Accessories to the crime: functions of cells recruited to the tumor microenvironment

Antitumor efficacy of intermittent low-dose erlotinib plus sulindac via MHC upregulation and remodeling of the immune cell niche

A previously reported clinical trial in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients treated with erlotinib plus sulindac (ERL + SUL) highlighted immune response/interferon-γ signaling as a key pathway. In this study, we combine intermittent low-dose ERL ± SUL treatment in the polyposis in rat colon (Pirc) model with mechanistic studies on tumor-associated immune modulation. At clinically relevant doses, short-term (16 weeks) and long-term (46 weeks) ERL ± SUL administration results in near-complete tumor suppression in Pirc colon and duodenum (p < 0.0001). We identify a low-dose threshold for significant antitumor activity in Pirc rats given SUL at 125 ppm in the diet plus ERL at 5 mg/kg body weight via twice-weekly oral gavage (SUL125 + ERL5 × 2). Longitudinal analyses show diminished expression of MHC class I and II genes in polyps larger than Grade 5, a novel finding in the Pirc model. Treatment with ERL ± SUL upregulates the corresponding MHC and immune-associated factors in a subset of Pirc colon polyps, Pirc tumor cell lines, murine colon carcinoma cells, and FAP patient-derived organoids, with Nlrc5 playing a critical role in this effect. Imaging mass cytometry reveals that SUL125 + ERL5 × 2 increases tumor-associated Cd4+ T cells by ~2.6-fold (p < 0.05), with no apparent effect on Cd8+ T cells. The treatment also increases tumor-associated Cd68+ cells (p < 0.05) and decreases Foxp3+ (p < 0.01) and Arg1+ (p < 0.05) cells. Thus, intermittent low-dose ERL + SUL treatment enhances tumor-associated MHC expression and remodels the immune cell niche toward a more permissive "helper" immune microenvironment. We conclude that early immune-interception strategies targeting interferon-γ signaling may benefit FAP patients at drug doses below the clinical standard of care.

Targeting MYC: Multidimensional regulation and therapeutic strategies in oncology

MYC is dysregulated in approximately 70% of human cancers, strongly suggesting its essential function in cancer. MYC regulates many biological processes, such as cell cycle, metabolism, cellular senescence, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and immune escape. MYC plays a central role in carcinogenesis and is a key regulator of tumor development and drug resistance. Therefore, MYC is one of the most alluring therapeutic targets for developing cancer drugs. Although the search for direct inhibitors of MYC is challenging, MYC cannot simply be assumed to be undruggable. Targeting the MYC-MAX complex has been an effective method for directly targeting MYC. Alternatively, indirect targeting of MYC represents a more pragmatic therapeutic approach, mainly including inhibition of the transcriptional or translational processes of MYC, destabilization of the MYC protein, and blocking genes that are synthetically lethal with MYC overexpression. In this review, we delineate the multifaceted roles of MYC in cancer progression, highlighting a spectrum of therapeutic strategies and inhibitors for cancer therapy that target MYC, either directly or indirectly.

Dynamics of inflammatory signals within the tumor microenvironment

Tumor stroma, or tumor microenvironment (TME), has been in the spotlight during recent years for its role in tumor development, growth, and metastasis. It consists of a myriad of elements, including tumor-associated macrophages, cancer-associated fibroblasts, a deregulated extracellular matrix, endothelial cells, and vascular vessels. The release of proinflammatory molecules, due to the inflamed microenvironment, such as cytokines and chemokines is found to play a pivotal role in progression of cancer and response to therapy. This review discusses the major key players and important chemical inflammatory signals released in the TME. Furthermore, the latest breakthroughs in cytokine-mediated crosstalk between immune cells and cancer cells have been highlighted. In addition, recent updates on alterations in cytokine signaling between chronic inflammation and malignant TME have also been reviewed.

Therapeutic targets in the Wnt signaling pathway: Treating cancer with specificity

The Wnt signaling pathway is a critical regulatory mechanism that governs cell cycle progression, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, stemness, and the tumor immune microenvironment, while also maintaining tissue homeostasis. Dysregulated activation of this pathway is implicated in various cancers, closely linked to tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. The Wnt/β-catenin axis plays a central role in the pathogenesis of common cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC), breast cancer (BC), liver cancer, and lung cancer. Unlike traditional chemotherapy, targeted therapy offers a more precise approach to cancer treatment. As a key regulator of oncogenesis, the Wnt pathway represents a promising target for clinical interventions. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the Wnt signaling pathway, exploring its roles in tumor biology and its implications in human malignancies. It further examines the molecular mechanisms and modes of action across different cancers, detailing how the Wnt pathway contributes to tumor progression through mechanisms such as metastasis promotion, immune modulation, drug resistance, and enhanced cellular proliferation. Finally, therapeutic strategies targeting Wnt pathway components are discussed, including inhibitors targeting extracellular members, as well as those within the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. The potential of these targets in the development of novel therapeutic agents underscores the critical importance of intervening in the Wnt signaling pathway for effective cancer treatment.

