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Chen H, Gao S, Wang P, Xie M, Zhang H, Fan Y, Nie E, Lan Q. SRBD1 Regulates the Cell Cycle, Apoptosis, and M2 Macrophage Polarization via the RPL11-MDM2-p53 Pathway in Glioma. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39258423 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Low expression of certain ribosomal proteins leads to the inactivation of p53, which is mediated mainly by RPL5 or RPL11 (ribosomal protein L11). It is also unknown what mechanisms drive aberrant ribosomal proteins expression in tumor. SRBD1 (S1 RNA-binding domain 1), as a highly conserved RNA-binding protein, is lowly expressed in glioma tissues and correlated with glioma prognosis. In this study, we observed that SRBD1 was closely related to p53 signaling. The upregulation of SRBD1 elevated p53 levels, thereby activating the p53 signaling pathway. As an RNA bind protein, SRBD1 could bind to the 5'-UTR of target genes and regulate RNA translation. We further conducted RNA immunoprecipitation using anti-SRDB1 antibody and noticed 29 hub RNA, including RPL11. RPL11 could inhibit MDM2-mediated p53 ubiquitination. SRBD1 upregulation promoted RPL11 binding to MDM2 via elevating RPL11 protein levels, which in turn activated the p53 signaling. Disrupting the p53 signaling blocked SRBD1-induced glioma suppression. In mouse xenograft model, SRBD1 ectopic expression was effective in reducing the total M2 tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) density and suppressed glioma tumor growth. In summary, these data show that SRBD1 has a critical role in inhibition of glioma tumor growth and M2 macrophage polarization, and targeting RPL11-MDM2-p53 signaling may be an effective strategy to improve therapy and survival for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuping Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rizhao Central Hospital, Rizhao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Manyi Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuechao Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Er Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Jiang A, Li J, He Z, Liu Y, Qiao K, Fang Y, Qu L, Luo P, Lin A, Wang L. Renal cancer: signaling pathways and advances in targeted therapies. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e676. [PMID: 39092291 PMCID: PMC11292401 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Renal cancer is a highlyheterogeneous malignancy characterized by rising global incidence and mortalityrates. The complex interplay and dysregulation of multiple signaling pathways,including von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)/hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Hippo-yes-associated protein (YAP), Wnt/ß-catenin, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met, contribute to theinitiation and progression of renal cancer. Although surgical resection is thestandard treatment for localized renal cancer, recurrence and metastasiscontinue to pose significant challenges. Advanced renal cancer is associatedwith a poor prognosis, and current therapies, such as targeted agents andimmunotherapies, have limitations. This review presents a comprehensiveoverview of the molecular mechanisms underlying aberrant signaling pathways inrenal cancer, emphasizing their intricate crosstalk and synergisticinteractions. We discuss recent advancements in targeted therapies, includingtyrosine kinase inhibitors, and immunotherapies, such as checkpoint inhibitors.Moreover, we underscore the importance of multiomics approaches and networkanalysis in elucidating the complex regulatory networks governing renal cancerpathogenesis. By integrating cutting-edge research and clinical insights, this review contributesto the development of innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, whichhave the potential to improve risk stratification, precision medicine, andultimately, patient outcomes in renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Jiang
- Department of UrologyChanghai HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jinxin Li
- Department of UrologyChanghai HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ziwei He
- Department of UrologyChanghai HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of UrologyChanghai HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Kun Qiao
- Department of UrologyChanghai HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yu Fang
- Department of UrologyChanghai HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Le Qu
- Department of UrologyJinling HospitalAffiliated Hospital of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of OncologyZhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Anqi Lin
- Department of OncologyZhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Linhui Wang
- Department of UrologyChanghai HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
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Huang Y, Che X, Wang PW, Qu X. p53/MDM2 signaling pathway in aging, senescence and tumorigenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2024; 101:44-57. [PMID: 38762096 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
A wealth of evidence has emerged that there is an association between aging, senescence and tumorigenesis. Senescence, a biological process by which cells cease to divide and enter a status of permanent cell cycle arrest, contributes to aging and aging-related diseases, including cancer. Aging populations have the higher incidence of cancer due to a lifetime of exposure to cancer-causing agents, reduction of repairing DNA damage, accumulated genetic mutations, and decreased immune system efficiency. Cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic therapies, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, accelerate aging. There is growing evidence that p53/MDM2 (murine double minute 2) axis is critically involved in regulation of aging, senescence and oncogenesis. Therefore, in this review, we describe the functions and mechanisms of p53/MDM2-mediated senescence, aging and carcinogenesis. Moreover, we highlight the small molecular inhibitors, natural compounds and PROTACs (proteolysis targeting chimeras) that target p53/MDM2 pathway to influence aging and cancer. Modification of p53/MDM2 could be a potential strategy for treatment of aging, senescence and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyi Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China; Provincial key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China; Clinical Cancer Research Center of Shenyang, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China
| | - Xiaofang Che
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China; Provincial key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China; Clinical Cancer Research Center of Shenyang, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China
| | - Peter W Wang
- Department of Medicine, Oasis Medical Research Center, Watertown, MA 02472, USA.
| | - Xiujuan Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China; Provincial key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China; Clinical Cancer Research Center of Shenyang, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, China.
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Buttar MS, Guleria K, Sharma S, Bhanwer A, Sambyal V. Association of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Mouse Model Minute 2 (MDM2) Polymorphisms With Diabetic Retinopathy in a Northwest Indian Population: A Case-Control Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e62996. [PMID: 39050338 PMCID: PMC11267107 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a microvascular complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D), results from complex interactions of genetic and environmental factors. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and mouse model minute 2 (MDM2)are upregulated in the retina due to diabetes, which increases the risk of DR. VEGFA and MDM2 genetic variations can influence DR risk. The present case-control study was conducted to evaluate the association of VEGFA and MDM2 promoter variants with DR in a population from Punjab, Northwest India. METHODS A total of 414 DR patients, 425 T2D patients without DR, and 402 healthy controls were screened for VEGFA -2578C/A (rs699947), VEGFA -2549I/D (rs35569394), VEGFA -7C/T (rs25648), and MDM2 rs3730485 polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods. RESULTS VEGFA -2549 I allele (OR = 1.35 (1.00-1.81), p = 0.043) and II genotype (OR = 1.78 (1.00-3.15), p = 0.047) were significantly associated with increased risk of DR. VEGFA -7 CT genotype conferred reduced risk of DR (OR = 0.28 (0.20-0.38); p = <0.001). VEGFA -2578 and MDM2 rs3730485 showed no significant association with DR. A-I-T (OR = 0.30 (0.20-0.44); p = <0.001) and C-D-T (OR = 0.33 (0.16-0.65); p = 0.002) haplotypes of rs699947-rs35569394-rs25648 polymorphisms showed decreased risk of DR. CONCLUSIONS I allele and II genotype of VEGFA -2549, CT genotype of VEGFA -7, and C-I-C and A-D-C haplotypes of rs699947-rs35569394-rs25648 polymorphisms were significantly associated with DR risk in a Northwest Indian population. This is the first study worldwide to report DR risk with VEGFA promoter variants together.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamlesh Guleria
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, IND
| | - Swarkar Sharma
- Centre for Molecular Biology, Central University of Jammu, Samba, IND
| | - Ajs Bhanwer
- Department of Genetics, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar, IND
| | - Vasudha Sambyal
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, IND
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Wang W, Albadari N, Du Y, Fowler JF, Sang HT, Xian W, McKeon F, Li W, Zhou J, Zhang R. MDM2 Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy: The Past, Present, and Future. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:414-453. [PMID: 38697854 PMCID: PMC11068841 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.001026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery over 35 years ago, MDM2 has emerged as an attractive target for the development of cancer therapy. MDM2's activities extend from carcinogenesis to immunity to the response to various cancer therapies. Since the report of the first MDM2 inhibitor more than 30 years ago, various approaches to inhibit MDM2 have been attempted, with hundreds of small-molecule inhibitors evaluated in preclinical studies and numerous molecules tested in clinical trials. Although many MDM2 inhibitors and degraders have been evaluated in clinical trials, there is currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved MDM2 inhibitor on the market. Nevertheless, there are several current clinical trials of promising agents that may overcome the past failures, including agents granted FDA orphan drug or fast-track status. We herein summarize the research efforts to discover and develop MDM2 inhibitors, focusing on those that induce MDM2 degradation and exert anticancer activity, regardless of the p53 status of the cancer. We also describe how preclinical and clinical investigations have moved toward combining MDM2 inhibitors with other agents, including immune checkpoint inhibitors. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future directions to accelerate the clinical application of MDM2 inhibitors. In conclusion, targeting MDM2 remains a promising treatment approach, and targeting MDM2 for protein degradation represents a novel strategy to downregulate MDM2 without the side effects of the existing agents blocking p53-MDM2 binding. Additional preclinical and clinical investigations are needed to finally realize the full potential of MDM2 inhibition in treating cancer and other chronic diseases where MDM2 has been implicated. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Overexpression/amplification of the MDM2 oncogene has been detected in various human cancers and is associated with disease progression, treatment resistance, and poor patient outcomes. This article reviews the previous, current, and emerging MDM2-targeted therapies and summarizes the preclinical and clinical studies combining MDM2 inhibitors with chemotherapy and immunotherapy regimens. The findings of these contemporary studies may lead to safer and more effective treatments for patients with cancers overexpressing MDM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Najah Albadari
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Yi Du
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Josef F Fowler
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Hannah T Sang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Wa Xian
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Frank McKeon
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
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Peuget S, Zhou X, Selivanova G. Translating p53-based therapies for cancer into the clinic. Nat Rev Cancer 2024; 24:192-215. [PMID: 38287107 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00658-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Inactivation of the most important tumour suppressor gene TP53 occurs in most, if not all, human cancers. Loss of functional wild-type p53 is achieved via two main mechanisms: mutation of the gene leading to an absence of tumour suppressor activity and, in some cases, gain-of-oncogenic function; or inhibition of the wild-type p53 protein mediated by overexpression of its negative regulators MDM2 and MDMX. Because of its high potency as a tumour suppressor and the dependence of at least some established tumours on its inactivation, p53 appears to be a highly attractive target for the development of new anticancer drugs. However, p53 is a transcription factor and therefore has long been considered undruggable. Nevertheless, several innovative strategies have been pursued for targeting dysfunctional p53 for cancer treatment. In mutant p53-expressing tumours, the predominant strategy is to restore tumour suppressor function with compounds acting either in a generic manner or otherwise selective for one or a few specific p53 mutations. In addition, approaches to deplete mutant p53 or to target vulnerabilities created by mutant p53 expression are currently under development. In wild-type p53 tumours, the major approach is to protect p53 from the actions of MDM2 and MDMX by targeting these negative regulators with inhibitors. Although the results of at least some clinical trials of MDM2 inhibitors and mutant p53-restoring compounds are promising, none of the agents has yet been approved by the FDA. Alternative strategies, based on a better understanding of p53 biology, the mechanisms of action of compounds and treatment regimens as well as the development of new technologies are gaining interest, such as proteolysis-targeting chimeras for MDM2 degradation. Other approaches are taking advantage of the progress made in immune-based therapies for cancer. In this Review, we present these ongoing clinical trials and emerging approaches to re-evaluate the current state of knowledge of p53-based therapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Peuget
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaolei Zhou
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Galina Selivanova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Nandi S, Sikder R, Rapior S, Arnould S, Simal-Gandara J, Acharya K. A review for cancer treatment with mushroom metabolites through targeting mitochondrial signaling pathway: In vitro and in vivo evaluations, clinical studies and future prospects for mycomedicine. Fitoterapia 2024; 172:105681. [PMID: 37743029 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to apoptosis stands as a roadblock to the successful pharmacological execution of anticancer drug effect. A comprehensive insight into apoptotic signaling pathways and an understanding of the mechanisms of apoptosis resistance are crucial to unveil new drug targets. At this juncture, researchers are heading towards natural sources in particular, mushroom as their potential drugs leads to being the reliable source of potent bioactive compounds. Given the continuous increase in cancer cases, the potent anticancer efficacy of mushrooms has inevitably become a fascinating object to researchers due to their higher safety margin and multitarget. This review aimed to collect and summarize all the available scientific data on mushrooms from their extracts to bioactive molecules in order to suggest their anticancer attributes via a mitochondrion -mediated intrinsic signaling mechanism. Compiled data revealed that bioactive components of mushrooms including polysaccharides, sterols and terpenoids as well as extracts prepared using 15 different solvents from 53 species could be effective in the supportive treatment of 20 various cancers. The underlying therapeutic mechanisms of the studied mushrooms are explored in this review through diverse and complementary investigations: in vitro assays, pre-clinical studies and clinical randomized controlled trials. The processes mainly involved were ROS production, mitochondrial membrane dysfunction, and action of caspase 3, caspase 9, XIAP, cIAP, p53, Bax, and Bcl-2. In summary, the study provides facts pertaining to the potential beneficial effect of mushroom extracts and their active compounds against various types of cancer and is shedding light on the underlying targeted signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Nandi
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WB 700019, India
| | - Rimpa Sikder
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WB 700019, India
| | - Sylvie Rapior
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Laboratory of Botany, Phytochemistry and Mycology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Arnould
- Centre for Integrative Biology, Molecular, Cellular & Developmental biology unit, CNRS UMR 5077, Université Toulouse III, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E-32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - Krishnendu Acharya
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, WB 700019, India.
