design of selective drugs. In this respect, here we critically review the state of the art of the thiolpolyamine metabolism of T. cruzi and the pharmacological potential of its components. On the other hand, drug repurposing emerged as a valid strategy to identify new biological activities for drugs in clinical use, while significantly shortening the long time and high cost associated with de novo drug discovery approaches. Thus, we also discuss the different drug repurposing strategies available with a special emphasis in their applications to the identification of drug candidates targeting essential components of the thiol-polyamine metabolism of T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Talevi
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Carolina Carrillo
- Instituto de Ciencias y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein (ICT Milstein) - CONICET. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Comini
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
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31
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Mesías AC, Garg NJ, Zago MP. Redox Balance Keepers and Possible Cell Functions Managed by Redox Homeostasis in Trypanosoma cruzi. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:435. [PMID: 31921709 PMCID: PMC6932984 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxicity of oxygen and nitrogen reactive species appears to be merely the tip of the iceberg in the world of redox homeostasis. Now, oxidative stress can be seen as a two-sided process; at high concentrations, it causes damage to biomolecules, and thus, trypanosomes have evolved a strong antioxidant defense system to cope with these stressors. At low concentrations, oxidants are essential for cell signaling, and in fact, the oxidants/antioxidants balance may be able to trigger different cell fates. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the current knowledge of the oxidant environment experienced by T. cruzi along the different phases of its life cycle, and the molecular tools exploited by this pathogen to deal with oxidative stress, for better or worse. Further, we discuss the possible redox-regulated processes that could be governed by this oxidative context. Most of the current research has addressed the importance of the trypanosomes' antioxidant network based on its detox activity of harmful species; however, new efforts are necessary to highlight other functions of this network and the mechanisms underlying the fine regulation of the defense machinery, as this represents a master key to hinder crucial pathogen functions. Understanding the relevance of this balance keeper program in parasite biology will give us new perspectives to delineate improved treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Mesías
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Nisha J Garg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - M Paola Zago
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
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32
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Saavedra E, González-Chávez Z, Moreno-Sánchez R, Michels PA. Drug Target Selection for Trypanosoma cruzi Metabolism by Metabolic Control Analysis and Kinetic Modeling. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6652-6671. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180917104242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the search for therapeutic targets in the intermediary metabolism of trypanosomatids
the gene essentiality criterion as determined by using knock-out and knock-down genetic
strategies is commonly applied. As most of the evaluated enzymes/transporters have
turned out to be essential for parasite survival, additional criteria and approaches are clearly
required for suitable drug target prioritization. The fundamentals of Metabolic Control
Analysis (MCA; an approach in the study of control and regulation of metabolism) and kinetic
modeling of metabolic pathways (a bottom-up systems biology approach) allow quantification
of the degree of control that each enzyme exerts on the pathway flux (flux control coefficient)
and metabolic intermediate concentrations (concentration control coefficient). MCA
studies have demonstrated that metabolic pathways usually have two or three enzymes with
the highest control of flux; their inhibition has more negative effects on the pathway function
than inhibition of enzymes exerting low flux control. Therefore, the enzymes with the highest
pathway control are the most convenient targets for therapeutic intervention. In this review,
the fundamentals of MCA as well as experimental strategies to determine the flux control coefficients
and metabolic modeling are analyzed. MCA and kinetic modeling have been applied
to trypanothione metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi and the model predictions subsequently
validated in vivo. The results showed that three out of ten enzyme reactions analyzed
in the T. cruzi anti-oxidant metabolism were the most controlling enzymes. Hence, MCA and
metabolic modeling allow a further step in target prioritization for drug development against
trypanosomatids and other parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Saavedra
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez. Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Zabdi González-Chávez
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez. Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Moreno-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez. Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paul A.M. Michels
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution (CIIE) and Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology (CTCB), School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
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33
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Rocco-Machado N, Cosentino-Gomes D, Nascimento MT, Paes-Vieira L, Khan YA, Mittra B, Andrews NW, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Leishmania amazonensis ferric iron reductase (LFR1) is a bifunctional enzyme: Unveiling a NADPH oxidase activity. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 143:341-353. [PMID: 31446054 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania amazonensis is one of leishmaniasis' causative agents, a disease that has no cure and leads to the appearance of cutaneous lesions. Recently, our group showed that heme activates a Na+/K+ ATPase in these parasites through a signaling cascade involving hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation. Heme has a pro-oxidant activity and signaling capacity, but the mechanism by which this molecule increases H2O2 levels in L. amazonensis has not been elucidated. Here we investigated the source of H2O2 stimulated by heme, ruling out the participation of mitochondria and raising the possibility of a role for a NADPH oxidase (Nox) activity. Despite the absence of a classical Nox sequence in trypanosomatid genomes, L. amazonensis expresses a surface ferric iron reductase (LFR1). Interestingly, Nox enzymes are thought to have evolved from ferric iron reductases because they share same core domain and are very similar in structure. The main difference is that Nox catalyses electron flow from NADPH to oxygen, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), while ferric iron reductase promotes electron flow to ferric iron, generating ferrous iron. Using L. amazonensis overexpressing or knockout for LFR1 and heterologous expression of LFR1 in mammalian embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells, we show that this enzyme is bifunctional, being able to generate both ferrous iron and H2O2. It was previously described that protozoans knockout for LFR1 have their differentiation to virulent forms (amastigote and metacyclic promastigote) impaired. In this work, we observed that LFR1 overexpression stimulates protozoan differentiation to amastigote forms, reinforcing the importance of this enzyme in L. amazonensis life cycle regulation. Thus, we not only identified a new source of ROS production in Leishmania, but also described, for the first time, an enzyme with both ferric iron reductase and Nox activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rocco-Machado
