Involvement of PKC and ROS in the cytotoxic mechanism of anti-leukemic decursin and its derivatives and their structure–activity relationship in human K562 erythroleukemia and U937 myeloleukemia cells

Antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic effects of decursin associated with correcting mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in type 1 diabetic mice

A substantial proportion of diabetic patients suffer a debilitating and persistent pain state, known as peripheral painful neuropathy that necessitates improved therapy or antidote. Decursin, a major active ingredient from Angelica gigas Nakai, has been reported to possess antidepressant activity in preclinical studies. As antidepressants have been typically used as standard agents against persistent neuropathic pain, this study aimed to probe the effect of decursin on neuropathic pain associated with streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes in male C57BL6J mice. The Hargreaves test and the von Frey test were used to assess pain-like behaviors, shown as heat hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia respectively. Chronic treatment of diabetic mice with decursin not only ameliorated the established symptoms of heat hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia, but also arrested the development of these pain states given preemptively at low doses. Although decursin treatment hardly impacted on metabolic disturbance in diabetic mice, it ameliorated exacerbated oxidative stress in pain-associated tissues, improved mitochondrial bioenergetics in dorsal root ganglion neurons, and restored nerve conduction velocity and blood flow in sciatic nerves. Notably, the analgesic actions of decursin were modified by pharmacologically manipulating redox status and mitochondrial bioenergetics. These findings unveil the analgesic activity of decursin, an effect that is causally associated with its bioenergetics-enhancing and antioxidant effects, in mice with type 1 diabetes.

Anticancer potential of decursin, decursinol angelate, and decursinol from Angelica gigas Nakai: A comprehensive review and future therapeutic prospects

Many naturally derived compounds are currently used in oncotherapy. Besides official medicine, complementary and alternative medicine practices, including old herbal remedies, are widely used and accepted as additional tools in cancer treatment. Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN), a medicinal herb in Asia, has roots historically used in medicine. This review focuses on key bioactive compounds from AGN roots - decursin, decursinol angelate (DA), and decursinol (DOH). Exploring their source, biosynthesis, and therapeutic mechanisms, the review highlights their role in cancer treatment. Biotechnological strategies for enhanced production and semisynthetic derivatives with anticancer properties are discussed. The study emphasizes the promising pharmacological potential of decursin, DA, and DOH in various therapeutic applications, particularly cancer treatment. The review also underscores innovative approaches to increase production and explores semisynthetic derivatives as a promising avenue for future natural product-based drug discovery. This concise overview provides valuable insights into the potential of AGN-derived compounds in the field of natural product-based therapeutics.

A comprehensive review of the anticancer effects of decursin

Cancer is a globally complex disease with a plethora of genetic, physiological, metabolic, and environmental variations. With the increasing resistance to current anticancer drugs, efforts have been made to develop effective cancer treatments. Currently, natural products are considered promising cancer therapeutic agents due to their potent anticancer activity and low intrinsic toxicity. Decursin, a coumarin analog mainly derived from the roots of the medicinal plant Angelica sinensis, has a wide range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and especially anticancer activities. Existing studies indicate that decursin affects cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, angiogenesis, and metastasis. It also indirectly affects the immune microenvironment and can act as a potential anticancer agent. Decursin can exert synergistic antitumor effects when used in combination with a number of common clinical anticancer drugs, enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity and reversing drug resistance in cancer cells, suggesting that decursin is a good drug combination. Second, decursin is also a promising lead compound, and compounds modifying its structure and formulation form also have good anticancer effects. In addition, decursin is not only a key ingredient in several natural herbs and dietary supplements but is also available through a biosynthetic pathway, with anticancer properties and a high degree of safety in cells, animals, and humans. Thus, it is evident that decursin is a promising natural compound, and its great potential for cancer prevention and treatment needs to be studied and explored in greater depth to support its move from the laboratory to the clinic.

Chiral separation and molecular modeling study of decursinol and its derivatives using polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases

Plant-based bioactive substances have long been used to treat inflammatory ailments, owing to their low toxicity and cost-effectiveness. To enhance plant treatment by eliminating undesirable isomers, optimizing the chiral separation techniques in pharmaceutical and clinical studies is important. This study reported a simple and effective method for chiral separation of decursinol and its derivatives, which are pyranocoumarin compounds with anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. Baseline separation (Rs >1.5) was achieved using five different polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (CSPs) that differed in chiral origin, chiral selector chemistry, and preparation technique. To separate all six enantiomers simultaneously, n-hexane and three alcohol modifiers (ethanol, isopropanol, and n-butanol) were used as mobile phases in the normal-phase mode. The chiral separation ability of each column with various mobile phase compositions was compared and discussed. As a result, amylose-based CSPs with linear alcohol modifiers demonstrated superior resolution. Three cases of elution order reversal caused by modifications of CSPs and alcohol modifiers were observed and thoroughly analyzed. To elucidate the chiral recognition mechanism and enantiomeric elution order (EEO) reversal phenomenon, detailed molecular docking simulations were conducted. The R- and S-enantiomers of decursinol, epoxide, and CGK012 exhibited binding energies of -6.6, -6.3, -6.2, -6.3, -7.3, and -7.5 kcal/mol, respectively. The magnitude of the difference in binding energies was consistent with the elution order and enantioselectivity (α) of the analytes. The molecular simulation results demonstrated that hydrogen bonds, π-π interactions, and hydrophobic interactions have a significant impact on chiral recognition mechanisms. Overall, this study presented a novel and logical approach of optimizing chiral separation techniques in the pharmaceutical and clinical industries. Our findings could be further applied for screening and optimizing enantiomeric separation.