Integrated analyses reveal CXCL11 as an inhibitor in ovarian cancer and its facilitation of an M1 macrophage switch via the JAK2/STAT1 pathway

M1-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have been put forth as a critical component in the advancement of cancer biology, including oncogenesis, development, invasion, metastasis, and the formation of tumor microenvironment (TME). Nevertheless, there has been a paucity of research examining the functions and associated molecular mechanisms of the M1-like TAMs in ovarian cancer (OC). The objective of this study is twofold: first, to gain a deeper understanding of the positive role of M1-like TAMs in OC; and second, to identify reliable biomarkers to stratify the risk of disease progression in OC patients via integrated analyses. Leveraging combined single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and bulk transcriptomic data, we systematically identified M1 macrophage-associated molecules and established their prognostic significance in OC. CXCL11 was pinpointed as the central biomarker, with its protective role further validated through bioinformatics analyses and in vitro functional assays. Collectively, our findings advance the understanding of M1 macrophage-related molecular networks in OC and reveal CXCL11 as a dual-functional entity: a favorable prognostic biomarker and a positive regulatory molecule of M1 polarization via the JAK2-STAT1 pathway. These insights position CXCL11 as a promising therapeutic target and prognostic indicator for OC, offering a new perspective for the immunotherapy of OC.

Elucidating the tumor microenvironment interactions in breast, cervical, and ovarian cancer through single-cell RNA sequencing

This study aimed to identify the key cell types and their interactions in gynecological oncology of breast cancer, cervical cancer, and ovarian cancer. Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on tumor samples of gynecological oncology from the GEO database. Cell types were identified using SingleR and cell composition was analyzed to understand the tumor microenvironment (TME). CellChat was used to analyze cell interactions, and pseudotemporal analysis was conducted on cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to understand their differentiation status. Four CAF subtypes were identified: iCAF, myCAF, proCAF, and matCAF. The iCAF subpopulation secreted COL1A1 and promoted tumor cell migration, while myCAF was involved in angiogenesis. The matCAF subpopulation was present throughout tumor development. TAMs were found to promote angiogenesis through the VEGFA_VEGFR2 signaling pathway. CAFs and TAMs play pivotal roles in tumor progression through their interactions and signaling pathways.

An overview of the relationship between melatonin and drug resistance in cancers

The most common methods of treating cancer are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. However, given that some cancers are not operable, the best method is chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Over time, people become resistant to chemotherapy drugs, and increasing the dose of the drug leads to damage to normal cells. In this article, various sources such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Semantic Scholar were used, and articles between 1997 and 2025 that were relevant to our topic were selected. Various factors are involved in drug resistance. Melatonin is a hormone that has various roles in the body. One of its most important functions is regulating the circadian rhythm of sleep and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. According to studies, melatonin plays a role in the treatment of some diseases and cancers. The roles of melatonin in cancer treatment include anti-apoptotic, anti-angiogenic, and anti-migratory effects, as well as drug resistance and cell cycle regulation. As mentioned, one of the main reasons for the failure of cancer treatment is drug resistance, and the role of melatonin in drug resistance in cancers has been proven. Therefore, in this study, our goal is to investigate the mechanisms through which melatonin plays a role in drug resistance in different types of cancer.

Autophagy mediated immune response regulation and drug resistance in cancer

Autophagy is a critical regulator of cellular homeostasis. The proteins involved in autophagy orchestrate the functions to strike the balance between cell survival and cell death in context-specific situations like aging, infections, inflammation and most importantly carcinogenesis. One of the major dead-locks in cancer treatment is the development of resistance to the available drugs (multi-drug resistance) as well as immune-suppressions in patients. Different studies over time have shown that autophagy is being involved in chemotherapy by working hand in hand with apoptosis or drug resistance through proliferative signals. Resistance to various drugs, such as, Cisplatin, Vincristine, Tamoxifen (TAM) occurs by epigenetic modifications, changed expression levels of microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are regulated by the aberrant autophagy levels in lung, and breast cancers. More interestingly in the tumour microenvironment the immune suppressor cells also bring in autophagy in different pathway regulations either helping or opposing the whole carcinogenesis process. Macrophages, T cells, B cells, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, and fibroblasts show involvement of autophagy in their differentiation and development in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, this extensive review for the first time tries to bring under a single canopy, several recent examples of autophagy-mediated immune regulations and autophagy-mediated epigenetically regulated drug resistance in different types of cancers.

Hemorrhagic and ischemic risks of anti-VEGF therapies in glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive primary brain tumors, characterized by extensive neovascularization and a highly infiltrative phenotype. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapies, such as bevacizumab, have emerged as significant adjunct treatments for recurrent and high-grade GBM by targeting abnormal tumor vasculature. Despite demonstrated benefits in slowing tumor progression and alleviating peritumoral edema, these agents are associated with notable vascular complications, including hemorrhagic and ischemic events. Hemorrhagic complications range from minor intracranial microbleeds to life-threatening intracranial hemorrhages (ICH). Mechanistically, VEGF inhibition disrupts endothelial function and decreases vascular integrity, making already fragile tumor vessels prone to rupture. Glioma-associated vascular abnormalities, including disorganized vessel networks and compromised blood-brain barrier, further exacerbate bleeding risks. Concurrent use of anticoagulants, hypertension, and genetic predispositions also significantly elevate hemorrhagic risk. In addition to bleeding complications, ischemic events are increasingly recognized in patients receiving anti-VEGF therapy. Reduced vascular endothelial cells (ECs) survival and diminished microvascular density can lead to regional hypoperfusion and potentially precipitate cerebrovascular ischemia. Impaired vasoreactivity and increased vascular resistance, often accompanied by endothelial dysfunction and microvascular rarefaction, contribute to elevated stroke and arterial thrombotic risk. This review synthesizes current evidence on hemorrhagic and ischemic complications arising from anti-VEGF therapy in GBM. We discuss underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, risk factors, and clinically relevant biomarkers, as well as prevention strategies-such as rigorous blood pressure (BP) control and close monitoring of coagulation parameters. We further highlight emerging avenues in precision medicine, including pharmacogenomic profiling and targeted adjunct agents that protect vascular integrity, aimed at mitigating adverse vascular events while preserving therapeutic efficacy. The goal is to optimize outcomes for GBM patients by balancing the benefits of anti-VEGF therapy with vigilant management of its inherent vascular risks. In addition, this study analyzes existing clinical trials of the use of anti-VEGF drugs in the treatment of gliomas using data from the clinicaltirals.gov website.

