Therapeutic applications of selenium nanoparticles

Enhanced inhibition of neuronal ferroptosis and regulation of microglial polarization with multifunctional traditional Chinese medicine active ingredients-based selenium nanoparticles for treating spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that results in the loss of sensory and motor functions. The complex pathogenesis of SCI contributes to the limited availability of effective therapies. Two major factors exacerbating secondary injury in SCI are neuronal ferroptosis and microglial inflammatory polarization. Tanshinone IIA (TSIIA) has demonstrated a significant anti-ferroptosis effect by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, while tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) exhibits remarkable anti-inflammatory properties by promoting the shift of microglial polarization from the M1 to the M2 phenotype. However, most drugs currently under development primarily target a single aspect of this multifaceted condition, which is insufficient for comprehensive treatment. Selenium nanoparticles have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy due to their ability to encapsulate various agents, effectively targeting diverse pathophysiological mechanisms while offering favorable water solubility and low toxicity. In this study, we developed a novel nanocarrier functionalized with astragalus polysaccharide (APS) and loaded with TSIIA and TMP. Results from both in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that TSIIA/TMP/APS@Se NPs possess anti-ferroptosis properties and can regulate microglial polarization, potentially enhancing functional recovery following SCI. In summary, this study presents a promising alternative strategy for treating SCI, highlighting its significant potential for future clinical applications.

Selenium-enriched Lactiplantibacillus plantarum alleviates alkalinity stress-induced selective hepatic insulin resistance in common carp

Carbonate alkalinity is one of the primary factors limiting saline-alkaline water aquaculture, and high alkalinity can lead to respiratory alkalosis, which is hazardous to fish health. Selenium (Se) and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) can be used for the biosynthesis of organic selenium (selenium-enriched Lactiplantibacillus plantarum: SL), which has low toxicity, high bioavailability, and the promotion of metabolism. Additionally, it can be used as a feed additive in aquaculture. In the present study, we established a model of chronic alkalinity stress in common carp and added SL to the feed. We found that alkalinity stress can cause severe hepatic dysfunction in common carp, as well as disrupt the intestinal barrier, further contributing to the translocation of enterogenous lipopolysaccharides through portal circulation and exacerbating liver injury. SL alleviated glucose-lipid metabolism abnormalities of the liver while reducing serum LPS levels and reduction of enterogenous LPS translocation to the liver, thus significantly reducing the degree of intestinal villi damage, hepatocyte vacuolisation, and nuclear damage. The significantly increased activities of SOD, GSH-Px, CAT, and T-AOC revealed that SL improved the antioxidant capacity of common carp. SL inhibited the alkalinity stress-induced overexpression of genes related to lipid synthesis and gluconeogenesis by modulating the P13K/Akt/FoxO1 signalling pathway, thus alleviating selective hepatic insulin resistance. SL attenuated the inflammatory response by modulating the mRNA expression levels of IL-7, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10. In addition, apparent increase in the abundance of pathogenic bacteria (Brevinema, Bosea, Luteolibacter, and Vibrio) and apparent reduction in the abundance of beneficial bacteria (Cetobacterium, ZOR0006, and Shewanella) were closely related to the hepato-intestinal circulation process in carp exposed to alkalinity stress. SL regulated the hepato-intestinal circulation, reduced the abundance of Brevinema, Bosea, Luteolibacter, and Vibrio, increased the abundance of Cetobacterium, ZOR0006, and Shewanella, alleviated alkalinity stress-induced damage to intestinal microvilli (villus height and width), and significantly restored normal liver and intestinal functions. This study reveals the physiological regulatory mechanism by which Se-enriched L. plantarum through liver-intestinal axis alleviates alkalinity stress-induced hepatic insulin resistance and may provide new ideas and a theoretical basis for protecting against alkalosis and treating insulin resistance.

Anti-cancer potential of chitosan-starch selenium Nanocomposite: Targeting osteoblastoma and insights of molecular docking

Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach in the realm of cancer therapy, primarily due its remarkable ability to target tumor cells with a high degree of specificity. In this study, a novel polymeric selenium nanocomposite (CS/S/SeNC) was synthesized using a co-precipitation method, and characterized through UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, and XRD to confirms its structural and morphological properties. CS/S/SeNC acts as a potential anti-cancer agent, specifically targeting osteoblastoma cells was evaluated for anti-cancer activity using in-vitro studies MTT assay, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) assays, and Alizarin Red Staining to assess cell viability, osteogenic differentiation, and mineralization, respectively. The results revealed that nanocomposite has a strong ability to inhibit cancer cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, and induce apoptosis via ROS- mediated mechanism. Molecular docking studies revealed strong interactions between chitosan, a key component of the nanocomposite, and cancer related protein osteocalcin, with a binding affinity of -12.6 kcal/mol. Furthermore, the biocompatibility of CS/S/SeNC was confirmed through its interaction with the endogenous protein Decorin, thereby augmenting its potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of bone cancer. These findings suggest that CS/S/SeNC has great potential for targeted cancer therapies.

Coaxially fabricated electrospinning near-infrared light-responsive nanofibrous membranes for combating drug-resistant bacteria

Nowadays, the rapid emergence of drug-resistant bacteria has posed a global threat to the public health, leading to increased cost of environmental hygiene and healthcare treatment, which urges the development of safe and efficient antibacterial strategies. Here, coaxially fabricated electrospun nanofibrous membrane (ENMs) consisted of quercetin (Qu) stabilized selenium nanoparticles (Qu@SeNPs) and electro-synthesized molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets were facilely formed as core/shell structure with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and α-Lipoic acid (LA) as cross-linker. The obtained ENMs formed by core-shell PVA/MoS2/LA/Qu@SeNPs (PMLQS) showed good air permeability and near-infrared-light photothermal responsiveness to kill bacteria efficiently. Moreover, the obtained ENMs resembling extracellular matrix-like properties showed superior biocompatibility with negligible development toxicity of zebrafish. The antibacterial experiments indicated that the produced PMLQS fibrous membrane exhibited more pronounced bactericidal activity against Gram-positive (G+) Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) as compared to that of Gram-negative (G-) Escherichia coli (E. coli). Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis revealed MRSA inactivation by PMLQS ENMs involved disruption of ion transport, antioxidant system, carbohydrate metabolism and energy metabolism. Notably, the MRSA ADI pathway was also blocked supporting the minimized antibiotic resistance development. Therefore, the constructed near-infrared light-responsive PMLQS nanofibrous membrane held promise in tackling drug-resistant bacteria with enormous environmental and biomedical utilizations.

Ophiopogonis Radix fructan-selenium nanoparticles for dual amelioration of ulcerative colitis and anti-colon cancer

Fructans demonstrate significant potential in preclinical models for treating inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer by modulating gut microbiota homeostasis. In this research, ORP-SeNPs were prepared through a redox method. Their roles as colon-targeted delivery carriers and stabilizers were examined for treating inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. ORP-SeNPs showed potent scavenging activity against ABTS· and DPPH· radicals and dose-dependently inhibited colon cancer Caco-2 cell proliferation by arresting growth in the S phase. Moreover, ORP-SeNPs significantly alleviated intestinal inflammation by modulating inflammatory cytokine homeostasis, reducing oxidative stress, repairing the intestinal barrier, and suppressing NF-κB/STAT-3 pathway activation. This study establishes a theoretical foundation for employing mixed fructans as drug carriers to treat inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer, extending the therapeutic applications of Ophiopogonis Radix in bowel disorders.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Stability Study of Selenium Nanoparticles Coated with Purified Polysaccharides from Ononis natrix

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) attract considerable attention for their promising applications in the biomedical field, driven by their unique properties and antioxidant activities. However, their practical use is often hindered by issues such as instability and aggregation. In this study, a polysaccharide, P2, extracted from Ononis natrix, was used to stabilize SeNPs to address these limitations. P2-SeNPs were prepared through a green synthesis method involving sodium selenite, P2, and ascorbic acid, and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). P2-SeNPs exhibited a smaller particle size and enhanced stability compared to unmodified SeNPs. UV-Vis spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrated the presence of Se-O bonds, suggesting effective stabilization by covalent bonding between SeNPs and P2. Stability tests revealed that P2-SeNPs maintained good dispersion under various conditions, with optimal stability observed at refrigerated temperatures and neutral pH. Moreover, P2-SeNPs exhibited better antioxidant activities than unmodified SeNPs, as evidenced by higher DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging, and metal chelation ratios. This difference is attributed to both the reduced aggregation and smaller size of P2-SeNPs. Therefore, it is concluded that P2-SeNPs exhibit significant potential as an effective antioxidant agent for biomedical applications.