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of National Science and Technology of Structural Biology and Bioimage (INCTBEB), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - D Cosentino-Gomes
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of National Science and Technology of Structural Biology and Bioimage (INCTBEB), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - M T Nascimento
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of National Science and Technology of Structural Biology and Bioimage (INCTBEB), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - L Paes-Vieira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of National Science and Technology of Structural Biology and Bioimage (INCTBEB), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Y A Khan
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, 20742, College Park, MD, United States
| | - B Mittra
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, 20742, College Park, MD, United States
| | - N W Andrews
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, 20742, College Park, MD, United States
| | - J R Meyer-Fernandes
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of National Science and Technology of Structural Biology and Bioimage (INCTBEB), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Currier RB, Ulrich K, Leroux AE, Dirdjaja N, Deambrosi M, Bonilla M, Ahmed YL, Adrian L, Antelmann H, Jakob U, Comini MA, Krauth-Siegel RL. An essential thioredoxin-type protein of Trypanosoma brucei acts as redox-regulated mitochondrial chaperone. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008065. [PMID: 31557263 PMCID: PMC6783113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most known thioredoxin-type proteins (Trx) participate in redox pathways, using two highly conserved cysteine residues to catalyze thiol-disulfide exchange reactions. Here we demonstrate that the so far unexplored Trx2 from African trypanosomes (Trypanosoma brucei) lacks protein disulfide reductase activity but functions as an effective temperature-activated and redox-regulated chaperone. Immunofluorescence microscopy and fractionated cell lysis revealed that Trx2 is located in the mitochondrion of the parasite. RNA-interference and gene knock-out approaches showed that depletion of Trx2 impairs growth of both mammalian bloodstream and insect stage procyclic parasites. Procyclic cells lacking Trx2 stop proliferation under standard culture conditions at 27°C and are unable to survive prolonged exposure to 37°C, indicating that Trx2 plays a vital role that becomes augmented under heat stress. Moreover, we found that Trx2 contributes to the in vivo infectivity of T. brucei. Remarkably, a Trx2 version, in which all five cysteines were replaced by serine residues, complements for the wildtype protein in conditional knock-out cells and confers parasite infectivity in the mouse model. Characterization of the recombinant protein revealed that Trx2 can coordinate an iron sulfur cluster and is highly sensitive towards spontaneous oxidation. Moreover, we discovered that both wildtype and mutant Trx2 protect other proteins against thermal aggregation and preserve their ability to refold upon return to non-stress conditions. Activation of the chaperone function of Trx2 appears to be triggered by temperature-mediated structural changes and inhibited by oxidative disulfide bond formation. Our studies indicate that Trx2 acts as a novel chaperone in the unique single mitochondrion of T. brucei and reveal a new perspective regarding the physiological function of thioredoxin-type proteins in trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel B. Currier
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Ulrich
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | | | - Natalie Dirdjaja
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matías Deambrosi
- Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mariana Bonilla
- Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Lorenz Adrian
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- Fachgebiet Geobiotechnologie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Institut für Biologie-Mikrobiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Jakob
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Marcelo A. Comini
- Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and tryparedoxin 1 exert high control on the antioxidant system in Trypanosoma cruzi contributing to drug resistance and infectivity. Redox Biol 2019; 26:101231. [PMID: 31203195 PMCID: PMC6581782 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanothione (T(SH)2) is the main antioxidant metabolite for peroxide reduction in Trypanosoma cruzi; therefore, its metabolism has attracted attention for therapeutic intervention against Chagas disease. To validate drug targets within the T(SH)2 metabolism, the strategies and methods of Metabolic Control Analysis and kinetic modeling of the metabolic pathway were used here, to identify the steps that mainly control the pathway fluxes and which could be appropriate sites for therapeutic intervention. For that purpose, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γECS), trypanothione synthetase (TryS), trypanothione reductase (TryR) and the tryparedoxin cytosolic isoform 1 (TXN1) were separately overexpressed to different levels in T. cruzi epimastigotes and their degrees of control on the pathway flux as well as their effect on drug resistance and infectivity determined. Both experimental in vivo as well as in silico analyses indicated that γECS and TryS control T(SH)2 synthesis by 60–74% and 15–31%, respectively. γECS overexpression prompted up to a 3.5-fold increase in T(SH)2 concentration, whereas TryS overexpression did not render an increase in T(SH)2 levels as a consequence of high T(SH)2 degradation. The peroxide reduction flux was controlled for 64–73% by TXN1, 17–20% by TXNPx and 11–16% by TryR. TXN1 and TryR overexpression increased H2O2 resistance, whereas TXN1 overexpression increased resistance to the benznidazole plus buthionine sulfoximine combination. γECS overexpression led to an increase in infectivity capacity whereas that of TXN increased trypomastigote bursting. The present data suggested that inhibition of high controlling enzymes such as γECS and TXN1 in the T(SH)2 antioxidant pathway may compromise the parasite's viability and infectivity. The trypanothione synthesis flux is primarily but not exclusively controlled by γECS. Tryparedoxin exerts high control on the peroxide reduction flux. Kinetic metabolic modeling may reliably predict the in vivo pathway behavior. TXN1 overexpression provides benznidazole resistance. γECS and TXN contribute to parasite infectivity.