Modeling Tumor Microenvironment Complexity In Vitro: Spheroids as Physiologically Relevant Tumor Models and Strategies for Their Analysis

Drug delivery to solid tumors is challenged by multiple physiological barriers arising from the tumor microenvironment, including dense extracellular matrix, cellular heterogeneity, hypoxic gradients, and elevated interstitial fluid pressure. These features hinder the uniform distribution and accumulation of therapeutics, reducing treatment efficacy. Despite their widespread use, conventional two-dimensional monolayer cultures fail to reproduce these complexities, contributing to the poor translational predictability of many preclinical candidates. Three-dimensional multicellular tumor spheroids have emerged as more representative in vitro models that capture essential features of tumor architecture, stromal interactions, and microenvironmental resistance mechanisms. Spheroids exhibit spatially organized regions of proliferation, quiescence, and hypoxia, and can incorporate non-tumor cells to mimic tumor-stroma crosstalk. Advances in spheroid analysis now enable detailed evaluation of drug penetration, cellular migration, cytotoxic response, and molecular gradients using techniques such as optical and confocal imaging, large-particle flow cytometry, biochemical viability assays, and microfluidic integration. By combining physiological relevance with analytical accessibility, spheroid models support mechanistic studies of drug transport and efficacy under tumor-like conditions. Their adoption into routine preclinical workflows has the potential to improve translational accuracy while reducing reliance on animal models.

Differential Modulation of Endothelial Cell Functionality by LRP1 Expression in Fibroblasts and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts via Paracrine signals and Matrix Remodeling

LRP1 is a multifunctional endocytosis receptor involved in the regulation of cancer cell aggressiveness, fibroblast phenotype and angiogenesis. In breast cancer microenvironment, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a crucial role in matrix remodeling and tumor niche composition. LRP1 expression was described in fibroblasts and CAFs but remains poorly understood regarding its impact on endothelial cell behavior and angiocrine signaling. We analyzed the angio-modulatory effect of LRP1 expression in murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and breast cancer-educated CAF2 cells. We employed conditioned media and fibroblast-derived matrices to model fibroblastic cells angiogenic effects on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Neither the extracellular matrix assembled by MEFs knock-out for LRP1 (PEA-13) nor their secretome modify the migration of HUVEC as compared to wild-type. Conversely, LRP1-deficient CAF2 secretome and matrices stimulate endothelial cell migration. Using spheroids, we demonstrate that PEA-13 secretome does not affect HUVEC angio-invasion. By contrast, CAF2 secretome invalidated for LRP1 stimulates endothelial sprouting as compared to controls. In addition, it specifically stabilized peripheral VE-cadherin-mediated endothelial cell junctions. A global proteomic analysis revealed that LRP1 expression in CAFs orchestrates a specific mobilization of secreted matricial components, surface receptors and membrane-associated proteins at the endothelial cell surface, thereby illustrating the deep influence exerted by LRP1 in angiogenic signals emitted by activated fibroblasts.

Artificial Intelligence-Guided Cancer Engineering for Tumor Normalization Executed by Tumor Lysosomal-Triggered Supramolecular Chiral Peptide

Cancer engineering for tumor normalization offers a promising therapeutic strategy to reverse malignant cells and their supportive tumor microenvironment into a more benign state. Herein, an artificial intelligence (AI) approach was developed using mRNA data from patients with lung adenocarcinoma to facilitate the identification of aberrant signaling pathways, specifically focusing on PD-L1, Wnt, and macropinocytosis. Targeting these characteristics, we have developed a supramolecular construct called cancer corrector (CCtor) with the aim of harnessing the enhanced macropinocytosis observed in cancer cells. Undergoing cleavage and subsequent drug release triggered by the lysosomal protease in cancer cells, CCtor rectifies the aberrant hyperactivity of both Wnt and PD-L1 signaling pathways. This dual-action therapeutic strategy not only restores normalcy to cancer cells but also exerts an exceptionally robust therapeutic effect. This work exemplifies a future direction for cancer therapies by combining AI with molecular engineering to significantly improve patient outcomes through tumor behavior normalization.

Emerging advances and future opportunities in the molecular and therapeutic landscape of anal cancer

Anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) is a rare malignancy with an increasing incidence. Primary chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is the standard-of-care treatment for patients with localized ASCC. In the metastatic setting, trials testing immune-checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy have demonstrated outcomes similar to those of patients receiving chemotherapy. Conversely, adding the anti-PD-1 antibody retifanlimab to chemotherapy in patients with recurrent or metastatic ASCC has been shown to significantly improve outcomes. Despite considerable efforts to develop personalized therapy, treatment guidance and prognosis remain reliant on baseline clinical characteristics. An improved understanding of the molecular characteristics of ASCC has provided insights into the mechanisms that mediate tumour progression and response to CRT. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is known to have an aetiological role in most ASCCs and can modulate cellular responses to CRT via several distinct mechanisms. In this Review, we summarize emerging advances in the molecular and therapeutic landscape of ASCC, including the implementation of biomarkers for treatment guidance and translation into new therapeutic approaches, with HPV infection constituting a global determinant of both tumour biology and clinical outcome. We also discuss the rationale for combining immune-checkpoint inhibitors with CRT in patients with HPV+ tumours.