Physalis peruviana heteropolysaccharide-conjugated selenium nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization, and promising applications in cancer therapy

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have attracted considerable attention in the field of cancer therapy due to their remarkable biological activities and advantageous nanoscale properties. However, their inherent instability presents a considerable challenge for broader applications. To address this issue, the heteropolysaccharide extracted from golden berries (the fruits of Physalis peruviana), designated as DLG, was utilized to synthesize heteropolysaccharide-conjugated selenium nanoparticles, named DLG-SeNP3. Subsequent characterization showed that the nanoparticles DLG-SeNP3 were spherical, with an average particle size of 77 nm, a zeta potential of -14.4 mV, and excellent stability under physiological pH conditions. Further biological investigations showed that DLG-SeNP3 effectively inhibited tumor cell proliferation, exhibiting an IC50 value of 41.60 μg/mL against A549 cells, and induced apoptosis, with a proportion of 31.30 % at 100 μg/mL. Moreover, in vivo experiments demonstrated that DLG-SeNP3 not only inhibited angiogenesis, resulting in a 26.51 % decrease at 2 μg/mL, but also suppressed tumor growth and invasion, with reductions of 76.90 % and 66.67 % in the intensity and foci of red fluorescence, respectively, at 2 μg/mL. In conclusion, DLG-SeNP3, stabilized with polysaccharides derived from golden berries, shows promising potential for application in cancer treatment.

Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles Utilizing Drimia indica: Insights Into Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activities

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have garnered significant interest as anticancer and antimicrobial agents. The aqueous extract of medicinal plant Drimia indica leaves (DI-LAE) was used to synthesize SeNPs (DI-SeNPs) that were extensively characterized by UV-visible absorbance, TEM, EDX, XRD, zeta potential measurements, and FTIR. DI-SeNPs exhibited dose-dependent toxicity against the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549; IC50 of 43.21 μg/mL). DI-SeNPs increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in A549 cells. DI-SeNPs caused cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and increased DNA damage in A549 cells, ultimately driving these cells toward apoptosis. DI-SeNPs significantly increased p53 levels, decreasing Akt levels and elevating cleaved caspase 3 levels in A549 cells. Additionally, DI-SeNPs exhibited antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi. These findings suggest that DI-SeNPs possess significant anticancer and antimicrobial properties, mediated through mechanisms involving ROS generation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis induction.

Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Cinnamomum-Based Extracts and Their Applications

Introduction

Nanotechnology is the science that deals with matter on the nanoscale, with sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nm. It involves designing, synthesising, characterising and applying these nanoscale materials. Nanoparticles (NPs) are known for their high surface-area to volume-ratio, surface charge density, low melting point, and distinguishably good optical/electrical properties. NPs exhibit an excellent drug delivery system, an effective contrast agent for vascular imaging, and effective antimicrobial activity. The biological synthesis of NPs is a simple, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly technique. This bottom-up technique utilises organisms' enzymes/bio-compounds and a plant extract as capping and reducing agents. Cinnamomum species are known for their intrinsic antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective properties. This review summarises articles that greenly synthesised NPs using Cinnamomum species' extracts, describing their methodologies, characterisation of the nanoparticles and their medical applications.

Methods

A literature search has been conducted on databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Frontier on the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) using Cinnamomum-based extracts. Various articles reported the methodology of utilising Cinnamomum species' extracts as reducing and capping agents. Only original lab articles were considered.

Results

Various types of MNPs have been successfully synthesised. The most common Cinnamomum species utilised as extracts is Cinnamomum tamala. The most common applications tested were the MNPs' antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antidiabetic and anticancerous activity. MNPs also had a role in treating mice-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome and Parkinson-like neurodegenerative diseases.

Conclusion

Cinnamomum species have been successfully utilised in the green synthesis of various MNPs. Silver and Gold NPs were the most reported. These MNPs proved their efficacy in multiple fields of medicine and biology, especially their antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activity. Notably, the newly synthesised NPs showed promising results in treating polycystic ovarian syndrome in rats.

Silica Nanoparticles Loaded With Selenium Quantum Dots Reduce Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Alleviating Ferroptosis and Mitochondrial Dysfunction

Purpose

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, a significant challenge in cardiovascular treatment, is primarily driven by ferroptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. Despite extensive research, no clinical therapies effectively target ferroptosis in IR injury. This study aims to develop selenium-quantum-dot-loaded porous silica nanospheres (Se@PSN) as a novel therapeutic approach to address IR injury.

Patients and Methods

Se@PSN were synthesized and tested for their reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capabilities and biocompatibility. Additionally, the effects of Se@PSN on ferroptosis, mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, and myocardial IR injury severity were evaluated.

Results

Se@PSN enhanced the stability of selenium quantum dots and exhibited strong ROS scavenging abilities. Additionally, Se@PSN exhibited excellent biocompatibility. The Se@PSN treatment increased GPX4 levels, effectively inhibiting ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, Se@PSN promoted the expression of mitochondrial respiratory complexes, mitigating oxidative phosphorylation damage and preserving mitochondrial function. These effects collectively resulted in reduced myocardial loss, inflammation, and fibrosis following IR injury. Compared to PSN alone, Se@PSN showed superior therapeutic efficacy against IR injury.

Conclusion

Se@PSN exhibit great potential in reducing ferroptosis and protecting mitochondrial function, making them a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of myocardial IR injury.

Development of morphology-dependent nanoselenium carriers for enhancing biological activity and reducing plant stress

Owing to their small size, morphology and release modification properties, nanopesticides are considered promising alternative strategies for enhancing biological activity and minimizing pesticide losses. In this study, we used a colloidal self-assembly method to develop a morphology-stable, regularly rod-shaped nanoselenium pesticide carrier (NSer), which was further modified with chitosan. After loading penthiopyrad (PEN), the biological activity of NSer@PEN and its impact on the physiological and biochemical processes of plants were further compared with those of spherical nanoselenium pesticides (NSes@PEN) and commercial materials (20 % PEN SC). The biological activities were quantified through the EC50 values, which revealed that NSer@PEN (0.71 mg/L) and NSes@PEN (1.09 mg/L) exhibited significantly greater activity against Colletotrichum orbiculare Arx compared to 20 % PEN SC (2.70 mg/L). Moreover, through further investigation into the impact of nanopesticides on plant root exudates, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) analysis revealed that the ketone CO bond exhibited the strongest binding affinity, and the CO bond of phenols contributed significantly to the binding of cucumber root exudates induced by NSer@PEN, resulting in a mild response of the plant. The morphology-dependent nanoselenium carriers developed in this work are expected to enhance biological activity and reduce plant stress caused by pesticides, tackling one of the application challenges of pesticides.

Advances in nephroprotection: the therapeutic role of selenium, silver, and gold nanoparticles in renal health

Renal toxicity is a disorder that causes considerable issues in healthcare systems world, highlighting the critical importance of creating alternative treatments. Metallic nanoparticles have recently emerged as promising therapeutic agents for nephroprotection because of their remarkable properties. Numerous disciplines, including medicine, biotechnology, and the food industry, are currently investigating and exploring metallic nanoparticles, such as selenium, silver, and gold, with promising outcomes. In this overview, we provide the most current findings on cutting-edge nephroprotection through metallic nanoparticles, especially selenium, silver, and gold nanoparticles. While outlining the benefits, we outline possible methods for developing metallic nanoparticles, characterization techniques, and nephroprotection therapies. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) minimize oxidative stress, a primary cause of nephrotoxicity through cell regeneration which protects kidneys. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have anti-inflammatory capabilities that help alleviate kidney damage and nephrotoxicity. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which are biocompatible and immune-modifying, reduce inflammation and promote renal cell regeneration, indicating nephroprotective advantages. Renal protection via the use of metallic nanoparticles represents a promising new frontier in the fight against kidney disease and other renal disorders. Metallic nanoparticles of selenium, silver, and gold can protect the kidneys by lowering oxidative stress, reducing inflammation, and improving cell repair. Through their mechanisms, these nanoparticles effectively safeguard and repair kidney function, making them suitable for treating renal diseases. The potential applications of selenium, silver, and gold nanoparticles, as well as their complex modes of action and renal penetration, provide fresh hope for improving renal health and quality of life in patients with kidney disease. The current study highlights therapeutic ability, stability, nephroprotection, and toxicity profiles, as well as the importance of continuous research in this dynamic and evolving field.