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Wang C, Kang H, Yi Y, Ding Y, Wang F, Luo J, Ye M, Hong Y, Xia C, Yan J, Liu L, Liu J, Zhong Z, Zhang Z, Zhao Q, Chang Y. Rictor mediates p53 deactivation to facilitate the malignant transformation of hepatocytes and promote hepatocarcinogenesis. J Transl Med 2023; 21:919. [PMID: 38110956 PMCID: PMC10729423 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04799-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in TP53 gene is considered a main driver of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While TP53 mutations are the leading cause of p53 dysfunction, their occurrence rates may drop to approximately 10% in cohorts without hepatitis B virus and aflatoxin exposure. This observation suggests that the deactivation of wild-type p53 (p53wt) may be a critical factor in the majority of HCC cases. However, the mechanism undermining p53wt activity in the liver remains unclear. METHODS Microarray analysis and luciferase assay were utilized to confirm target associations. Gain- and/or loss-of-function methods were employed to assess alterations in signaling pathways. Protein interactions were analyzed by molecular immunological methods and further visualized by confocal microscopy. Bioinformatic analysis was performed to analyze clinical significance. Tumor xenograft nude mice were used to validate the findings in vivo. RESULTS Our study highlights the oncogenic role of Rictor, a key component of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2), in hepatocytes. Rictor exerts its oncogenic function by binding to p53wt and subsequently blocking p53wt activity based on p53 status, requiring the involvement of mTOR. Moreover, we observed a dynamic nucleocytoplasmic distribution pattern of Rictor, characterized by its translocation from the nucleus (in precancerous lesions) to the cytoplasm (in HCCs) during malignant transformation. Notably, Rictor is directly targeted by the liver-enriched microRNA miR-192, and the disruption of the miR-192-Rictor-p53-miR-192 signaling axis was consistently observed in both human and rat HCC models. Clinical analysis associated lower miR-192/higher Rictor with shorter overall survival and more advanced clinical stages (P < 0.05). In mice, xenograft tumors overexpressing miR-192 exhibited lower Rictor expression levels, leading to higher p53 activity, and these tumors displayed slower growth compared to untreated HCC cells. CONCLUSIONS Rictor dynamically shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm during HCC development. Its pivotal oncogenic role involves binding and inhibiting p53wt activity within the nucleus in early hepatocarcinogenesis. Targeting Rictor presents a promising strategy for HCC based on p53 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hui Kang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yun Yi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yang Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Mingliang Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yinghui Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Chao Xia
- Department of Geriatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Junwei Yan
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zibiao Zhong
- Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhonglin Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qiu Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Ying Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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9
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Murali R, Gopalakrishnan AV. Molecular insight into renal cancer and latest therapeutic approaches to tackle it: an updated review. Med Oncol 2023; 40:355. [PMID: 37955787 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most lethal genitourinary cancers, with the highest mortality rate, and may remain undetected throughout its development. RCC can be sporadic or hereditary. Exploring the underlying genetic abnormalities in RCC will have important implications for understanding the origins of nonhereditary renal cancers. The treatment of RCC has evolved over centuries from the era of cytokines to targeted therapy to immunotherapy. A surgical cure is the primary treatment modality, especially for organ-confined diseases. Furthermore, the urologic oncology community focuses on nephron-sparing surgical approaches and ablative procedures when small renal masses are detected incidentally in conjunction with interventional radiologists. In addition to new combination therapies approved for RCC treatment, several trials have been conducted to investigate the potential benefits of certain drugs. This may lead to durable responses and more extended survival benefits for patients with metastatic RCC (mRCC). Several approved drugs have reduced the mortality rate of patients with RCC by targeting VEGF signaling and mTOR. This review better explains the signaling pathways involved in the RCC progression, oncometabolites, and essential biomarkers in RCC that can be used for its diagnosis. Further, it provides an overview of the characteristics of RCC carcinogenesis to assist in combating treatment resistance, as well as details about the current management and future therapeutic options. In the future, multimodal and integrated care will be available, with new treatment options emerging as we learn more about the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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10
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Casciano F, Zauli E, Busin M, Caruso L, AlMesfer S, Al-Swailem S, Zauli G, Yu AC. State of the Art of Pharmacological Activators of p53 in Ocular Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3593. [PMID: 37509256 PMCID: PMC10377487 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The pivotal role of p53 in the regulation of a vast array of cellular functions has been the subject of extensive research. The biological activity of p53 is not strictly limited to cell cycle arrest but also includes the regulation of homeostasis, DNA repair, apoptosis, and senescence. Thus, mutations in the p53 gene with loss of function represent one of the major mechanisms for cancer development. As expected, due to its key role, p53 is expressed throughout the human body including the eye. Specifically, altered p53 signaling pathways have been implicated in the development of conjunctival and corneal tumors, retinoblastoma, uveal melanoma, and intraocular melanoma. As non-selective cancer chemotherapies as well as ionizing radiation can be associated with either poor efficacy or dose-limiting toxicities in the eye, reconstitution of the p53 signaling pathway currently represents an attractive target for cancer therapy. The present review discusses the role of p53 in the pathogenesis of these ocular tumors and outlines the various pharmacological activators of p53 that are currently under investigation for the treatment of ocular malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Casciano
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrico Zauli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Busin
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ospedali Privati Forlì "Villa Igea", 47122 Forlì, Italy
- Istituto Internazionale per la Ricerca e Formazione in Oftalmologia (IRFO), 47122 Forlì, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Caruso
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Saleh AlMesfer
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh 12329, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar Al-Swailem
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh 12329, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh 12329, Saudi Arabia
| | - Angeli Christy Yu
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ospedali Privati Forlì "Villa Igea", 47122 Forlì, Italy
- Istituto Internazionale per la Ricerca e Formazione in Oftalmologia (IRFO), 47122 Forlì, Italy
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11
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Abstract
SUMMARY In this issue of Cancer Discovery, Adams and colleagues present the discovery of a potent PROTAC, MDM2 degrader, which activates wild-type p53 leading to cancer cell death. Importantly, in a number of in vitro and in vivo experiments, the authors show that the depletion of MDM2 by PROTAC kills p53-mutant or p53-null cancer cells. See related article by Adams et al., p. 1210 (5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Peuget
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Galina Selivanova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Ueda K. Review: MDMX plays a central role in leukemic transformation and may be a promising target for leukemia prevention strategies. Exp Hematol 2023:S0301-472X(23)00161-3. [PMID: 37086813 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a fatal disease resulting from preleukemic hematopoietic conditions including asymptomatic clonal hematopoiesis. The accumulation of genetic changes is one of the causes of leukemic transformation. However, nongenetic factors including the overexpression of specific genes also contribute to preleukemic to leukemic transition. Among them, the p53 inhibitor Murine Double Minute X (MDMX) plays crucial roles especially in leukemia initiation. MDMX is broadly overexpressed in vast majority of AML cases, including in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) level. Recently, high expression of MDMX in HSPC has been shown to be associated with leukemic transformation in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes, and preclinical studies demonstrated that MDMX overexpression accelerates the transformation of preleukemic murine models, including models of clonal hematopoiesis. MDMX inhibition, through activation of cell-intrinsic p53 activity, shows antileukemic effects. However, the molecular mechanisms of MDMX in provoking leukemic transformation are complicated. Both p53-dependent and independent mechanisms are involved in the progression of the disease. This review discusses the canonical and noncanonical functions of MDMX and how these functions are involved in the maintenance, expansion, and progression to malignancy of preleukemic stem cells. Moreover, strategies on how leukemic transformation could possibly be prevented by targeting MDMX in preleukemic stem cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Ueda
- Department of Blood Transfusion and Transplantation Immunology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima 9601295, Japan; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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13
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Fang YT, Yang WW, Niu YR, Sun YK. Recent advances in targeted therapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 15:571-595. [PMID: 37123059 PMCID: PMC10134207 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v15.i4.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a fatal disease with a 5-year survival rate of 8% and a median survival of 6 mo. In PDAC, several mutations in the genes are involved, with Kirsten rat sarcoma oncogene (90%), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (90%), and tumor suppressor 53 (75%–90%) being the most common. Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 represents 50%. In addition, the self-preserving cancer stem cells, dense tumor microenvironment (fibrous accounting for 90% of the tumor volume), and suppressive and relatively depleted immune niche of PDAC are also constitutive and relevant elements of PDAC. Molecular targeted therapy is widely utilized and effective in several solid tumors. In PDAC, targeted therapy has been extensively evaluated; however, survival improvement of this aggressive disease using a targeted strategy has been minimal. There is currently only one United States Food and Drug Administration-approved targeted therapy for PDAC – erlotinib, but the absolute benefit of erlotinib in combination with gemcitabine is also minimal (2 wk). In this review, we summarize current targeted therapies and clinical trials targeting dysregulated signaling pathways and components of the PDAC oncogenic process, analyze possible reasons for the lack of positive results in clinical trials, and suggest ways to improve them. We also discuss emerging trends in targeted therapies for PDAC: combining targeted inhibitors of multiple pathways. The PubMed database and National Center for Biotechnology Information clinical trial website (www.clinicaltrials.gov) were queried to identify completed and published (PubMed) and ongoing (clinicaltrials.gov) clinical trials (from 2003-2022) using the keywords pancreatic cancer and targeted therapy. The PubMed database was also queried to search for information about the pathogenesis and molecular pathways of pancreatic cancer using the keywords pancreatic cancer and molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Wen-Wei Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Ya-Ru Niu
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yong-Kun Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Hebei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Langfang 065001, Hebei Province, China
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14
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Yi J, Tavana O, Li H, Wang D, Baer RJ, Gu W. Targeting USP2 regulation of VPRBP-mediated degradation of p53 and PD-L1 for cancer therapy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1941. [PMID: 37024504 PMCID: PMC10079682 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37617-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since Mdm2 (Mouse double minute 2) inhibitors show serious toxicity in clinic studies, different approaches to achieve therapeutic reactivation of p53-mediated tumor suppression in cancers need to be explored. Here, we identify the USP2 (ubiquitin specific peptidase 2)-VPRBP (viral protein R binding protein) axis as an important pathway for p53 regulation. Like Mdm2, VPRBP is a potent repressor of p53 but VPRBP stability is controlled by USP2. Interestingly, the USP2-VPRBP axis also regulates PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) expression. Strikingly, the combination of a small-molecule USP2 inhibitor and anti-PD1 monoclonal antibody leads to complete regression of the tumors expressing wild-type p53. In contrast to Mdm2, knockout of Usp2 in mice has no obvious effect in normal tissues. Moreover, no obvious toxicity is observed upon the USP2 inhibitor treatment in vivo as Mdm2-mediated regulation of p53 remains intact. Our study reveals a promising strategy for p53-based therapy by circumventing the toxicity issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Yi