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Perdeh J, Berioso B, Love Q, LoGiudice N, Le TL, Harrelson JP, Roberts SC. Critical functions of the polyamine putrescine for proliferation and viability of Leishmania donovani parasites. Amino Acids 2019; 52:261-274. [PMID: 30993465 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02736-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines are metabolites that play important roles in rapidly proliferating cells, and recent studies have highlighted their critical nature in Leishmania parasites. However, little is known about the function of polyamines in parasites. To address this question, we assessed the effect of polyamine depletion in Leishmania donovani mutants lacking ornithine decarboxylase (Δodc) or spermidine synthase (Δspdsyn). Intracellular putrescine levels depleted rapidly in Δodc mutants and accumulated in Δspdsyn mutants, while spermidine levels were maintained at low but stable levels in both cell lines. Putrescine depletion in the Δodc mutants led to cell rounding, immediate cessation of proliferation, and loss of viability, while putrescine-rich Δspdsyn mutants displayed an intermediate proliferation phenotype and were able to arrest in a quiescent-like state for 6 weeks. Supplementation of Δodc mutants with spermidine had little effect on cell proliferation and morphology but enabled parasites to persist for 14 weeks. Thus, putrescine is not only essential as precursor for spermidine formation but also critical for parasite proliferation, morphology, and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Perdeh
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA
| | - Brandon Berioso
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA
| | - Quintin Love
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA
| | - Nicole LoGiudice
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA.,McKenzie Willamette Medical Center, Springfield, OR, 97477, USA
| | - Thao Linh Le
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA.,Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - John P Harrelson
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA
| | - Sigrid C Roberts
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA.
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Piacenza L, Trujillo M, Radi R. Reactive species and pathogen antioxidant networks during phagocytosis. J Exp Med 2019; 216:501-516. [PMID: 30792185 PMCID: PMC6400530 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the generation of phagosomal cytotoxic reactive species by activated macrophages and neutrophils for the control of intracellular pathogens, and the mechanisms by which microbes combat host-derived oxidants via antioxidant networks that mitigate the redox-dependent control of infection. The generation of phagosomal cytotoxic reactive species (i.e., free radicals and oxidants) by activated macrophages and neutrophils is a crucial process for the control of intracellular pathogens. The chemical nature of these species, the reactions they are involved in, and the subsequent effects are multifaceted and depend on several host- and pathogen-derived factors that influence their production rates and catabolism inside the phagosome. Pathogens rely on an intricate and synergistic antioxidant armamentarium that ensures their own survival by detoxifying reactive species. In this review, we discuss the generation, kinetics, and toxicity of reactive species generated in phagocytes, with a focus on the response of macrophages to internalized pathogens and concentrating on Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Trypanosoma cruzi as examples of bacterial and parasitic infection, respectively. The ability of pathogens to deal with host-derived reactive species largely depends on the competence of their antioxidant networks at the onset of invasion, which in turn can tilt the balance toward pathogen survival, proliferation, and virulence over redox-dependent control of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Piacenza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Madia Trujillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay .,Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Bombaça ACS, Viana PG, Santos ACC, Silva TL, Rodrigues ABM, Guimarães ACR, Goulart MOF, da Silva Júnior EN, Menna-Barreto RFS. Mitochondrial disfunction and ROS production are essential for anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity of β-lapachone-derived naphthoimidazoles. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:408-418. [PMID: 30445126 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the hemoflagellate protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi and is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases, especially in Latin American countries, where there is an association between low-income populations and mortality. The nitroderivatives used in current chemotherapy are far from ideal and present severe limitations, justifying the continuous search for alternative drugs. Since the1990s, our group has been investigating the trypanocidal activity of natural naphthoquinones and their derivatives, and three naphthoimidazoles (N1, N2 and N3) derived from β-lapachone were found to be most effective in vitro. Analysis of their mechanism of action via cellular, molecular and proteomic