From micro to macro, nanotechnology demystifies acute pancreatitis: a new generation of treatment options emerges

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a disease characterized by an acute inflammatory response in the pancreas. This is caused by the abnormal activation of pancreatic enzymes by a variety of etiologic factors, which results in a localized inflammatory response. The symptoms of this disease include abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting and fever. These symptoms are induced by a hyperinflammatory response and oxidative stress. In recent years, research has focused on developing anti-inflammatory and antioxidative therapies for the treatment of acute pancreatitis (AP). However, there are still limitations to this approach, including poor drug stability, low bioavailability and a short half-life. The advent of nanotechnology has opened up a novel avenue for the management of acute pancreatitis (AP). Nanomaterials can serve as an efficacious vehicle for conventional pharmaceuticals, enhancing their targeting ability, improving bioavailability and prolonging their half-life. Moreover, they can also exert a direct therapeutic effect. This review begins by introducing the general situation of acute pancreatitis (AP). It then discusses the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis (AP) and the current status of treatment. Finally, it considers the literature related to the treatment of acute pancreatitis (AP) by nanomaterials. The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of the existing literature on the use of nanomaterials in the treatment of acute pancreatitis (AP). In particular, the changes in inflammatory markers and therapeutic outcomes following the administration of nanomaterials are examined. This is done with the intention of offering insights that can inform subsequent research and facilitate the clinical application of nanomaterials in the management of acute pancreatitis (AP).

Nano-Selenium Elevating Leaf Quality and Growth Via Microbial-Regulating Nitrogen Availability Under Ammonium and Nitrate Spraying in Tea Plants

Nano-selenium fertilizers can promote plant growth and nitrogen availability. However, little information is available on the effects of nano-selenium on tea leaf quality, soil nutrient availability and associated microbe-driven mechanisms. This study examined the effects of nano-selenium on the tea leaf quality and soil nitrogen cycling in 20-year-old tea plantations when the leaves were sprayed with ammonium or nitrate. Leaf selenium and amino acid contents increased ninefold and 9%, respectively, with nano-selenium in "Zhongcha108" and "Longjing43." Rhizosphere bacterial and fungal community compositions were more sensitive to selenium and nitrogen applications in "Longjing43" than in "Zhongcha108." "Zhongcha108" enriched more taxa related to microbial growth, while more taxa related to cellular maintenance and nutrient acquisition enriched in "Longjing43." Nano-selenium application decreased the copy number of AOA and AOB genes, and nosZ and nirK genes by 59%, 53%, 37% and 46% under ammonium, and by 77%, 43%, 38% and 65%, respectively, under nitrate spraying, in "Longjing43." However, the expression of these genes increased by nano-selenium in "Zhongcha108" with ammonium spraying. It is concluded that a nano-selenium application increases tea leaf quality, and this effect on nitrogen cycling and ecological functioning largely depends on the tea cultivar-specific bacterial and fungal composition and function.

Synergistic anti-oxidative/anti-inflammatory treatment for acute lung injury with selenium based chlorogenic acid nanoparticles through modulating Mapk8ip1/MAPK and Itga2b/PI3k-AKT axis

Oxidative stress and inflammatory dysregulation play crucial roles in pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI), and their cyclic synergy drives excessive inflammatory responses and further exacerbates ALI. Therefore, new effective strategies to treat ALI are urgently needed. Herein, a novel synergistic selenium based chlorogenic acid nanoparticle was developed to disrupt the cyclic synergistic effect between oxidative stress and inflammatory response in ALI. The chlorogenic acid, a polyphenol commonly found in herb, had been effectively conjugated with human serum albumin and coated on selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) to create CHSe NPs. The CHSe NPs exhibited superoxide dismutase(SOD) like and glutathione peroxidase(GPX) like activities, effectively scavenging various types of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inhibited the inflammatory response of macrophages. Additionally, with excellent biosafety, CHSe NPs exhibited superior therapeutic effects in ALI mice models in vivo, surpassing the performance of the clinic drug dexamethasone. They remarkably reduced ROS levels, and elevated the SOD and GPX enzyme activities in lung tissue to exert antioxidant effects. In addition, the CHSe NPs modulated the immune microenvironment of ALI by reversing M1 macrophage polarization, downregulating the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-a), nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and myeloperoxidase (MPO), and upregulating anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) levels, thereby alleviating excessive inflammation and decreasing neutrophil infiltration. Further mechanistic research revealed that CHSe NPs directly acted on and modulated the expression of Mapk8ip1 and Itga2b, which were upstream proteins of MAPK signaling pathway and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, therefore impeding the cyclic synergy between oxidative stress and inflammatory dysregulation. In summary, CHSe NPs synergistically exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by regulating the MAPK signaling pathway and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, showing enormous potential in the treatment of ALI.

Clinical and mechanistic insights into biomedical application of Se-enriched probiotics and biogenic selenium nanoparticles

Selenium is an essential element with various industrial and medical applications, hence the current considerable attention towards the genesis and utilization of SeNPs. SeNPs and other nanoparticles could be achieved via physical and chemical methods, but these methods would not only require expensive equipment and specific reagents but are also not always environment friendly. Biogenesis of SeNPs could therefore be considered as a less troublesome alternative, which opens an excellent window to the selenium and nanoparticles' world. bSeNPs have proved to exert higher bioavailability, lower toxicity, and broader utility as compared to their non-bio counterparts. Many researchers have reported promising features of bSeNP such as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory, in vitro and in vivo. Considering this, bSeNPs have been tried as effective agents for health disorders, especially as constituents of probiotics. This article briefly reviews selenium, selenium nanoparticles, Se-enriched probiotics, and bSeNPs' usage in an array of health disorders. Obviously, there are very many articles on bSeNPs, but we wanted to summarize studies on prominent bSeNPs features published in the twenty-first century. This review is hoped to give an outlook to researchers for their future investigations, ultimately serving better care of health disorders.

Application of the luminous bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum for toxicity monitoring of selenite and its reduction to selenium(0) nanoparticles

Luminous marine bacteria are traditionally used as a bioassay due to the convenience and high rate of registering the intensity of their physiological function - luminescence. This study aimed to develop the application of Photobacterium phosphoreum in traditional and novel fields - toxicity monitoring and biotechnology. We demonstrated (1) effects of selenite ions on bioluminescence, and (2) biotransformation of selenite to selenium(0) in the form of nanoparticles. The effects of selenite (SeO32-) on the intensity of bacterial bioluminescence were studied, and its dependencies on exposure time and concentration of Na2SeO3 were analyzed. Bioluminescence activation and inhibition were revealed; dose-effect dependencies corresponded to the hormesis model. The toxicity of SeO32- was characterized by an effective concentration of 10-3 M. Effects of SeO32- on reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bacterial suspensions were studied. High positive correlations were found between the bioluminescence intensity and ROS content, which indicates the decisive role of ROS and associated redox processes in the bioeffects of selenite ions. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of nano-structures in the bacteria exposed to selenite. The energy dispersion spectrum detected a high content of selenium in the nanoparticles. The particle size distribution depended on Na2SeO3 concentration; maxima of the distribution varied within 45-55 nm.

Advances in Selenium and Related Compounds Inhibiting Multi-Organ Fibrosis

Selenium (Se), a critically essential trace element, plays a crucial role in diverse physiological processes within the human body, such as oxidative stress response, inflammation regulation, apoptosis, and lipid metabolism. Organ fibrosis, a pathological condition caused by various factors, has become a significant global health issue. Numerous studies have demonstrated the substantial impact of Se on fibrotic diseases. This review delves into the latest research advancements in Se and Se-related biological agents for alleviating fibrosis in the heart, liver, lungs, and kidneys, detailing their mechanisms of action within fibrotic pathways. Additionally, the article summa-rizes some of the anti-fibrotic drugs currently in clinical trials for the aforementioned organ fibroses.