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, 1130 Nicholas Ave, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Omid Tavana
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, 1130 Nicholas Ave, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Huan Li
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, 1130 Nicholas Ave, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Donglai Wang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, 1130 Nicholas Ave, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Richard J Baer
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, 1130 Nicholas Ave, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, 1130 Nicholas Ave, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Wei Gu
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, 1130 Nicholas Ave, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, 1130 Nicholas Ave, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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15
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Tatavosian R, Donovan MG, Galbraith MD, Duc HN, Szwarc MM, Joshi MU, Frieman A, Bilousova G, Cao Y, Smith KP, Song K, Rachubinski AL, Andrysik Z, Espinosa JM. Cell differentiation modifies the p53 transcriptional program through a combination of gene silencing and constitutive transactivation. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:952-965. [PMID: 36681780 PMCID: PMC10070495 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 transcription factor is a master regulator of cellular responses to stress that is commonly inactivated in diverse cancer types. Despite decades of research, the mechanisms by which p53 impedes tumorigenesis across vastly different cellular contexts requires further investigation. The bulk of research has been completed using in vitro studies of cancer cell lines or in vivo studies in mouse models, but much less is known about p53 action in diverse non-transformed human tissues. Here, we investigated how different cellular states modify the p53 transcriptional program in human cells through a combination of computational analyses of publicly available large-scale datasets and in vitro studies using an isogenic system consisting of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and two derived lineages. Analysis of publicly available mRNA expression and genetic dependency data demonstrated wide variation in terms of expression and function of a core p53 transcriptional program across various tissues and lineages. To monitor the impact of cell differentiation on the p53 transcriptome within an isogenic cell culture system, we activated p53 by pharmacological inhibition of its negative regulator MDM2. Using cell phenotyping assays and genome wide transcriptome analyses, we demonstrated that cell differentiation confines and modifies the p53 transcriptional network in a lineage-specific fashion. Although hundreds of p53 target genes are transactivated in iPSCs, only a small fraction is transactivated in each of the differentiated lineages. Mechanistic studies using small molecule inhibitors and genetic knockdowns revealed the presence of two major regulatory mechanisms contributing to this massive heterogeneity across cellular states: gene silencing by epigenetic regulatory complexes and constitutive transactivation by lineage-specific transcription factors. Altogether, these results illuminate the impact of cell differentiation on the p53 program, thus advancing our understanding of how this tumor suppressor functions in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roubina Tatavosian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Micah G Donovan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Matthew D Galbraith
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Huy N Duc
- Functional Genomics Facility, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Maria M Szwarc
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Molishree U Joshi
- Functional Genomics Facility, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Amy Frieman
- Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ganna Bilousova
- Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Yingqiong Cao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Keith P Smith
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kunhua Song
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Angela L Rachubinski
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Section of Developmental Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Zdenek Andrysik
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Joaquin M Espinosa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Functional Genomics Facility, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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16
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Pant V, Sun C, Lozano G. Tissue specificity and spatio-temporal dynamics of the p53 transcriptional program. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:897-905. [PMID: 36755072 PMCID: PMC10070629 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors regulate hundreds of genes and p53 is no exception. As a stress responsive protein, p53 transactivates an array of downstream targets which define its role in maintaining physiological functions of cells/tissues. Despite decades of studies, our understanding of the p53 in vivo transcriptional program is still incomplete. Here we discuss some of the physiological stressors that activate p53, the pathological and physiological implications of p53 activation and the molecular profiling of the p53 transcriptional program in maintaining tissue homeostasis. We argue that the p53 transcriptional program is spatiotemporally regulated in a tissue-specific manner and define a p53 target signature that faithfully depicts p53 activity. We further emphasize that additional in vivo studies are needed to refine the p53 transactivation profile to harness it for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Pant
- Department of Genetics, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chang Sun
- Department of Genetics, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Guillermina Lozano
- Department of Genetics, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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17
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Resnick-Silverman L, Zhou R, Campbell MJ, Leibling I, Parsons R, Manfredi JJ. In vivo RNA-seq and ChIP-seq analyses show an obligatory role for the C terminus of p53 in conferring tissue-specific radiation sensitivity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112216. [PMID: 36924496 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymus and spleen, in contrast to liver, are radiosensitive tissues in which p53-dependent apoptosis is triggered after whole-body radiation in vivo. Combined RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) analyses of radiation-treated mouse organs identifies both shared and tissue-specific p53 transcriptional responses. As expected, the p53 targets shared among thymus and spleen are enriched in apoptotic targets. The inability to upregulate these genes in the liver is not due to reduced gene occupancy. Use of an engineered mouse model shows that deletion of the C terminus of p53 can confer radiation-induced expression of p53 apoptotic targets in the liver with concomitant increased cell death. Global RNA-seq analysis reveals that an additional role of the C terminus is also needed for transcriptional activation of liver-specific p53 targets. It is hypothesized that both suppression of apoptotic gene expression combined with enhanced activation of liver-specific targets confers tissue-specific radio-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois Resnick-Silverman
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Royce Zhou
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Moray J Campbell
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ian Leibling
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ramon Parsons
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - James J Manfredi
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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18
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Amendolare A, Marzano F, Petruzzella V, Vacca RA, Guerrini L, Pesole G, Sbisà E, Tullo A. The Underestimated Role of the p53 Pathway in Renal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235733. [PMID: 36497215 PMCID: PMC9736171 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The TP53 tumor suppressor gene is known as the guardian of the genome, playing a pivotal role in controlling genome integrity, and its functions are lost in more than 50% of human tumors due to somatic mutations. This percentage rises to 90% if mutations and alterations in the genes that code for regulators of p53 stability and activity are taken into account. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a clear example of cancer that despite having a wild-type p53 shows poor prognosis because of the high rate of resistance to radiotherapy or chemotherapy, which leads to recurrence, metastasis and death. Remarkably, the fact that p53 is poorly mutated does not mean that it is functionally active, and increasing experimental evidences have demonstrated this. Therefore, RCC represents an extraordinary example of the importance of p53 pathway alterations in therapy resistance. The search for novel molecular biomarkers involved in the pathways that regulate altered p53 in RCC is mandatory for improving early diagnosis, evaluating the prognosis and developing novel potential therapeutic targets for better RCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Amendolare
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council—CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Flaviana Marzano
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council—CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Vittoria Petruzzella
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Anna Vacca
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council—CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Luisa Guerrini
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council—CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Sbisà
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council—CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Apollonia Tullo
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council—CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0805929672
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19
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Heijkants RC, Teunisse AFAS, de Jong D, Glinkina K, Mei H, Kielbasa SM, Szuhai K, Jochemsen AG. MDMX Regulates Transcriptional Activity of p53 and FOXO Proteins to Stimulate Proliferation of Melanoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184482. [PMID: 36139642 PMCID: PMC9496676 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We have investigated the transcriptional changes occurring in uveal and cutaneous melanoma cell lines upon depletion of MDMX (aka:MDM4). Computational analyses of the mRNAs/genes affected upon MDMX depletion determined that many were containing a p53-bindingsite, but even more contained a FOX recognition site(s). Since connections between MDM2 and FOXO1 had already been published, we investigated whether indeed a subset of the MDMX-regulated genes are dependent on FOXO1/FOXO3 expression. Indeed, a number of such target genes, i.e., PIK3IP1, MXD4 and ZMAT3, were found to be FOXO target genes in our cell models. Some of these genes were recently identified as indirect p53-target genes, and their expression was found to be regulated by RFX7 transcription factor, which was found activated upon pharmacological activation of p53, e.g., by Nutlin-3. However, a clear involvement of RFX7 in our model could not be established, but an interplay between FOXO and RFX7 factors seems evident. Abstract The tumor suppressor protein p53 has an important role in cell-fate determination. In cancer cells, the activity of p53 is frequently repressed by high levels of MDMX and/or MDM2. MDM2 is a ubiquitin ligase whose activity results in ubiquitin- and proteasome-dependent p53 degradation, while MDMX inhibits p53-activated transcription by shielding the p53 transactivation domain. Interestingly, the oncogenic functions of MDMX appear to be more wide-spread than inhibition of p53. The present study aimed to elucidate the MDMX-controlled transcriptome. Therefore, we depleted MDMX with four distinct shRNAs from a high MDMX expressing uveal melanoma cell line and determined the effect on the transcriptome by RNAseq. Biological function analyses indicate the inhibition of the cell cycle regulatory genes and stimulation of cell death activating genes upon MDMX depletion. Although the inhibition of p53 activity clearly contributes to the transcription regulation controlled by MDMX, it appeared that the transcriptional regulation of multiple genes did not only rely on p53 expression. Analysis of gene regulatory networks indicated a role for Forkhead box (FOX) transcription factors. Depletion of FOXO proteins partly prevented the transcriptional changes upon MDMX depletion. Furthermore, depletion of FOXO proteins relatively diminished the growth inhibition upon MDMX knockdown, although the knockdown of the FOXO transcription factors also reduces cell growth. In conclusion, the p53-independent oncogenic functions of MDMX could be partially explained by its regulation of FOXO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renier C. Heijkants
