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Mathew DJ, Sivak JM. Lipid mediators in glaucoma: Unraveling their diverse roles and untapped therapeutic potential. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2024; 171:106815. [PMID: 38280539 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by optic nerve damage and visual field loss, and remains a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a critical risk factor that requires effective management. Emerging research underscores dual roles of bioactive lipid mediators in both IOP regulation, and the modulation of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in glaucoma. Bioactive lipids, encompassing eicosanoids, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), sphingolipids, and endocannabinoids, have emerged as crucial players in these processes, orchestrating inflammation and diverse effects on aqueous humor dynamics and tissue remodeling. Perturbations in these lipid mediators contribute to retinal ganglion cell loss, vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Glaucoma management primarily targets IOP reduction via pharmacological agents and surgical interventions, with prostaglandin analogues at the forefront. Intriguingly, additional lipid mediators offer promise in attenuating inflammation and providing neuroprotection. Here we explore these pathways to shed light on their intricate roles, and to unveil novel therapeutic avenues for glaucoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Mathew
- Donald K Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada
| | - J M Sivak
- Donald K Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, Canada.
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2
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Prisinzano M, Bernacchioni C, Seidita I, Rossi M, Raeispour M, Cencetti F, Vannuccini S, Fambrini M, Petraglia F, Bruni P, Donati C. Sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling axis mediates neuropeptide S-induced invasive phenotype of endometriotic cells. FEBS J 2024; 291:1744-1758. [PMID: 38287231 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic gynecological syndrome characterized by endometrial cell invasion of the extra-uterine milieu, pelvic pain and infertility. Treatment relies on either symptomatic drugs or hormonal therapies, even though the mechanism involved in the onset of endometriosis is yet to be elucidated. The signaling of sphingolipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is profoundly dysregulated in endometriosis. Indeed, sphingosine kinase (SK)1, one of the two isoenzymes responsible for S1P biosynthesis, and S1P1, S1P3 and S1P5, three of its five specific receptors, are more highly expressed in endometriotic lesions compared to healthy endometrium. Recently, missense coding variants of the gene encoding the receptor 1 for neuropeptide S (NPS) have been robustly associated with endometriosis in humans. This study aimed to characterize the biological effect of NPS in endometriotic epithelial cells and the possible involvement of the S1P signaling axis in its action. NPS was found to potently induce cell invasion and actin cytoskeletal remodeling. Of note, the NPS-induced invasive phenotype was dependent on SK1 and SK2 as well as on S1P1 and S1P3, given that the biological action of the neuropeptide was fully prevented when one of the two biosynthetic enzymes or one of the two selective receptors was inhibited or silenced. Furthermore, the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway, downstream to S1P receptor signaling, was found to be critically implicated in invasion and cytoskeletal remodeling elicited by NPS. These findings provide new information to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms implicated in endometriosis pathogenesis, establishing the rationale for non-hormonal therapeutic targets for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Prisinzano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Italy
| | - Caterina Bernacchioni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Italy
| | - Isabelle Seidita
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Italy
| | - Margherita Rossi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Italy
| | - Maryam Raeispour
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Cencetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Vannuccini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Fambrini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Italy
| | - Felice Petraglia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Bruni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Donati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Italy
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Tripathi AS, Zaki MEA, Al-Hussain SA, Dubey BK, Singh P, Rind L, Yadav RK. Material matters: exploring the interplay between natural biomaterials and host immune system. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1269960. [PMID: 37936689 PMCID: PMC10627157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1269960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials are widely used for various medical purposes, for instance, implants, tissue engineering, medical devices, and drug delivery systems. Natural biomaterials can be obtained from proteins, carbohydrates, and cell-specific sources. However, when these biomaterials are introduced into the body, they trigger an immune response which may lead to rejection and failure of the implanted device or tissue. The immune system recognizes natural biomaterials as foreign substances and triggers the activation of several immune cells, for instance, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells. These cells release pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which recruit other immune cells to the implantation site. The activation of the immune system can lead to an inflammatory response, which can be beneficial or detrimental, depending on the type of natural biomaterial and the extent of the immune response. These biomaterials can also influence the immune response by modulating the behavior of immune cells. For example, biomaterials with specific surface properties, such as charge and hydrophobicity, can affect the activation and differentiation of immune cells. Additionally, biomaterials can be engineered to release immunomodulatory factors, such as anti-inflammatory cytokines, to promote a tolerogenic immune response. In conclusion, the interaction between biomaterials and the body's immune system is an intricate procedure with potential consequences for the effectiveness of therapeutics and medical devices. A better understanding of this interplay can help to design biomaterials that promote favorable immune responses and minimize adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdi E A Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad lbn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami A Al-Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad lbn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bidhyut Kumar Dubey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Era College of Pharmacy, Era University, Lucknow, India
| | - Prabhjot Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Era College of Pharmacy, Era University, Lucknow, India
| | - Laiba Rind
- Department of Pharmacology, Era College of Pharmacy, Era University, Lucknow, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology, Era College of Pharmacy, Era University, Lucknow, India
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Glotfelty EJ, Hsueh SC, Claybourne Q, Bedolla A, Kopp KO, Wallace T, Zheng B, Luo Y, Karlsson TE, McDevitt RA, Olson L, Greig NH. Microglial Nogo delays recovery following traumatic brain injury in mice. Glia 2023; 71:2473-2494. [PMID: 37401784 PMCID: PMC10528455 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Nogo-A, B, and C are well described members of the reticulon family of proteins, most well known for their negative regulatory effects on central nervous system (CNS) neurite outgrowth and repair following injury. Recent research indicates a relationship between Nogo-proteins and inflammation. Microglia, the brain's immune cells and inflammation-competent compartment, express Nogo protein, although specific roles of the Nogo in these cells is understudied. To examine inflammation-related effects of Nogo, we generated a microglial-specific inducible Nogo KO (MinoKO) mouse and challenged the mouse with a controlled cortical impact (CCI) traumatic brain injury (TBI). Histological analysis shows no difference in brain lesion sizes between MinoKO-CCI and Control-CCI mice, although MinoKO-CCI mice do not exhibit the levels of ipsilateral lateral ventricle enlargement as injury matched controls. Microglial Nogo-KO results in decreased lateral ventricle enlargement, microglial and astrocyte immunoreactivity, and increased microglial morphological complexity compared to injury matched controls, suggesting decreased tissue inflammation. Behaviorally, healthy MinoKO mice do not differ from control mice, but automated tracking of movement around the home cage and stereotypic behavior, such as grooming and eating (termed cage "activation"), following CCI is significantly elevated. Asymmetrical motor function, a deficit typical of unilaterally brain lesioned rodents, was not detected in CCI injured MinoKO mice, while the phenomenon was present in CCI injured controls 1-week post-injury. Overall, our studies show microglial Nogo as a negative regulator of recovery following brain injury. To date, this is the first evaluation of the roles microglial specific Nogo in a rodent injury model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot J. Glotfelty
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shih-Chang Hsueh
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Quia Claybourne
- Comparative Medicine Section, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Alicia Bedolla
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Katherine O. Kopp
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Tonya Wallace
- Flow Cytometry Unit, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Binhai Zheng
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Ross A. McDevitt
- Comparative Medicine Section, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Lars Olson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Zarkada G, Chen X, Zhou X, Lange M, Zeng L, Lv W, Zhang X, Li Y, Zhou W, Liu K, Chen D, Ricard N, Liao JK, Kim YB, Benedito R, Claesson-Welsh L, Alitalo K, Simons M, Ju R, Li X, Eichmann A, Zhang F. Chylomicrons Regulate Lacteal Permeability and Intestinal Lipid Absorption. Circ Res 2023; 133:333-349. [PMID: 37462027 PMCID: PMC10530007 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.322607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphatic vessels are responsible for tissue drainage, and their malfunction is associated with chronic diseases. Lymph uptake occurs via specialized open cell-cell junctions between capillary lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), whereas closed junctions in collecting LECs prevent lymph leakage. LEC junctions are known to dynamically remodel in development and disease, but how lymphatic permeability is regulated remains poorly understood. METHODS We used various genetically engineered mouse models in combination with cellular, biochemical, and molecular biology approaches to elucidate the signaling pathways regulating junction morphology and function in lymphatic capillaries. RESULTS By studying the permeability of intestinal lacteal capillaries to lipoprotein particles known as chylomicrons, we show that ROCK (Rho-associated kinase)-dependent cytoskeletal contractility is a fundamental mechanism of LEC permeability regulation. We show that chylomicron-derived lipids trigger neonatal lacteal junction opening via ROCK-dependent contraction of junction-anchored stress fibers. LEC-specific ROCK deletion abolished junction opening and plasma lipid uptake. Chylomicrons additionally inhibited VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)-A signaling. We show that VEGF-A antagonizes LEC junction opening via VEGFR (VEGF receptor) 2 and VEGFR3-dependent PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)/AKT (protein kinase B) activation of the small GTPase RAC1 (Rac family small GTPase 1), thereby restricting RhoA (Ras homolog family member A)/ROCK-mediated cytoskeleton contraction. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that antagonistic inputs into ROCK-dependent cytoskeleton contractions regulate the interconversion of lymphatic junctions in the intestine and in other tissues, providing a tunable mechanism to control the lymphatic barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Zarkada
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA
| | - Xun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xuetong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Martin Lange
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA
| | - Lei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Wenyu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yunhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Weibin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Keli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Dongying Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA
| | - Nicolas Ricard
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA
| | - James K. Liao
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Banner University Medical Center, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rui Benedito
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid E28029, Spain
| | - Lena Claesson-Welsh
- Uppsala University, Rudbeck, SciLifeLab and Beijer Laboratories, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Simons
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA
| | - Rong Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xuri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Anne Eichmann