Study of the effect of zinc oxide, selenium, and silver nanoparticles on the expression level of oxidative stress-associated genes in ovarian cancer

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by oxidative stress have emerged as critical factors in the pathophysiology of malignancies. This study investigated the antioxidant and anticancer properties of zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) against the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line. Here, the bioinformatics approach was used to determine the top differentially expressed genes associated with oxidative stress. The ZnO-, Se-, and Ag-NPs were then synthesized via a green synthesis method and subsequently characterized using techniques, such as FTIR, XRD, DLS, zeta potential analysis, FESEM, and TEM. The antioxidant capacity of the NPs was evaluated using a DPPH scavenging assay and their effect on superoxide dismutase enzyme activity was determined. HDF and A2780 cells were treated with varying concentrations of ZnO-, Se-, and Ag-NPs, and cell viability and colony formation were assessed using MTT and clonogenic assays, respectively. Additionally, qPCR was performed to analyze the expression of the candidate genes NOX4, SOD2, and NR4A4. Characterization techniques confirmed the successful synthesis of pure, crystalline, and spherical NPs. Antioxidant assays demonstrated the significant antioxidant properties of ZnO-, Se-, and Ag-NPs. In vitro studies indicated that ZnO-, Se-, and Ag-NPs effectively inhibited cell proliferation and suppressed colony formation, likely owing to the downregulation of NOX4 and upregulation of SOD2 genes. Our findings suggest that ZnO-, Se-, and Ag-NPs may serve as promising anticancer agents for ovarian cancer and NOX4 downregulation and SOD2 upregulation can be proposed as oxidative stress biomarkers; however, further experimental investigation is required to elucidate the therapeutic potential of NPs and the early detection potential of biomarkers.

Metaparticles: Computationally engineered nanomaterials with tunable and responsive properties

In simulations, particles are traditionally treated as rigid platforms with variable sizes, shapes, and interaction parameters. While this representation is applicable for rigid core platforms, particles consisting of soft platforms (e.g., micelles, polymers, elastomers, and lipids) inevitably deform upon application of external stress. We introduce a generic model for flexible particles, which we refer to as MetaParticles (MPs). These particles have tunable properties, can respond to applied tension, and can deform. A MP is represented as a collection of Lennard-Jones beads interconnected by spring-like potentials. We model a series of MPs of variable sizes and symmetries, which we subject to external stress, followed by relaxation upon stress release. The positions and the orientations of the individual beads are propagated by Brownian dynamics. The simulations show that the mechanical properties of the MPs vary with size, bead arrangement, and area of applied stress, and share an elastomer-like response to applied stress. Furthermore, MPs deform following different mechanisms, i.e., small MPs change shape in one step, while larger ones follow a multi-step deformation pathway, with internal rearrangements of the beads. This model is the first step toward the development and understanding of particles with adaptable properties with applications in the biomedical field and in the design of bioinspired metamaterials.

Biocompatible Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Display Antiviral Activity Against Two Different Respiratory Viruses in Mice

Background

Severe Acute Respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are among the most important causes of viral respiratory tract infections, causing similar symptoms. IAV and SARS-CoV-2 infections can provoke mild symptoms like fever, cough, sore throat, loss of taste or smell, or they may cause more severe consequences leading to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome or even death. While treatments for IAV and SARS-CoV-2 infection are available, IAV antivirals often target viral proteins facilitating the emergence of drug-resistant viral variants. Hence, universal treatments against coronaviruses and IAVs are hard to obtain due to genus differences (in the case of coronavirus) or subtypes (in the case of IAV), highlighting the need for novel antiviral therapies. Interestingly, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) with a 10 nm core size and coated with the biocompatible dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA: DMSA-IONP-10) display antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.

Methods

We analyzed the antiviral activity of DMSA-IONP-10 against SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo, and against IAV infection in vitro and in vivo.

Results

DMSA-IONP-10 treatment of mice after SARS-CoV-2 infection impaired virus replication in the lungs and led to a mildly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine induction after infection, indicating that these IONPs can serve as COVID-19 therapeutic agents. These IONPs also had a prophylactic and therapeutic effect against IAV in tissue cultured cells at non-cytotoxic doses, and a therapeutic effect in IAV-infected-mice, inhibiting viral replication and slightly dampening the inflammatory response after viral infection. As an exacerbated inflammatory response to IAVs and SARS-CoV-2 is detrimental to the host, weakening this response in mice through IONP treatment may reduce disease severity. Interestingly, our data suggest that IONP treatment affects oxidative stress and iron metabolism in cells, which may influence IAV production.

Conclusion

This study highlights the antiviral activity of DMSA-IONP-10 against important human respiratory viruses.

In vivo evaluation of selenium-tellurium based nanoparticles as a novel treatment for bovine mastitis

BACKGROUND

Bovine mastitis is one of the main causes of reduced production in dairy cows. The infection of the mammary gland is mainly caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, whose resistant strains make the treatment of mastitis with conventional antibiotics very difficult and result in high losses. Therefore, it is important to develop novel therapeutic agents to overcome the resistance of mastitis-causing strains. In this study, novel selenium-tellurium based nanoparticles (SeTeNPs) were synthesized and characterized. Their antibacterial activity and biocompatibility were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo using a bovine model. A total of 10 heifers were divided into experimental and control groups (5 animals each). After intramammary infection with methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and the development of clinical signs of mastitis, a dose of SeTeNPs was administered to all quarters in the experimental group.

RESULTS

Based on in vitro tests, the concentration of 149.70 mg/L and 263.95 mg/L of Se and Te, respectively, was used for application into the mammary gland. Three days after SeTeNPs administration, MRSA counts in the experimental group showed a significant reduction (P < 0.01) compared to the control group. The inhibitory effect observed within the in vitro experiments was thus confirmed, resulting in the suppression of infection in animals. Moreover, the superior biocompatibility of SeTeNPs in the organism was demonstrated, as the nanoparticles did not significantly alter the inflammatory response or histopathology at the site of application, i.e., mammary gland, compared to the control group (P > 0.05). Additionally, the metabolic profile of the blood plasma as well as the histology of the main organs remained unaffected, indicating that the nanoparticles had no adverse effects on the organism.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that SeTeNPs can be used as a promising treatment for bovine mastitis in the presence of resistant bacteria. However, the current study is limited by its small sample size, making it primarily a proof of the concept for the efficacy of intramammary-applied SeTeNPs. Therefore, further research with a larger sample size is needed to validate these results.

Targeting Spore-Forming Bacteria: A Review on the Antimicrobial Potential of Selenium Nanoparticles

Spore-forming bacterial species pose a serious threat to food plants and healthcare facilities that use high-temperature processing and sterilizing techniques to sanitize medical equipment and food items. These severe processing conditions trigger sporulation, which is the process by which spore-forming bacteria, such as those of the Bacillus and Clostridium species, begin to produce spores, which are extremely resilient entities capable of withstanding adverse environmental circumstances. Additionally, these spores are resistant to a wide range of disinfectants and antibacterial therapies, such as hydrolytic enzymes, radiation, chemicals, and antibiotics. Because of their ability to combat bacteria through several biological pathways, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have emerged as an effective method for either eliminating or preventing the formation of spore-forming bacteria. This review aims to investigate every potential pathway of entry and mechanism by which SeNPs impact bacterial species that produce spores. Additionally, SeNPs' antibacterial efficacy against several infections is reviewed. To precisely explain the antibacterial mechanism of SeNPs and the various factors that can affect their effectiveness, more research is necessary.

Exploring the Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidative Potential of Selenium Nanoparticles Biosynthesized by Lactobacillus casei 393 on an Inflamed Caco-2 Cell Line

Selenium (Se) plays a crucial role in modulating inflammation and oxidative stress within the human system. Biogenic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) synthesized by Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties, positioning them as a promising alternative to traditional supplements characterized by limited bioavailability. With this context in mind, this study investigates the impact of selenium and L. casei in ameliorating inflammation and oxidative stress using a cell line model. The study is centered on the biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) by L. casei 393 under anaerobic conditions using a solution of sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) in the bacterial culture medium. The generation of SeNPs ensued from the interaction of L. casei bacteria with selenium ions, a process characterized via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to confirm the synthesis of SeNPs. To induce inflammation, the human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line, Caco-2 was subjected to interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) at concentrations of 0.5 and 25 ng/ml. Subsequent analyses encompass the evaluation of SeNPs derived from L. casei, its supernatant, commercial selenium, and L. casei probiotic on Caco2 cell line. Finally, we assessed the inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. The assessment of inflammation involved the quantification of NF-κB and TGF-β gene expression levels, while oxidative stress was evaluated through the measurement of Nrf2, Keap1, NOX1, and SOD2 gene levels. L. casei successfully produced SeNPs, as confirmed by the color change in the culture medium and TEM analysis showing their uniform distribution within the bacteria. In the inflamed Caco-2 cell line, the NF-κB gene was upregulated, but treatment with L. casei-SeNPs and selenium increased TGF-β expression. Moreover, L. casei-SeNPs upregulated SOD2 and Nrf2 genes, while downregulating NOX1, Keap1, and NF-κB genes. These results demonstrated the potential of L. casei-SeNPs for reducing inflammation and managing oxidative stress in the Caco-2 cell line. The study underscores the ability of L. casei-SeNPs to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in inflamed Caco-2 cell lines, emphasizing the effectiveness of L. casei as a source of selenium. These insights hold significant promise for the development of SeNPs derived from L. casei as potent anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agents, paving the way for novel therapeutic applications in the field.