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amina F. A. S. Teunisse
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle de Jong
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kseniya Glinkina
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hailiang Mei
- Sequencing Analysis Support Core, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Szymon M. Kielbasa
- Sequencing Analysis Support Core, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karoly Szuhai
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aart G. Jochemsen
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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20
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Klimovich B, Meyer L, Merle N, Neumann M, König AM, Ananikidis N, Keber CU, Elmshäuser S, Timofeev O, Stiewe T. Partial p53 reactivation is sufficient to induce cancer regression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:80. [PMID: 35232479 PMCID: PMC8889716 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Impaired p53 function is one of the central molecular features of a tumor cell and even a partial reduction in p53 activity can increase the cancer risk in mice and men. From a therapeutic perspective it is noteworthy that tumor cells often become addicted to the absence of p53 providing a rationale for developing p53 reactivating compounds to treat cancer patients. Unfortunately, many of the compounds that are currently undergoing preclinical and clinical testing fail to fully reactivate mutant p53 proteins, raising the crucial question: how much p53 activity is needed to elicit a therapeutic effect? Methods We have genetically modelled partial p53 reactivation using knock-in mice with inducible expression of the p53 variant E177R. This variant has a reduced ability to bind and transactivate target genes and consequently causes moderate cancer susceptibility. We have generated different syngeneically transplanted and autochthonous mouse models of p53-deficient acute myeloid leukemia and B or T cell lymphoma. After cancer manifestation we have activated E177R expression and analyzed the in vivo therapy response by bioluminescence or magnetic resonance imaging. The molecular response was further characterized in vitro by assays for gene expression, proliferation, senescence, differentiation, apoptosis and clonogenic growth. Results We report the conceptually intriguing observation that the p53 variant E177R, which promotes de novo leukemia and lymphoma formation, inhibits proliferation and viability, induces immune cell infiltration and triggers cancer regression in vivo when introduced into p53-deficient leukemia and lymphomas. p53-deficient cancer cells proved to be so addicted to the absence of p53 that even the low-level activity of E177R is detrimental to cancer growth. Conclusions The observation that a partial loss-of-function p53 variant promotes tumorigenesis in one setting and induces regression in another, underlines the highly context-specific effects of individual p53 mutants. It further highlights the exquisite sensitivity of cancer cells to even small changes in p53 activity and reveals that changes in activity level are more important than the absolute level. As such, the study encourages ongoing research efforts into mutant p53 reactivating drugs by providing genetic proof-of-principle evidence that incomplete p53 reactivation may suffice to elicit a therapeutic response. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-022-02269-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Klimovich
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Laura Meyer
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nastasja Merle
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michelle Neumann
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexander M König
- Clinic of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Core Facility 7T-small animal MRI, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Ananikidis
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Corinna U Keber
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Elmshäuser
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Oleg Timofeev
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany. .,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Stiewe
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany. .,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany. .,Genomics Core Facility, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
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21
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Klimovich B, Merle N, Neumann M, Elmshäuser S, Nist A, Mernberger M, Kazdal D, Stenzinger A, Timofeev O, Stiewe T. p53 partial loss-of-function mutations sensitize to chemotherapy. Oncogene 2022; 41:1011-1023. [PMID: 34907344 PMCID: PMC8837531 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressive transcription factor p53 is frequently inactivated in cancer cells by missense mutations that cluster in the DNA binding domain. 30% hit mutational hotspot residues, resulting in a complete loss of transcriptional activity and mutant p53-driven chemotherapy resistance. Of the remaining 70% of non-hotspot mutants, many are partial loss-of-function (partial-LOF) mutants with residual transcriptional activity. The therapeutic consequences of a partial-LOF have remained largely elusive. Using a p53 mutation engineered to reduce DNA binding, we demonstrate that partial-LOF is sufficient to enhance oncogene-driven tumorigenesis in mouse models of lung and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and acute myeloid leukemia. Interestingly, mouse and human tumors with partial-LOF mutations showed mutant p53 protein accumulation similar as known for hotspot mutants. Different from the chemotherapy resistance caused by p53-loss, the partial-LOF mutant sensitized to an apoptotic chemotherapy response and led to a survival benefit. Mechanistically, the pro-apoptotic transcriptional activity of mouse and human partial-LOF mutants was rescued at high mutant protein levels, suggesting that accumulation of partial-LOF mutants enables the observed apoptotic chemotherapy response. p53 non-hotspot mutants with partial-LOF, therefore, represent tumorigenic p53 mutations that need to be distinguished from other mutations because of their beneficial impact on survival in a therapy context.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Loss of Function Mutation
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Klimovich
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nastasja Merle
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michelle Neumann
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Elmshäuser
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Nist
- Genomics Core Facility, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marco Mernberger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Kazdal
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Stenzinger
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oleg Timofeev
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Stiewe
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
- Genomics Core Facility, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
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22
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Kung CP, Weber JD. It’s Getting Complicated—A Fresh Look at p53-MDM2-ARF Triangle in Tumorigenesis and Cancer Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:818744. [PMID: 35155432 PMCID: PMC8833255 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.818744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-tumorigenic mechanisms mediated by the tumor suppressor p53, upon oncogenic stresses, are our bodies’ greatest weapons to battle against cancer onset and development. Consequently, factors that possess significant p53-regulating activities have been subjects of serious interest from the cancer research community. Among them, MDM2 and ARF are considered the most influential p53 regulators due to their abilities to inhibit and activate p53 functions, respectively. MDM2 inhibits p53 by promoting ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of p53, while ARF activates p53 by physically interacting with MDM2 to block its access to p53. This conventional understanding of p53-MDM2-ARF functional triangle have guided the direction of p53 research, as well as the development of p53-based therapeutic strategies for the last 30 years. Our increasing knowledge of this triangle during this time, especially through identification of p53-independent functions of MDM2 and ARF, have uncovered many under-appreciated molecular mechanisms connecting these three proteins. Through recognizing both antagonizing and synergizing relationships among them, our consideration for harnessing these relationships to develop effective cancer therapies needs an update accordingly. In this review, we will re-visit the conventional wisdom regarding p53-MDM2-ARF tumor-regulating mechanisms, highlight impactful studies contributing to the modern look of their relationships, and summarize ongoing efforts to target this pathway for effective cancer treatments. A refreshed appreciation of p53-MDM2-ARF network can bring innovative approaches to develop new generations of genetically-informed and clinically-effective cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Pei Kung
- ICCE Institute, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Che-Pei Kung, ; Jason D. Weber,
| | - Jason D. Weber
- ICCE Institute, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Che-Pei Kung, ; Jason D. Weber,
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23
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Pant V, Aryal NK, Xiong S, Chau GP, Fowlkes NW, Lozano G. Alterations of the MDM2 C-terminus differentially impact its function in vivo. Cancer Res 2022; 82:1313-1320. [PMID: 35078816 PMCID: PMC8983537 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Murine double minute 2 (Mdm2) is the principal E3-ubiquitin ligase for p53 and contains a C2H2C4 type RING domain wherein the last cysteine residue is followed by an evolutionarily conserved 13 amino acid C-terminal tail. Previous studies have indicated that integrity of the C-terminal tail is critical for Mdm2 function. Recently, a mutation extending the MDM2 length by five amino acids was identified and associated with enhanced p53 response in fibroblasts and premature aging in a human patient. To investigate the importance of the conserved Mdm2 C-terminal length on p53 regulatory function in vivo, we engineered three novel mouse alleles using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Genetic studies with these murine models showed that curtailing Mdm2 C-terminal length by even a single amino acid leads to p53-dependent embryonic lethality. Extension of the Mdm2 C-terminal length by five amino acids (QLTCL) yielded viable mice that are smaller in size, exhibit fertility problems, and have a shortened life span. Analysis of early passage mouse embryonic fibroblasts indicated impaired Mdm2 function correlates with enhanced p53 activity under stress conditions. Furthermore, analysis in mice showed tissue-specific alterations in p53 target gene expression and enhanced radiosensitivity. These results confirm the physiological importance of the evolutionarily conserved Mdm2 C-terminus in regulating p53 functions. SIGNIFICANCE This in vivo study highlights that alterations to the C-terminus of Mdm2 perturb its regulation of the tumor suppressor p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Pant
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Neeraj K. Aryal
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
- Current address: Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Park, Waltham, MA 02451
| | - Shunbin Xiong
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Gilda P Chau
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Natalie W. Fowlkes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Guillermina Lozano
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
- Corresponding author: Guillermina Lozano, PhD, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, Tel. 713 834 6386,
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24
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The roles of mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) oncoprotein in ocular diseases: A review. Exp Eye Res 2022; 217:108910. [PMID: 34998788 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mouse double minute 2 (MDM2), an E3 ubiquitin ligase and the primary negative regulator of the tumor suppressor p53, cooperates with its structural homolog MDM4/MDMX to control intracellular p53 level. In turn, overexpression of p53 upregulates and forms an autoregulatory feedback loop with MDM2. The MDM2-p53 axis plays a pivotal role in modulating cell cycle control and apoptosis. MDM2 itself is regulated by the PI3K-AKT and RB-E2F-ARF pathways. While amplification of the MDM2 gene or overexpression of MDM2 (due to MDM2 SNP T309G, for instance) is associated with various malignancies, numerous studies have shown that MDM2/p53 alterations may also play a part in the pathogenetic process of certain ocular disorders (Fig. 1). These include cancers (retinoblastoma, uveal melanoma), fibrocellular proliferative diseases (proliferative vitreoretinopathy, pterygium), neovascular diseases, degenerative diseases (cataract, primary open-angle glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration) and infectious/inflammatory diseases (trachoma, uveitis). In addition, MDM2 is implicated in retinogenesis and regeneration after optic nerve injury. Anti-MDM2 therapy has shown potential as a novel approach to treating these diseases. Despite major safety concerns, there are high expectations for the clinical value of reformative MDM2 inhibitors. This review summarizes important findings about the role of MDM2 in ocular pathologies and provides an overview of recent advances in treating these diseases with anti-MDM2 therapies.