approaches indicates that the parasite mitochondrion contains one of the primary targets of these compounds, trypanothione synthetase (involved in trypanothione production), which is overexpressed after treatment with these compounds. Here, we further evaluated the participation of the mitochondria and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the anti-T. cruzi action of naphthoimidazoles. Preincubation of epimastigotes and trypomastigotes with antioxidants (α-tocopherol and urate) strongly protected the parasites from the trypanocidal effect of naphthoimidazoles, decreasing the ROS levels produced and reverting the mitochondrial swelling phenotype. The addition of pro-oxidants (menadione and H2O2) before the treatment induced an increase in parasite lysis. Despite the O2 uptake and mitochondrial complex activity being strongly reduced by N1, N2 and N3, urate partially restored the mitochondrial metabolism only in N1-treated parasites. In parallel, MitoTEMPO, a mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant, protected the functionality of the mitochondria in N2- and N3-treated parasites. In addition, the trypanothione reductase activity was remarkably increased after treatment with N1 and N3, and molecular docking demonstrated that these two compounds were positioned in pockets of this enzyme. Based on our findings, the direct impairment of the mitochondrial electron transport chain by N2 and N3 led to an oxidative misbalance, which exacerbated ROS generation and led to parasite death. Although other mechanisms cannot be discounted, mainly in N1-treated parasites, further investigations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina S Bombaça
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula G Viana
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Augusto C C Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thaissa L Silva
- Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Aline Beatriz M Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina R Guimarães
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marilia O F Goulart
- Instituto de Química e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Eufrânio N da Silva Júnior
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rubem F S Menna-Barreto
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Bogacz M, Krauth-Siegel RL. Tryparedoxin peroxidase-deficiency commits trypanosomes to ferroptosis-type cell death. eLife 2018; 7:37503. [PMID: 30047863 PMCID: PMC6117152 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryparedoxin peroxidases, distant relatives of glutathione peroxidase 4 in higher eukaryotes, are responsible for the detoxification of lipid-derived hydroperoxides in African trypanosomes. The lethal phenotype of procyclic Trypanosoma brucei that lack the enzymes fulfils all criteria defining a form of regulated cell death termed ferroptosis. Viability of the parasites is preserved by α-tocopherol, ferrostatin-1, liproxstatin-1 and deferoxamine. Without protecting agent, the cells display, primarily mitochondrial, lipid peroxidation, loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP depletion. Sensors for mitochondrial oxidants and chelatable iron as well as overexpression of a mitochondrial iron-superoxide dismutase attenuate the cell death. Electron microscopy revealed mitochondrial matrix condensation and enlarged cristae. The peroxidase-deficient parasites are subject to lethal iron-induced lipid peroxidation that probably originates at the inner mitochondrial membrane. Taken together, ferroptosis is an ancient cell death program that can occur at individual subcellular membranes and is counterbalanced by evolutionary distant thiol peroxidases. Plants, animals and fungi all belong to a group of organisms known as eukaryotes. Their cells host a variety of compartments, with each having a specific role. For example, mitochondria are tasked with providing the energy that powers most of the processes that keep the cell alive. Membranes delimit these compartments, as well as the cells themselves. Iron is an element needed for chemical reactions that are essential for the cell to survive. Yet, the byproducts of these reactions can damage – ‘oxidize’ – the lipid molecules that form the cell’s membranes, including the one around mitochondria. Unless enzymes known as peroxidases come to repair the oxidized lipids, the cell dies in a process called ferroptosis. Scientists know that this death mechanism is programmed into the cells of humans and other complex eukaryotes. However, Bogacz and Krauth-Siegel wanted to know if ferroptosis also exists in creatures that appeared early in the evolution of eukaryotes, such as the trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei. This single-cell parasite causes sleeping sickness in humans and a disease called nagana in horses and cattle. Before it infects a mammal, T. brucei goes through an ‘insect stage’ where it lives in the tsetse fly; there, it relies on its mitochondrion to produce energy. Bogacz and Krauth-Siegel now show that if the parasites in the insect stage do not have a specific type of peroxidases, they die within a few hours. In particular, problems in the membranes of the mitochondrion stop the compartment from working properly. These peroxidases-free trypanosomes fare better if they are exposed to molecules