Neuroprotective Role of Selenium Nanoparticles Against Behavioral, Neurobiochemical and Histological Alterations in Rats Subjected to Chronic Restraint Stress

Chronic stress induces changes in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) showed promising results in several neurological animal models. The implementation of SeNPs in chronic restraint stress (CRS) remains to be elucidated. This study was done to determine the possible protective effects of selenium nanoparticles on behavioral changes and brain oxidative stress markers in a rat model of CRS. 50 rats were divided into three groups; control group (n = 10), untreated CRS group (n = 10) and CRS-SeNPs treated group (n = 30). Restraint stress was performed 6 h./day for 21 days. Rats of CRS-SeNPs treated group received 1, 2.5 or 5 mg/kg SeNPs (10 rats each) by oral gavage for 21 days. Rats were subjected to behavioral assessments and then sacrificed for biochemical and histological analysis of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Prefrontal cortical and hippocampal serotonin levels, oxidative stress markers including malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and caspase-3 were assessed. Accordingly, different doses of SeNPs showed variable effectiveness in ameliorating disease parameters, with 2.5 mg/kg dose of SeNPs showing the best improving results in all studied parameters. The present study exhibited the neuroprotective role of SeNPs in rats subjected to CRS and proposed their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects as the possible mechanism for increased prefrontal cortical and hippocampal serotonin level, ameliorated anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors and improved prefrontal cortical and hippocampal histological architecture.

Biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles as a potential therapeutic agent in breast cancer: G2/M arrest and apoptosis induction

The drawbacks and adverse reactions of conventional breast cancer (BC) medications have prompted researchers to seek novel therapeutic approaches. This study aimed to study the impact of biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles by yeast on breast cancer (MCF-7) cells and to find potential underlying mechanisms. Therefore, marine yeast isolates were screened for their ability to biosynthesis selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). The most potent isolate was identified as Candida pseudojiufengensis based on 18 S rRNA gene sequencing. Incubation of cell-free extract with 0.8 mM of SeO2 for 48 h at 40°C in pH of 7.0 were optimal conditions for the biosynthesis of SeNPs. The biosynthesized SeNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements including average particle size distribution and average zeta potential. The results showed that the biosynthesized SeNPs displayed a maximum absorbance peak in the UV-Vis spectrum at 560 nm due to surface plasmon resonance. TEM image elevated spherical shape particles with an average size of 12 nm. SRB assay, flow cytometry, and other biochemical methods were employed to assess SeNPs anti-proliferative effects on MCF-7 cells. SeNPs showed superior anticancer efficacy against MCF-7 cells compared to colon (HCT-116) and liver (HepG2) cancer cells, as evidenced by lower IC50 values (19.59 µg/ml) against 36.36 µg/ml and 27.81 ±1.4 µg/ml, respectively. However, SeNPs demonstrated no cytotoxic effects against HSF cells. Moreover, treatment with SeNPs induces G2/M arrest along with triggering apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, MCF-7 cells treated with SeNPs showed increased oxidative stress, as indicated by observable rises in LPO and 8-OHDG, accompanied by considerable exhaustion in antioxidant enzyme activity. These findings demonstrated that Se nanoparticles synthesized from yeast have therapeutic promise in BC treatment.

Antioxidant effects and compatibility of zinc oxide nanoparticles during in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes and subsequent embryo development

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have garnered significant attention in biological applications due to their known antioxidant properties. However, their potential impact on assisted reproduction techniques remains largely unexplored, particularly in the context of oocyte quality maintenance within in vitro culture systems, where free radicals can exert detrimental effects. This study investigated the effects of incorporating ZnO-NPs to in vitro maturation (IVM) media on the developmental, cryosurvival, and metabolic profiles of bovine embryos. Three concentrations of ZnO-NPs (0, 1.0, and 1.5 μg/mL) were evaluated. We observed, for the first time, that the inclusion of ZnO-NPs at a concentration of 1.0 μg/mL led to a significant increase in the number of embryonic cells (p < 0.05) accompanied by a reduction in reactive oxygen species production (p < 0.05). Notably, ZnO-NPs did not alter embryonic development, cryosurvival rates, or mitochondrial viability. These findings suggested that ZnO-NPs has antioxidant properties and are compatible with bovine oocytes. Consequently, they may serve as promising supplements to the IVM media, potentially enhancing the efficiency of assisted reproduction techniques.

Ameliorating effects of selenium nanoparticle coated by gallic acid on histological and biochemical parameters of testis in azoospermic rat model

This study was designed to examine the effects of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) coated with gallic acid (GA) on testis in azoospermic rats. Thirty-six adult Wistar rats were assigned to six groups: control (1 ml intraperitoneal (i.p.) phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 7 consecutive days), SHAM (single i.p. injection of 1 ml of 8 % dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)), BUS (single i.p. injection of busulfan (BUS) 30 mg/kg body weight), GA (single i.p. injection of BUS 30 mg/kg on day 1, 100 mg/kg body weight GA from days 2-7), SeNPs (single i.p. injection of BUS 30 mg/kg on day 1, 0.5 mg/kg body weight SeNPs from days 2-7), and SeNPs-GA (single i.p. injection of BUS 30 mg/kg on day 1, 0.5 mg/kg body weight SeNPs-GA from days 2-7). Subsequently, serum levels of testosterone and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), antioxidant markers, sperm parameters, and histological parameters were evaluated. The results showed that BUS injection induced azoospermia in rats by causing oxidative stress and testicular tissue damage. In contrast, co-administration of SeNPs and GA showed significant improvements in testosterone and IGF-1 levels, antioxidant status, testicular tissue characteristics, and sperm parameters. Overall, the findings suggest that GA-coated SeNPs offer therapeutic potential in BUS-induced azoospermic models.

Utilizing reactive oxygen species-scavenging nanoparticles for targeting oxidative stress in the treatment of ischemic stroke: A review

Ischemic stroke, which accounts for the majority of stroke cases, triggers a complex series of pathophysiological events, prominently characterized by acute oxidative stress due to excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in driving cell death and inflammation in ischemic stroke, making it a significant target for therapeutic intervention. Nanomedicine presents an innovative approach to directly mitigate oxidative damage. This review consolidates existing knowledge on the role of oxidative stress in ischemic stroke and assesses the potential of various ROS-scavenging nanoparticles (NPs) as therapeutic agents. We explore the properties and mechanisms of metal, metal-oxide, and carbon-based NPs, emphasizing their catalytic activity and biocompatibility in scavenging free radicals and facilitating the delivery of therapeutic agents across the blood-brain barrier. Additionally, we address the challenges such as cytotoxicity, immunogenicity, and biodistribution that need to be overcome to translate these nanotechnologies from bench to bedside. The future of NP-based therapies for ischemic stroke holds promise, with the potential to enhance outcomes through targeted modulation of oxidative stress.

Innovative anticancer nanocomposites from Corchorus olitorius mucilage/chitosan/selenium nanoparticles

Cancers are continuing to threaten human health globally; the achievement of effectual and biosafe anticancerous compounds is a precious goal. The extraction of Corchorus olitorius mucilage (Jm) and its usage for selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) biosynthesis was projected. The innovative formulation of bioactive nanocomposites (NCs) from Jm/SeNPs and chitosan nanoparticles (Cht) was also proposed to apply these NCs as effectual anticancers against CaCo-2 and HeLa cancerous cells. The Jm/SeNPs biosynthesis (mean diameter = 6.45 nm) was innovatively achieved and confirmed using infrared and ultraviolet-visible analysis. The constructions of different NCs were done (N1: 2Jm/SeNPs:1Cht; N2: 1Jm/SeNPs:1Cht; and N3: 1Jm/SeNPs:2Cht) with mean particles' diameter of 88.41, 46.86 and 69.35 nm, respectively. The cytotoxicity assay of constructed NCs indicated their potentialities to suppress examined cells; N1 (negatively charged; -16.2 mV) was the most forceful with IC50 of 12.36 and 73.15 mg/L against CaCo-2 and HeLa cells, respectively. The scanning microscopy imaging of treated CaCo-2 cells with N1 of Cht/Jm/SeNPs indicated that the NCs led to remarkable apoptotic destructions of treated cells, including cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, cytoplasmic vacuolization, cell debris and apoptotic indices. The innovative NCs from Cht/Jm/SeNPs are promisingly recommended as effectual, natural and bioactive anticancer formulations against human cancers.