Hematopoietic Effects of Angelica gigas Nakai Extract on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Myelosuppression

Myelosuppression is a major adverse effect of chemotherapy. With the increasing number of cancer patients worldwide, there is a growing interest in therapeutic approaches that reduce the adverse effects of chemotherapy. Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) roots have been widely used in oriental medicine to treat blood-related diseases, including cancer. However, the effects of AGN on myelosuppression have not been studied. Here, we investigated the effects of AGN ethanol extract (AGNEX) on cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression. AGNEX treatment significantly decreased white blood cell levels while increasing red blood cell and platelet levels in the peripheral blood. It inhibited thymus and spleen atrophy. It also enhanced serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. qRT-PCR results showed that AGNEX decreased the expression of IL-1b and stem cell factor (SCF) in the bone marrow (BM) while increasing the mRNA expression of IL-3 and IL-6 in the spleen. Although AGNEX did not significantly decrease apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the BM and splenocytes, AGNEX plays a positive role in cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression. AGNEX administration increased BM cells in the femur while decreasing apoptotic BM cells. These findings suggest that AGNEX could be used to treat myelosuppression and as a combination therapy in cancer patients.

Biological properties of aqueous extract and pyranocoumarins obtained from the bark of Brosimum alicastrum tree

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Brosimum alicastrum is a tree used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases, including uterine cancer.

AIM OF THE STUDY

In this study, the cytotoxic activity of aqueous extract of B. alicastrum bark and isolated compounds xanthyletin (1), luvangetin (2), and 8-hydroxyxanthyletin (3) on three human cancer cell lines was determined. Moreover, the biological effects of 8-hydroxyxanthyletin (3) were investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The aqueous extract was prepared according to the ethnomedical information reported from the bark. The compounds were purified using chromatographic methods and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques. The antiproliferative effect of aqueous extract and isolates was determined in three human tumor cell lines: HeLa, A2780, and MSTO-211H, and evaluated by trypan blue exclusion assay. The cell cycle and the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨ) were measured by flow cytometry, while Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels were determined using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) probe. The effect on the relaxation activity, mediated by topoisomerase I and II, was evaluated by electrophoresis, and docking studies were performed using Autodock 4.2 to analyze the interactions.

RESULTS

Aqueous extract of B. alicastrum bark showed significant antiproliferative effect on the evaluated cancer cell lines (IC₅₀ = 1.6, 8.5, and 21.4 μg/ml). Four coumarins were identified in the extract and three of them were also evaluated. A2780 cell line exhibited higher sensitivity against pyranocoumarins with IC₅₀ values ranging from 32 to 47 μmol/l. 8-hydroxyxanthyletin (3) exerts an interesting effect on human topoisomerases I and II, by inhibiting the enzymes at concentrations comparable to those obtained in antiproliferative assay. Moreover, 8-hydroxyxanthyletin (3) arrests the cell cycle at G₀/G₁ phase and induces in A2780 cells a concentration-dependent increase in ROS levels. The results of molecular docking suggest the participation of the hydroxyl group in the interaction between 8-hydroxyxanthyletin (3) and topoisomerase I and II.

CONCLUSION

This is the first report that demonstrates the cytotoxic activity of the aqueous extract of B. alicastrum bark, and determines the main metabolites.

Carboplatin–Angelica gigas Nakai combination synergistically enhances apoptosis by suppressed Akt, Erk, and Stat3 expression in H460 human lung cancer cells

The lower potency of low dose of carboplatin often requires combination with other drugs to improve its efficacy. Newer and more potent carboplatin-based combination therapies are investigated for treatment. We investigated whether paclitaxel, carboplatin, and Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) affect viability of H460 cells by MTT assay. Western blot analysis was used to measure the expression of various modulators, such as p-Stat3, p-Akt, and p-Erk. Paclitaxel, carboplatin, and AGN affected the viability of H460 cells. Paclitaxel, carboplatin, and AGN suppressed p-Akt, p-Erk, and p-Stat3 expression. AGN combined with carboplatin significantly decreased c-Jun, HIF-1α, and VEGF levels. AGN combined with carboplatin significantly increased p21 and p27 levels and suppressed cyclin D1 and cyclin E levels. AGN combined with carboplatin-induced apoptosis by increasing Bax and cleavage of caspase and Parp level and by suppressing Bcl-2 level. Our results clearly demonstrate that AGN combined with carboplatin could be a useful compound for treating lung cancer.

Decursinol Angelate Inhibits LPS-Induced Macrophage Polarization through Modulation of the NFκB and MAPK Signaling Pathways

Inflammation is considered the root cause of various inflammatory diseases, including cancers. Decursinol angelate (DA), a pyranocoumarin compound obtained from the roots of Angelica gigas, has been reported to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of DA on the MAP kinase and NFκB signaling pathways and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines were investigated in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-activated human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage (Raw 264.7) cell lines. PMA induced the activation of the MAP kinase-NFκB pathway and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in differentiated monocytes. Treatment with DA inhibited the activation of MAP kinases and the translocation of NFκB, and decreased the expression and exogenous secretion of IL-1β and IL-6. Furthermore, LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells were found to have increased expression of M1 macrophage-associated markers, such as NADPH oxidase (NOX) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and the M2 macrophage-associated marker CD11b. LPS also activated pro-inflammatory cytokines and Erk-NFκB. Treatment with DA suppressed LPS-induced macrophage polarization and the inflammatory response by blocking Raf-ERK and the translocation of NFκB in Raw 264.7 cells. Treatment with DA also inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-6, NOX, and iNOS in Raw 264.7 cells. These results suggest that DA has the potential to inhibit macrophage polarization and inflammation by blocking the activation of pro-inflammatory signals. These anti-inflammatory effects of DA may contribute to its potential use as a therapeutic strategy against various inflammation-induced cancers.

Anti-cancer activity of Angelica gigas by increasing immune response and stimulating natural killer and natural killer T cells

Background

The polysaccharide component of Angelica gigas induces immuno-stimulatory effects on innate immune cells. However, it is unclear whether A. gigas’ adjuvant activity on the immune system can elicit anti-cancer responses.

Methods

A water-soluble immuno-stimulatory component of A. gigas was prepared. How this ISAg modulated the activation of innate immune cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) was examined. ISAg-induced cytotoxic activity via natural killer (NK) and NKT cells was also tested using a tumor-bearing mouse model.