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25
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Targeting Post-Translational Regulation of p53 in Colorectal Cancer by Exploiting Vulnerabilities in the p53-MDM2 Axis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14010219. [PMID: 35008383 PMCID: PMC8750794 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The role played by the key tumor suppressor gene p53 and the implications of p53 mutations for the development and progression of neoplasia continue to expand. This review focuses on colorectal cancer and the regulators of p53 expression and activity identified over the past decade. These newly recognized regulatory mechanisms include (1) direct regulation of mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2), an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase; (2) modulation of the MDM2-p53 interaction; (3) MDM2-independent p53 degradation; and (4) inhibition of p53 nuclear translocation. We positioned these regulatory mechanisms in the context of p53 missense mutations, which not only evade canonical p53 degradation machinery but also exhibit gain-of-function phenotypes that enhance tumor survival and metastasis. Lastly, we discuss current and potential therapeutic strategies directed against p53 mutant-bearing tumors.
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26
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Nagpal I, Yuan ZM. The Basally Expressed p53-Mediated Homeostatic Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:775312. [PMID: 34888311 PMCID: PMC8650216 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.775312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Apart from mutations in the p53 gene, p53 functions can be alternatively compromised by a decrease in nuclear p53 protein levels or activities. In accordance, enhanced p53 protein turnover due to elevated expression of the critical p53 E3 ligase MDM2 or MDM2/MDMX is found in many human cancers. Likewise, the HPV viral E6 protein-mediated p53 degradation critically contributes to the tumorigenesis of cervical cancer. In addition, growth-promoting signaling-induced cell proliferation is accompanied by p53 downregulation. Animal studies have also shown that loss of p53 is essential for oncogenes to drive malignant transformation. The close association between p53 downregulation and carcinogenesis implicates a critical role of basally expressed p53. In accordance, available evidence indicates that a reduced level of basal p53 is usually associated with disruption of homeostasis, suggesting a homeostatic function mediated by basal p53. However, basally expressed p53 under non-stress conditions is maintained at a relatively low abundance with little transcriptional activity, raising the question of how basal p53 could protect homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the findings pertinent to basal p53-mediated activities in the hope of developing a model in which basally expressed p53 functions as a barrier to anabolic metabolism to preserve homeostasis. Future investigation is necessary to characterize basal p53 functionally and to obtain an improved understanding of p53 homeostatic function, which would offer novel insight into the role of p53 in tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Nagpal
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Zhi-Min Yuan
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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27
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Wang M, Attardi LD. A Balancing Act: p53 Activity from Tumor Suppression to Pathology and Therapeutic Implications. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2021; 17:205-226. [PMID: 34699262 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-042320-025840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
TP53, encoding the p53 transcription factor, is the most frequently mutated tumor suppressor gene across all human cancer types. While p53 has long been appreciated to induce antiproliferative cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and senescence programs in response to diverse stress signals, various studies in recent years have revealed additional important functions for p53 that likely also contribute to tumor suppression, including roles in regulating tumor metabolism, ferroptosis, signaling in the tumor microenvironment, and stem cell self-renewal/differentiation. Not only does p53 loss or mutation cause cancer, but hyperactive p53 also drives various pathologies, including developmental phenotypes, premature aging, neurodegeneration, and side effects of cancer therapies. These findings underscore the importance of balanced p53 activity and influence our thinking of how to best develop cancer therapies based on modulating the p53 pathway. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiong Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
| | - Laura D Attardi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; .,Department of Genetics and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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28
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Kwok M, Agathanggelou A, Davies N, Stankovic T. Targeting the p53 Pathway in CLL: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4681. [PMID: 34572908 PMCID: PMC8468925 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 pathway is a desirable therapeutic target, owing to its critical role in the maintenance of genome integrity. This is exemplified in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), one of the most common adult hematologic malignancies, in which functional loss of p53 arising from genomic aberrations are frequently associated with clonal evolution, disease progression, and therapeutic resistance, even in the contemporary era of CLL targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Targeting the 'undruggable' p53 pathway therefore arguably represents the holy grail of cancer research. In recent years, several strategies have been proposed to exploit p53 pathway defects for cancer treatment. Such strategies include upregulating wild-type p53, restoring tumor suppressive function in mutant p53, inducing synthetic lethality by targeting collateral genome maintenance pathways, and harnessing the immunogenicity of p53 pathway aberrations. In this review, we will examine the biological and clinical implications of p53 pathway defects, as well as our progress towards development of therapeutic approaches targeting the p53 pathway, specifically within the context of CLL. We will appraise the opportunities and pitfalls associated with these therapeutic strategies, and evaluate their place amongst the array of new biological therapies for CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Kwok
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2SY, UK; (A.A.); (N.D.)
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2SY, UK
| | - Angelo Agathanggelou
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2SY, UK; (A.A.); (N.D.)
| | - Nicholas Davies
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2SY, UK; (A.A.); (N.D.)
| | - Tatjana Stankovic
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2SY, UK; (A.A.); (N.D.)
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PRDX2 promotes the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells by increasing the ubiquitinated degradation of p53. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:605. [PMID: 34117220 PMCID: PMC8196203 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03888-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the most common gastrointestinal cancer and causes severe damage to human health. PRDX2 is a member of the peroxiredoxin family reported to have a high level of expression in colorectal cancer. However, the mechanisms by which PRDX2 promotes the proliferation of colorectal cancer are still unclear. Here, the results indicated that PRDX2 expression was upregulated in colorectal cancer and closely correlated with poor prognosis. Functionally, PRDX2 promoted the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells. Mechanistically, PRDX2 could bind RPL4, reducing the interaction between RPL4 and MDM2. These findings demonstrate that the oncogenic property of PRDX2 may be attributed to its regulation of the RPL4-MDM2-p53 pathway, leading to p53 ubiquitinated degradation.
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Salomao N, Karakostis K, Hupp T, Vollrath F, Vojtesek B, Fahraeus R. What do we need to know and understand about p53 to improve its clinical value? J Pathol 2021; 254:443-453. [DOI: 10.1002/path.5677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norman Salomao
- Inserm UMRS1131, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Université Paris 7, Hôpital St Louis Paris France
| | - Konstantinos Karakostis
- Inserm UMRS1131, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Université Paris 7, Hôpital St Louis Paris France
| | - Ted Hupp
- University of Gdansk, International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science Gdansk Poland
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine Edinburgh UK
| | - Friz Vollrath
- Department of Zoology, Zoology Research and Administration Building University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | | | - Robin Fahraeus
- Inserm UMRS1131, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Université Paris 7, Hôpital St Louis Paris France
- University of Gdansk, International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science Gdansk Poland
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biosciences Building 6M, Umeå University Umeå Sweden
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GÜRSOY D, GÜRSES İ, GİLAN VB, TAŞDELEN B, ARICAN A, TOK C. IMMUNHISTOCHEMICAL EXPRESSION OF ESTROGEN, PROGESTERON RECEPTORS, C-ERB B-2, P53 AND BRCA1 IN OVARIAN CARCINOMA AND THEIR PROGNOSTIC VALUE. KAHRAMANMARAŞ SÜTÇÜ İMAM ÜNIVERSITESI TIP FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2021. [DOI: 10.17517/ksutfd.873338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Feasibility of Developing Radiotracers for MDM2: Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation of an 18F-Labeled Analogue of the MDM2 Inhibitor SP-141. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040358. [PMID: 33924734 PMCID: PMC8070256 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine double minute 2 (MDM2), a negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor protein, is overexpressed in several human cancers. Herein we investigate the feasibility of developing 18F-labeled compounds based on the small molecule inhibitor SP-141 for imaging tumor MDM2 expression levels with positron emission tomography (PET). Three nonradioactive fluorinated SP-141 analogues, 1–3, were synthesized, and their binding to the MDM2 protein was analyzed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). One of these, a fluoroethoxy analogue, was labeled with fluorine-18 (18F) using 18F-fluorethyl bromide to provide [18F]1 and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. SPR analysis confirmed the binding of the fluorinated analogues to MDM2 at 1.25–20 µM concentrations. Cell uptake studies revealed high uptake (67.5–71.4%/mg protein) and specificity of [18F]1 in MCF7 and HepG2 cells. The uptake of [18F]1 in these cells could be modulated using 100 µM SP-141, potentially reflecting changes in MDM2 expression because of p53 activation by SP-141. [18F]1 exhibited stable uptake and retention in HepG2 tumor xenografts (~3 %ID/g) in vivo, but poor clearance from blood and other normal tissues, yielding low tumor-to-background ratios (<2) at 2 h post injection. Our results suggest that [18F]1 has suboptimal characteristics for in vivo evaluation as a PET tracer for MDM2, but warrant radiolabeling and assessment of the other fluorinated analogues synthesized in this work, 2 and 3, and potentially other molecular scaffolds for developing MDM2 targeted radiotracers.