Phyto-nanotechnology: A novel beneficial strategy for Alzheimer's disease therapy

Alzheimer's disease, a neurodegenerative condition, is characterized by the slow and progressive deterioration of the cognitive functions of geriatric patients. It occurs due to exacerbation of neurons in the brain, indicated by loss of memory, mood instability, and even death. The aggregation of amyloid β protein and neurofibrillary tangles-atypical forms of tau protein is the major cause of this disease. Phytoconstituents have been frequently employed in treating Alzheimer's disease. These natural compounds act through different molecular mechanisms to treat the disease. However, their potential in Alzheimer's disease therapy may be limited due to poor blood-brain barrier permeability, off-target effects, low bioavailability, etc. In recent times, nanotechnology has gained attraction to overcome these challenges. This article focuses on the potential phytoconstituents for Alzheimer's disease treatment and the associated limitations. Moreover, it highlights various nanoformulation strategies employed to penetrate the blood-brain barrier effectively, avoid side effects, improve bioavailability, and target specificity in treating Alzheimer's disease. The integration of nanotechnology with plant-derived compounds has the potential to revolutionize the therapeutic landscape for Alzheimer's disease.

Nanomaterial-Based Biofortification: Potential Benefits and Impacts of Crops

Nanomaterials (NMs) have shown relevant impacts in crop protection, improvement of yields, and minimizing collateral side effects of fertilizer and pesticides in vegetable and fruit production. The application of NMs to improve biofortification has gained much attention in the last five years, offering a hopeful and optimistic outlook. Thus, we propose comprehensively revising the scientific literature about the use of NMs in the agronomic biofortification of crops and analyzing the beneficial impact of the use of NMs. The results indicated that different species of plants were biofortified with essential elements and macronutrients after the applications of Zn, Fe, Se, nanocomposites, and metalloid NPs. In addition, the physiological performances, antioxidant compounds, and yields were improved with NMs. Using nanofertilizers for the biofortification of crops can be considered a promising method to deliver micronutrients for plants with beneficial impacts on human health, the environment, and agriculture.

Beneficial Effects of Selenium and Its Supplementation on Carcinogenesis and the Use of Nanoselenium in the Treatment of Malignant Tumors

Selenium was recognized as a non-toxic element in the second half of the 20th century. Since then, the positive impact of selenium on the functioning of the human body has been noticed. It has been shown that low levels of selenium in the body are significantly associated with a higher risk of developing cancer. Selenium acts as an antioxidant and inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells. It has been shown that selenium supplementation may contribute to reducing the risk of DNA mutations and carcinogenesis. Nanomedicine has become very helpful in both the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Due to its anticancer properties, selenium is used in nanotechnology as selenium nanoparticles.

Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles Synthesized by L. brevis 23017 Enhance Aluminum Adjuvanticity and Make Up for its Disadvantage in Mice

The most popular vaccine adjuvants are aluminum ones, which have significantly reduced the incidence and mortality of many diseases. However, aluminum-adjuvanted vaccines are constrained by their limited capacity to elicit cellular and mucosal immune responses, thus constraining their broader utilization. Biogenic selenium nanoparticles are a low-cost, environmentally friendly, low-toxicity, and highly bioactive form of selenium supplementation. Here, we purified selenium nanoparticles synthesized by Levilactobacillus brevis 23017 (L-SeNP) and characterized them using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that the L-SeNP has a particle size ranging from 30 to 200 nm and is coated with proteins and polysaccharides. Subsequently, we assessed the immune-enhancing properties of L-SeNP in combination with an adjuvant-inactivated Clostridium perfringens type A vaccine using a mouse model. The findings demonstrate that L-SeNP can elevate the IgG and SIgA titers in immunized mice and modulate the Th1/Th2 immune response, thereby enhancing the protective effect of aluminum-adjuvanted vaccines. Furthermore, we observed that L-SeNP increases selenoprotein expression and regulates oxidative stress in immunized mice, which may be how L-SeNP regulates immunity. In conclusion, L-SeNP has the potential to augment the immune response of aluminum adjuvant vaccines and compensate for their limitations in eliciting Th1 and mucosal immune responses.

The Application of Nanotechnology for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Endocrine Disorders: A Review of Current Trends, Toxicology and Future Perspective

The endocrine system regulates many biological systems, and disruptions may result in disorders, such as diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, Cushing's syndrome, and obesity. The total incidence of endocrine illnesses was found to be 47.4%, excluding type 2 diabetes mellitus, with a significant frequency of newly diagnosed endocrine disorders. Nanotechnology manipulates particles at the atomic and molecular levels, opening up new paths for studying disease etiology and therapeutic alternatives. The goal of using nanomaterials in the treatment of endocrine illnesses is to create endogenous nano-biosensors that can detect even modest changes in hormone levels and react spontaneously to restore normal function. The size and surface characteristics of nanoparticles enhances the sensitivity in nano-sensors and are functionalized for targeted drug delivery. Nano-sized carriers composed of lipids, polymers, carbon, or metals have been shown to work much better than standard drug delivery methods. Nanoparticles (NPs) offer various advantages over current methods for diagnosing and treating endocrine disorders, acting as hydrogels for insulin delivery and wound healing. Incorporating selenium NPs into inorganic nanoparticles enhances their bioactivity and targeted delivery. Gold NPs show a promising precise insulin delivery. Mesoporous silica NPs maintain glycemic level effectively and lipid and polymeric NPs protect drugs from degradation in the gastrointestinal tract. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have become popular in thyroid surgeries. These characteristics make nanoparticles valuable for developing effective diagnostic and therapeutic systems. NP-based medicines have been thoroughly researched in order to identify the beginning point for the creation of theranostics, which may function in two ways: as imaging agents or therapeutics. The study posits that nanotechnology bridges diagnostics and therapies, potentially revolutionizing endocrine disorder treatments. This review delves into nanotechnology techniques, emphasizing their applications in diagnosing and treating diabetes mellitus.

Oxidative stress modulating nanomaterials and their biochemical roles in nanomedicine

Many pathological conditions are predominantly associated with oxidative stress, arising from reactive oxygen species (ROS); therefore, the modulation of redox activities has been a key strategy to restore normal tissue functions. Current approaches involve establishing a favorable cellular redox environment through the administration of therapeutic drugs and redox-active nanomaterials (RANs). In particular, RANs not only provide a stable and reliable means of therapeutic delivery but also possess the capacity to finely tune various interconnected components, including radicals, enzymes, proteins, transcription factors, and metabolites. Here, we discuss the roles that engineered RANs play in a spectrum of pathological conditions, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, infections, and inflammation. We visualize the dual functions of RANs as both generator and scavenger of ROS, emphasizing their profound impact on diverse cellular functions. The focus of this review is solely on inorganic redox-active nanomaterials (inorganic RANs). Additionally, we deliberate on the challenges associated with current RANs-based approaches and propose potential research directions for their future clinical translation.

Unveiling Green Synthesis and Biomedical Theranostic paradigms of Selenium Nanoparticles (SeNPs) - A state-of-the-art comprehensive update

The advancements in nanotechnology, pharmaceutical sciences, and healthcare are propelling the field of theranostics, which combines therapy and diagnostics, to new heights; emphasizing the emergence of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) as versatile theranostic agents. This comprehensive update offers a holistic perspective on recent developments in the synthesis and theranostic applications of SeNPs, underscoring their growing importance in nanotechnology and healthcare. SeNPs have shown significant potential in multiple domains, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, wound healing, and cytoprotective therapies. The review highlights the adaptability and biocompatibility of SeNPs, which are crucial for advanced disease detection, monitoring, and personalized treatment. Special emphasis is placed on advancements in green synthesis techniques, underscoring their eco-friendly and cost-effective benefits in biosensing, diagnostics, imaging and therapeutic applications. Additionally, the appraisal scrutinizes the progressive trends in smart stimuli-responsive SeNPs, conferring their role in innovative solutions for disease management and diagnostics. Despite their promising therapeutic and prophylactic potential, SeNPs also present several challenges, particularly regarding toxicity concerns. These challenges and their implications for clinical translation are thoroughly explored, providing a balanced view of the current state and prospects of SeNPs in theranostic applications.