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Torres RM, Turner JA, D’Antonio M, Pelanda R, Kremer KN. Regulation of CD8 T-cell signaling, metabolism, and cytotoxic activity by extracellular lysophosphatidic acid. Immunol Rev 2023; 317:203-222. [PMID: 37096808 PMCID: PMC10523933 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an endogenous bioactive lipid that is produced extracellularly and signals to cells via cognate LPA receptors, which are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Mature lymphocytes in mice and humans express three LPA receptors, LPA2 , LPA5, and LPA6 , and work from our group has determined that LPA5 signaling by T lymphocytes inhibits specific antigen-receptor signaling pathways that ultimately impair lymphocyte activation, proliferation, and function. In this review, we discuss previous and ongoing work characterizing the ability of an LPA-LPA5 axis to serve as a peripheral immunological tolerance mechanism that restrains adaptive immunity but is subverted during settings of chronic inflammation. Specifically, LPA-LPA5 signaling is found to regulate effector cytotoxic CD8 T cells by (at least) two mechanisms: (i) regulating the actin-microtubule cytoskeleton in a manner that impairs immunological synapse formation between an effector CD8 T cell and antigen-specific target cell, thus directly impairing cytotoxic activity, and (ii) shifting T-cell metabolism to depend on fatty-acid oxidation for mitochondrial respiration and reducing metabolic efficiency. The in vivo outcome of LPA5 inhibitory activity impairs CD8 T-cell killing and tumor immunity in mouse models providing impetus to consider LPA5 antagonism for the treatment of malignancies and chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
| | - Jacqueline A. Turner
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
| | - Marc D’Antonio
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
| | - Kimberly N. Kremer
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora Colorado, 80045
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Liu J, Wang C. Lysophosphatidic acid is associated with oocyte maturation by enhancing autophagy via PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway in granulosa cells. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16:137. [PMID: 37434211 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Folliculogenesis is a complex network of interacting cellular signals between somatic cells and oocytes. Many components in ovarian follicular fluid (FF) dynamically change during folliculogenesis and play a positive role in oocyte maturation. Previous studies have reported that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promotes cumulus cell expansion, oocyte nuclear maturation, and in vitro maturation of oocytes. RESULTS Initially, the expression of LPA was raised in matured FF significantly (P < 0.0001). Then, 10 μM LPA treated for 24 h in human granulosa cells (KGNs) aggravated cell proliferation, with increased autophagy, and reduced apoptosis. Meanwhile, we demonstrated that LPA mediated cell function through the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway as PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) significantly prevented LPA-induced AKT, mTOR phosphorylation and autophagy activation. Such results were also verified by immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry. In addition, an autophagy inhibitor 3 methyladenine (3MA) could also alleviate the effects of LPA, by activating apoptosis through PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathways. Finally, we found blockade with Ki16425 or knockdown LPAR1, alleviated LPA mediated autophagy activation in KGNs, suggesting that LPA enhances autophagy through activation of the LPAR1 and PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathways. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that increased LPA activated PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway through LPAR1 in granulosa cells, suppressing apoptosis by enhancing autophagy, which might play a role in oocyte maturation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310051, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Hangzhou Women's Hospital (Hangzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Shangcheng District, No. 369 Kunpeng Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China.
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Sinnett-Smith J, Torres-Marquez ME, Chang JK, Shimizu Y, Hao F, Martin MG, Rozengurt E. Statins inhibit protein kinase D (PKD) activation in intestinal cells and prevent PKD1-induced growth of murine enteroids. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C807-C820. [PMID: 36779664 PMCID: PMC10042602 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00286.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
We examined the impact of statins on protein kinase D (PKD) activation by G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists. Treatment of intestinal IEC-18 cells with cerivastatin inhibited PKD autophosphorylation at Ser916 induced by angiotensin II (ANG II) or vasopressin in a dose-dependent manner with half-maximal inhibition at 0.2 µM. Cerivastatin treatment inhibited PKD activation stimulated by these agonists for different times (5-60 min) and blunted HDAC5 phosphorylation, a substrate of PKD. Other lipophilic statins, including simvastatin, atorvastatin, and fluvastatin also prevented PKD activation in a dose-dependent manner. Using IEC-18 cell lines expressing PKD1 tagged with EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein), cerivastatin or simvastatin blocked GPCR-mediated PKD1-EGFP translocation to the plasma membrane and its subsequent nuclear accumulation. Similar results were obtained in IEC-18 cells expressing PKD3-EGFP. Mechanistically, statins inhibited agonist-dependent PKD activation rather than acting directly on PKD catalytic activity since exposure to cerivastatin or simvastatin did not impair PKD autophosphorylation or PKD1-EGFP membrane translocation in response to phorbol dibutyrate, which bypasses GPCRs and directly stimulates PKC and PKD. Furthermore, cerivastatin did not inhibit recombinant PKD activity determined via an in vitro kinase assay. Using enteroids generated from intestinal crypt-derived epithelial cells from PKD1 transgenic mice as a model of intestinal regeneration, we show that statins oppose PKD1-mediated increase in enteroid area, complexity (number of crypt-like buds), and DNA synthesis. Our results revealed a previously unappreciated inhibitory effect of statins on receptor-mediated PKD activation and in opposing the growth-promoting effects of PKD1 on intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Sinnett-Smith
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
- VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - M Eugenia Torres-Marquez
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Jen-Kuan Chang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Yuki Shimizu
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Fang Hao
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Martin G Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Enrique Rozengurt
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
- VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California, United States
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9
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Enpp2 Expression by Dendritic Cells Is a Key Regulator in Migration. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111727. [PMID: 34829956 PMCID: PMC8615729 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enpp2 is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which exhibits a wide variety of biological functions. Here, we examined the biological effects of Enpp2 on dendritic cells (DCs), which are specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs) characterized by their ability to migrate into secondary lymphoid organs and activate naïve T-cells. DCs were generated from bone marrow progenitors obtained from C57BL/6 mice. Enpp2 levels in DCs were regulated using small interfering (si)RNA or recombinant Enpp2. Expression of Enpp2 in LPS-stimulated mature (m)DCs was high, however, knocking down Enpp2 inhibited mDC function. In addition, the migratory capacity of mDCs increased after treatment with rmEnpp2; this phenomenon was mediated via the RhoA-mediated signaling pathway. Enpp2-treated mDCs showed a markedly increased capacity to migrate to lymph nodes in vivo. These findings strongly suggest that Enpp2 is necessary for mDC migration capacity, thereby increasing our understanding of DC biology. We postulate that regulating Enpp2 improves DC migration to lymph nodes, thus improving the effectiveness of cancer vaccines based on DC.
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Sander CL, Sears AE, Pinto AF, Choi EH, Kahremany S, Gao F, Salom D, Jin H, Pardon E, Suh S, Dong Z, Steyaert J, Saghatelian A, Skowronska-Krawczyk D, Kiser PD, Palczewski K. Nano-scale resolution of native retinal rod disk membranes reveals differences in lipid composition. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202101063. [PMID: 34132745 PMCID: PMC8240855 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202101063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptors rely on distinct membrane compartments to support their specialized function. Unlike protein localization, identification of critical differences in membrane content has not yet been expanded to lipids, due to the difficulty of isolating domain-specific samples. We have overcome this by using SMA to coimmunopurify membrane proteins and their native lipids from two regions of photoreceptor ROS disks. Each sample's copurified lipids were subjected to untargeted lipidomic and fatty acid analysis. Extensive differences between center (rhodopsin) and rim (ABCA4 and PRPH2/ROM1) samples included a lower PC to PE ratio and increased LC- and VLC-PUFAs in the center relative to the rim region, which was enriched in shorter, saturated FAs. The comparatively few differences between the two rim samples likely reflect specific protein-lipid interactions. High-resolution profiling of the ROS disk lipid composition gives new insights into how intricate membrane structure and protein activity are balanced within the ROS, and provides a model for future studies of other complex cellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. Sander
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Avery E. Sears
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Antonio F.M. Pinto
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
| | - Elliot H. Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Shirin Kahremany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Fangyuan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - David Salom
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Els Pardon
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie–Vrije Universiteit Brussel Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Susie Suh
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Zhiqian Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Jan Steyaert
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie–Vrije Universiteit Brussel Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
| | - Dorota Skowronska-Krawczyk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Philip D. Kiser
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
- Research Service, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
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11
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Wallis TP, Venkatesh BG, Narayana VK, Kvaskoff D, Ho A, Sullivan RK, Windels F, Sah P, Meunier FA. Saturated free fatty acids and association with memory formation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3443. [PMID: 34103527 PMCID: PMC8187648 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated free fatty acids (FFAs) such as arachidonic acid, released by phospholipase activity on membrane phospholipids, have long been considered beneficial for learning and memory and are known modulators of neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. However, the precise nature of other FFA and phospholipid changes in specific areas of the brain during learning is unknown. Here, using a targeted lipidomics approach to characterise FFAs and phospholipids across the rat brain, we demonstrated that the highest concentrations of these analytes were found in areas of the brain classically involved in fear learning and memory, such as the amygdala. Auditory fear conditioning led to an increase in saturated (particularly myristic and palmitic acids) and to a lesser extent unsaturated FFAs (predominantly arachidonic acid) in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Both fear conditioning and changes in FFA required activation of NMDA receptors. These results suggest a role for saturated FFAs in memory acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan P Wallis
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Bharat G Venkatesh
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Vinod K Narayana
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Kvaskoff
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Drug Discovery Sciences, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Alan Ho
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Robert K Sullivan
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - François Windels
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Pankaj Sah
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Joint Center for Neuroscience and Neural Engineering, and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Frédéric A Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
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12
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Muralidharan K, Van Camp MM, Lyon AM. Structure and regulation of phospholipase Cβ and ε at the membrane. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 235:105050. [PMID: 33422547 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) β and ε enzymes hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol (PI) lipids in response to direct interactions with heterotrimeric G protein subunits and small GTPases, which are activated downstream of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). PI hydrolysis generates second messengers that increase the intracellular Ca2+ concentration and activate protein kinase C (PKC), thereby regulating numerous physiological processes. PLCβ and PLCε share a highly conserved core required for lipase activity, but use different strategies and structural elements to autoinhibit basal activity, bind membranes, and engage G protein activators. In this review, we discuss recent structural insights into these enzymes and the implications for how they engage membranes alone or in complex with their G protein regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Muralidharan
- Department of Biological Sciences, 560 Oval Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States.
| | - Michelle M Van Camp
- Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States.
| | - Angeline M Lyon
- Department of Biological Sciences, 560 Oval Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States; Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States.