Results

ISAg treatment induced nitric oxide (NO) production and cytokine gene expression involved in innate immune responses. ISAg activated macrophages and DCs to secrete cytokine IL-12, through the TLR4 signaling pathway. IL-12 plays a crucial role in ISAg-mediated NK and NKT cell activation. Thus, the anti-cancer activity of NK and NKT cells induced ISAg-mediated cytotoxicity of B16 melanoma cells in mice.

Conclusions

These results indicated that the natural ingredient, ISAg, has adjuvant activity to induce strong anti-cancer activity of NK and NKT cells in vivo.

Natural Korean Medicine Dang-Gui: Biosynthesis, Effective Extraction and Formulations of Major Active Pyranocoumarins, Their Molecular Action Mechanism in Cancer, and Other Biological Activities

Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) is a crucial oriental medicinal herb that grows especially in Korea and the Far-East countries. It contains chemically active compounds like pyranocoumarins, polyacetylenes and essential oils, which might be useful for treatment of several chronic diseases. It has been used for centuries as a traditional medicine in Southeast Asia, but in Western countries is used as a functional food and a major ingredient of several herbal products. The genus Angelica is also known as ‘female ginseng’ due to its critical therapeutic role in female afflictions, such as gynecological problems. However, it is well-documented that the AGN pyranocoumarins may play vital beneficial roles against cancer, neurodisorders, inflammation, osteoporosis, amnesia, allergies, depression, fungi, diabetes, ischemia, dermatitis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and androgen. Though numerous studies revealed the role of AGN pyranocoumarins as therapeutic agents, none of the reviews have published their molecular mechanism of action. To the best of our knowledge, this would be the first review that aims to appraise the biosynthesis of AGN’s major active pyranocoumarins, discuss effective extraction and formulation methods, and detail the molecular action mechanism of decursin (D), decursinol angelate (DA) and decursinol (DOH) in chronic diseases, which would further help extension of research in this area.

Decursin and decursinol angelate: molecular mechanism and therapeutic potential in inflammatory diseases

Epidemiological studies have shown that inflammation plays a critical role in the development and progression of various chronic diseases, including cancers, neurological diseases, hepatic fibrosis, diabetic retinopathy, and vascular diseases. Decursin and decursinol angelate (DA) are pyranocoumarin compounds obtained from the roots of Angelica gigas. Several studies have described the anti-inflammatory effects of decursin and DA. Decursin and DA have shown potential anti-inflammatory activity by modulating growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor, transcription factors such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, cellular enzymes including matrix metalloproteinases cyclooxygenase, and protein kinases such as extracellular receptor kinase, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, and protein kinase C. These compounds have the ability to induce apoptosis by activating pro-apoptotic proteins and the caspase cascade, and reduced the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins such as B-cell lymphoma 2 and B-cell lymphoma-extra-large. Interaction with multiple molecular targets and cytotoxic effects, these two compounds are favorable candidates for treating various chronic inflammatory diseases such as cancers (prostate, breast, leukemia, cervical, and myeloma), rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic retinopathy, hepatic fibrosis, osteoclastogenesis, allergy, and Alzheimer's disease. We have summarized the preliminary studies regarding the biological effects of decursin and DA. In this review, we will also highlight the functions of coumarin compounds that can be translated to a clinical practice for the treatment and prevention of various inflammatory ailments.

Fabrication of polymer matrix-free nanocomposites based on Angelica gigas Nakai extract and their application to breast cancer therapy

Nanocomposites (NCs) based on the ethanol extract of Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN EtOH ext) were developed for breast cancer therapy. Polymer matrix-free nano-sized particles based on the extract of natural product were fabricated using a modified emulsification-solvent evaporation method. Without the use of polymer matrix, toxicity can be minimized and the clinical application may be assured. AGN NCs with approximately 200nm mean diameter, narrow size distribution, and negative zeta potential were prepared in this study. Sustained release of decursin (D) and decursinol angelate (DA) (as major components of AGN) from AGN NCs was observed at pH 7.4. Cellular accumulation efficiency and intracellular distribution of AGN NCs were evaluated in MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) cells. According to the results of antiproliferation assay in MCF-7 cells, IC₅₀ value of AGN NCs group (27.4±4.0μg/mL) was lower than that of AGN EtOH ext group (75.3±13.7μg/mL) (p<0.05). Also, the percentage of apoptotic events of AGN NCs group was significantly higher than that of AGN EtOH ext group (p<0.05). All these findings suggest that developed AGN NCs can be used as one of promising nanosystems for the therapy of breast cancers.

Decursinol angelate inhibits PGE2-induced survival of the human leukemia HL-60 cell line via regulation of the EP2 receptor and NFκB pathway

Decursinol angelate (DA), an active pyranocoumarin compound from the roots of Angelica gigas, has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. In a previous study, we demonstrated that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays a survival role in HL-60 cells by protecting them from the induction of apoptosis via oxidative stress. Flow cytometry and Hoechst staining revealed that PGE2 suppresses menadione-induced apoptosis, cell shrinkage, and chromatin condensation, by blocking the generation of reactive oxygen species. Treatment of DA was found to reverse the survival effect of PGE2 as well as restoring the menadione-mediated cleavage of caspase-3, lamin B, and PARP. DA blocked PGE2-induced activation of the EP2 receptor signaling pathway, including the activation of PKA and the phosphorylation of CREB. DA also inhibited PGE2-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and the activation of the Ras/Raf/ Erk pathway, which activates downstream targets for cell survival. Finally, DA greatly reduced the PGE2-induced activation of NF-κB p50 and p65 subunits. These results elucidate a novel mechanism for the regulation of cell survival and apoptosis, and open a gateway for further development and combinatory treatments that can inhibit PGE2 in cancer cells.