that prevent iron from taking part in the reactions that can harm lipids. They also survive more if they are forced to create large amounts of an enzyme that relies on iron to protect the mitochondrion against oxidation. Finally, using drugs that prevent ferroptosis in human cells completely rescues these trypanosomes. Taken together, the results suggest that ferroptosis is an ancient cell death program which exists in T. brucei; and that, in the insect stage of the parasite's life cycle, this process first damages the mitochondrion. This last finding could be particularly relevant because the role of mitochondria in ferroptosis in mammals is highly debated. Yet, most of the research is done in cells that do not rely on this cellular compartment to get their energy. During their life cycle, trypanosomes are either dependent on their mitochondria, or they can find their energy through other sources: this could make them a good organism in which to dissect the precise mechanisms of ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bogacz
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Strauss M, Rodrigues JHS, Lo Presti MS, Bazán PC, Báez AL, Paglini-Oliva P, Nakamura CV, Bustamante JM, Rivarola HW. In vitro and in vivo drug combination for the treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi infection: A multivariate approach. Exp Parasitol 2018; 189:19-27. [PMID: 29726395 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Combination therapies based on the available drugs have been proposed as promising therapeutic alternatives for many diseases. Clomipramine (CLO) has been found to modify the evolution of the experimental infection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of benznidazole (BZ) and clomipramine (CLO) against different life-stages of Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro and their efficacy in a murine model. Life-stages of T. cruzi, BZ-partially-resistant (Y) strain, were incubated with BZ and CLO and isobolograms and combination index (CI) were obtained. Swiss mice were infected with trypomastigotes and different treatment schedules were performed, each of which consisted of 30 consecutive daily doses. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by comparing parasitemia, qPCR, survival and histological analysis. These results were analyzed using multivariate analysis to determine the combined effect of the drugs in vivo. CLO + BZ showed synergistic activity in vitro against the clinically relevant life-stages of T. cruzi. The most susceptible forms were the intracellular amastigotes (CI: 0.20), followed by trypomastigotes (CI: 0.60), with no toxicity upon mammalian cells. The combination of both drugs CLO (1.25 mg/kg) and BZ (6.25 mg/kg), in vivo, significantly diminished the parasitic load in blood and the mortality rate. CLO + BZ presented a similar inflammatory response in cardiac and skeletal muscle (amount of inflammatory cells) to BZ (6.25 mg/kg). Finally, the results from the principal component analysis reaffirmed that both drugs administered in combination presented higher activity compared with the individual administration in the acute experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Strauss
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA) UNC-CONICET, Centro de Estudios e Investigación de la Enfermedad de Chagas y Leishmaniasis, Cátedra de Física Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Santa Rosa 1085, Córdoba X5000ESU, Argentina
| | - Jean Henrique S Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Colombo 5790, Paraná, Brazil
| | - María Silvina Lo Presti
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA) UNC-CONICET, Centro de Estudios e Investigación de la Enfermedad de Chagas y Leishmaniasis, Cátedra de Física Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Santa Rosa 1085, Córdoba X5000ESU, Argentina
| | - Paola Carolina Bazán
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA) UNC-CONICET, Centro de Estudios e Investigación de la Enfermedad de Chagas y Leishmaniasis, Cátedra de Física Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Santa Rosa 1085, Córdoba X5000ESU, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Lidia Báez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA) UNC-CONICET, Centro de Estudios e Investigación de la Enfermedad de Chagas y Leishmaniasis, Cátedra de Física Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Santa Rosa 1085, Córdoba X5000ESU, Argentina
| | - Patricia Paglini-Oliva
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA) UNC-CONICET, Centro de Estudios e Investigación de la Enfermedad de Chagas y Leishmaniasis, Cátedra de Física Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Santa Rosa 1085, Córdoba X5000ESU, Argentina
| | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Colombo 5790, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Juan Manuel Bustamante
- University of Georgia, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, D.W. Brooks Dr. S310 Coverdell Center, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Héctor Walter Rivarola
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA) UNC-CONICET, Centro de Estudios e Investigación de la Enfermedad de Chagas y Leishmaniasis, Cátedra de Física Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Santa Rosa 1085, Córdoba X5000ESU, Argentina.