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13
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Rugema NY, Garland-Kuntz EE, Sieng M, Muralidharan K, Van Camp MM, O'Neill H, Mbongo W, Selvia AF, Marti AT, Everly A, McKenzie E, Lyon AM. Structure of phospholipase Cε reveals an integrated RA1 domain and previously unidentified regulatory elements. Commun Biol 2020; 3:445. [PMID: 32796910 PMCID: PMC7427993 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase Cε (PLCε) generates lipid-derived second messengers at the plasma and perinuclear membranes in the cardiovascular system. It is activated in response to a wide variety of signals, such as those conveyed by Rap1A and Ras, through a mechanism that involves its C-terminal Ras association (RA) domains (RA1 and RA2). However, the complexity and size of PLCε has hindered its structural and functional analysis. Herein, we report the 2.7 Å crystal structure of the minimal fragment of PLCε that retains basal activity. This structure includes the RA1 domain, which forms extensive interactions with other core domains. A conserved amphipathic helix in the autoregulatory X-Y linker of PLCε is also revealed, which we show modulates activity in vitro and in cells. The studies provide the structural framework for the core of this critical cardiovascular enzyme that will allow for a better understanding of its regulation and roles in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngango Y Rugema
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA
| | | | - Monita Sieng
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA
| | - Kaushik Muralidharan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA
| | | | - Hannah O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA
| | - William Mbongo
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA
| | - Arielle F Selvia
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA
| | - Andrea T Marti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA
| | - Amanda Everly
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA
| | - Emmanda McKenzie
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA
| | - Angeline M Lyon
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, USA.
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14
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Joensuu M, Wallis TP, Saber SH, Meunier FA. Phospholipases in neuronal function: A role in learning and memory? J Neurochem 2020; 153:300-333. [PMID: 31745996 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the human brain being made of nearly 60% fat, the vast majority of studies on the mechanisms of neuronal communication which underpin cognition, memory and learning, primarily focus on proteins and/or (epi)genetic mechanisms. Phospholipids are the main component of all cellular membranes and function as substrates for numerous phospholipid-modifying enzymes, including phospholipases, which release free fatty acids (FFAs) and other lipid metabolites that can alter the intrinsic properties of the membranes, recruit and activate critical proteins, and act as lipid signalling molecules. Here, we will review brain specific phospholipases, their roles in membrane remodelling, neuronal function, learning and memory, as well as their disease implications. In particular, we will highlight key roles of unsaturated FFAs, particularly arachidonic acid, in neurotransmitter release, neuroinflammation and memory. In light of recent findings, we will also discuss the emerging role of phospholipase A1 and the creation of saturated FFAs in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja Joensuu
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tristan P Wallis
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Saber H Saber
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Frédéric A Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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15
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Guo S, Liu S, Bou G, Guo J, Jiang L, Chai Z, Cai M, Mu Y, Liu Z. Fetal bovine serum promotes the development of in vitro porcine blastocysts by activating the Rho-associated kinase signalling pathway. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 31:366-376. [PMID: 30253120 DOI: 10.1071/rd18070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplementation has beneficial effects on invitro porcine embryonic development, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In the present study we found that the addition of FBS to PZM-3 increased the number of cells in porcine blastocysts and hatching rate invitro primarily by promoting proliferation of the inner cell mass and further differentiation. Moreover, based on the following results, we surmise that FBS benefits blastocyst development by activating Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) signalling: (1) the ROCK signalling inhibitor Y-27632 decreased the blastocyst rate and the number of cells in blastocysts, whereas FBS rescued the developmental failure induced by Y-27632; (2) the mRNA levels of two ROCK isoforms, ROCK1 and ROCK2, were significantly increased in blastocysts derived from medium containing FBS; and (3) FBS increased RhoA/Rho-kinase expression in the nucleus of embryonic cells. These results indicate that FBS promotes the invitro development of porcine embryos by activating ROCK signalling in a chemically defined medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeng Guo
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shichao Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Gerelchimeg Bou
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jia Guo
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Liyuan Jiang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhuang Chai
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Mingming Cai
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanshuang Mu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin 150030, China
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16
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Magkrioti C, Galaris A, Kanellopoulou P, Stylianaki EA, Kaffe E, Aidinis V. Autotaxin and chronic inflammatory diseases. J Autoimmun 2019; 104:102327. [PMID: 31471142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted glycoprotein, widely present in biological fluids including blood. ATX catalyzes the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a growth factor-like, signaling phospholipid. LPA exerts pleiotropic effects mediated by its G-protein-coupled receptors that are widely expressed and exhibit overlapping specificities. Although ATX also possesses matricellular properties, the majority of ATX reported functions in adulthood are thought to be mediated through the extracellular production of LPA. ATX-mediated LPA synthesis is likely localized at the cell surface through the possible interaction of ATX with integrins or other molecules, while LPA levels are further controlled by a group of membrane-associated lipid-phosphate phosphatases. ATX expression was shown to be necessary for embryonic development, and ATX deficient embryos exhibit defective vascular homeostasis and aberrant neuronal system development. In adult life, ATX is highly expressed in the adipose tissue and has been implicated in diet-induced obesity and glucose homeostasis with multiple implications in metabolic disorders. Additionally, LPA has been shown to affect multiple cell types, including stromal and immune cells in various ways. Therefore, LPA participates in many processes that are intricately involved in the pathogenesis of different chronic inflammatory diseases such as vascular homeostasis, skeletal and stromal remodeling, lymphocyte trafficking and immune regulation. Accordingly, increased ATX and LPA levels have been detected, locally and/or systemically, in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, most notably idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), chronic liver diseases, and rheumatoid arthritis. Genetic and pharmacological studies in mice have confirmed a pathogenetic role for ATX expression and LPA signaling in chronic inflammatory diseases, and provided the proof of principle for therapeutic interventions, as exemplified by the ongoing clinical trials for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Apostolos Galaris
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Eleanna Kaffe
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672, Athens, Greece.
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17
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Tripathi BK, Anderman MF, Qian X, Zhou M, Wang D, Papageorge AG, Lowy DR. SRC and ERK cooperatively phosphorylate DLC1 and attenuate its Rho-GAP and tumor suppressor functions. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3060-3076. [PMID: 31308216 PMCID: PMC6719442 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201810098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DLC1 controls focal adhesion dynamics and other processes that suppress tumorigenesis; therefore, it is unclear why some cancers maintain high levels of DLC1. Tripathi et al. show that phosphorylation of DLC1 by SRC and ERK mitigates DLC1’s tumor suppressor activities but these can be reactivated by kinase inhibition as a potential cancer treatment. SRC and ERK kinases control many cell biological processes that promote tumorigenesis by altering the activity of oncogenic and tumor suppressor proteins. We identify here a physiological interaction between DLC1, a focal adhesion protein and tumor suppressor, with SRC and ERK. The tumor suppressor function of DLC1 is attenuated by phosphorylation of tyrosines Y451 and Y701 by SRC, which down-regulates DLC1’s tensin-binding and Rho-GAP activities. ERK1/2 phosphorylate DLC1 on serine S129, which increases both the binding of SRC to DLC1 and SRC-dependent phosphorylation of DLC1. SRC inhibitors exhibit potent antitumor activity in a DLC1-positive transgenic cancer model and a DLC1-positive tumor xenograft model, due to reactivation of the tumor suppressor activities of DLC1. Combined treatment of DLC1-positive tumors with SRC plus AKT inhibitors has even greater antitumor activity. Together, these findings indicate cooperation between the SRC, ERK1/2, and AKT kinases to reduce DLC1 Rho-GAP and tumor suppressor activities in cancer cells, which can be reactivated by the kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brajendra K Tripathi
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Meghan F Anderman
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Xiaolan Qian
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ming Zhou
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Dunrui Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alex G Papageorge
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Douglas R Lowy
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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18
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S1P 1 receptor phosphorylation, internalization, and interaction with Rab proteins: effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate, FTY720-P, phorbol esters, and paroxetine. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181612. [PMID: 30366961 PMCID: PMC6294635 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and FTY720-phosphate (FTYp) increased intracellular calcium in cells expressing S1P1 mCherry-tagged receptors; the synthetic agonist was considerably less potent. Activation of protein kinase C by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) blocked these effects. The three agents induced receptor phosphorylation and internalization, with the action of FTYp being more intense. S1P1 receptor–Rab protein (GFP-tagged) interaction was studied using FRET. The three agents were able to induce S1P1 receptor–Rab5 interaction, although with different time courses. S1P1 receptor–Rab9 interaction was mainly increased by the phorbol ester, whereas S1P1 receptor–Rab7 interaction was only increased by FTYp and after a 30-min incubation. These actions were not observed using dominant negative (GDP-bound) Rab protein mutants. The data suggested that the three agents induce interaction with early endosomes, but that the natural agonist induced rapid receptor recycling, whereas activation of protein kinase C favored interaction with late endosome and slow recycling and FTYp triggered receptor interaction with vesicles associated with proteasomal/lysosomal degradation. The ability of bisindolylmaleimide I and paroxetine to block some of these actions suggested the activation of protein kinase C was associated mainly with the action of PMA, whereas G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) 2 (GRK2) was involved in the action of the three agents.