Decursin Isolated from Angelica gigas Nakai Rescues PC12 Cells from Amyloid β-Protein-Induced Neurotoxicity through Nrf2-Mediated Upregulation of Heme Oxygenase-1: Potential Roles of MAPK

Decursin (D), purified from Angelica gigas Nakai, has been proven to exert neuroprotective property. Previous study revealed that D reduced A β 25 ‒ 35-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. Our study explored the underlying mechanisms by which D mediates its therapeutic effects in vitro. Pretreatment of cells with D diminished intracellular generation of ROS in response to A β 25 ‒ 35. Western blot revealed that D significantly increased the expression and activity of HO-1, which was correlated with its protection against A β 25 ‒ 35-induced injury. Addition of ZnPP, an HO-1 competitive inhibitor, significantly attenuated its protective effect in A β 25 ‒ 35-treated cells, indicating the vital role of HO-1 resistance to oxidative injury. Moreover, D induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation, the upstream of HO-1 expression. While investigating the signaling pathways responsible for HO-1 induction, D activated ERK and dephosphorylated p38 in PC12 cells. Addition of U0126, a selective inhibitor of ERK, blocked D-induced Nrf2 activation and HO-1 induction and meanwhile reversed the protection of D against A β 25 ‒ 35-induced cell death. These findings suggest D augments cellular antioxidant defense capacity through both intrinsic free radical scavenging activity and activation of MAPK signal pathways that leads to Nrf2 activation, and subsequently HO-1 induction, thereby protecting the PC12 cells from A β 25 ‒ 35-induced oxidative cytotoxicity.

Effect of decursin on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline and its metabolites in rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Decursin is used as a traditional Asian medicine to treat various women's diseases.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Herb-drug interaction has become a serious problem since herbal medicine is extensively used in the modern world. This study investigates effects of decursin, on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline, a typical substrate of cytochrome P450 1A2 enzyme, in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

After decursin pretreatment for 3 days, on the fourth day rats were administered decursin and theophylline concomitantly. The blood theophylline and its major metabolites (1-methylxanthine (1-MX), 3-methylxanthine (3-MX), 1-methyluric acid (1-MU), and 1,3-dimethyluric acid (1,3-DMU)) levels were monitored with LC-MS/MS.

RESULTS

The results indicated that the clearance, elimination rate constant (K(el)) of theophylline was significantly decreased and area under concentration-time curve (AUC), C(max), half-life was increased in decursin (25mg/kg) pretreatment when theophylline (10mg/kg) was given. In the presence of decursin, the pharmacokinetic parameters of three metabolites (1-MX, 1,3-DMU, and 1-MU) were affected and the differences were statistically significant about AUC(24)(h) parameter.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that patients who want to use CYP1A2-metabolized drugs such as caffeine and theophylline should be advised of the potential herb-drug interaction, to reduce therapeutic failure or increased toxicity of conventional drug therapy.

A synthetic decursin analog with increased in vivo stability suppresses androgen receptor signaling in vitro and in vivo

Targeting androgen receptor (AR) signaling with agents distinct from current antagonist drugs remains a rational approach to the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). Our previous studies have shown that decursin and isomer decursinol angelate (DA), isolated from the Korean medicinal herb Angelica gigas Nakai, interrupt AR signaling and possess anti-PCa activities in vitro. In the LNCaP PCa cell model, these pyranoccoumarin compounds exhibit properties distinct from currently used antagonists (e.g., Casodex). However, both are rapidly de-esterified to decursinol, a partial AR agonist. We report here that a synthetic decursin analog, decursinol phenylthiocarbamate (DPTC), has greater in vivo stability than the parent compounds. DPTC-decursinol conversion was undetectable in mice. Furthermore, in LNCaP cells, DPTC decreased prostate specific antigen (PSA) expression, down-regulated AR abundance and mRNA and inhibited AR nuclear translocation. The effect of DPTC on AR and PSA mRNA and protein abundance was also observed in VCaP cells expressing wild type AR. DPTC inhibited growth of both PCa cell lines through G(1) cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, as did decursin and DA. Furthermore, i.p. administration of DPTC for 3 weeks suppressed the expression of AR target genes probasin and Nkx3.1 in mouse prostate glands. Overall, our data suggest that DPTC represents a prototype lead compound for development of in vivo stable and active novel decursin analogs for the prevention or therapy of PCa.

Inverse virtual screening of antitumor targets: pilot study on a small database of natural bioactive compounds

An inverse virtual screening in silico approach has been applied to natural bioactive molecules to screen their efficacy against proteins involved in cancer processes, with the aim of directing future experimental assays. Docking studies were performed on a panel of 126 protein targets extracted from the Protein Data Bank, to analyze their possible interactions with a small library of 43 bioactive compounds. Analysis of the molecular docking results was performed through the use of tables containing energy data organized in a matrix. The application of this approach may facilitate the prediction of the activity of unknown ligands for known targets involved in the development of cancer and could be applied to other models based on different libraries of ligands and different panels of targets.

Protective effects of decursin and decursinol angelate against amyloid β-protein-induced oxidative stress in the PC12 cell line: the role of Nrf2 and antioxidant enzymes

The protective effects of decursin (D) and decursinol angelate (DA) purified from Angelica gigas Nakai on amyloid β-protein (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. Aβ plays a major role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by eliciting oxidative stress. It significantly increased cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation, but decreased glutathione contents and antioxidant enzyme activities. All of these results were markedly reversed by pretreatment with D or DA. Nuclear transcription factor Nrf2, which regulates the expression of antioxidant enzymes, was significantly increased by D or DA pretreatment. Furthermore, D and DA suppressed Aβ aggregation. These results suggest that D and DA increase cellular resistance to Aβ-induced oxidative injury in the rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, presumably through not only the induction of Nrf2 and related antioxidant enzymes, but also the anti-aggregation of Aβ. Thus D and DA have therapeutic potential in treating AD and other oxidative stress-related diseases.