Development and validation of a cancer-associated fibroblast gene signature-based model for predicting immunotherapy response in colon cancer

The efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in colon cancer has been established, and there is an urgent need to identify new molecular markers for colon cancer immunotherapy to guide clinical decisions. Using the "EPIC" and "MCPcounter" R packages to conduct cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) infiltration scoring on colon cancer samples from the TCGA database and the GEO database, the WGCNA analysis was performed on the two databases' samples based on the CAF infiltration scores to screen for CAF-related genes. LASSO regression analysis was used to construct a risk model with these genes. Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis was conducted on the constructed model to evaluate the stability of its prediction of CAF infiltration abundance and the stability of its prediction of immunotherapy efficacy. The newly constructed risk model could well reflect the abundance of CAF infiltration in colon cancer, with a correlation coefficient of 0.91 in the training cohort TCGA-COAD and 0.88 in the validation cohort GSE39582. GSEA analysis revealed that CAF is closely related to functions associated with extracellular matrix remodeling. The constructed risk model can predict the efficacy of immunotherapy in colon cancer well, with the high-risk group showing significantly poorer immunotherapy response than the low-risk group, with an expected effective rate of immunotherapy of 68 vs. 24% in the training group (P < 0.001) and 64 vs. 26% in the validation group (P < 0.001). The AUC value for predicting immunotherapy response by the risk model in the training group was 0.780 (95% CI 0.736-0.820), and in the validation group, the AUC value was 0.774 (95% CI 0.735-0.810). Drug sensitivity analysis showed that the expected chemotherapeutic effect in the low-risk group was superior to that in the high-risk group. CAF is associated with immunosuppression and drug resistance. Predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy in colon cancer based on the abundance of CAF infiltration is a feasible approach. For the high-risk population identified by our model, clinical consideration should be given to prioritizing non-immunotherapy approaches to avoid potential risks associated with immunotherapy.

Correlation of the abundance of MDSCs, Tregs, PD-1, and PD-L1 with the efficacy of chemotherapy and prognosis in gastric cancer

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between tumor microenvironment markers (myeloid-derived suppressor cells [MDSCs], regulatory T cells [Tregs], programmed cell death 1 [PD-1], and programmed death ligand 1 [PD-L1]) and chemotherapy efficacy and prognosis in advanced gastric cancer, identifying potential monitoring indicators.

METHODS

Advanced gastric cancer patients' MDSC and Treg expression was measured by flow cytometry pre- and postchemotherapy; PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in cancer tissues was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Correlations with chemotherapy outcomes and prognosis were analyzed.

RESULTS

Postchemotherapy reductions in MDSC and Treg levels correlated with chemotherapy efficacy (P <.01). Negative PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in cancer tissues predicted better chemotherapy responses (P <.01). Patients with lower MDSC and Treg levels and negative PD-1 and PD-L1 had significantly longer median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) (P <.05).

CONCLUSION

In advanced gastric cancer, reduced peripheral blood MDSC and Treg levels postchemotherapy and negative PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in tissues are associated with improved chemotherapy efficacy and are independent prognostic factors for PFS and OS.

Repurposing tranexamic acid as an anticancer drug: a systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

Drug repurposing may be an efficient strategy for identifying new cancer treatments. Tranexamic acid (TXA), an antifibrinolytic agent that affects the plasminogen-plasmin pathway, may have potential anticancer effects by influencing tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, inflammation, immune response, and tissue remodeling-all crucial processes contributing to tumor progression and metastasis.

OBJECTIVE

Evaluate TXA's anticancer effects across in vitro, animal, and clinical studies to assess its potential as a repurposed cancer drug.

METHODS

The study was designed as a PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis. The literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. In vitro, animal, and clinical studies investigating the anticancer effects of TXA or epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) were included. Animal and clinical studies were critically appraised, and studies with a low risk of bias were included in the meta-analysis.

RESULTS

Of 4367 identified records, 38 articles were included, collectively reporting findings from 41 in vitro studies, 34 animal studies (n = 843 animals), and seven clinical studies (n = 91 patients). The meta-analysis included nine animal studies and showed a tumor growth reduction in animals treated with TXA compared to controls with a standardized mean difference of - 1.0 (95%CI - 1.5; - 0.4) (p = 0.0002). Equivalently, the majority of in vitro studies reported reduced proliferation, viability, and invasiveness in TXA-exposed tumor cell lines. The clinical studies were considerably susceptible to bias, rendering any conclusions futile.

CONCLUSIONS

TXA shows promise as a repurposed cancer drug, revealing an overall reduction in tumor growth, viability, and invasiveness in animal and in vitro studies.

Enhanced potency of immune checkpoint inhibitors against poorly immunological solid tumors by immune stimulatory oncolytic adenoviruses-mediated remodeling of the tumor microenvironment

Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) have shown promising results against a variety of solid tumors across clinical trials. However, ICI monotherapy is often ineffective in patients with non-immunogenic tumors that exhibit high level of immunosuppression and low level of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. To address these limitations, we have investigated a combination of ICIs [anti-PD-1 antibody (αPD-1), anti-PD-L1 antibody (αPD-L1), or anti-CTLA-4 antibody (αCTLA-4)] with several different immune stimulatory oncolytic adenoviruses (Ads) expressing different combinations of antitumor cytokines or immune modulatory factors [e.g., (1) interleukin (IL)-12 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF; RdB/IL12/GMCSF), (2) IL-12 and short hairpin ribonucleic acid (shRNA) targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (RdB/IL12/shVEGF), (3) IL-12 and decorin (RdB/IL12/DCN), (4) GM-CSF, and thymidine kinase (RdB/IL12/GMCSF-TK), or (5) IL-12, GM-CSF, and relaxin (RdB/IL12/GMCSF-RLX)] to overcome tumor-induced immunosuppression. Through comparative evaluation of combination therapy regimens, our findings have identified αPD-1 as the optimal ICI candidate to synergize with different oncolytic Ads to induce potent antitumor immune response against poorly immunological solid tumors.