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19
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Yang F, Chen GX. Production of extracellular lysophosphatidic acid in the regulation of adipocyte functions and liver fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:4132-4151. [PMID: 30271079 PMCID: PMC6158478 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i36.4132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a glycerophospholipid, consists of a glycerol backbone connected to a phosphate head group and an acyl chain linked to sn-1 or sn-2 position. In the circulation, LPA is in sub-millimolar range and mainly derived from hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine, a process mediated by lysophospholipase D activity in proteins such as autotaxin (ATX). Intracellular and extracellular LPAs act as bioactive lipid mediators with diverse functions in almost every mammalian cell type. The binding of LPA to its receptors LPA1-6 activates multiple cellular processes such as migration, proliferation and survival. The production of LPA and activation of LPA receptor signaling pathways in the events of physiology and pathophysiology have attracted the interest of researchers. Results from studies using transgenic and gene knockout animals with alterations of ATX and LPA receptors genes, have revealed the roles of LPA signaling pathways in metabolic active tissues and organs. The present review was aimed to summarize recent progresses in the studies of extracellular and intracellular LPA production pathways. This includes the functional, structural and biochemical properties of ATX and LPA receptors. The potential roles of LPA production and LPA receptor signaling pathways in obesity, insulin resistance and liver fibrosis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guo-Xun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
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20
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Arish M, Husein A, Ali R, Tabrez S, Naz F, Ahmad MZ, Rub A. Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in Leishmania donovani infection in macrophages. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006647. [PMID: 30118478 PMCID: PMC6118390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a crucial regulator of a wide array of cellular processes, such as apoptosis, cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, but its role in Leishmania donovani infection is unknown. METHODOLOGY/ PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In the present study, we observed that L. donovani infection in THP-1 derived macrophages (TDM) leads to decrease in the expression of S1pr2 and S1pr3 at mRNA level. We further observed that Leishmania infection inhibits the phosphorylation of sphingosine kinase 1 (sphK1) in a time-dependent manner. Exogenous S1P supplementation decreases L. donovani induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and increases p38 phosphorylation in TDM, resulting in a decrease in the intracellular parasite burden in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, sphK inhibition by DMS increases ERK1/2 phosphorylation leading to increased IL-10 and parasite load. To gain further insight, cytokines expression were checked in S1P supplemented TDM and we observed increase in IL-12, while decrease IL-10 expression at mRNA and protein levels. In addition, treatment of antagonist of S1PR2 and S1PR3 such as JTE-013 and CAY10444 respectively enhanced Leishmania-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and parasite load. CONCLUSIONS Our overall study not only reports the significant role of S1P signaling during L. donovani infection but also provides a novel platform for the development of new drugs against Leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Arish
- Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Atahar Husein
- Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Rahat Ali
- Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Shams Tabrez
- Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Farha Naz
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Science, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Zulfazal Ahmad
- Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Abdur Rub
- Infection and Immunity Lab (414), Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: , ,
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21
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Characterization of phospholipids from Pacific saury ( Cololabis saira ) viscera and their neuroprotective activity. FOOD BIOSCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Lerner R, Post JM, Ellis SR, Vos DRN, Heeren RMA, Lutz B, Bindila L. Simultaneous lipidomic and transcriptomic profiling in mouse brain punches of acute epileptic seizure model compared to controls. J Lipid Res 2017; 59:283-297. [PMID: 29208697 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m080093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the development of a dual extraction protocol for RNA and lipids, including phospholipids, endocannabinoids, and arachidonic acid, at high spatial resolution, e.g., brain punches obtained from whole frozen brains corresponding to four brain subregions: dorsal hippocampus, ventral hippocampus, basolateral amygdala, and hypothalamus. This extraction method combined with LC/multiple reaction monitoring for lipid quantifi-cation and quantitative PCR for RNA investigation allows lipidomic and transcriptomic profiling from submilligram amounts of tissue, thus benefiting the time and animal costs for analysis and the data reliability due to prevention of biological variability between animal batches and/or tissue heterogeneity, as compared with profiling in distinct animal batches. Moreover, the method allows a higher extraction efficiency and integrity preservation for RNA, while allowing concurrently quantitative analysis of low and high abundant lipids. The method was applied for brain punches obtained 1 h after kainic acid-induced epileptic seizures in mice (n = 10) compared with controls (n = 10), and enabled the provision of valuable new insights into the subregional lipid and RNA changes with epilepsy, highlighting its potential as a new viable tool in quantitative neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa Lerner
- University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany; and
| | - Julia M Post
- University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany; and
| | - Shane R Ellis
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - D R Naomi Vos
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Beat Lutz
- University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany; and
| | - Laura Bindila
- University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany; and
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Tripathi BK, Grant T, Qian X, Zhou M, Mertins P, Wang D, Papageorge AG, Tarasov SG, Hunter KW, Carr SA, Lowy DR. Receptor tyrosine kinase activation of RhoA is mediated by AKT phosphorylation of DLC1. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:4255-4270. [PMID: 29114068 PMCID: PMC5716279 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201703105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A new common mechanism for increasing RhoA-GTP is identified in Tripathi et al. The increased RhoA-GTP results from signaling mechanisms that phosphorylate and attenuate the DLC1 tumor suppressor, which encodes RhoGAP. The potentially reversible nature of this attenuation may have therapeutic relevance in cancer. We report several receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands increase RhoA–guanosine triphosphate (GTP) in untransformed and transformed cell lines and determine this phenomenon depends on the RTKs activating the AKT serine/threonine kinase. The increased RhoA-GTP results from AKT phosphorylating three serines (S298, S329, and S567) in the DLC1 tumor suppressor, a Rho GTPase-activating protein (RhoGAP) associated with focal adhesions. Phosphorylation of the serines, located N-terminal to the DLC1 RhoGAP domain, induces strong binding of that N-terminal region to the RhoGAP domain, converting DLC1 from an open, active dimer to a closed, inactive monomer. That binding, which interferes with the interaction of RhoA-GTP with the RhoGAP domain, reduces the hydrolysis of RhoA-GTP, the binding of other DLC1 ligands, and the colocalization of DLC1 with focal adhesions and attenuates tumor suppressor activity. DLC1 is a critical AKT target in DLC1-positive cancer because AKT inhibition has potent antitumor activity in the DLC1-positive transgenic cancer model and in a DLC1-positive cancer cell line but not in an isogenic DLC1-negative cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brajendra K Tripathi
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tiera Grant
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Xiaolan Qian
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ming Zhou
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | | | - Dunrui Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alex G Papageorge
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sergey G Tarasov
- Structural Biophysics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Kent W Hunter
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Douglas R Lowy
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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24
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Arish M, Alaidarous M, Ali R, Akhter Y, Rub A. Implication of sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in diseases: molecular mechanism and therapeutic strategies. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2017; 37:437-446. [PMID: 28758826 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2017.1358282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling is emerging as a critical regulator of cellular processes that is initiated by the intracellular production of bioactive lipid molecule, sphingosine-1-phosphate. Binding of sphingosine-1-phosphate to its extracellular receptors activates diverse downstream signaling that play a critical role in governing physiological processes. Increasing evidence suggests that this signaling pathway often gets impaired during pathophysiological and diseased conditions and hence manipulation of this signaling pathway may be beneficial in providing treatment. In this review, we summarized the recent findings of S1P signaling pathway and the versatile role of the participating candidates in context with several disease conditions. Finally, we discussed its possible role as a novel drug target in different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Arish
- a Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology , Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Mohammed Alaidarous
- b Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences , Majmaah University , Al Majmaah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahat Ali
- a Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology , Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- c Centre for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences , Central University of Himachal Pradesh , Shahpur, Kangra , India
| | - Abdur Rub
- a Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology , Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University) , New Delhi , India.,b Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences , Majmaah University , Al Majmaah , Saudi Arabia
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25