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Reigada C, Phanstiel O, Miranda MR, Pereira CA. Targeting polyamine transport in Trypanosoma cruzi. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 147:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Manta B, Bonilla M, Fiestas L, Sturlese M, Salinas G, Bellanda M, Comini MA. Polyamine-Based Thiols in Trypanosomatids: Evolution, Protein Structural Adaptations, and Biological Functions. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:463-486. [PMID: 29048199 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Major pathogenic enterobacteria and protozoan parasites from the phylum Euglenozoa, such as trypanosomatids, are endowed with glutathione (GSH)-spermidine (Sp) derivatives that play important roles in signaling and metal and thiol-redox homeostasis. For some Euglenozoa lineages, the GSH-Sp conjugates represent the main redox cosubstrates around which entire new redox systems have evolved. Several proteins underwent molecular adaptations to synthesize and utilize the new polyamine-based thiols. Recent Advances: The genomes of closely related organisms have recently been sequenced, which allows mining and analysis of gene sequences that belong to these peculiar redox systems. Similarly, the three-dimensional structures of several of these proteins have been solved, which allows for comparison with their counterparts in classical redox systems that rely on GSH/glutaredoxin and thioredoxin. CRITICAL ISSUES The evolutionary and structural aspects related to the emergence and use of GSH-Sp conjugates in Euglenozoa are reviewed focusing on unique structural specializations that proteins developed to use N1,N8-bisglutathionylspermidine (trypanothione) as redox cosubstrate. An updated overview on the biochemical and biological significance of the major enzymatic activities is also provided. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A thiol-redox system strictly dependent on trypanothione is a feature unique to trypanosomatids. The physicochemical properties of the polyamine-GSH conjugates were a major driving force for structural adaptation of proteins that use these thiols as ligand and redox cofactor. In fact, the structural differences of indispensable components of this system can be exploited toward selective drug development. Future research should clarify whether additional cellular processes are regulated by the trypanothione system. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 463-486.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Manta
- 1 Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo , Montevideo, Uruguay .,2 Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica , Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mariana Bonilla
- 1 Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo , Montevideo, Uruguay .,2 Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica , Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucía Fiestas
- 1 Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo , Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mattia Sturlese
- 3 Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova , Padova, Italy
| | - Gustavo Salinas
- 4 Worm Biology Lab, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo , Montevideo, Uruguay .,5 Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República , Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Massimo Bellanda
- 3 Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Padova , Padova, Italy
| | - Marcelo A Comini
- 1 Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo , Montevideo, Uruguay
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Ebersoll S, Musunda B, Schmenger T, Dirdjaja N, Bonilla M, Manta B, Ulrich K, Comini MA, Krauth-Siegel RL. A glutaredoxin in the mitochondrial intermembrane space has stage-specific functions in the thermo-tolerance and proliferation of African trypanosomes. Redox Biol 2018; 15:532-547. [PMID: 29413965 PMCID: PMC5975080 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei glutaredoxin 2 (Grx2) is a dithiol glutaredoxin that is specifically located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Bloodstream form parasites lacking Grx2 or both, Grx2 and the cytosolic Grx1, are viable in vitro and infectious to mice suggesting that neither oxidoreductase is needed for survival or infectivity to mammals. A 37 °C to 39 °C shift changes the cellular redox milieu of bloodstream cells to more oxidizing conditions and induces a significantly stronger growth arrest in wildtype parasites compared to the mutant cells. Grx2-deficient cells ectopically expressing the wildtype form of Grx2 with its C31QFC34 active site, but not the C34S mutant, regain the sensitivity of the parental strain, indicating that the physiological role of Grx2 requires both active site cysteines. In the procyclic insect stage of the parasite, Grx2 is essential. Both alleles can be replaced if procyclic cells ectopically express authentic or C34S, but not C31S/C34S Grx2, pointing to a redox role that relies on a monothiol mechanism. RNA-interference against Grx2 causes a virtually irreversible proliferation defect. The cells adopt an elongated morphology but do not show any significant alteration in the cell cycle. The growth retardation is attenuated by high glucose concentrations. Under these conditions, procyclic cells obtain ATP by substrate level phosphorylation suggesting that Grx2 might regulate a respiratory chain component. Bloodstream T. brucei lacking glutaredoxin 2 are fully viable in vitro and in vivo. A temperature rise shifts the cellular redox state to more oxidizing conditions. Glutaredoxin 2-deficiency confers bloodstream cells with thermo-tolerance. The insect stage requires redox-active glutaredoxin 2 for viability and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Ebersoll
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Blessing Musunda
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Torsten Schmenger
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie Dirdjaja
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mariana Bonilla
- Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Bruno Manta
- Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Kathrin Ulrich
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcelo A Comini
- Group Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - R Luise Krauth-Siegel
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abstract
Many potentially toxic electrophilic xenobiotics and some endogenous compounds are detoxified by conversion to the corresponding glutathione S-conjugate, which is metabolized to the N-acetylcysteine S-conjugate (mercapturate) and excreted. Some mercapturate pathway components, however, are toxic. Bioactivation (toxification) may occur when the glutathione S-conjugate (or mercapturate) is converted to a cysteine S-conjugate that undergoes a β-lyase reaction. If the sulfhydryl-containing fragment produced in this reaction is reactive, toxicity may ensue. Some drugs and halogenated workplace/environmental contaminants are bioactivated by this mechanism. On the other hand, cysteine S-conjugate β-lyases occur in nature as a means of generating some biologically useful sulfhydryl-containing compounds.