Proximity labeling and SILAC based proteomic approach identifies proteins at the interface of homotypic and heterotypic cancer cell interactions

Cell-cell interactions are critical for the growth of organisms and maintaining homeostasis. In the tumor microenvironment, these interactions promote cancer progression. Given their importance in healthy and diseased conditions, we have developed a method to analyze the cell-to-cell interactome. Our approach uses enzyme-catalyzed proximity labeling and SILAC-based proteomics to identify the proteins involved in cancer cell interactions. By targeting HRP to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane in bait cells, we were able to label the neighboring prey cells and distinguish between the proteomes of bait and prey cells using SILAC labeling in a co-culture system. We mapped both the homotypic and heterotypic interactomes of epithelial and mesenchymal breast cancer cells. The enrichment of cell surface and extracellular proteins confirms the specificity of our methodology. We further verified selected hits from different cell-cell interactomes in co-cultures using microscopy. This method revealed prominent signaling pathways orchestrating homotypic and heterotypic interactions of epithelial and mesenchymal cells. It also highlights the importance of exosomes in these interactions. Our methodology can be applied to any type of cell-cell interaction in 2D co-culture or 3D tumor models.

KLF7-regulated ITGA2 as a therapeutic target for inhibiting oral cancer stem cells

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play crucial roles in tumor metastasis, therapy resistance, and immune evasion. Identifying and understanding the factors that regulate the stemness of tumor cells presents promising opportunities for developing effective therapeutic strategies. In this study on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), we confirmed the key role of KLF7 in maintaining the stemness of OSCC. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and dual-luciferase assays, we identified ITGA2, a membrane receptor, as a key downstream gene regulated by KLF7 in the maintenance of stemness. Tumor sphere formation assays, flow cytometry analyses, and in vivo limiting dilution tumorigenicity evaluations demonstrated that knocking down ITGA2 significantly impaired stemness. Upon binding to its extracellular matrix (ECM) ligand, type I collagen, ITGA2 activates stemness-associated signaling pathways, including PI3K-AKT, MAPK, and Hippo. TC-I 15, a small-molecule inhibitor of the ITGA2-collagen interaction, significantly sensitizes oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) to cisplatin in xenograft models. In summary, we reveal that the KLF7/ITGA2 axis is a crucial modulator of stemness in OSCC. Our findings suggest that ITGA2 is a promising therapeutic target, offering a novel anti-CSC strategy.

Current knowledge on the mechanisms underpinning vasculogenic mimicry in triple negative breast cancer and the emerging role of nitric oxide

Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is the process by which cancer cells form vascular-like channels to support their growth and dissemination. These channels lack endothelial cells and are instead lined by the tumour cells themselves. VM was first reported in uveal melanomas but has since been associated with other aggressive solid tumours, such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). In TNBC patients, VM is associated with tumour aggressiveness, drug resistance, metastatic burden, and poor prognosis. The lack of effective targeted therapies for TNBC has stimulated research on the mechanisms underpinning VM in order to identify novel druggable targets. In recent years, studies have highlighted the role of nitric oxide (NO), the NO synthesis inhibitor, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (DDAH1), the key enzyme responsible for ADMA metabolism, in regulating VM. Specifically, NO inhibition through downregulation of DDAH1 and consequent accumulation of ADMA appears to be a promising strategy to suppress VM in TNBC. This review discusses the current knowledge regarding the molecular pathways underpinning VM in TNBC, anti-VM therapies under investigation, and the emerging role of NO regulation in VM.

Disruption of P2Y2 Signaling Promotes Breast Tumor Cell Dissemination by Reducing ATP-Dependent Calcium Elevation and Actin Localization to Cell Junctions

The tumor microenvironment and healing wounds both contain extremely high concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) compared to normal tissue. The P2Y2 receptor, an ATP-activated purinergic receptor, is typically associated with pulmonary, endothelial, and neurological cell signaling. Here, we examine ATP-dependent signaling in breast epithelial cells and how it is altered in metastatic breast cancer. Using rapid imaging techniques, we show how ATP-activated P2Y2 signaling causes an increase in intracellular Ca2+ in non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cells, approximately 3-fold higher than their tumorigenic and metastatic counterparts. The non-tumorigenic cells respond to increased Ca2+ with actin polymerization and localization to the cell edges after phalloidin staining, while the metastatic cells remain unaffected. The increase in intracellular Ca2+ after ATP stimulation was blunted to control levels using a P2Y2 antagonist, which also prevented actin mobilization and significantly increased cell dissemination from spheroids in non-tumorigenic cells. Furthermore, the lack of Ca2+ changes and actin mobilization in metastatic breast cancer cells could be due to the reduced P2Y2 expression, which correlates with poorer overall survival in breast cancer patients. This study elucidates the rapid changes that occur after elevated intracellular Ca2+ in breast epithelial cells and how metastatic cancer cells have adapted to evade this cellular response.