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Davies MR, Lee L, Feeley BT, Kim HT, Liu X. Lysophosphatidic acid-induced RhoA signaling and prolonged macrophage infiltration worsens fibrosis and fatty infiltration following rotator cuff tears. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:1539-1547. [PMID: 27505847 PMCID: PMC5502767 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that macrophage-mediated chronic inflammation is involved in the development of rotator cuff muscle atrophy and degeneration following massive tendon tears. Increased RhoA signaling has been reported in chronic muscle degeneration, such as muscular dystrophy. However, the role of RhoA signaling in macrophage infiltration and rotator muscle degeneration remains unknown. Using a previously established rat model of massive rotator cuff tears, we found RhoA signaling is upregulated in rotator cuff muscle following a massive tendon-nerve injury. This increase in RhoA expression is greatly potentiated by the administration of a potent RhoA activator, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and is accompanied by increased TNFα and TGF-β1 expression in rotator cuff muscle. Boosting RhoA signaling with LPA significantly worsened rotator cuff muscle atrophy, fibrosis, and fatty infiltration, accompanied with massive monocytic infiltration of rotator cuff muscles. Co-staining of RhoA and the tissue macrophage marker CD68 showed that CD68+ tissue macrophages are the dominant cell source of increased RhoA signaling in rotator cuff muscles after tendon tears. Taken together, our findings suggest that LPA-mediated RhoA signaling in injured muscle worsens the outcomes of atrophy, fibrosis, and fatty infiltration by increasing macrophage infiltraion in rotator cuff muscle. Clinically, inhibiting RhoA signaling may represent a future direction for developing new treatments to improve muscle quality following massive rotator cuff tears. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1539-1547, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Davies
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, 1700 Owens Street, Room 364 San Francisco, California 94153
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Lawrence Lee
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, 1700 Owens Street, Room 364 San Francisco, California 94153
| | - Brian T. Feeley
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, 1700 Owens Street, Room 364 San Francisco, California 94153
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Hubert T. Kim
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, 1700 Owens Street, Room 364 San Francisco, California 94153
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Xuhui Liu
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, 1700 Owens Street, Room 364 San Francisco, California 94153
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
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26
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Fukui H, Chiba A, Miyazaki T, Takano H, Ishikawa H, Omori T, Mochiuzki N. Spatial Allocation and Specification of Cardiomyocytes during Zebrafish Embryogenesis. Korean Circ J 2017; 47:160-167. [PMID: 28382067 PMCID: PMC5378018 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2016.0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Incomplete development and severe malformation of the heart result in miscarriage of embryos because of its malfunction as a pump for circulation. During cardiogenesis, development of the heart is precisely coordinated by the genetically-primed program that is revealed by the sequential expression of transcription factors. It is important to investigate how spatial allocation of the heart containing cardiomyocytes and other mesoderm-derived cells is determined. In addition, the molecular mechanism underlying cardiomyocyte differentiation still remains elusive. The location of ectoderm-, mesoderm-, and endoderm-derived organs is determined by their initial allocation and subsequent mutual cell-cell interactions or paracrine-based regulation. In the present work, we provide an overview of cardiac development controlled by the germ layers and discuss the points that should be uncovered in future for understanding cardiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Fukui
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayano Chiba
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Miyazaki
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruko Takano
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishikawa
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toyonori Omori
- Management office, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Mochiuzki
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan.; AMED-CREST, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
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27
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Wood BM, Bossuyt J. Emergency Spatiotemporal Shift: The Response of Protein Kinase D to Stress Signals in the Cardiovascular System. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:9. [PMID: 28174535 PMCID: PMC5258689 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein Kinase D isoforms (PKD 1-3) are key mediators of neurohormonal, oxidative, and metabolic stress signals. PKDs impact a wide variety of signaling pathways and cellular functions including actin dynamics, vesicle trafficking, cell motility, survival, contractility, energy substrate utilization, and gene transcription. PKD activity is also increasingly linked to cancer, immune regulation, pain modulation, memory, angiogenesis, and cardiovascular disease. This increasing complexity and diversity of PKD function, highlights the importance of tight spatiotemporal control of the kinase via protein–protein interactions, post-translational modifications or targeting via scaffolding proteins. In this review, we focus on the spatiotemporal regulation and effects of PKD signaling in response to neurohormonal, oxidant and metabolic signals that have implications for myocardial disease. Precise targeting of these mechanisms will be crucial in the design of PKD-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent M Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis CA, USA
| | - Julie Bossuyt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis CA, USA
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28
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Yung BS, Brand CS, Xiang SY, Gray CBB, Means CK, Rosen H, Chun J, Purcell NH, Brown JH, Miyamoto S. Selective coupling of the S1P 3 receptor subtype to S1P-mediated RhoA activation and cardioprotection. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 103:1-10. [PMID: 28017639 PMCID: PMC5410967 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive lysophospholipid, is generated and released at sites of tissue injury in the heart and can act on S1P1, S1P2, and S1P3 receptor subtypes to affect cardiovascular responses. We established that S1P causes little phosphoinositide hydrolysis and does not induce hypertrophy indicating that it does not cause receptor coupling to Gq. We previously demonstrated that S1P confers cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion by activating RhoA and its downstream effector PKD. The S1P receptor subtypes and G proteins that regulate RhoA activation and downstream responses in the heart have not been determined. Using siRNA or pertussis toxin to inhibit different G proteins in NRVMs we established that S1P regulates RhoA activation through Gα13 but not Gα12, Gαq, or Gαi. Knockdown of the three major S1P receptors using siRNA demonstrated a requirement for S1P3 in RhoA activation and subsequent phosphorylation of PKD, and this was confirmed in studies using isolated hearts from S1P3 knockout (KO) mice. S1P treatment reduced infarct size induced by ischemia/reperfusion in Langendorff perfused wild-type (WT) hearts and this protection was abolished in the S1P3 KO mouse heart. CYM-51736, an S1P3-specific agonist, also decreased infarct size after ischemia/reperfusion to a degree similar to that achieved by S1P. The finding that S1P3 receptor- and Gα13-mediated RhoA activation is responsible for protection against ischemia/reperfusion suggests that selective targeting of S1P3 receptors could provide therapeutic benefits in ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S Yung
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Cameron S Brand
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Sunny Y Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Charles B B Gray
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | | | - Hugh Rosen
- Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Jerold Chun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Nicole H Purcell
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Joan Heller Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
| | - Shigeki Miyamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
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29
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Qiu W, Steinberg SF. Phos-tag SDS-PAGE resolves agonist- and isoform-specific activation patterns for PKD2 and PKD3 in cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 99:14-22. [PMID: 27515283 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase D (PKD) consists of a family of three structurally related enzymes that are co-expressed in the heart and have important roles in many biological responses. PKD1 is activated by pro-hypertrophic stimuli and has been implicated in adverse cardiac remodeling. Efforts to define the cardiac actions of PKD2 and PKD3 have been less successful at least in part because conventional methods provide a general screen for PKD activation but are poorly suited to resolve activation patterns for PKD2 or PKD3. This study uses Phos-tag SDS-PAGE, a method that exaggerates phosphorylation-dependent mobility shifts, to overcome this technical limitation. Phos-tag SDS-PAGE resolves PKD1 as distinct molecular species (indicative of pools of enzyme with distinct phosphorylation profiles) in unstimulated cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes; as a result, attempts to track PKD1 mobility shifts that result from agonist activation were only moderately successful. In contrast, PKD2 and PKD3 are recovered from resting cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes as single molecular species; both enzymes display robust mobility shifts in Phos-tag SDS-PAGE in response to treatment with sphingosine-1-phosphate, thrombin, PDGF, or H2O2. Studies with GF109203X implicate protein kinase C activity in the stimulus-dependent pathways that activate PKD2/PKD3 in both cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes. Studies with C3 toxin identify a novel role for Rho in the sphingosine-1-phosphate and thrombin receptor-dependent pathways that lead to the phosphorylation of PKD2/3 and the downstream substrate CREB in cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, Phos-tag SDS-PAGE provides a general screen for stimulus-specific changes in PKD2 and PKD3 phosphorylation and exposes a novel role for these enzymes in specific stress-dependent pathways that influence cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Susan F Steinberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States.
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30
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Lysophospholipid Receptors, as Novel Conditional Danger Receptors and Homeostatic Receptors Modulate Inflammation-Novel Paradigm and Therapeutic Potential. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2016; 9:343-59. [PMID: 27230673 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-016-9700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
There are limitations in the current classification of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) receptors. To overcome these limitations, we propose a new paradigm by using endogenous metabolites lysophospholipids (LPLs) as a prototype. By utilizing a data mining method we pioneered, we made the following findings: (1) endogenous metabolites such as LPLs at basal level have physiological functions; (2) under sterile inflammation, expression of some LPLs is elevated. These LPLs act as conditional DAMPs or anti-inflammatory homeostasis-associated molecular pattern molecules (HAMPs) for regulating the progression of inflammation or inhibition of inflammation, respectively; (3) receptors for conditional DAMPs and HAMPs are differentially expressed in human and mouse tissues; and (4) complex signaling mechanism exists between pro-inflammatory mediators and classical DAMPs that regulate the expression of conditional DAMPs and HAMPs. This novel insight will facilitate identification of novel conditional DAMPs and HAMPs, thus promote development of new therapeutic targets to treat inflammatory disorders.