Evaluation of the cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of nano-selenium prepared via gamma irradiation against cancer cell lines and bacterial species

A recent scientific investigation has shown promising results of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) for the anticancer and antimicrobial activities. This study aims to evaluate the effects of PVP SeNPs on bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Bacillus cereus (B. cereus), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). Also, its antitumor activity against the MRC-5 carcinoma cell line. SeNPs were prepared via gamma irradiation using PVP as a capping agent, and their size and morphological structure were determined using HRTEM. The size of the SeNPs ranged from 36 to 66.59 nm. UV-vis spectra confirmed the formation of SeNPs, while FTIR measurement confirmed a change in the PVP structure after adding selenium nanoparticles. The highest effect was reported on HepG2 by an IC50 with a value of 8.87 µg/ml, followed by HeLa, PC3, MCF-7, and Caco2 cell lines, respectively. Furthermore, ZOI reached 36.33 ± 3.05 mm. The best value of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 0.313 µg/ml. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging against bacteria showed deformations and distortions in their structures. Transmission electron (TEM) revealed ultrastructure changes in treated bacteria because of the free radicals that made cytotoxicity which confirmed by Electron spin resonance (ESR).

Synthesis and larvicidal efficacy of pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives conjugated with selenium nanoparticles against Culex pipiens L. and Musca domestica L. larvae

The synthesized pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives conjugated with selenium nanoparticles were prepared via a reaction of pyrazolone 1 with aryl-aldehyde and malononitrile or 3-oxo-3-phenylpropanenitrile in the presence ammonium acetate or pipridine using an ultrasonic bath as a modified method in the organic synthesis for such materials. The structure of the synthesized compounds was elucidated through various techniques. All the synthesized pyrazolopyrimidines were used in the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). These nanoparticles were confirmed using UV-spectra, Dynamic Light scattering and (TEM) techniques. The larvicidal efficiency;of the synthesized;compounds; was investigated against some strains such as Culex pipiens;and Musca domestica larvae. Bioassay test showed pyrazolopyrimide derivatives to exhibit an acceptable larvicidal;bio-efficacy. The derivative (3) exhibited;the highest;efficiency for more than; lab strains of both species. Moreover, C. pipiens larvae were more sensitive towards the examined compounds than M. domestica. The field;strain displayed lower affinity for the 2 folds compounds. Some biochemical changes were tracked through analysis of insect main metabolites (protein, lipid and carbohydrate), in addition to measuring the changes in seven enzymes after treatment. Generally, there was a reduction in the protein, lipids and carbohydrates after treatment with all tested compounds. Moreover, a decrement was noticed for acetylcholine esterase and glutathione;S-transferase; enzymes. There was an increment in the acid;phosphatase; and alkaline phosphatase. In addition, there was elevation in Phenoloxidase level but it noticed the declination in both Cytochrome P450 and Ascorbate peroxidase activity after treatment both flies with derivatives of selenium-nanoparticles in both lab and field strain. Generally, the experiments carried out indicate that antioxidant and detoxification enzymes may play a significant role in mechanism of action of our novel nanocompounds. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds and conjugated with SeNPs showed enhanced compatibility with human normal fibroblast cell line (BJ1) with no toxic effect.

Emerging Nanomaterials as Versatile Nanozymes: A New Dimension in Biomedical Research

The enzyme-mimicking nature of versatile nanomaterials proposes a new class of materials categorized as nano-enzymes, ornanozymes. They are artificial enzymes fabricated by functionalizing nanomaterials to generate active sites that can mimic enzyme-like functions. Materials extend from metals and oxides to inorganic nanoparticles possessing intrinsic enzyme-like properties. High cost, low stability, difficulty in separation, reusability, and storage issues of natural enzymes can be well addressed by nanozymes. Since 2007, more than 100 nanozymes have been reported that mimic enzymes like peroxidase, oxidase, catalase, protease, nuclease, hydrolase, superoxide dismutase, etc. In addition, several nanozymes can also exhibit multi-enzyme properties. Vast applications have been reported by exploiting the chemical, optical, and physiochemical properties offered by nanozymes. This review focuses on the reported nanozymes fabricated from a variety of materials along with their enzyme-mimicking activity involving tuning of materials such as metal nanoparticles (NPs), metal-oxide NPs, metal-organic framework (MOF), covalent organic framework (COF), and carbon-based NPs. Furthermore, diverse applications of nanozymes in biomedical research are discussed in detail.

NIR-II-Responsive Versatile Nanozyme Based on H2O2 Cycling and Disrupting Cellular Redox Homeostasis for Enhanced Synergistic Cancer Therapy

Disturbing cellular redox homeostasis within malignant cells, particularly improving reactive oxygen species (ROS), is one of the effective strategies for cancer therapy. The ROS generation based on nanozymes presents a promising strategy for cancer treatment. However, the therapeutic efficacy is limited due to the insufficient catalytic activity of nanozymes or their high dependence on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or oxygen. Herein, we reported a nanozyme (CSA) based on well-defined CuSe hollow nanocubes (CS) uniformly covered with Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) to disturb cellular redox homeostasis and catalyze a cascade of intracellular biochemical reactions to produce ROS for the synergistic therapy of breast cancer. In this system, CSA could interact with the thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and deplete the tumor microenvironment-activated glutathione (GSH), disrupting the cellular antioxidant defense system and augmenting ROS generation. Besides, CSA possessed high peroxidase-mimicking activity toward H2O2, leading to the generation of various ROS including hydroxyl radical (•OH), superoxide radicals (•O2-), and singlet oxygen (1O2), facilitated by the Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox and H2O2 cycling, and plentiful catalytically active metal sites. Additionally, due to the absorption and charge separation performance of AgNPs, the CSA exhibited excellent photothermal performance in the second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1064 nm) region and enhanced the photocatalytic ROS level in cancer cells. Owing to the inhibition of TrxR activity, GSH depletion, high peroxidase-mimicking activity of CSA, and abundant ROS generation, CSA displays remarkable and specific inhibition of tumor growth.

Dietary Supplementation of Microalgae and/or Nanominerals Mitigate the Negative Effects of Heat Stress in Growing Rabbits

Heat stress (HS) is one of the most significant environmental factors that result in fluctuations and shrinkage in rabbit growth, health, and overall productivity. This study aims to investigate the effects of dietary mineral nanoparticles (selenium or zinc) and/or Spirulina platensis (SP) independently and in combination on stressed growing rabbits. A total of 180 weaned growing New Zealand White rabbits were included in this study and randomly divided into six dietary treatments. Rabbits received a basal diet (control group; CON group) or fortified with SP (1 g/kg diet), selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs, 50 mg/kg diet), zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs, 100 mg/kg diet), and a mixture of SP and SeNPs (SPSeNPs) or SP and ZnNPs (SPZnNPs) groups for 8 weeks during summer conditions. The obtained results demonstrated a significant increase in the final body weight and weight gain (p < 0.05). Additionally, the feed conversion ratio was improved during the periods from 6 to 14 weeks in the treated rabbits compared to those in the CON group. Dietary supplements considerably improved (p < 0.05) the blood hematology (WBCs, Hb, RBCs, and Hct) and some carcass traits (liver weights and edible giblets). All dietary supplements significantly decreased serum levels of total glycerides (p < 0.0001), AST (p = 0.0113), ALT (p = 0.0013), creatinine (p = 0.0009), and uric acid (p = 0.0035) compared to the CON group. All treated groups (except ZnNPs) had lower values of total bilirubin and indirect bilirubin in a dose-dependent way when compared to the CON group. The values of IgA, IgG, and superoxide dismutase were significantly improved (p < 0.05) in all treated rabbits compared to the CON group. Compared with the CON group, the levels of T3 (p < 0.05) were significantly increased in all treated growing rabbits (except for the ZnNP group), while the serum cortisol, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), malondialdehyde, and protein carbonyl were significantly decreased in the treated groups (p < 0.05). Dietary supplements sustained the changes in hepatic, renal, and cardiac impairments induced by HS in growing rabbits. Adding SP (1 g/kg diet) or SeNPs (50 mg/kg diet) in the diet, either individually or in combination, improved growth performance, blood picture, and immunity-antioxidant responses in stressed rabbits. Overall, these feed additives (SP, SeNPs, or their mixture) can be applied as an effective nutritional tool to reduce negative impacts of summer stress conditions, thereby maintaining the health status and improving the heat tolerance in growing rabbits.