Potential Mechanisms for Immunotherapy Resistance in Adult Soft-Tissue Sarcoma

Soft-tissue sarcomas represent a diverse group of rare malignancies originating from mesenchymal tissue, accounting for less than 1% of adult cancers in the USA. With over 13,000 new cases and around 5350 deaths annually, patients with metastatic soft-tissue sarcomas face limited therapeutic options and an estimated median overall survival of 18 months. While immunotherapy has demonstrated effectiveness in several cancers, its application in soft-tissue sarcomas remains challenging owing to the tumors' largely "cold" immunological environment, characterized by low levels of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and a lack of soft-tissue sarcoma-specific biomarkers. This review examines potential mechanisms underlying immunotherapy resistance in soft-tissue sarcomas, including the complex interplay between innate and adaptive immunity, the tumor microenvironment, and the role of immune-related genes. Despite preliminary findings suggesting correlations between immune profiles and histological subtypes, consistent biomarkers for predicting immunotherapeutic responses across soft-tissue sarcoma types are absent. Emerging strategies focus on converting "cold" tumors to "hot" tumors, enhancing their susceptibility to immunologic activation. While research is ongoing, personalized treatment approaches may offer hope for overcoming the inherent heterogeneity and resistance seen in soft-tissue sarcomas, ultimately aiming to improve outcomes for affected patients.

Transcriptome Landscape of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Human PDAC

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a crucial role in the progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Here, integrated single-cell RNA sequencing analysis is utilized to comprehensively map CAFs in the human PDAC tumor microenvironment (TME). Normal fibroblasts (NFs) and nine distinct CAF subtypes are identified including newly identified CAF subtypes, CDCP1+FTL+ CAFs, transitional CAFs (tCAFs), interferon simulated genes (ISG)+ myofibroblastic CAFs (myCAFs), and proliferative CAFs (pCAFs). CDCP1+FTL+ CAFs, pCAFs, and ISG+ myCAFs are associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes. CDCP1+FTL+ CAFs exhibit enhanced glycolysis and iron metabolism, resisting ferroptosis. The antigen-presenting CAFs (apCAFs) show high heterogeneity, consisting of multiple subtypes expressing distinct immune cell signatures. The CAF subtypes display differentiation plasticity, transitioning from early normal-like CAFs (nCAFs) to inflammatory CAFs (iCAFs) and myCAFs, ultimately leading to more invasive pCAFs. AP-1 family members FOS and JUN regulate the malignant phenotype conversion of NFs to nCAFs, while transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) and interferon-γ (IFNγ) signals trigger the interconversion between classic myCAFs and iCAFs, respectively. A close interaction between CAFs and myeloid cells (especially neutrophils) is further observed in PDAC-TME, mainly mediated by CXCR4-CXCL12 chemotaxis. This work depicts a detailed CAF map and its dynamic interconvertible shift, providing important insights for combined targeted CAFs therapy.

KanCell: dissecting cellular heterogeneity in biological tissues through integrated single-cell and spatial transcriptomics

KanCell is a deep learning model based on Kolmogorov-Arnold networks (KAN) designed to enhance cellular heterogeneity analysis by integrating single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics (ST) data. ST technologies provide insights into gene expression within tissue context, revealing cellular interactions and microenvironments. To fully leverage this potential, effective computational models are crucial. We evaluate KanCell on both simulated and real datasets from technologies such as STARmap, Slide-seq, Visium, and Spatial Transcriptomics. Our results demonstrate that KanCell outperforms existing methods across metrics like PCC, SSIM, COSSIM, RMSE, JSD, ARS, and ROC, with robust performance under varying cell numbers and background noise. Real-world applications on human lymph nodes, hearts, melanoma, breast cancer, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and mouse embryo brains confirmed its reliability. Compared with traditional approaches, KanCell effectively captures non-linear relationships and optimizes computational efficiency through KAN, providing an accurate and efficient tool for ST. By improving data accuracy and resolving cell type composition, KanCell reveals cellular heterogeneity, clarifies disease microenvironments, and identifies therapeutic targets, addressing complex biological challenges.

Heterogeneity of the tumor immune cell microenvironment revealed by single-cell sequencing in head and neck cancer

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the sixth most common disease in the world. The recurrence rate of patients is relatively high, and the heterogeneity of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) cells may be an important reason for this. Single-cell sequencing (SCS) is currently the most promising and mature application in cancer research. It can identify unique genes expressed in cells and study tumor heterogeneity. According to current research, the heterogeneity of immune cells has become an important factor affecting the occurrence and development of HNC. SCSs can provide effective therapeutic targets and prognostic factors for HNC patients through analyses of gene expression levels and cell heterogeneity. Therefore, this study analyzes the basic theory of HNC and the development of SCS technology, elaborating on the application of SCS technology in HNC and its potential value in identifying HNC therapeutic targets and biomarkers.

Treatment of cancer-associated fibroblast-like cells with celecoxib enhances the anti-cancer T helper 1/Treg responses in breast cancer

Tumor inflammation, as one of the hallmarks of cancer, has been the target for anti-cancer treatments. Celecoxib is a selective inhibitor of the enzyme cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inhibits the production of PGE2, which is an important mediator of tumor inflammation produced by cancer cells and cells of the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we aimed at inhibiting COX-2 using celecoxib, expressed in cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF)-like cells isolated from breast cancer and evaluated the alterations in their cytokine profile and gene expression. CAF-like cells were isolated by explant culture from 13 breast cancer tissues. Simultaneously, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from patients' blood. CAF-like cells were treated with 10 µM of celecoxib and expression of genes COX-2, smooth muscle actin-alpha (α-SMA), and production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Interleukin 10 (IL10), and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1) was evaluated. Next, PBMCs were co-cultured with celecoxib-treated CAF-like cells and the expression of genes T-bet, Foxp3, GATA-3; production of cytokines IFN-ɣ, IL-10, IL-4, TGF-β1, and the mediator PGE2 were assessed by real-time-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Isolated CAF-like cells showed expression of fibroblast activation protein (FAP). Treatment with celecoxib was able to efficiently reduce the production of PGE2 and the expression of α-SMA in isolated CAF-like cells. Furthermore, PBMCs in co-culture with these cells showed enhanced Th1 phenotype including T-bet and IFNγ expression and decreased the phenotypical markers of regulatory T cells such as FoxP3 and IL-10 and TGF-β1 production. Our study shows the important role of COX-2 in CAFs by promoting immune suppression. Our results suggested that high expression of COX-2 in CAFs may serve as a new therapeutic, targeting CAFs in enhancing immune responses in breast cancer treatment.