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31
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Xu J, Shao M, Pan H, Wang H, Cheng L, Yang H, Hu T. Novel role of zonula occludens-1: A tight junction protein closely associated with the odontoblast differentiation of human dental pulp cells. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:787-95. [PMID: 27109589 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), a tight junction protein, contributes to the maintenance of the polarity of odontoblasts and junctional complex formation in odontoblast layer during tooth development. However, expression and possible role of ZO-1 in human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) during repair process remains unknown. Here, we investigated the expression of ZO-1 in hDPCs and the relationship with odontoblast differentiation. We found the processes of two adjacent cells were fused and formed junction-like structure using scanning electron microscopy. Fluorescence immunoassay and Western blot confirmed ZO-1 expression in hDPCs. Especially, ZO-1 was high expressed at the cell-cell junction sites. More interestingly, ZO-1 accumulated at the leading edge of lamellipodia in migrating cells when a scratch assay was performed. Furthermore, ZO-1 gradual increased during odontoblast differentiation and ZO-1 silencing greatly inhibited the differentiation. ZO-1 binds directly to actin filaments and RhoA/ROCK signaling mainly regulates cell cytoskeleton, thus RhoA/ROCK might play a role in regulating ZO-1. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and Y-27632 were used to activate and inhibit RhoA/ROCK signaling, respectively, with or without mineralizing medium. In normal cultured hDPCs, RhoA activation increased ZO-1 expression and especially in intercellular contacts, whereas ROCK inhibition attenuated the effects induced by LPA. However, expression of ZO-1 was upregulated by Y-27632 but not significantly affected by LPA after odontoblast differentiation. Hence, ZO-1 highly expresses in cell-cell junctions and is related to odontoblast differentiation, which may contribute to dental pulp repair or even the formation of an odontoblast layer. RhoA/ROCK signaling is involved in the regulation of ZO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meiying Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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32
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Abstract
Phospholipases are lipid-metabolizing enzymes that hydrolyze phospholipids. In some cases, their activity results in remodeling of lipids and/or allows the synthesis of other lipids. In other cases, however, and of interest to the topic of adrenal steroidogenesis, phospholipases produce second messengers that modify the function of a cell. In this review, the enzymatic reactions, products, and effectors of three phospholipases, phospholipase C, phospholipase D, and phospholipase A2, are discussed. Although much data have been obtained concerning the role of phospholipases C and D in regulating adrenal steroid hormone production, there are still many gaps in our knowledge. Furthermore, little is known about the involvement of phospholipase A2, perhaps, in part, because this enzyme comprises a large family of related enzymes that are differentially regulated and with different functions. This review presents the evidence supporting the role of each of these phospholipases in steroidogenesis in the adrenal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy B Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical CenterOne Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, USA Department of PhysiologyMedical College of Georgia, Augusta University (formerly Georgia Regents University), Augusta, GA, USA
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33
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G-Protein-Coupled Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptors and Their Regulation of AKT Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:215. [PMID: 26861299 PMCID: PMC4783947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is their ability to recognize and respond to chemically diverse ligands. Lysophospholipids constitute a relatively recent addition to these ligands and carry out their biological functions by activating G-proteins coupled to a large family of cell-surface receptors. This review aims to highlight salient features of cell signaling by one class of these receptors, known as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors, in the context of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT pathway activation. LPA moieties efficiently activate AKT phosphorylation and activation in a multitude of cell types. The interplay between LPA, its receptors, the associated Gαi/o subunits, PI3K and AKT contributes to the regulation of cell survival, migration, proliferation and confers chemotherapy-resistance in certain cancers. However, detailed information on the regulation of PI3K-AKT signals induced by LPA receptors is missing from the literature. Here, some urgent issues for investigation are highlighted.
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34
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Yeh YC, Yang CP, Lee SS, Horng CT, Chen HY, Cho TH, Yang ML, Lee CY, Li MC, Kuan YH. Acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide is inhibited by wogonin in mice via reduction of Akt phosphorylation and RhoA activation. J Pharm Pharmacol 2016; 68:257-63. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Neutrophil infiltration into the lung is the critical characteristic of acute lung injury (ALI), which is a clinical state with acute inflammatory syndrome. Up to now, there is no effective medicine for ALI. Wogonin has been shown to posses serval biological activities including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidant and anti-carcinoma.
Methods
Acute lung injury was induced by intratracheal injection of LPS, and wogonin at various concentrations was injected intraperitoneally 30 min prior to LPS. Contents of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and expression of chemokines and adhesion molecules were determined by commercially and ELISA assay kits, respectively. Akt phosphorylation and RhoA activation were measured by western blot and RhoA pull-down activation assay, respectively.
Key finding
Neutrophil infiltration was reduced by wogonin in a concentration-dependent manner in the LPS-induced ALI mice model. LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules were inhibited by wogonin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) with LPS-induced ALI. Furthermore, wogonin suppressed Akt phosphorylation and RhoA activation in lungs in LPS-induced ALI. The similar parallel trend was observed as wogonin reduced LPS-induced neutrophils infiltration, proinflammatory cytokines generation, adhesion molecules expression, Akt phosphorylation, and RhoA activation.
Summary
These results suggested that the effects of wogonin in LPS-induced ALI were induced by inhibition of Akt phosphorylation and RhoA activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Cheng Yeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ping Yang
- Department of Biotechology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiuan-Shinn Lee
- School of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ting Horng
- Medical Education Center, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospitl, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shang Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Hsiung Cho
- Department of Optometry, Shu Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Yang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ying Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University,, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Miao-Cing Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University,, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Kuan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University,, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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35
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Li YF, Li RS, Samuel SB, Cueto R, Li XY, Wang H, Yang XF. Lysophospholipids and their G protein-coupled receptors in atherosclerosis. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2016; 21:70-88. [PMID: 26594106 DOI: 10.2741/4377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lysophospholipids (LPLs) are bioactive lipid-derived signaling molecules generated by the enzymatic and chemical processes of regiospecific phospholipases on substrates such as membrane phospholipids (PLs) and sphingolipids (SLs). They play a major role as extracellular mediators by activating G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and stimulating diverse cellular responses from their signaling pathways. LPLs are involved in various pathologies of the vasculature system including coronary heart disease and hypertension. Many studies suggest the importance of LPLs in their association with the development of atherosclerosis, a chronic and severe vascular disease. This paper focuses on the pathophysiological effects of different lysophospholipids on atherosclerosis, which may promote the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction and strokes. Their atherogenic biological activities take place in vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, monocytes and macrophages, dendritic cells, T-lymphocytes, platelets, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Feng Li
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA ; Department of Nephrology and Hemodialysis Center, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Rong-Shan Li
- Department of Nephrology and Hemodialysis Center, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, China
| | - Sonia B Samuel
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ramon Cueto
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xin-Yuan Li
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xiao-Feng Yang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Rourke JL, Dranse HJ, Sinal CJ. CMKLR1 and GPR1 mediate chemerin signaling through the RhoA/ROCK pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 417:36-51. [PMID: 26363224 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemerin is an adipose-derived hormone that regulates immunity and energy homesotasis. To date, all known chemerin functions have been attributed to activation of the G protein-coupled receptor chemokine-like receptor-1 (CMKLR1). Chemerin is also the only known ligand for a second receptor, G protein-coupled receptor-1 (GPR1), whose signaling and function remains unknown. This study investigated the in vitro signal transduction mechanisms of CMKLR1 and GPR1 using a panel of luciferase-reporters and pathway-specific inhibitors. Herein we report the novel finding that chemerin signals through a RhoA and rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK)-dependent pathway for activation of the transcriptional regulator serum-response factor (SRF). Despite similarities in RhoA/ROCK, Gαi/o, and MAPK signaling, we also demonstrate species-specific and receptor-dependent variations in GPR1 and CMKLR1 signaling and expression of the SRF target genes EGR1, FOS and VCL. Moreover, we demonstrate that signaling through p38, Gαi/o, RhoA, and ROCK is required for chemerin-mediated chemotaxis of L1.2 lymphocytes and AGS gastric adenocarcinoma cells. These results provide, to our knowledge, the first empirical evidence that GPR1 is a functional chemerin receptor and identify RhoA/SRF as a novel chemerin-signaling axis via both CMKLR1 and GPR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian L Rourke
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Helen J Dranse
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Mahajan-Thakur S, Böhm A, Jedlitschky G, Schrör K, Rauch BH. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate and Its Receptors: A Mutual Link between Blood Coagulation and Inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:831059. [PMID: 26604433 PMCID: PMC4641948 DOI: 10.1155/2015/831059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a versatile lipid signaling molecule and key regulator in vascular inflammation. S1P is secreted by platelets, monocytes, and vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. It binds specifically to a family of G-protein-coupled receptors, S1P receptors 1 to 5, resulting in downstream signaling and numerous cellular effects. S1P modulates cell proliferation and migration, and mediates proinflammatory responses and apoptosis. In the vascular barrier, S1P regulates permeability and endothelial reactions and recruitment of monocytes and may modulate atherosclerosis. Only recently has S1P emerged as a critical mediator which directly links the coagulation factor system to vascular inflammation. The multifunctional proteases thrombin and FXa regulate local S1P availability and interact with S1P signaling at multiple levels in various vascular cell types. Differential expression patterns and intracellular signaling pathways of each receptor enable S1P to exert its widespread functions. Although a vast amount of information is available about the functions of S1P and its receptors in the regulation of physiological and pathophysiological conditions, S1P-mediated mechanisms in the vasculature remain to be elucidated. This review summarizes recent findings regarding the role of S1P and its receptors in vascular wall and blood cells, which link the coagulation system to inflammatory responses in the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailaja Mahajan-Thakur
- Institut für Pharmakologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorf Strasse 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas Böhm
- Institut für Pharmakologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorf Strasse 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gabriele Jedlitschky
- Institut für Pharmakologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorf Strasse 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Karsten Schrör
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernhard H. Rauch
- Institut für Pharmakologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorf Strasse 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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Zhou YJ, Liu JM, Wei SM, Zhang YH, Qu ZH, Chen SB. Propofol promotes spinal cord injury repair by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1305-11. [PMID: 26487860 PMCID: PMC4590245 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.162765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Propofol is a neuroprotective anesthetic. Whether propofol can promote spinal cord injury repair by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells remains poorly understood. We used rats to investigate spinal cord injury repair using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation combined with propofol administration via the tail vein. Rat spinal cord injury was clearly alleviated; a large number of newborn non-myelinated and myelinated nerve fibers appeared in the spinal cord, the numbers of CM-Dil-labeled bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and fluorogold-labeled nerve fibers were increased and hindlimb motor function of spinal cord-injured rats was markedly improved. These improvements were more prominent in rats subjected to bone marrow mesenchymal cell transplantation combined with propofol administration than in rats receiving monotherapy. These results indicate that propofol can enhance the therapeutic effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on spinal cord injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jing Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xingtai People's Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Xingtai, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jian-Min Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Xingtai People's Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Xingtai, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shu-Ming Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yun-Hao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xingtai People's Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Xingtai, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Qu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xingtai People's Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Xingtai, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shu-Bo Chen
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Xingtai People's Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Xingtai, Hebei Province, China
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Arish M, Husein A, Kashif M, Saleem M, Akhter Y, Rub A. Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling: unraveling its role as a drug target against infectious diseases. Drug Discov Today 2015; 21:133-142. [PMID: 26456576 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling is reported in variety of cell types, including immune, endothelial and cancerous cells. It is emerging as a crucial regulator of cellular processes, such as apoptosis, cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and so on. This signaling pathway is initiated by the intracellular production and secretion of S1P through a cascade of enzymatic reactions. Binding of S1P to different S1P receptors (S1PRs) activates different downstream signaling pathways that regulate the cellular functions differentially depending upon the cell type. An accumulating body of evidence suggests that S1P metabolism and signaling is often impaired during infectious diseases; thus, its manipulation might be helpful in the treatment of such diseases. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the S1P signaling pathway and its candidature as a novel drug target against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Arish
- Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Atahar Husein
- Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohammad Kashif
- Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohammed Saleem
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Temporary Academic Block, Shahpur, Kangra, HP 176216, India
| | - Abdur Rub
- Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India.