Anti-allergic effects and mechanisms of action of the ethanolic extract of Angelica gigas in dinitrofluorobenzene-induced inflammation models

To confirm the anti-allergic effects of the ethanolic extract of Angelica gigas (EAG), the levels of ear erythema, ear weight, vascular leakage, heamatology, tumor-necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and immunoglobulin E from mice sensitized with 2,4-dinitroflurorobenzene were examined. The results showed that EAG reduced ear erythema and ear weight; we also found that Evan's blue leakage decreased. Furthermore, the levels of interleukin-6 and immunoglobulin E in the serum were significantly inhibited. In RAW264.7 cells, EAG drastically inhibited the mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide synthease, tumor-necrosis factor-α and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, suggesting that EAG may inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute neutrophilic inflammation. Western blot analysis showed that EAG inhibited nuclear factor-κB- and extracelullar signal-regulated protein kinase-dependent inflammatory pathways. Interestingly, EAG effectively inhibited the release of β-hexosaminidase, a granule marker from mast cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that EAG inhibits focal and systemic inflammatory and allergic reactions, and holds great promise for the treatment of several inflammatory diseases.

Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2-dependent survivin mediates decursin-induced apoptosis in human KBM-5 myeloid leukemia cells

We demonstrate that decursin induces apoptosis via regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and survivin in leukemic KBM-5 cells. By activating an apoptotic machinery, decursin is cytotoxic to KBM-5 cells. In this apoptotic process, decursin can activate caspase family members and triggers PARP cleavage. At the same time, the expression of COX-2 and survivin in the cells is downregulated. Furthermore, decursin is in synergy with COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib or NS398 for the induction of apoptosis. Overall, these results suggest that decursin, via inhibiting COX-2 and survivin, sensitizes human leukemia cells to apoptosis and is a potential chemotherapeutic agent to treat this disease.

Ethanol extract of Angelica gigas inhibits croton oil-induced inflammation by suppressing the cyclooxygenase - prostaglandin pathway

The anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanol extract of Angelica gigas (EAG) were investigated in vitro and in vivo using croton oil-induced inflammation models. Croton oil (20 microg/mL) up-regulated mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-I and COX-II in the macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7, resulting in the release of high concentrations of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). EAG (1 approximately 10 microg/mL) markedly suppressed croton oil-induced COX-II mRNA expression and PGE(2) production. Application of croton oil (5% in acetone) to mouse ears caused severe local erythema, edema and vascular leakage, which were significantly attenuated by oral pre-treatment with EAG (50 approximately 500 mg/kg). Croton oil dramatically increased blood levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and PGE(2) without affecting tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and nitric oxide (NO) levels. EAG pre-treatment remarkably lowered IL-6 and PGE(2), but did not alter TNF-alpha or NO concentrations. These results indicate that EAG attenuates inflammatory responses in part by blocking the COX - PGE(2) pathway. Therefore, EAG could be a promising candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Decursinol and decursin protect primary cultured rat cortical cells from glutamate-induced neurotoxicity

We previously reported six neuroprotective decursinol derivatives, coumarins from Angelica gigas (Umbelliferae) roots. To elucidate the action patterns of decursinol derivatives, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of decursinol and decursin, which showed highly significant activity and were major constituents of A. gigas, using primary cultures of rat cortical cells in-vitro. At concentrations of 0.1–10.0 μM, both decursinol and decursin exerted a significant neuroprotective activity pretreatment and throughout treatment. In addition, decursin had a neuroprotective impact in the post-treatment paradigm implying that decursin might possess different action mechanisms from that of decursinol in the protection of neurons against glutamate injury. Both decursinol and decursin effectively reduced the glutamate-induced increased intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) in cortical cells, suggesting that these two coumarins may exert neuroprotection by reducing calcium influx by overactivation of glutamate receptors. This suggestion was supported by the result that decursinol and decursin protected neurons against kainic acid (KA)-induced neurotoxicity better than against that induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). Moreover, both decursinol and decursin significantly prevented glutamate-induced decreases in glutathione, a cellular antioxidant, and glutathione peroxidase activity. In addition, both compounds efficiently reduced the overproduction of cellular peroxide in glutamate-injured cortical cells. These results suggested that both decursinol and decursin protected primary cultured rat cortical cells against glutamate-induced oxidative stress by both reducing calcium influx and acting on the cellular antioxidative defence system. Moreover, decursin is considered to probably have a different action mechanism from that of decursinol in protecting cortical cells against glutamate injury.

The Cytotoxic Properties of Natural Coumarins Isolated from Roots of Ferulago campestris (Apiaceae) and of Synthetic Ester Derivatives of Aegelinol

Grandivittin (1), agasyllin (2), aegelinol benzoate (3) and felamidin (20), four natural coumarins isolated from Ferulago campestris, and several synthetic ester derivatives of aegelinol (4) were tested against four tumor cell lines. Some of them were shown to be marginally cytotoxic against the A549 lung cancer cell line.

Anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanol extract of Angelica gigas in a Carrageenan-air pouch inflammation model

Anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanol extract of Angelica gigas (EAG; 50, 160, or 500 mg/kg) were investigated in a carrageenan-induced air pouch inflammation model. Injection of 1 ml of carrageenan (1%) into mouse air pouches markedly increased the exudate volume and exudate albumin concentration, which were significantly attenuated by oral pretreatment with EAG. EAG also markedly reduced carrageenan-induced infiltrations of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes, but did not influence eosinophils or basophils. Carrageenan dramatically increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6, which might be derived from the infiltrated cells. It also elevated nitric oxide, and slightly increased prostaglandin E(2). EAG pretreatment significantly lowered tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nitric oxide, but did not alter interleukin-6 or prostaglandin E(2) levels. These results indicate that EAG attenuates some inflammatory responses by blocking the tumor necrosis factor-alpha-nitric oxide pathway, and that EAG could be a promising anti-inflammatory drug candidate for inflammatory diseases.