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Franco J, Scarone L, Comini MA. Drugs and Drug Resistance in African and American Trypanosomiasis. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Bombaça ACS, Dias FDA, Ennes-Vidal V, Garcia-Gomes ADS, Sorgine MHF, d'Avila-Levy CM, Menna-Barreto RFS. Hydrogen peroxide resistance in Strigomonas culicis: Effects on mitochondrial functionality and Aedes aegypti interaction. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 113:255-266. [PMID: 28993269 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are toxic molecules involved in several biological processes such as cellular signaling, proliferation, differentiation and cell death. Adaptations to oxidative environments are crucial for the success of the colonization of insects by protozoa. Strigomonas culicis is a monoxenic trypanosomatid found in the midgut of mosquitoes and presenting a life cycle restricted to the epimastigote form. Among S. culicis peculiarities, there is an endosymbiotic bacterium in the cytoplasm, which completes essential biosynthetic routes of the host cell and may represent an intermediary evolutive step in organelle origin, thus constituting an interesting model for evolutive researches. In this work, we induced ROS resistance in wild type S. culicis epimastigotes by the incubation with increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and compared the oxidative and energetic metabolisms among wild type, wild type-H2O2 resistant and aposymbiotic strains. Resistant protozoa were less sensitive to the oxidative challenge and more dependent on oxidative phosphorylation, which was demonstrated by higher oxygen consumption and mitochondrial membrane potential, increased activity of complexes II-III and IV, increased complex II gene expression and higher ATP production. Furthermore, the wild type-H2O2 resistant strain produced reduced ROS levels and showed lower lipid peroxidation, as well as an increase in gene expression of antioxidant enzymes and thiol-dependent peroxidase activity. On the other hand, the aposymbiotic strain showed impaired mitochondrial function, higher H2O2 production and deficient antioxidant response. The induction of H2O2 resistance also led to a remarkable increase in Aedes aegypti midgut binding in vitro and colonization in vivo, indicating that both the pro-oxidant environment in the mosquito gut and the oxidative stress susceptibility regulate S. culicis population in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felipe de Almeida Dias
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vitor Ennes-Vidal
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline Dos Santos Garcia-Gomes
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Microbiologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos Henrique Ferreira Sorgine
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Masini d'Avila-Levy
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Guerrero SA, Arias DG, Cabeza MS, Law MCY, D'Amico M, Kumar A, Wilkinson SR. Functional characterisation of the methionine sulfoxide reductase repertoire in Trypanosoma brucei. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112:524-533. [PMID: 28865997 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To combat the deleterious effects that oxidation of the sulfur atom in methionine to sulfoxide may bring, aerobic cells express repair pathways involving methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSRs) to reverse the above reaction. Here, we show that Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African trypanosomiasis, expresses two distinct trypanothione-dependent MSRs that can be distinguished from each other based on sequence, sub-cellular localisation and substrate preference. One enzyme found in the parasite's cytosol, shows homology to the MSRA family of repair proteins and preferentially metabolises the S epimer of methionine sulfoxide. The second, which contains sequence motifs present in MSRBs, is restricted to the mitochondrion and can only catalyse reduction of the R form of peptide-bound methionine sulfoxide. The importance of these proteins to the parasite was demonstrated using functional genomic-based approaches to produce cells with reduced or elevated expression levels of MSRA, which exhibited altered susceptibility to exogenous H2O2. These findings identify new reparative pathways that function to fix oxidatively damaged methionine within this medically important parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Guerrero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego G Arias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Matias S Cabeza
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Michelle C Y Law
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Maria D'Amico
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Ambika Kumar
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Shane R Wilkinson
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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Biochemistry and Physiology of Reactive Oxygen Species in Euglena. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 979:47-64. [PMID: 28429317 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54910-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide are by-products of various metabolic processes in aerobic organisms including Euglena. Chloroplasts and mitochondria are the main sites of ROS generation by photosynthesis and respiration, respectively, through the active electron transport chain. An efficient antioxidant network is required to maintain intracellular ROS pools at optimal conditions for redox homeostasis. A comparison with the networks of plants and animals revealed that Euglena has acquired some aspects of ROS metabolic process. Euglena lacks catalase and a typical selenocysteine containing animal-type glutathione peroxidase for hydrogen peroxide scavenging, but contains enzymes involved in ascorbate-glutathione cycle solely in the cytosol. Ascorbate peroxidase in Euglena, which plays a central role in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, forms a unique intra-molecular dimer structure that is related to the recognition of peroxides. We recently identified peroxiredoxin and NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase isoforms in cellular compartments including chloroplasts and mitochondria, indicating the physiological significance of the thioredoxin system in metabolism of ROS. Besides glutathione, Euglena contains the unusual thiol compound trypanothione, an unusual form of glutathione involving two molecules of glutathione joined by a spermidine linker, which has been identified in pathogenic protists such as Trypanosomatida and Schizopyrenida. Furthermore, in contrast to plants, photosynthesis by Euglena is not susceptible to hydrogen peroxide because of resistance of the Calvin cycle enzymes fructose-1,6-bisphosphatse, NADP+-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatase, sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase, and phosphoribulokinase to hydrogen peroxide. Consequently, these characteristics of Euglena appear to exemplify a strategy for survival and adaptation to various environmental conditions during the evolutionary process of euglenoids.