Bioactive Hydrogel Formulation Based on Ferulic Acid-Grafted Nano-Chitosan and Bacterial Nanocellulose Enriched with Selenium Nanoparticles from Kombucha Fermentation

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have specific properties that result from their biosynthesis particularities. Chitosan can prevent pathogenic biofilm development. A wide palette of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) biological and physical-chemical properties are known. The aim of this study was to develop a hydrogel formulation (SeBNCSFa) based on ferulic acid-grafted chitosan and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) enriched with SeNPs from Kombucha fermentation (SeNPsK), which could be used as an adjuvant for oral implant integration and other applications. The grafted chitosan and SeBNCSFa were characterized by biochemical and physical-chemical methods. The cell viability and proliferation of HGF-1 gingival fibroblasts were investigated, as well as their in vitro antioxidant activity. The inflammatory response was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of the proinflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) in cell culture medium. Likewise, the amount of nitric oxide released was measured by the Griess reaction. The antimicrobial activity was also investigated. The grafting degree with ferulic acid was approximately 1.780 ± 0.07% of the total chitosan monomeric units, assuming single-site grafting per monomer. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy evidenced a convolution of BNC and grafted chitosan spectra, and X-ray diffraction analysis highlighted an amorphous rearrangement of the diffraction patterns, suggesting multiple interactions. The hydrogel showed a high degree of cytocompatibility, and enhanced antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial potentials.

Tailored green synthesized silymarin-selenium nanoparticles: Topical nanocarrier of promising antileishmanial activity

Poor drug penetration, emerging drug resistance, and systemic toxicity are among the major obstacles challenging the current treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Hence, developing advanced strategies for effective and targeted delivery of antileishmanial agents is crucial. Several drug delivery carriers have been developed till current date for dermal/transdermal delivery, especially those which are fabricated using eco-friendly synthesis approaches, since they protect the environment from the harmful effects of chemical waste disposal. This work describes the preparation of selenium nanoparticles loaded with silymarin via one-pot green reduction technique, for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The selected silymarin loaded selenium nanoparticles (SSNs4-0.1) displayed good loading efficiency of 58.22 ± 0.56 %, zeta potential of -30.63 ± 0.40 mV, hydrodynamic diameter of 245.77 ± 11.12 nm, and polydispersity index of 0.19 ± 0.01. It exhibited good physical stability, as well as high ex vivo deposition % in the epidermis (46.98 ± 1.51 %) and dermis (35.23 ± 1.72 %), which was further proven using confocal laser microscopy. It also exhibited significant cytocompatibility and noticeable cellular internalization of 90.02 ± 3.81 % in human fibroblasts, as well as high trypanothione reductase inhibitory effect (97.10 ± 0.30 %). Results of this study confirmed the successful green synthesis of silymarin-loaded selenium nanoparticles; delineating them as one of the promising antileishmanial topical delivery systems.

In vivo Fate of Targeted Drug Delivery Carriers

This review aimed to systematically investigate the intracellular and subcellular fate of various types of targeting carriers. Upon entering the body via intravenous injection or other routes, a targeting carrier that can deliver therapeutic agents initiates their journey. If administered intravenously, the carrier initially faces challenges presented by the blood circulation before reaching specific tissues and interacting with cells within the tissue. At the subcellular level, the car2rier undergoes processes, such as drug release, degradation, and metabolism, through specific pathways. While studies on the fate of 13 types of carriers have been relatively conclusive, these studies are incomplete and lack a comprehensive analysis. Furthermore, there are still carriers whose fate remains unclear, underscoring the need for continuous research. This study highlights the importance of comprehending the in vivo and intracellular fate of targeting carriers and provides valuable insights into the operational mechanisms of different carriers within the body. By doing so, researchers can effectively select appropriate carriers and enhance the successful clinical translation of new formulations.

Metastable FeSe2 nanosheets as a one-for-all platform for stepwise synergistic tumor therapy

The urgent need to curb the rampant rise in cancer has impelled the rapid development of nanomedicine. Under the above issue, transition metal compounds have received special attention considering their physicochemical and biochemical properties. However, how to take full advantage of the valuable characteristics of nanomaterials based on their spatial structures and chemical components for synergistic tumor therapy is a worthwhile exploration. In this work, a tailored two-dimensional (2D) FeSe2 nanosheet (NS) platform is proposed, which integrates enzyme activity and drug efficacy through the regulation of itsstability. Specifically, metastable FeSe2 NSs can serve as dual nanozymes in an intact state, depleting GSH and increasing ROS to induce oxidative stress in the tumor microenvironment (TME). With the gradual degradation of the FeSe2 in TME, its degraded products can amplify the Fenton reaction and GSH consumption, enhance the expression of inflammatory factors, and achieve effective near-infrared (NIR)-light irradiation-enhanced synergistic photothermal therapy (PTT) and chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Our exploration further confirmed such a strategy that may integrate carrier activity and drug action into a metastable nanoplatform for tumor synergistic therapy. These results prompt the consideration of the rational design of a one-for-all carrier that can exhibit multifunctional properties and nanomedicine efficacy for versatile therapeutic applications in the future.

Exploring the Link between Oxidative Stress, Selenium Levels, and Obesity in Youth

Obesity is a worldwide increasing concern. Although in adults this is easily estimated with the body mass index, in children, who are constantly growing and whose bodies are changing, the reference points to assess weight status are age and gender, and need corroboration with complementary data, making their quantification highly difficult. The present review explores the interaction spectrum of oxidative stress, selenium status, and obesity in children and adolescents. Any factor related to oxidative stress that triggers obesity and, conversely, obesity that induces oxidative stress are part of a vicious circle, a complex chain of mechanisms that derive from each other and reinforce each other with serious health consequences. Selenium and its compounds exhibit key antioxidant activity and also have a significant role in the nutritional evaluation of obese children. The balance of selenium intake, retention, and metabolism emerges as a vital aspect of health, reflecting the complex interactions between diet, oxidative stress, and obesity. Understanding whether selenium status is a contributor to or a consequence of obesity could inform nutritional interventions and public health strategies aimed at preventing and managing obesity from an early age.

Cross-Talk Between Selenium Nanoparticles and Cancer Treatment Through Autophagy

Autophagy is commonly referred as self-eating and a complex cellular process that is involved in the digestion of protein and damaged organelles through a lysosome-dependent mechanism, and this mechanism is essential for maintaining proper cellular homeostasis. Selenium is a vital trace element that plays essential functions in antioxidant defense, redox state control, and range of particular metabolic processes. Selenium nanoparticles have become known as a promising agent for biomedical use, because of their high bioavailability, low toxicity, and degradability. However, and in recent years, they have attracted the interest of researchers in developing anticancer nano-drugs. Selenium nanoparticles can be used as a potential therapeutic agent or in combination with other agents to act as carriers for the development of new treatments. More intriguingly, selenium nanoparticles have been extensively shown to impact autophagy signaling, allowing selenium nanoparticles to be used as possible cancer treatment agents. This review explored the connections between selenium and autophagy, followed by developments and current advances of selenium nanoparticles for autophagy control in various clinical circumstances. Furthermore, this study examined the functions and possible processes of selenium nanoparticles in autophagy regulation, which may help us understand how selenium nanoparticles regulate autophagy for the potential cancer treatment.

Selenium Species in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Selenium is an important trace element for humans and animals as it plays a key role in several major metabolic pathways. Several studies were conducted to better understand the role of selenium against diabetes mellitus (DM), particularly type 2 (T2DM), but the obtained conclusions are contradictory. A simple linear relationship does not exist between the risk of T2DM and selenium levels but is best represented in a dose-dependent manner, getting often the U-graph. This relation also depends on selenium chemical forms that are present in a diet or supplements. Both too low and too high selenium intakes could increase the risk of diabetes. Moreover, the baseline status of Se should be taken into consideration to avoid over-supplementation. The focus of this brief overview is to report the recent updates concerning selenium participation in diabetes mellitus.