In vivo anti-cancer activity of Korean Angelica gigas and its major pyranocoumarin decursin

We have reported that a 10-herbal traditional formula containing Korean Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) exerts potent anti-cancer efficacy and identified decursin and decursinol angelate (DA) from AGN as novel anti-androgens. Here, we determined whether AGN would exert in vivo anti-cancer activity and whether decursin or DA could account for its efficacy. The AGN ethanol extract was tested against the growth of mouse Lewis lung cancer (LLC) allograft in syngenic mice or human PC-3 and DU145 prostate cancer xenograft in immunodeficient mice. The pharmacokinetics of decursin and DA were determined. The AGN extract significantly inhibited LLC allograft growth (30 mg/kg) and PC-3 and DU145 xenograft growth (100 mg/kg) without affecting the body weight of the host mice. Biomarker analyses revealed decreased cell proliferation (Ki67, PCNA), decreased angiogenesis (VEGF, microvessel density) and increased apoptosis (TUNEL, cPARP) in treated tumors. Decursin and DA injected intraperitoneally were rapidly hydrolyzed to decursinol. Decursinol and decursin at 50 mg/kg inhibited LLC allograft growth to the same extent, comparable to 30 mg AGN/kg. Therefore the AGN extract possessed significant in vivo anti-cancer activity, but decursin and DA only contributed moderately to that activity, most likely through decursinol.

A novel (S)-(+)-decursin derivative, (S)-(+)-3-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-acrylic acid 2,2-dimethyl-8-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H,8H-pyrano[3,2-g]chromen-3-yl-ester, inhibits ovalbumin-induced lung inflammation in a mouse model of asthma

(S)-(+)-Decursin is a coumarin compound present in herbal extracts that has various biological activities. (S)-(+)-Decursin attenuates pathophysiologic progression in cancer, bacterial infection and neuropathy. Asthma is an inflammatory disease associated with increased infiltration of leukocytes, especially eosinophils, and secretion of mucus into the airways. Although (S)-(+)-decursin, as well as (S)-(+)-decursin analogues, have various pharmacological properties, the effect of these compounds on asthma is not known. In the present study, we synthesized (S)-(+)-3-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-acrylic acid 2,2-dimethyl-8-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H,8H-pyrano[3,2-g]chromen-3-yl-ester (compound 6, C6) from (S)-(+)-decursin and examined if C6 had any inhibitory effects on lung inflammation in a mouse model of ovalbumin-induced asthma. C6 significantly inhibited the leukocytosis (p < 0.01) and eosinophilia (p < 0.05) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Examination of lung tissues stained with hematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid Schiff reagents showed that C6 suppressed the increased infiltration of inflammatory cells and elevated mucus hypersecretion. Protein levels of interleukin (IL)-5 (p < 0.05) and eotaxin (p < 0.01) were significantly reduced in BAL fluid by C6. C6 also significantly reduced total and ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in BAL fluid (p < 0.01) as well as that in serum (p < 0.05). C6 may have pharmacological effects for asthma and may be a potent therapeutic agent for the treatment of allergic airway diseases.

Decursin and decursinol inhibit VEGF-induced angiogenesis by blocking the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase

The root of Angelica gigas Nakai contains two major coumarins, which have been previously identified as decursin and decursinol. Decursin has been demonstrated to exhibit potent anti-cancer activity both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we found that decursin and decursinol at non-cytotoxic doses inhibited the VEGF-induced proliferation, migration, and capillary-tube formation of HUVECs. Moreover, decursin and decursinol suppressed microvessel formation on chorioallantoic membranes in fertilized eggs and into mouse Matrigel plugs. The oral administration of decursin and decursinol also reduced VEGF-induced angiogenesis in Matrigel. Furthermore, decursin and decursinol reduced the phosphorylation of ERK and JNK, but not p38 MAPK, in VEGF-stimulated HUVECs. Taken together, our results reveal that decursin and decursinol inhibit VEGF-induced angiogenesis by reducing the activation of ERK and JNK in HUVECs, and possess potent in vivo anti-angiogenic activity, coupled with the advantage of oral dosing. Thus, these compounds may have the potential for the treatment of cancers dependent on VEGF-induced vascularization.

Decursin and decursinol angelate inhibit VEGF-induced angiogenesis via suppression of the VEGFR-2-signaling pathway

Inhibition of angiogenesis is an attractive approach for the treatment of angiogenic diseases, such as cancer. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the most important activators of angiogenesis and interacts with the high-affinity tyrosine kinase receptors, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2. The pyranocoumarin compounds decursin and decursinol angelate isolated from the herb, Angelica gigas, are known to possess potent anti-inflammatory activities. However, little is known about their antiangiogenic activity or their underlying mechanisms. Here, we show the antiangiogenic effects of decursin and decursinol angelate using in vitro assays and in vivo animal experiments. Decursin and decursinol angelate inhibited VEGF-induced angiogenic processes in vitro, including proliferation, migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Decursin and decursinol angelate significantly suppressed neovessel formation in chick chorioallantoic membrane and tumor growth in a mouse model. The microvessel density in tumors treated with decursin for 14 days was significantly decreased compared with a vehicle control group. Decursin and decursinol angelate inhibited VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR-2, extracellular signal-regulated kinases and c-Jun N-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinases. Taken together, these results demonstrate that decursin and decursinol angelate are novel candidates for inhibition of VEGF-induced angiogenesis.

Decursin and decursinol angelate inhibit estrogen-stimulated and estrogen-independent growth and survival of breast cancer cells

Introduction

Estrogen and estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated signaling are crucial for the etiology and progression of human breast cancer. Attenuating ER activities by natural products is a promising strategy to decrease breast cancer risk. We recently discovered that the pyranocoumarin compound decursin and its isomer decursinol angelate (DA) have potent novel antiandrogen receptor signaling activities. Because the ER and the androgen receptor belong to the steroid receptor superfamily, we examined whether these compounds affected ER expression and signaling in breast cancer cells.

Methods

We treated estrogen-dependent MCF-7 and estrogen-independent MDA MB-231 human breast cancer cells with decursin and DA, and examined cell growth, apoptosis, and ERα and ERβ expression in both cell lines – and, in particular, estrogen-stimulated signaling in the MCF-7 cells. We compared these compounds with decursinol to determine their structure-activity relationship.