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Yang J, Jin A, Han J, Chen X, Zheng J, Zhang Y. MDMX Recruits UbcH5c to Facilitate MDM2 E3 Ligase Activity and Subsequent p53 Degradation In Vivo. Cancer Res 2021; 81:898-909. [PMID: 33277368 PMCID: PMC8026549 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MDM2 regulates p53 degradation by functioning as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The role of MDMX, an MDM2 homolog that lacks E3 ligase activity, in the regulation of p53 degradation remains incompletely understood and sometime controversial. This confusion is due at least in part to studies of p53 degradation mainly carried out in in vitro settings, as elimination of either MDM2 or MDMX from mice results in p53-dependent embryonic lethality, thus obfuscating in vivo studies of the individual roles of MDM2 and MDMX in p53 degradation. To overcome this problem, we generated mice expressing an inducible p53 allele under various MDM2 and MDMX deletion and mutation statuses and studied in vivo p53 degradation. Degradation of p53 in vivo was largely prevented in mice and mouse embryonic fibroblast retaining MDM2 but lacking MDMX. Although MDM2 and MDMX interacted with p53 in the absence of each other, they bound p53 more efficiently as a heterodimer. MDMX, but not MDM2, interacted with ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH5c, an interaction that was essential for MDMX to enable MDM2 E3 ligase activity for p53 degradation. Grafting the C-terminal residues of MDMX to the C-terminus of MDM2 allowed MDM2 to interact with UbcH5c and enhanced MDM2-mediated p53 degradation in the absence of MDMX. Together, these data indicate that MDMX plays an essential role for p53 degradation in vivo by recruiting UbcH5c to facilitate MDM2 E3 ligase function. SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides the first in vivo evidence of MDMX facilitating MDM2-mediated p53 degradation, clarifying its role in the regulation of this critical tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aiwen Jin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Cui D, Xiong X, Shu J, Dai X, Sun Y, Zhao Y. FBXW7 Confers Radiation Survival by Targeting p53 for Degradation. Cell Rep 2021; 30:497-509.e4. [PMID: 31940492 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 plays a critical role in integrating a wide variety of stress responses. Therefore, p53 levels are precisely regulated by multiple ubiquitin ligases. In this study, we report that FBXW7, a substrate recognition component of the SKP1-CUL1-F-box (SCF) E3 ligase, interacts with and targets p53 for polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation after exposure to ionizing radiation or etoposide. Mechanistically, DNA damage activates ATM to phosphorylate p53 on Ser33 and Ser37, which facilitates the FBXW7 binding and subsequent p53 degradation by SCFFBXW7. Inactivation of ATM or SCFFBXW7 by small molecular inhibitors or genetic knockdown/knockout approaches extends the p53 protein half-life upon DNA damage in an MDM2-independent manner. Biologically, FBXW7 inactivation sensitizes cancer cells to radiation or etoposide by stabilizing p53 to induce cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. Taken together, our study elucidates a mechanism by which FBXW7 confers cancer cell survival during radiotherapy or chemotherapy via p53 targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danrui Cui
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiufang Xiong
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Dai
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yongchao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Maor-Nof M, Shipony Z, Lopez-Gonzalez R, Nakayama L, Zhang YJ, Couthouis J, Blum JA, Castruita PA, Linares GR, Ruan K, Ramaswami G, Simon DJ, Nof A, Santana M, Han K, Sinnott-Armstrong N, Bassik MC, Geschwind DH, Tessier-Lavigne M, Attardi LD, Lloyd TE, Ichida JK, Gao FB, Greenleaf WJ, Yokoyama JS, Petrucelli L, Gitler AD. p53 is a central regulator driving neurodegeneration caused by C9orf72 poly(PR). Cell 2021; 184:689-708.e20. [PMID: 33482083 PMCID: PMC7886018 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a GGGGCC repeat expansion in the C9orf72 gene. We developed a platform to interrogate the chromatin accessibility landscape and transcriptional program within neurons during degeneration. We provide evidence that neurons expressing the dipeptide repeat protein poly(proline-arginine), translated from the C9orf72 repeat expansion, activate a highly specific transcriptional program, exemplified by a single transcription factor, p53. Ablating p53 in mice completely rescued neurons from degeneration and markedly increased survival in a C9orf72 mouse model. p53 reduction also rescued axonal degeneration caused by poly(glycine-arginine), increased survival of C9orf72 ALS/FTD-patient-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived motor neurons, and mitigated neurodegeneration in a C9orf72 fly model. We show that p53 activates a downstream transcriptional program, including Puma, which drives neurodegeneration. These data demonstrate a neurodegenerative mechanism dynamically regulated through transcription-factor-binding events and provide a framework to apply chromatin accessibility and transcription program profiles to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Maor-Nof
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Zohar Shipony
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Lisa Nakayama
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yong-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Julien Couthouis
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jacob A Blum
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Patricia A Castruita
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel R Linares
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kai Ruan
- Department of Neurology, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gokul Ramaswami
- Department of Neurology, Program in Neurogenetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David J Simon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aviv Nof
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Manuel Santana
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kyuho Han
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael C Bassik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, Program in Neurogenetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Laura D Attardi
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas E Lloyd
- Department of Neurology, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Justin K Ichida
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fen-Biao Gao
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - William J Greenleaf
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer S Yokoyama
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Aaron D Gitler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Humpton TJ, Nomura K, Weber J, Magnussen HM, Hock AK, Nixon C, Dhayade S, Stevenson D, Huang DT, Strathdee D, Blyth K, Vousden KH. Differential requirements for MDM2 E3 activity during embryogenesis and in adult mice. Genes Dev 2021; 35:117-132. [PMID: 33334825 PMCID: PMC7778261 DOI: 10.1101/gad.341875.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor protein is a potent activator of proliferative arrest and cell death. In normal cells, this pathway is restrained by p53 protein degradation mediated by the E3-ubiquitin ligase activity of MDM2. Oncogenic stress releases p53 from MDM2 control, so activating the p53 response. However, many tumors that retain wild-type p53 inappropriately maintain the MDM2-p53 regulatory loop in order to continuously suppress p53 activity. We have shown previously that single point mutations in the human MDM2 RING finger domain prevent the interaction of MDM2 with the E2/ubiquitin complex, resulting in the loss of MDM2's E3 activity without preventing p53 binding. Here, we show that an analogous mouse MDM2 mutant (MDM2 I438K) restrains p53 sufficiently for normal growth but exhibits an enhanced stress response in vitro. In vivo, constitutive expression of MDM2 I438K leads to embryonic lethality that is rescued by p53 deletion, suggesting MDM2 I438K is not able to adequately control p53 function through development. However, the switch to I438K expression is tolerated in adult mice, sparing normal cells but allowing for an enhanced p53 response to DNA damage. Viewed as a proof of principle model for therapeutic development, our findings support an approach that would inhibit MDM2 E3 activity without preventing MDM2/p53 binding as a promising avenue for development of compounds to activate p53 in tumors with reduced on-target toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Humpton
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Koji Nomura
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Weber
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Helge M Magnussen
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas K Hock
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Nixon
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Sandeep Dhayade
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - David Stevenson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Danny T Huang
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas Strathdee
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
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Qian Y, Gong Y, Fan Z, Luo G, Huang Q, Deng S, Cheng H, Jin K, Ni Q, Yu X, Liu C. Molecular alterations and targeted therapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:130. [PMID: 33008426 PMCID: PMC7532113 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a malignancy characterized by a poor prognosis and high mortality rate. Genetic mutations and altered molecular pathways serve as targets in precise therapy. Using next-generation sequencing (NGS), these aberrant alterations can be identified and used to develop strategies that will selectively kill cancerous cells in patients with PDAC. The realization of targeted therapies in patients with PDAC may be summarized by three approaches. First, because oncogenes play a pivotal role in tumorigenesis, inhibition of dysregulated oncogenes is a promising method (Table 3). Numerous researchers are developing strategies to target oncogenes, such as KRAS, NRG1, and NTRK and related molecules, although most of the results are unsatisfactory. Accordingly, emerging strategies are being developed to target these oncogenes, including simultaneously inhibiting multiple molecules or pathways, modification of mutant residues by small molecules, and RNA interference. Second, researchers have attempted to reactivate inactivated tumour suppressors or modulate related molecules. TP53, CDKN2A and SMAD4 are three major tumour suppressors involved in PDAC. Advances have been achieved in clinical and preclinical trials of therapies targeting these three genes, and further investigations are warranted. The TGF-β-SMAD4 signalling pathway plays a dual role in PDAC tumorigenesis and participates in mediating tumour-stroma crosstalk and modulating the tumour microenvironment (TME); thus, molecular subtyping of pancreatic cancer according to the SMAD4 mutation status may be a promising precision oncology technique. Finally, genes such as KDM6A and BRCA have vital roles in maintaining the structural stability and physiological functions of normal chromosomes and are deficient in some patients with PDAC, thus serving as potential targets for correcting these deficiencies and precisely killing these aberrant tumour cells. Recent clinical trials, such as the POLO (Pancreas Cancer Olaparib Ongoing) trial, have reported encouraging outcomes. In addition to genetic event-guided treatment, immunotherapies such as chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T), antibody-drug conjugates, and immune checkpoint inhibitors also exhibit the potential to target tumours precisely, although the clinical value of immunotherapies as treatments for PDAC is still limited. In this review, we focus on recent preclinical and clinical advances in therapies targeting aberrant genes and pathways and predict the future trend of precision oncology for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhen Qian
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, NO.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yitao Gong
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, NO.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhiyao Fan
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, NO.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guopei Luo
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, NO.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiuyi Huang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, NO.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shengming Deng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, NO.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - He Cheng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, NO.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Kaizhou Jin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, NO.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Quanxing Ni
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, NO.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, NO.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, NO.270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Timofeev O, Koch L, Niederau C, Tscherne A, Schneikert J, Klimovich M, Elmshäuser S, Zeitlinger M, Mernberger M, Nist A, Osterburg C, Dötsch V, Hrabé de Angelis M, Stiewe T. Phosphorylation Control of p53 DNA-Binding Cooperativity Balances Tumorigenesis and Aging. Cancer Res 2020; 80:5231-5244. [PMID: 32873634 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications are essential for regulating the transcription factor p53, which binds DNA in a highly cooperative manner to control expression of a plethora of tumor-suppressive programs. Here we show at the biochemical, cellular, and organismal level that the cooperative nature of DNA binding is reduced by phosphorylation of highly conserved serine residues (human S183/S185, mouse S180) in the DNA-binding domain. To explore the role of this inhibitory phosphorylation in vivo, new phosphorylation-deficient p53-S180A knock-in mice were generated. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and RNA sequencing studies of S180A knock-in cells demonstrated enhanced DNA binding and increased target gene expression. In vivo, this translated into a tissue-specific vulnerability of the bone marrow that caused depletion of hematopoietic stem cells and impaired proper regeneration of hematopoiesis after DNA damage. Median lifespan was significantly reduced by 20% from 709 days in wild type to only 568 days in S180A littermates. Importantly, lifespan was reduced by a loss of general fitness and increased susceptibility to age-related diseases, not by increased cancer incidence as often seen in other p53-mutant mouse models. For example, S180A knock-in mice showed markedly reduced spontaneous tumorigenesis and increased resistance to Myc-driven lymphoma and Eml4-Alk-driven lung cancer. Preventing phosphorylation of S183/S185 in human cells boosted p53 activity and allowed tumor cells to be killed more efficiently. Together, our data identify p53 DNA-binding domain phosphorylation as a druggable mechanism that balances tumorigenesis and aging. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate that p53 tumor suppressor activity is reduced by DNA-binding domain phosphorylation to prevent aging and identify this phosphorylation as a potential target for cancer therapy.See related commentary by Horikawa, p. 5164.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Timofeev
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Lukas Koch
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Constantin Niederau
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alina Tscherne
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jean Schneikert
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Maria Klimovich
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Elmshäuser
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marie Zeitlinger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marco Mernberger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Nist
- Genomics Core Facility, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Hrabé de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stiewe
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany. .,Genomics Core Facility, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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39
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Genomic profiling of the transcription factor Zfp148 and its impact on the p53 pathway. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14156. [PMID: 32843651 PMCID: PMC7447789 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70824-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data suggest that the transcription factor Zfp148 represses activation of the tumor suppressor p53 in mice and that therapeutic targeting of the human orthologue ZNF148 could activate the p53 pathway without causing detrimental side effects. We have previously shown that Zfp148 deficiency promotes p53-dependent proliferation arrest of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), but the underlying mechanism is not clear. Here, we showed that Zfp148 deficiency downregulated cell cycle genes in MEFs in a p53-dependent manner. Proliferation arrest of Zfp148-deficient cells required increased expression of ARF, a potent activator of the p53 pathway. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that Zfp148 bound to the ARF promoter, suggesting that Zfp148 represses ARF transcription. However, Zfp148 preferentially bound to promoters of other transcription factors, indicating that deletion of Zfp148 may have pleiotropic effects that activate ARF and p53 indirectly. In line with this, we found no evidence of genetic interaction between TP53 and ZNF148 in CRISPR and siRNA screen data from hundreds of human cancer cell lines. We conclude that Zfp148 deficiency, by increasing ARF transcription, downregulates cell cycle genes and cell proliferation in a p53-dependent manner. However, the lack of genetic interaction between ZNF148 and TP53 in human cancer cells suggests that therapeutic targeting of ZNF148 may not increase p53 activity in humans.