Antitumor immune response elicited by M2 TAM-specific DDS via C-type lectin CD209b using cholesteryl pullulan nanogel as a protein drug carrier

Many cancer patients develop resistance to immunotherapy, highlighting the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. Various factors contribute to tumor resistance to immunotherapy, among which tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are critical regulators of tumor sensitivity. Therefore, combining cancer immunotherapies with drug delivery systems (DDSs) targeting TAMs has become an intriguing treatment strategy. However, the target molecules used in DDSs are limited to a few receptors expressed on TAMs. Therefore, the identification of novel target molecules for TAM-specific DDS is urgently needed. The current study evaluated the ability of a cholesteryl pullulan (CHP) nanogel to target TAMs via mDC-SIGN (CD209b). This nanogel encapsulated the cytotoxic protein drug Pseudomonas exotoxin A and was injected into a tumor-bearing mouse model. This treatment significantly reduced the abundance of CD209b-positive M2 TAMs and enhanced antitumor immune responses. Ultimately, tumor growth was suppressed, even in a low-immunogenic tumor model. Hence, CD209b is an effective target molecule for M2 TAM-specific DDSs that can be used to develop novel cancer therapies.

Research Progress on the Immunological Correlation Between Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

In recent years, a growing body of evidence has suggested a correlation between Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and the onset and progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). However, the mechanism underlying the relationship between HT and PTC remains incompletely understood. This review discusses the literature on the correlation between PTC and HT and summarizes the research concerning the immunological interplay between these two conditions. It also delves into tumor-associated cells (such as CD8+ T cells), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), alongside other tumor-associated factors, including interleukins (ILs), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), highlighting their roles in the interaction between PTC and HT. We also explore the strategic direction of immunotherapy in thyroid malignancies, particularly PTC with HT, and propose novel targeted immunotherapies for advanced thyroid cancer.

4-fluorophenylacetamide acetyl coumarin induces pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage polarization and suppresses the immunosuppressive M2 phenotype through PI3k/AKT/NF-κB modulation

BACKGROUND

The tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in cancer progression, with tumor-associated macrophages regulating immune responses. These macrophages can adopt a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype that suppresses tumor growth or an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype that promotes progression. Reprogramming macrophages toward the M1 phenotype is a therapeutic strategy. Previous studies showed that 4-Fluorophenylacetamide-acetyl coumarin (4-FPAC), a synthetic coumarin derivative, exhibits cytostatic activity in A549 lung carcinoma cells by modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide synthase, and signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT/NF-κB. This study evaluates the impact of 4-FPAC on macrophage polarization.

HYPOTHESIS

We hypothesized that 4-FPAC promotes M1 macrophage polarization while suppressing M2 markers through modulation of signaling pathways, thus serving as an immunomodulatory agent.

RESULTS

Treatment with 4-FPAC induced M1 polarization in THP1-derived macrophages, evident from morphological elongation, elevated ROS and NO production, and increased IL-12 levels. IL-10 levels and M2 markers (CD163, STAT3, AKT1) were downregulated, while M1 markers (CD80, STAT1, AKT2) were upregulated. Gene expression and western blot analyses revealed activation of P38 and NF-κB pathways and reduced phosphorylated AKT1 levels. In silico docking showed strong interactions of 4-FPAC with regulatory proteins like P38, NF-κB, and AKT1, suggesting pathway modulation.

CONCLUSION

4-FPAC facilitates M1 macrophage polarization and inhibits M2 signaling, demonstrating its potential as an immunomodulatory agent. Coupled with its cytostatic effects on A549 cells, these findings position 4-FPAC as a promising candidate for cancer therapy. Further in vivo studies are warranted to validate its therapeutic potential and explore applications in immunotherapy and inflammation-associated diseases.

Nanomaterials-driven in situ vaccination: a novel frontier in tumor immunotherapy

In situ vaccination (ISV) has emerged as a promising strategy in cancer immunotherapy, offering a targeted approach that uses the tumor microenvironment (TME) to stimulate an immune response directly at the tumor site. This method minimizes systemic exposure while maintaining therapeutic efficacy and enhancing safety. Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled new approaches to ISV by utilizing nanomaterials with unique properties, including enhanced permeability, retention, and controlled drug release. ISV employing nanomaterials can induce immunogenic cell death and reverse the immunosuppressive and hypoxic TME, thereby converting a "cold" tumor into a "hot" tumor and facilitating a more robust immune response. This review examines the mechanisms through which nanomaterials-based ISV enhances anti-tumor immunity, summarizes clinical applications of these strategies, and evaluates its capacity to serve as a neoadjuvant therapy for eliminating micrometastases in early-stage cancer patients. Challenges associated with the clinical translation of nanomaterials-based ISV, including nanomaterial metabolism, optimization of treatment protocols, and integration with other therapies such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and photothermal therapy, are also discussed. Advances in nanotechnology and immunotherapy continue to expand the possible applications of ISV, potentially leading to improved outcomes across a broad range of cancer types.