Results

Decursin and DA exerted growth inhibitory effects on MCF-7 cells through G₁ arrest and caspase-mediated apoptosis. These compounds decreased ERα in MCF-7 cells at both mRNA and protein levels, and suppressed estrogen-stimulated genes. Decursin and the pure antiestrogen Faslodex™ exerted an additive growth inhibitory effect on MCF-7 cells. In MDA MB-231 cells, these compounds induced cell-cycle arrests in the G₁ and G₂ phases as well as inducing apoptosis, accompanied by an increased expression of ERβ. In contrast, decursinol, which lacks the side chain of decursin and DA, did not have these cellular and molecular activities at comparable concentrations.

Conclusion

The side chain of decursin and DA is crucial for their anti-ER signaling and breast cancer growth inhibitory activities. These data provide mechanistic rationales for validating the chemopreventive and therapeutic efficacy of decursin and its derivatives in preclinical animal models of breast cancer.

Protective effect of polysaccharide fractions from Radix A. sinensis against tert-butylhydroperoxide induced oxidative injury in murine peritoneal macrophages

Three Angelica sinensis polysaccharide fractions (APFs), named APF1, APF2 and APF3, were isolated and purified from Radix A. sinensis and their antioxidant activities were evaluated in isolated mouse peritoneal macrophages by pretreatment with APFs before exposure to 0.2 mM tertbutylhydroperoxide (t-BHP). The results showed that pretreatment of the macrophages with APFs as low as 10 microg/ml could significantly enhance t-BHP-decreased cell survival, intracellular glutathione (GSH) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and also inhibited t-BHP-increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) formation (p < 0.05), and APF3 was the most active fraction, followed by APF2 and APF1 in decreasing order. Furthermore, we found for the first time that the bound-protein in APF3 was associated closely with the protective effects and the polysaccharide inhibited the excess NO release from t-BHP-activated macrophages to protect host cells.

The simultaneous determination of coumarins in Angelica gigas root by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector coupled with electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry

An high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector coupled with electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD/MS) based method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of nine coumarin compounds, nodakenin (1), peucedanone (2), marmesin (3), decursinol (4), 7-hydroxy-6-(2R-hydroxy-3-methylbut-3-enyl)coumarin (5), demethylsuberosin (6), decursin (7), decursinol angelate (8) and isoimperatorin (9) in the Korean medicinal herb, Cham-Dang-Gui, the dried root of Angelica gigas (Umbelliferae). The methanol extracts were analyzed by HPLC using a reversed-phase C18 column (5 microm, 4.5 mm x 250 mm) using a gradient acetonitrile-water solvent system at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The analysis of six coumarins (1, 3, 4 and 6-8) with DAD was done at 330 nm and showed excellent linearity (r(2)=0.998-0.999) in a range of 0.2-250 microg/ml for all the compounds. The average recoveries (n=3) were between 96.5% and 110.8%. Identification of each peak was also discussed with the electrospray ionization multi-stage tandem mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS(n)). The amount of these coumarin compounds was evaluated in A. gigas samples. Meanwhile, three coumarins (2, 5 and 9) could not been quantified by DAD because these peaks were overlapped with others. Determination of these compounds could be successfully accomplished with the HPLC-ESI/MS in selected ion monitoring/selected reaction monitoring mode.

Optimized conditions for the extraction of secondary volatile metabolites in Angelica roots by accelerated solvent extraction

Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) of three common Angelica species found in Asia: Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels from China, Angelica acutiloba (Sieb. et Zucc.) Kitagawa from Japan, and Angelica gigas Nakai from Korea was investigated. Preliminary experiments, including the selection of the solvent, extraction time, pressure, static cycle and time were investigated to optimize experimental parameters. Kováts indices and mass spectra were used to identify the components in the various fractions. These were then confirmed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 18 compounds were identified, with qualitative differences and similarities observed among the cultivars. From the 18 compounds found in the ASE extract of danggui cultivars, the major components were decursin, decursinol angelate (A. gigas); butylidene dihydrophthalide, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone (A. sinensis); and 9,12-octadecanoic acid in Angelica acutiloba. The optimum ASE operating conditions were n-hexane as extraction solvent, extraction temperature and pressure of 80 degrees C and 1500 atm, respectively, static cycle of 2 min, and static time of 10 min. Under these conditions, the percentages of main analytes were increased.

Oriental herbs as a source of novel anti-androgen and prostate cancer chemopreventive agents

Androgen and androgen receptor (AR) signaling are crucial for the genesis of prostate cancer (PCa), which can often develop into androgen-ligand-independent diseases that are lethal to the patients. Recent studies show that even these hormone-refractory PCa require ligand-independent AR signaling for survival. As current chemotherapy is largely ineffective for PCa and has serious toxic sideeffects, we have initiated a collaborative effort to identify and develop novel, safe and naturally occurring agents that target AR signaling from Oriental medicinal herbs for the chemoprevention and treatment of PCa. We highlight our discovery of decursin from an Oriental formula containing Korean Angelica gigas Nakai (Dang Gui) root as a novel anti-androgen/AR agent. We have identified the following mechanisms to account for the specific anti-AR actions: rapid block of AR nuclear translocation, inhibition of binding of 5alpha-dihydrotestesterone to AR and increased proteasomal degradation of AR protein. Furthermore, decursin lacks the agonist activity of the "pure" anti-androgen bicalutamide and is more potent than bicalutamide in inducing PCa apoptosis. Structure-activity analyses reveal a critical requirement of the side-chain on decursin or its structural isomer decursinol angelate for anti-AR, cell cycle arrest and proapoptotic activities. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using activity-guided fractionation in cell culture assays combined with mechanistic studies to identify novel anti-androgen/ AR agents from complex herbal mixtures.