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40
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Ridley AJ. Rho GTPase signalling in cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 36:103-12. [PMID: 26363959 PMCID: PMC4728192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 548] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cells migrate in multiple different ways depending on their environment, which includes the extracellular matrix composition, interactions with other cells, and chemical stimuli. For all types of cell migration, Rho GTPases play a central role, although the relative contribution of each Rho GTPase depends on the environment and cell type. Here, I review recent advances in our understanding of how Rho GTPases contribute to different types of migration, comparing lamellipodium-driven versus bleb-driven migration modes. I also describe how cells migrate across the endothelium. In addition to Rho, Rac and Cdc42, which are well known to regulate migration, I discuss the roles of other less-well characterized members of the Rho family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Ridley
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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41
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Abstract
Cells migrate in multiple different ways depending on their environment, which includes the extracellular matrix composition, interactions with other cells, and chemical stimuli. For all types of cell migration, Rho GTPases play a central role, although the relative contribution of each Rho GTPase depends on the environment and cell type. Here, I review recent advances in our understanding of how Rho GTPases contribute to different types of migration, comparing lamellipodium-driven versus bleb-driven migration modes. I also describe how cells migrate across the endothelium. In addition to Rho, Rac and Cdc42, which are well known to regulate migration, I discuss the roles of other less-well characterized members of the Rho family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Ridley
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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42
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Dusaban SS, Kunkel MT, Smrcka AV, Brown JH. Thrombin promotes sustained signaling and inflammatory gene expression through the CDC25 and Ras-associating domains of phospholipase Cϵ. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:26776-83. [PMID: 26350460 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.676098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C-epsilon (PLCϵ) plays a critical role in G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated inflammation. In addition to its ability to generate the second messengers inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol, PLCϵ, unlike the other phospholipase C family members, is activated in a sustained manner. We hypothesized that the ability of PLCϵ to function as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rap1 supports sustained downstream signaling via feedback of Rap1 to the enzyme Ras-associating (RA2) domain. Using gene deletion and adenoviral rescue, we demonstrate that both the GEF (CDC25 homology domain) and RA2 domains of PLCϵ are required for long term protein kinase D (PKD) activation and subsequent induction of inflammatory genes. PLCϵ localization is largely intracellular and its compartmentalization could contribute to its sustained activation. Here we show that localization of PLCϵ to the Golgi is required for activation of PKD in this compartment as well as for subsequent induction of inflammatory genes. These data provide a molecular mechanism by which PLCϵ mediates sustained signaling and by which astrocytes mediate pathophysiological inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S Dusaban
- From the Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 and
| | - Maya T Kunkel
- From the Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and
| | - Alan V Smrcka
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
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Wang YX, Sun JJ, Zhang M, Hou XH, Hong J, Zhou YJ, Zhang ZY. Propofol injection combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation better improves electrophysiological function in the hindlimb of rats with spinal cord injury than monotherapy. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:636-43. [PMID: 26170827 PMCID: PMC4424759 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.155440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The repair effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on nervous system damage are not satisfactory. Propofol has been shown to protect against spinal cord injury. Therefore, this study sought to explore the therapeutic effects of their combination on spinal cord injury. Rat models of spinal cord injury were established using the weight drop method. Rats were subjected to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation via tail vein injection and/or propofol injection via tail vein using an infusion pump. Four weeks after cell transplantation and/or propofol treatment, the cavity within the spinal cord was reduced. The numbers of PKH-26-positive cells and horseradish peroxidase-positive nerve fibers apparently increased in the spinal cord. Latencies of somatosensory evoked potentials and motor evoked potentials in the hindlimb were noticeably shortened, amplitude was increased and hindlimb motor function was obviously improved. Moreover, the combined effects were better than cell transplantation or propofol injection alone. The above data suggest that the combination of propofol injection and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation can effectively improve hindlimb electrophysiological function, promote the recovery of motor funtion, and play a neuroprotective role in spinal cord injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Xin Wang
- First Department of Orthopedics, Tangshan Worker's Hospital Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jing-Jing Sun
- Department of Neurology, Tangshan Union Medical College Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Operating Room, Tangshan Worker's Hospital Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Hou
- First Department of Orthopedics, Tangshan Worker's Hospital Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jun Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Worker's Hospital Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ya-Jing Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xingtai People's Hospital Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Xingtai, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Zhang
- First Department of Orthopedics, Tangshan Worker's Hospital Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
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Sobel K, Monnier L, Menyhart K, Bolinger M, Studer R, Nayler O, Gatfield J. FTY720 Phosphate Activates Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 2 and Selectively Couples to Gα12/13/Rho/ROCK to Induce Myofibroblast Contraction. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 87:916-27. [PMID: 25762025 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.097261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
FTY720 phosphate (FTY720-P; 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl]-1,3-propanediol, monodihydrogen phosphate ester) is a nonselective sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonist thought to be devoid of activity at the S1P2 receptor subtype. However, we have recently shown that FTY720-P displays significant S1P2 receptor agonist activity in recombinant cells and fibroblasts expressing endogenous S1P2 receptors. To elucidate the S1P2-dependent signaling pathways that were activated by FTY720-P, we employed second messenger assays and impedance-based assays in combination with pharmacological and small interfering RNA-based pathway inhibition in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-S1P2 cells as well as human lung myofibroblasts generated in vitro. In CHO-S1P2 cells, FTY720-P did not modulate cAMP or calcium levels. However, reporter-gene assays, impedance-based assays with a selective Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, Gα12/13 knockdown and activated Rho-pull-down assays demonstrated that FTY720-P potently activated Gα12/13/Rho/ROCK signaling. S1P similarly activated Gα12/13/Rho/ROCK signaling via S1P2 receptors, whereas the two selective S1P1 receptor agonists (Z,Z)-5-(3-chloro-4-[(2R)-2,3-dihydroxy-propoxy]-benzylidene)-2-propylimino-3-o-tolyl-thiazolidin-4-one (ponesimond) and 5-[4-phenyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)thiophen-2-yl]-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]1,2,4-oxadiazole (SEW2871) were inactive. In lung myofibroblasts, which mainly expressed the S1P2 receptor subtype, we showed that FTY720-P selectively activated the Gα12/13/Rho/ROCK pathway via the S1P2 receptor. Moreover, the activation of the Gα12/13/Rho/ROCK pathway in myofibroblasts by FTY720-P caused potent myofibroblast contraction similar to that induced by the natural ligand S1P. Thus, complementing second messenger assays with unbiased label-free assays or phenotypic assays in native expression systems can uncover activation of additional pathways, such as Gα12/13/Rho/ROCK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Sobel
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Lucile Monnier
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Katalin Menyhart
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Bolinger
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Studer
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Nayler
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - John Gatfield
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, Allschwil, Switzerland
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Han Y, Wang X, Chen J, Sha SH. Noise-induced cochlear F-actin depolymerization is mediated via ROCK2/p-ERM signaling. J Neurochem 2015; 133:617-28. [PMID: 25683353 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Our previous work has suggested that traumatic noise activates Rho-GTPase pathways in cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs), resulting in cell death and noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). In this study, we investigated Rho effectors, Rho-associated kinases (ROCKs), and the targets of ROCKs, the ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) proteins, in the regulation of the cochlear actin cytoskeleton using adult CBA/J mice under conditions of noise-induced temporary threshold shift (TTS) and permanent threshold shift (PTS) hearing loss, which result in changes to the F/G-actin ratio. The levels of cochlear ROCK2 and p-ERM decreased 1 h after either TTS- or PTS-noise exposure. In contrast, ROCK2 and p-ERM in OHCs decreased only after PTS-, not after TTS-noise exposure. Treatment with lysophosphatidic acid, an activator of the Rho pathway, resulted in significant reversal of the F/G-actin ratio changes caused by noise exposure and attenuated OHC death and NIHL. Conversely, the down-regulation of ROCK2 by pretreatment with ROCK2 siRNA reduced the expression of ROCK2 and p-ERM in OHCs, exacerbated TTS to PTS, and worsened OHC loss. Additionally, pretreatment with siRNA against radixin, an ERM protein, aggravated TTS to PTS. Our results indicate that a ROCK2-mediated ERM-phosphorylation signaling cascade modulates noise-induced hair cell loss and NIHL by targeting the cytoskeleton. We propose the following cascade following noise trauma leading to alteration of the F-actin arrangement in the outer hair cell cytoskeleton: Noise exposure reduces the levels of GTP-RhoA and subsequently diminishes levels of RhoA effector ROCK2 (Rho-associated kinase 2). Phosphorylation of ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) by ROCK2 normally allows ERM to cross-link actin filaments with the plasma membrane. Noise-decreased levels of ROCK results in reduction of phosphorylation of ERM that leads to depolymerization of actin filaments. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), an agonist of RhoA, binds to the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) leading to activation of RhoA through Gα12/13 and RhoGEF. Administration of LPA rescues the noise-diminished F/G-actin ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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46
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Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and its receptors, LPA1-6, are integral parts of signaling pathways involved in cellular proliferation, migration and survival. These signaling pathways are of therapeutic interest for the treatment of multiple types of cancer and to reduce cancer metastasis and side effects. Validated therapeutic potential of key receptors, as well as recent structure-activity relationships yielding compounds with low nanomolar potencies are exciting recent advances in the field. Some compounds have proven efficacious in vivo against tumor proliferation and metastasis, bone cancer pain and the pulmonary fibrosis that can result as a side effect of pulmonary cancer radiation treatment. However, recent studies have identified that LPA contributes through multiple pathways to the development of chemotherapeutic resistance suggesting new applications for LPA antagonists in cancer treatment. This review summarizes the roles of LPA signaling in cancer pathophysiology and recent progress in the design and evaluation of LPA agonists and antagonists.