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Ulrich K, Finkenzeller C, Merker S, Rojas F, Matthews K, Ruppert T, Krauth-Siegel RL. Stress-Induced Protein S-Glutathionylation and S-Trypanothionylation in African Trypanosomes-A Quantitative Redox Proteome and Thiol Analysis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:517-533. [PMID: 28338335 PMCID: PMC5567454 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Trypanosomatids have a unique trypanothione-based thiol redox metabolism. The parasite-specific dithiol is synthesized from glutathione and spermidine, with glutathionylspermidine as intermediate catalyzed by trypanothione synthetase. In this study, we address the oxidative stress response of African trypanosomes with special focus on putative protein S-thiolation. RESULTS Challenging bloodstream Trypanosoma brucei with diamide, H2O2 or hypochlorite results in distinct levels of reversible overall protein S-thiolation. Quantitative proteome analyses reveal 84 proteins oxidized in diamide-stressed parasites. Fourteen of them, including several essential thiol redox proteins and chaperones, are also enriched when glutathione/glutaredoxin serves as a reducing system indicating S-thiolation. In parasites exposed to H2O2, other sets of proteins are modified. Only three proteins are S-thiolated under all stress conditions studied in accordance with a highly specific response. H2O2 causes primarily the formation of free disulfides. In contrast, in diamide-treated cells, glutathione, glutathionylspermidine, and trypanothione are almost completely protein bound. Remarkably, the total level of trypanothione is decreased, whereas those of glutathione and glutathionylspermidine are increased, indicating partial hydrolysis of protein-bound trypanothione. Depletion of trypanothione synthetase exclusively induces protein S-glutathionylation. Total mass analyses of a recombinant peroxidase treated with T(SH)2 and either diamide or hydrogen peroxide verify protein S-trypanothionylation as stable modification. INNOVATION Our data reveal for the first time that trypanosomes employ protein S-thiolation when exposed to exogenous and endogenous oxidative stresses and trypanothione, despite its dithiol character, forms protein-mixed disulfides. CONCLUSION The stress-specific responses shown here emphasize protein S-trypanothionylation and S-glutathionylation as reversible protection mechanism in these parasites. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 517-533.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Ulrich
- 1 Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg (BZH) , Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Merker
- 2 Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Federico Rojas
- 3 Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Matthews
- 3 Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Ruppert
- 2 Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) , Heidelberg, Germany
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Previti S, Ettari R, Cosconati S, Amendola G, Chouchene K, Wagner A, Hellmich UA, Ulrich K, Krauth-Siegel RL, Wich PR, Schmid I, Schirmeister T, Gut J, Rosenthal PJ, Grasso S, Zappalà M. Development of Novel Peptide-Based Michael Acceptors Targeting Rhodesain and Falcipain-2 for the Treatment of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). J Med Chem 2017; 60:6911-6923. [PMID: 28763614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of a class of peptide-based inhibitors as novel antitrypanosomal and antimalarial agents. The inhibitors are based on a characteristic peptide sequence for the inhibition of the cysteine proteases rhodesain of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and falcipain-2 of Plasmodium falciparum. We exploited the reactivity of novel unsaturated electrophilic functions such as vinyl-sulfones, -ketones, -esters, and -nitriles. The Michael acceptors inhibited both rhodesain and falcipain-2, at nanomolar and micromolar levels, respectively. In particular, the vinyl ketone 3b has emerged as a potent rhodesain inhibitor (k2nd = 67 × 106 M-1 min-1), endowed with a picomolar binding affinity (Ki = 38 pM), coupled with a single-digit micromolar activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei (EC50 = 2.97 μM), thus being considered as a novel lead compound for the discovery of novel effective antitrypanosomal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santo Previti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Ettari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli , Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Giorgio Amendola
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli , Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Khawla Chouchene
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles UR/11-ES-74, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax , Route de l'aeroport, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Annika Wagner
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz , Johann-Joachim-Becherweg 30, DE 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, DE 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ute A Hellmich
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz , Johann-Joachim-Becherweg 30, DE 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, DE 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kathrin Ulrich
- Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, DE 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Luise Krauth-Siegel
- Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, DE 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter R Wich
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz , Staudingerweg 5, DE 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ira Schmid
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz , Staudingerweg 5, DE 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz , Staudingerweg 5, DE 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jiri Gut
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California , 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, California 94110, United States
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California , 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, California 94110, United States
| | - Silvana Grasso
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Zappalà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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