A novel class of pyranocoumarin anti-androgen receptor signaling compounds

Androgen and the androgen receptor (AR)-mediated signaling are crucial for prostate cancer development. Novel agents that can inhibit AR signaling in ligand-dependent and ligand-independent manners are desirable for the chemoprevention of prostate carcinogenesis and for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. We have shown recently that the pyranocoumarin compound decursin from the herb Angelica gigas possesses potent anti-AR activities distinct from the anti-androgen bicalutamide. Here, we compared the anti-AR activities and the cell cycle arrest and apoptotic effects of decursin and two natural analogues in the androgen-dependent LNCaP human prostate cancer cell culture model to identify structure-activity relationships and mechanisms. Decursin and its isomer decursinol angelate decreased prostate-specific antigen expression with IC(50) of approximately 1 mumol/L. Both inhibited the androgen-stimulated AR nuclear translocation and transactivation, decreased AR protein abundance through proteasomal degradation, and induced G(0/1) arrest and morphologic differentiation. They also induced caspase-mediated apoptosis and reactive oxygen species at higher concentrations. Furthermore, they lacked the agonist activity of bicalutamide in the absence of androgen and were more potent than bicalutamide for suppressing androgen-stimulated cell growth. Decursinol, which does not contain a side chain, lacked the reactive oxygen species induction and apoptotic activities and exerted paradoxically an inhibitory and a stimulatory effect on AR signaling and cell growth. In conclusion, decursin and decursinol angelate are members of a novel class of nonsteroidal compounds that exert a long-lasting inhibition of both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent AR signaling. The side chain is critical for sustaining the anti-AR activities and the growth arrest and apoptotic effects.

Determination of volatile flavor components in danggui cultivars by solvent free injection and hydrodistillation followed by gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric analysis

The rhizome of Angelica gigas Nakai, Angelica sinensis Diels and Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa (Umbelliferae) were chopped and extracted by hydrodistillation (HD) and solvent free solid injector (SFSI) methods to obtain the volatile compounds that were then characterized and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). SFSI extraction yielded a generally higher amount of volatile compounds than that produced by HD. A total of 48 components [including terpenes (8), aldehydes (4), alcohol (2), coumarins (9), Phthalide (3), acids (2) and sterols (2)] were identified by SFSI and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry from the three species of danggui cultivars, whereas, 24-essential oil was obtained by HD for Korean danggui only. According to these analyses, several coumarin derivatives such as decursinol angelate (16.83%) and decursin (29.34%) were found to be the dominant ones, followed by lomatin (10.25%) and marmesin (9.33%) in Korean danggui. Furfural and butylidene phthalide were the main components in Japanese in addition to butylidene dihydro-phthalide in Chinese danggui. Some parameters affecting the extraction efficiency such as injector temperature, injection time and pre-heating time were optimized. The results showed that the SFSI-method gave a higher yield of components with higher molecular mass than hydrodistillation. SFSI required little time to prepare the sample, little sample mass and a small quantity of organic solvent was needed. It can be concluded that analysis of volatile flavor compounds by SFSI in combination with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry is a suitable monitoring technique to differentiate danggui cultivars.

Potent Antiandrogen and Androgen Receptor Activities of an Angelica gigas–Containing Herbal Formulation: Identification of Decursin as a Novel and Active Compound with Implications for Prevention and Treatment of Prostate Cancer

Androgen and androgen receptor (AR)-mediated signaling are crucial for the development of prostate cancer. Identification of novel and naturally occurring phytochemicals that target androgen and AR signaling from Oriental medicinal herbs holds exciting promises for the chemoprevention of this disease. In this article, we report the discovery of strong and long-lasting antiandrogen and AR activities of the ethanol extract of a herbal formula (termed KMKKT) containing Korean Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) root and nine other Oriental herbs in the androgen-dependent LNCaP human prostate cancer cell model. The functional biomarkers evaluated included a suppression of the expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) mRNA and protein (IC50, approximately 7 microg/mL, 48-hour exposure) and an inhibition of androgen-induced cell proliferation through G1 arrest and of the ability of androgen to suppress neuroendocrine differentiation at exposure concentrations that did not cause apoptosis. Through activity-guided fractionation, we identified decursin from AGN as a novel antiandrogen and AR compound with an IC50 of approximately 0.4 microg/mL (1.3 micromol/L, 48-hour exposure) for suppressing PSA expression. Decursin also recapitulated the neuroendocrine differentiation induction and G1 arrest actions of the AGN and KMKKT extracts. Mechanistically, decursin in its neat form or as a component of AGN or KMKKT extracts inhibited androgen-stimulated AR translocation to the nucleus and down-regulated AR protein abundance without affecting the AR mRNA level. The novel antiandrogen and AR activities of decursin and decursin-containing herbal extracts have significant implications for the chemoprevention and treatment of prostate cancer and other androgen-dependent diseases.

Identification of volatile components in Angelica species using supercritical-CO2 fluid extraction and solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

As a part of our search for environmentally friendly solvents to extract the active components of medicinal plants, two sampling techniques, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using CO(2) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) were compared for their efficacy in the analysis of volatiles rhizome components emitted from the medicinal herbs Angelica gigas NAKAI (Korean danggui), Angelica sinensis (Chinese danggui), and Angelica acutiloba (Japanese danggui). A total of 54 compounds released from all of these varieties of Angelica rhizomes were separated and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The composition of supercritical extracts from these plants was very different from the solid-phase microextraction products. More compounds were detected by SPME-GC-MS (41) than by SFE-GC-MS (17). The results of these analyses suggest that SFE may be useful for detecting the main components, decursinol angelate and decursin in Korean danggui, and butylidene dihydro-phthalide in both Chinese and Japanese danggui, whereas the results for SPME did not. The SFE method required specialized instrumentation, required little time to prepare the sample, and had a small sample size and no organic solvent. In sum, these results suggest that SFE is useful for extracting the volatile main components of danggui cultivars. Its simplicity, low cost and speed may allow SPME to increase the recovery of volatile components in general without disturbing the main components of the plant.