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47
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Navab M, Chattopadhyay A, Hough G, Meriwether D, Fogelman SI, Wagner AC, Grijalva V, Su F, Anantharamaiah GM, Hwang LH, Faull KF, Reddy ST, Fogelman AM. Source and role of intestinally derived lysophosphatidic acid in dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:871-87. [PMID: 25646365 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m056614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that i) a Western diet increased levels of unsaturated lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in small intestine and plasma of LDL receptor null (LDLR(-/-)) mice, and ii) supplementing standard mouse chow with unsaturated (but not saturated) LPA produced dyslipidemia and inflammation. Here we report that supplementing chow with unsaturated (but not saturated) LPA resulted in aortic atherosclerosis, which was ameliorated by adding transgenic 6F tomatoes. Supplementing chow with lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) 18:1 (but not LysoPC 18:0) resulted in dyslipidemia similar to that seen on adding LPA 18:1 to chow. PF8380 (a specific inhibitor of autotaxin) significantly ameliorated the LysoPC 18:1-induced dyslipidemia. Supplementing chow with LysoPC 18:1 dramatically increased the levels of unsaturated LPA species in small intestine, liver, and plasma, and the increase was significantly ameliorated by PF8380 indicating that the conversion of LysoPC 18:1 to LPA 18:1 was autotaxin dependent. Adding LysoPC 18:0 to chow increased levels of LPA 18:0 in small intestine, liver, and plasma but was not altered by PF8380 indicating that conversion of LysoPC 18:0 to LPA 18:0 was autotaxin independent. We conclude that i) intestinally derived unsaturated (but not saturated) LPA can cause atherosclerosis in LDLR(-/-) mice, and ii) autotaxin mediates the conversion of unsaturated (but not saturated) LysoPC to LPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Navab
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736
| | - Arnab Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736
| | - Greg Hough
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736
| | - David Meriwether
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736 Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736
| | - Spencer I Fogelman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736
| | - Alan C Wagner
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736
| | - Victor Grijalva
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736
| | - Feng Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736
| | - G M Anantharamaiah
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Lin H Hwang
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736
| | - Kym F Faull
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736
| | - Srinivasa T Reddy
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736 Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736 Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736
| | - Alan M Fogelman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1736
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48
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Wallert MA, Hammes D, Nguyen T, Kiefer L, Berthelsen N, Kern A, Anderson-Tiege K, Shabb JB, Muhonen WW, Grove BD, Provost JJ. RhoA Kinase (Rock) and p90 Ribosomal S6 Kinase (p90Rsk) phosphorylation of the sodium hydrogen exchanger (NHE1) is required for lysophosphatidic acid-induced transport, cytoskeletal organization and migration. Cell Signal 2015; 27:498-509. [PMID: 25578862 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform one (NHE1) plays a critical role coordinating asymmetric events at the leading edge of migrating cells and is regulated by a number of phosphorylation events influencing both the ion transport and cytoskeletal anchoring required for directed migration. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) activation of RhoA kinase (Rock) and the Ras-ERK growth factor pathway induces cytoskeletal reorganization, activates NHE1 and induces an increase in cell motility. We report that both Rock I and II stoichiometrically phosphorylate NHE1 at threonine 653 in vitro using mass spectrometry and reconstituted kinase assays. In fibroblasts expressing NHE1 alanine mutants for either Rock (T653A) or ribosomal S6 kinase (Rsk; S703A) we show that each site is partially responsible for the LPA-induced increase in transport activity while NHE1 phosphorylation by either Rock or Rsk at their respective site is sufficient for LPA stimulated stress fiber formation and migration. Furthermore, mutation of either T653 or S703 leads to a higher basal pH level and a significantly higher proliferation rate. Our results identify the direct phosphorylation of NHE1 by Rock and suggest that both RhoA and Ras pathways mediate NHE1-dependent ion transport and migration in fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Wallert
- Minnesota State University Moorhead, Department of Biosciences, Moorhead, MN, USA
| | - Daniel Hammes
- Minnesota State University Moorhead, Department of Biosciences, Moorhead, MN, USA
| | - Tony Nguyen
- Minnesota State University Moorhead, Department of Biosciences, Moorhead, MN, USA
| | - Lea Kiefer
- University of San Diego, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nick Berthelsen
- Minnesota State University Moorhead, Department of Biosciences, Moorhead, MN, USA
| | - Andrew Kern
- Minnesota State University Moorhead, Department of Biosciences, Moorhead, MN, USA
| | | | - John B Shabb
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, USA
| | - Wallace W Muhonen
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, USA
| | - Bryon D Grove
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, USA
| | - Joseph J Provost
- University of San Diego, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego, CA, USA.
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49
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Kuriyama S, Theveneau E, Benedetto A, Parsons M, Tanaka M, Charras G, Kabla A, Mayor R. In vivo collective cell migration requires an LPAR2-dependent increase in tissue fluidity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 206:113-27. [PMID: 25002680 PMCID: PMC4085712 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201402093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and collective cell migration rely on a solid-to-liquid-like transition triggered by internalization of N-cadherin downstream of lysophosphatidic acid receptor 2. Collective cell migration (CCM) and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) are common to cancer and morphogenesis, and are often considered to be mutually exclusive in spite of the fact that many cancer and embryonic cells that have gone through EMT still cooperate to migrate collectively. Here we use neural crest (NC) cells to address the question of how cells that have down-regulated cell–cell adhesions can migrate collectively. NC cell dissociation relies on a qualitative and quantitative change of the cadherin repertoire. We found that the level of cell–cell adhesion is precisely regulated by internalization of N-cadherin downstream of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor 2. Rather than promoting the generation of single, fully mesenchymal cells, this reduction of membrane N-cadherin only triggers a partial mesenchymal phenotype. This intermediate phenotype is characterized by an increase in tissue fluidity akin to a solid-like–to–fluid-like transition. This change of plasticity allows cells to migrate under physical constraints without abolishing cell cooperation required for collectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei Kuriyama
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Akita City, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Eric Theveneau
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
| | - Alexandre Benedetto
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, England, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Kings College London, London SE11UL, England, UK
| | - Masamitsu Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Akita City, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Guillaume Charras
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, England, UK
| | - Alexandre Kabla
- Engineering Department, Mechanics and Materials Division, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, England, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
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50
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Zielonka M, Krishnan RK, Swiercz JM, Offermanns S. The IκB kinase complex is required for plexin-B-mediated activation of RhoA. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105661. [PMID: 25137062 PMCID: PMC4138210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Plexins are widely expressed transmembrane proteins that mediate the cellular effects of semaphorins. The molecular mechanisms of plexin-mediated signal transduction are still poorly understood. Here we show that signalling via B-family plexins leading to the activation of the small GTPase RhoA requires activation of the IκB kinase (IKK)-complex. In contrast, plexin-B-dependent regulation of R-Ras activity is not affected by IKK activity. This regulation of plexin signalling depends on the kinase activity of the IKK-complex, but is independent of NF-κB activation. We confirm that the IKK-complex is active in tumour cells and osteoblasts, and we demonstrate that plexin-B-dependent tumour cell invasiveness and regulation of osteoblast differentiation require an active IKK-complex. This study identifies a novel, NF-κB-independent function of the IKK-complex and shows that IKK directs plexin-B signalling to the activation of RhoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Zielonka
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ramesh K. Krishnan
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Jakub M. Swiercz
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- * E-mail: (SO); (JMS)
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- * E-mail: (SO); (JMS)
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