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Ikonomi N, Kühlwein SD, Schwab JD, Kestler HA. Awakening the HSC: Dynamic Modeling of HSC Maintenance Unravels Regulation of the TP53 Pathway and Quiescence. Front Physiol 2020; 11:848. [PMID: 32848827 PMCID: PMC7411231 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) provide all types of blood cells during the entire life of the organism. HSCs are mainly quiescent and can eventually enter the cell cycle to differentiate. HSCs are maintained and tightly regulated in a particular environment. The stem cell niche regulates dormancy and awakening. Deregulations of this interplay can lead to hematopoietic failure and diseases. In this paper, we present a Boolean network model that recapitulates HSC regulation in virtue of external signals coming from the niche. This Boolean network integrates and summarizes the current knowledge of HSC regulation and is based on extensive literature research. Furthermore, dynamic simulations suggest a novel systemic regulation of TP53 in homeostasis. Thereby, our model indicates that TP53 activity is balanced depending on external stimulations, engaging a regulatory mechanism involving ROS regulators and RAS activated transcription factors. Finally, we investigated different mouse models and compared them to in silico knockout simulations. Here, the model could recapitulate in vivo observed behaviors and thus sustains our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nensi Ikonomi
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Silke D Kühlwein
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julian D Schwab
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hans A Kestler
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Small-molecule MDM2/X inhibitors and PROTAC degraders for cancer therapy: advances and perspectives. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1253-1278. [PMID: 32874827 PMCID: PMC7452049 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking the MDM2/X–P53 protein–protein interaction has been widely recognized as an attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancers. Numerous small-molecule MDM2 inhibitors have been reported since the release of the structure of the MDM2–P53 interaction in 1996, SAR405838, NVP-CGM097, MK-8242, RG7112, RG7388, DS-3032b, and AMG232 currently undergo clinical evaluation for cancer therapy. This review is intended to provide a comprehensive and updated overview of MDM2 inhibitors and proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) degraders with a particular focus on how these inhibitors or degraders are identified from starting points, strategies employed, structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies, binding modes or co-crystal structures, biochemical data, mechanistic studies, and preclinical/clinical studies. Moreover, we briefly discuss the challenges of designing MDM2/X inhibitors for cancer therapy such as dual MDM2/X inhibition, acquired resistance and toxicity of P53 activation as well as future directions.
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42
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Huang XQ, Hao S, Zhou ZQ, Huang B, Fang JY, Tang Y, Zhang JH, Xia JC. The Roles of Ubiquitination Factor E4B (UBE4B) in the Postoperative Prognosis of Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma and in Renal Tumor Cells Growth and Metastasis. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:185-197. [PMID: 32021266 PMCID: PMC6956714 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s229577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Object This study aimed at investigating the clinical significance and biological function of ubiquitination factor E4B (UBE4B) in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods 19 paired clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) tumor samples and the matched neighboring non-tumor samples were used to detect the expression of UBE4B in RCC tumor by Western blotting and RT-qPCR. UBE4B expression was also detected in 151 ccRCC paraffin-embedded tumor samples by using immunohistochemistry. Overall survival (OS) in different UBE4B expression groups were compared with Log rank test. The prognostic value of UBE4B expression in OS was evaluated with the univariate and multivariate Cox regression models. UBE4B was knocked down by small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology, and the effect of UBE4B on cell proliferation, colony formation, metastasis, apoptosis and cell cycle of RCC cells were examined in vitro. Results Both protein and mRNA levels of UBE4B were up-regulated in ccRCC tumor tissues in contrast to the corresponding adjacent nontumor ones. UBE4B expression was positively associated with tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage and distant metastasis in ccRCC patients. Survival analyses indicated that low expression of UBE4B was associated with increased OS in ccRCC patients. Functional analyses demonstrated that siRNA silencing of UBE4B expression in SKRC39 and ACHN cells further reduced the growth, motility and invasiveness of RCC cells. Moreover, siRNA silencing of UBE4B in the RCC cell lines did not induce apoptosis, and an increase in the cell population was observed during the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Conclusion UBE4B might act as an oncogene in regulating RCC development. Therefore it could be served as an effective indicator to predict OS and a potential biomarker for targeted therapy of RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Qiong Huang
- Huadu District People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Hao
- Huadu District People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Huang
- Huadu District People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Ying Fang
- Huadu District People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhang
- Department of Health Service Management, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Chuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
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43
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Derech-Haim S, Friedman Y, Hizi A, Bakhanashvili M. p53 regulates its own expression by an intrinsic exoribonuclease activity through AU-rich elements. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:437-449. [PMID: 32016559 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The onco-suppressor p53 protein plays also an important role in the control of various aspects of health and disease. p53 levels are low in normal cells and elevated under stress conditions. While low levels of p53 promote tumor formation, overactive p53 leads to premature aging and cell death. RNA degradation is a critical level of regulation contributing to the control of gene expression. p53, as an RNA-binding protein, exerts 3' → 5' exoribonuclease activity, mediating degradation of adenylate/uridylate-rich elements (ARE)-containing ssRNAs. The 3'-UTR of p53-mRNA, which is a target of p53 itself, harbors cis-acting AREs. Our results suggest that p53 controls its own expression through murine double-minute 2 (mdm2)-independent "RNA decay" function in cytoplasm. We demonstrate that p53 expresses an exoribonuclease activity through the binding to ARE sequences of p53-mRNA via translation-independent and translation-dependent polysome-associated pathways. Antagonistic interplay was detected between p53 levels and execution of its exoribonuclease function mirrored in low p53 levels in normal cells, due to the efficient exoribonuclease activity, and in the accumulation of p53 in cells exposed to p53-activating drugs in accordance with the reduced exoribonuclease activity. Apparently, p53, via control of its own mRNA stability and/or translation in cytoplasm, might act as a negative regulator of p53-mRNA levels. The observed connection between exoribonuclease activity and p53 abundance highlights the importance of this function affecting p53 expression, imperative for multiple functions, with implications for the steady-state levels of protein and for the p53 stress response. The modulation in expression of exoribonuclease activity would be translated into the alterations in p53 level. KEY MESSAGES: p53 controls its own expression through mdm2-independent "RNA decay" function in cytoplasm. p53 expresses an exoribonuclease activity through the binding to ARE sequences of p53-mRNA. Antagonistic interplay exists between stress-induced p53 and execution of its exoribonuclease function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Derech-Haim
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Sheba Medical Center, 5265601, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Yael Friedman
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Amnon Hizi
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mary Bakhanashvili
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Sheba Medical Center, 5265601, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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44
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Sanz G, Singh M, Peuget S, Selivanova G. Inhibition of p53 inhibitors: progress, challenges and perspectives. J Mol Cell Biol 2019; 11:586-599. [PMID: 31310659 PMCID: PMC6735775 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjz075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is the major tumor suppressor and the most frequently inactivated gene in cancer. p53 could be disabled either by mutations or by upstream negative regulators, including, but not limited to MDM2 and MDMX. p53 activity is required for the prevention as well as for the eradication of cancers. Restoration of p53 activity in mouse models leads to the suppression of established tumors of different origin. These findings provide a strong support to the anti-cancer strategy aimed for p53 reactivation. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the development of small molecules, which restore the tumor suppressor function of wild-type p53 and discuss their clinical advance. We discuss different aspects of p53-mediated response, which contribute to suppression of tumors, including non-canonical p53 activities, such as regulation of immune response. While targeting p53 inhibitors is a very promising approach, there are certain limitations and concerns that the intensive research and clinical evaluation of compounds will hopefully help to overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Sanz
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum 8C, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
| | - Madhurendra Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum 8C, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
| | - Sylvain Peuget
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum 8C, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
| | - Galina Selivanova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum 8C, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
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45
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Kosztyu P, Slaninová I, Valčíková B, Verlande A, Müller P, Paleček JJ, Uldrijan S. A Single Conserved Amino Acid Residue as a Critical Context-Specific Determinant of the Differential Ability of Mdm2 and MdmX RING Domains to Dimerize. Front Physiol 2019; 10:390. [PMID: 31024344 PMCID: PMC6465955 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mdm2 and MdmX are related proteins serving in the form of the Mdm2 homodimer or Mdm2/MdmX heterodimer as an E3 ubiquitin ligase for the tumor suppressor p53. The dimerization is required for the E3 activity and is mediated by the conserved RING domains present in both proteins, but only the RING domain of Mdm2 can form homodimers efficiently. We performed a systematic mutational analysis of human Mdm2, exchanging parts of the RING with the corresponding MdmX sequence, to identify the molecular determinants of this difference. Mdm2 can also promote MdmX degradation, and we identified several mutations blocking it. They were located mainly at the Mdm2/E2 interface and did not disrupt the MdmX-Mdm2 interaction. Surprisingly, some mutations of the Mdm2/E2 interface inhibited MdmX degradation, which is mediated by the Mdm2/MdmX heterodimer, but did not affect p53 degradation, mediated by the Mdm2 homodimer. Only one mutant, replacing a conserved cysteine 449 with asparagine (C449N), disrupted the ability of Mdm2 to dimerize with MdmX. When we introduced the cysteine residue into the corresponding site in MdmX, the RING domain became capable of forming dimers with other MdmX molecules in vivo, suggesting that one conserved amino acid residue in the RINGs of Mdm2 and MdmX could serve as the determinant of the differential ability of these domains to form dimers and their E3 activity. In immunoprecipitations, however, the homodimerization of MdmX could be observed only when the asparagine residue was replaced with cysteine in both RINGs. This result suggested that heterocomplexes consisting of one mutated MdmX RING with cysteine and one wild-type MdmX RING with asparagine might be less stable, despite being readily detectable in the cell-based assay. Moreover, Mdm2 C449N blocked Mdm2-MdmX heterodimerization but did not disrupt the ability of Mdm2 homodimer to promote p53 degradation, suggesting that the effect of the conserved cysteine and asparagine residues on dimerization was context-specific. Collectively, our results indicate that the effects of individual exchanges of conserved residues between Mdm2 and MdmX RING domains might be context-specific, supporting the hypothesis that Mdm2 RING homodimers and Mdm2-MdmX heterodimers may not be entirely structurally equivalent, despite their apparent similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Kosztyu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Iva Slaninová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Barbora Valčíková
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Amandine Verlande
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petr Müller
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan J Paleček
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Stjepan Uldrijan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
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Soni S, Anand P, Padwad YS. MAPKAPK2: the master regulator of RNA-binding proteins modulates transcript stability and tumor progression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:121. [PMID: 30850014 PMCID: PMC6408796 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) pathway has been implicated in a variety of pathological conditions including inflammation and metastasis. Post-transcriptional regulation of genes harboring adenine/uridine-rich elements (AREs) in their 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) is controlled by MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2 or MK2), a downstream substrate of the p38MAPK. In response to diverse extracellular stimuli, MK2 influences crucial signaling events, regulates inflammatory cytokines, transcript stability and critical cellular processes. Expression of genes involved in these vital cellular cascades is controlled by subtle interactions in underlying molecular networks and post-transcriptional gene regulation that determines transcript fate in association with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Several RBPs associate with the 3'-UTRs of the target transcripts and regulate their expression via modulation of transcript stability. Although MK2 regulates important cellular phenomenon, yet its biological significance in tumor progression has not been well elucidated till date. In this review, we have highlighted in detail the importance of MK2 as the master regulator of RBPs and its role in the regulation of transcript stability, tumor progression, as well as the possibility of use of MK2 as a therapeutic target in tumor management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Soni
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Food and Nutraceuticals Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prince Anand
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Food and Nutraceuticals Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yogendra S Padwad
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Food and Nutraceuticals Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Nakamura K, Sawada K, Miyamoto M, Kinose Y, Yoshimura A, Ishida K, Kobayashi M, Shimizu A, Nakatsuka E, Hashimoto K, Mabuchi S, Kimura T. Downregulation of miR-194-5p induces paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer cells by altering MDM2 expression. Oncotarget 2019; 10:673-683. [PMID: 30774764 PMCID: PMC6363016 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel is a first-line drug for treating epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). However, prognosis for patients with advanced stage cancer remains poor due to primary or acquired drug resistance. Therefore, overcoming chemoresistance is one of the greatest challenges in treating EOC. In this study, we identified microRNAs (miRNA) that regulate paclitaxel resistance and tested their potential utility as therapeutic targets. Paclitaxel-resistant cell lines were established using two EOC cell lines: SKVO3ip1 and HeyA8. miRNA PCR arrays showed that miR-194-5p was downregulated in paclitaxel-resistant cells. Forced expression of miR-194-5p resensitized resistant cells to paclitaxel. Conversely, miR-194-5p inhibition induced paclitaxel resistance in parental cells. In silico analysis and luciferase reporter assay revealed that MDM2 is a direct target of miR-194-5p. MDM2 was upregulated in paclitaxel resistant cells compared with parental cells. MDM2 inhibition also resensitized resistant cells to paclitaxel and forced MDM2 induced paclitaxel resistance in parental cells. miR-194-5p induced p21 upregulation and G1 phase arrest in resistant cells by downregulating MDM2. Furthermore, a public database showed that high MDM2 expression was associated with a shorter progression-free survival in EOC patients treated with paclitaxel. Collectively, our results show that restoring miR-194-5p expression resensitizes EOCs to paclitaxel, and this may be exploited as a therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Kenjiro Sawada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan
| | - Mayuko Miyamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan
| | - Yasuto Kinose
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan.,Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building II/III, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan
| | - Kyoso Ishida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan
| | - Aasa Shimizu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan
| | - Erika Nakatsuka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan
| | - Kae Hashimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan
| | - Seiji Mabuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan
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Labuschagne CF, Zani F, Vousden KH. Control of metabolism by p53 - Cancer and beyond. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1870:32-42. [PMID: 29883595 PMCID: PMC6102416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
p53 is an important tumour suppressor gene, with loss of p53 contributing to the development of most human cancers. However, the activation of p53 in response to stress signals underpins a role for p53 in diverse aspects of health and disease. Activities of p53 that regulate metabolism can play a role in maintaining homeostasis and protecting cells from damage - so preventing disease development. By contrast, either loss or over-activation of p53 can contribute to numerous metabolic pathologies, including aging, obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Zani
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Karen H Vousden
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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49
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Inhibition of MDM2 via Nutlin-3A: A Potential Therapeutic Approach for Pleural Mesotheliomas with MDM2-Induced Inactivation of Wild-Type P53. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2018; 2018:1986982. [PMID: 30112000 PMCID: PMC6077509 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1986982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previously, our group demonstrated that nuclear expression of E3 ubiquitin ligase (MDM2) in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is significantly associated with decreased overall survival. A possible explanation may be that overexpression of MDM2 leads to a proteasomal degradation of TP53 that eventually results in a loss of TP53-induced apoptosis and senescence. It is well known from other tumor entities that restoration of TP53 activity, e.g., by MDM2 inhibition, results in an instant TP53-induced stress and/or DNA damage response of cancer cells. Nutlin-3A (a cis-imidazoline analogue) has been described as a potent and selective MDM2 inhibitor preventing MDM2-TP53-interaction by specific binding to the hydrophobic TP53-binding pocket of MDM2. In the present study, the effects of MDM2 inhibition in MPM via Nutlin-3A and standard platinum based chemotherapeutic agents were comparatively tested in three MPM cell lines (NCI-H2052, MSTO-211H, and NCI-H2452) showing different expression profiles of TP53, MDM2, and its physiological inhibitor of MDM2—P14/ARF. Our in vitro experiments on MPM cell lines revealed that Nutlin-3A in combination with cisplatin resulted in up to 9.75 times higher induction of senescence (p=0.0050) and up to 5 times higher apoptosis rate (p=0.0067) compared to the commonly applied cisplatin and pemetrexed regimens. Thus Nutlin-3A, a potent inhibitor of MDM2, is associated with a significant induction of senescence and apoptosis in MPM cell lines, making Nutlin-3A a promising substance for a targeted therapy in the subgroup of MPM showing MDM2 overexpression.
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50
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Targeting the spliceosome for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma therapy: a role for c-MYC and wild-type p53 in determining the degree of tumour selectivity. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23029-23046. [PMID: 29796170 PMCID: PMC5955416 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that suppression of the spliceosome has potential for the treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). The small-molecule inhibitors of the spliceosome at the most advanced stage of development target the splicing factor SF3B1/SF3b155. The majority of cSCC cell lines are more sensitive than normal skin cells to death induced by the SF3B1 inhibitor pladienolide B. Knockdown of SF3B1 and a range of other splicing factors with diverse roles in the spliceosome can also selectively kill cSCC cells. We demonstrate that endogenous c-MYC participates in conferring sensitivity to spliceosome inhibition. c-MYC expression is elevated in cSCC lines and its knockdown reduces alterations in mRNA splicing and attenuates cell death caused by interference with the spliceosome. In addition, this study provides further support for a key role of the p53 pathway in the response to spliceosome disruption. SF3B1 inhibition causes wild-type p53 upregulation associated with altered mRNA splicing and reduced protein expression of both principal p53 negative regulators MDMX/MDM4 and MDM2. We observed that wild-type p53 can promote pladienolide B-induced death in tumour cells. However, p53 is commonly inactivated by mutation in cSCCs and p53 participates in killing normal skin cells at high concentrations of pladienolide B. This may limit the therapeutic window of SF3B1 inhibitors for cSCC. We provide evidence that, while suppression of SF3B1 has promise for treating cSCCs with mutant p53, inhibitors which target the spliceosome through SF3B1-independent mechanisms could have greater cSCC selectivity as a consequence of reduced p53 upregulation in normal cells.
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