Multifunctional Liposomes with Enhanced Stability for Imaging-Guided Cancer Chemodynamic and Photothermal Therapy

Improvements in tumor therapy require a combination of strategies where targeted treatment is critical. We developed a new versatile nanoplatform, MA@E, that generates high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with effective photothermal conversions in the removal of tumors. Enhanced stability liposomes were employed as carriers to facilitate the uniform distribution and stable storage of encapsulated gold nanorods (AuNRs) and Mn-MIL-100 metal-organic frameworks, with efficient delivery of MA@E to the cytoplasm. In the targeted phagocytosis of tumor cells, MA@E can effectively deplete the reduced glutathione (GSH) with increased hydroxyl radicals that combine with Mn2+ released from Mn-MIL-100 to trigger Fenton-like reactions, generating ROS that induces cell apoptosis. Exposure to near-infrared (NIR-II) irradiation results in a AuNRs-induced thermogenic effect that expedites the release of Mn2+ and promotes Fenton-like reactions, achieving increased production of •OH. In the murine tumor model, MA@E effectively removed the implanted tumor tissue within 2 days without any obvious toxic effects. This response is attributed to a synergism involving the photothermal capability of AuNRs and ROS chemodynamic treatment. The proposed MA@E provides a new approach to utilizing unstable nanomaterials in effective tumor therapy.

Microenvironment matters: insights from the FOSTER consortium on microenvironment-driven approaches to osteosarcoma therapy

Osteosarcoma (OS), a prevalent malignant bone tumor, has seen limited progress in treatment efficacy and patient outcomes over decades. Recent insights into the tumor microenvironment (TME) have revealed its crucial role in tumor progression and therapeutic resistance, particularly in OS. This review offers a comprehensive exploration of the OS microenvironment, meticulously dissecting its crucial components: the mesenchymal stromal TME, the immune microenvironment, hypoxia-induced adaptations, and the impact of the physical microenvironment. By demonstrating how these elements collectively drive tumor proliferation, immune evasion, and invasion, this review explores the intricate molecular and cellular dynamics at play. Furthermore, innovative approaches targeting the OS microenvironment, such as immunotherapies, are presented. This review highlights the importance of the TME in OS progression and its potential as a source of novel therapeutic strategies, offering new hope for improved patient outcomes.

CXCL2: a key player in the tumor microenvironment and inflammatory diseases

CXCL2 (C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2), a constituent of the C-X-C chemokine subfamily, serves as a powerful chemotactic factor for neutrophils, facilitating leukocyte recruitment and movement while initiating an inflammatory response. Recent investigations have demonstrated the pivotal involvement of CXCL2 in carcinogenesis. Within the tumor microenvironment, CXCL2 modulates cellular activity primarily via its interaction with the CXCR2 receptor. The activation of signaling pathways, including ERK/MAPK, NF-κB/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and JAK/STAT3, highlights CXCL2's inclination to promote tumorigenesis. Furthermore, the role of CXCL2 encompasses inflammatory conditions like lung inflammation, atherosclerosis, and obesity. This article examines the structural characteristics, biological roles, and molecular foundation of CXCL2 in carcinogenesis and inflammatory disorders.

Prognostic value of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Purpose

A high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) might be connected with an unfavorable tumor prognosis. We sought to conduct a meta-analysis of published studies exploring the prognostic value of NLR in patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm (GEP-NEN).

Methods

We have referred to the PRISMA 2020 for the Abstracts checklist and have registered our review at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (registration number CRD42020187679). The PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were screened using words like 'neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio', 'neuroendocrine tumors', and others up to July 2024. In our study, we evaluated the significance of NLR on overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and progression-free survival (PFS) of patients with GEP-NEN. Subgroup analysis were conducted to identify the origins of heterogeneity and examine the impact of factor grouping.

Results

We gathered 18 cohorts with 2,995 cases. All included studies were high quality, with Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) scores ranging from 6 to 8. The pooled analysis revealed that a higher NLR related to worse OS (hazard ratio (HR): 4.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [3.35-6.29], p < 0.00001) and poor RFS (HR: 4.05, 95% CI [2.78-5.90], p < 0.00001) in patients with GEP-NEN. Subgroup analysis of race, tumor sites, and therapy showed good predictive significance, however, NLR is not effective in predicting the overall survival time of non-operative patients.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis showed that a high NLR predicted poor OS, RFS, and PFS in patients with GEP-NEN and can be used as a promising predictor.

Immune microenvironment and immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: mechanisms and advances

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in HCC progression, characterized by dynamic interactions between stromal components, immune cells, and tumor cells. Key immune players, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), MDSCs, dendritic cells (DCs), and natural killer (NK) cells, contribute to immune evasion and tumor progression. Recent advances in immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), cancer vaccines, adoptive cell therapy (ACT), and combination therapies, have shown promise in enhancing anti-tumor responses. Dual ICI combinations, ICIs with molecular targeted drugs, and integration with local treatments or radiotherapy have demonstrated improved outcomes in HCC patients. This review highlights the evolving understanding of the immune microenvironment and the therapeutic potential of immunotherapeutic strategies in HCC management.

Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes as Mediators of the Obesity and Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Lymph Node Metastasis Association: An Observational Retrospective Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

Obesity increases the risk of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and lymph node metastasis (LNM), possibly via modulation of the tumor immunological microenvironment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The STROCSS guideline was followed to conduct a retrospective cohort study. Binary logistic regression analysis with odds ratios (OR) was performed to assess the association between tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), obesity, and LNM. Using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data, we examined the relationship between immune cell subsets and obesity-regulating molecules in thyroid cancer tissues. The Cox regression risk model was used to analyze the prognosis of thyroid cancer.

RESULTS

After adjusting for confounding factors, our findings revealed that overweight and obesity were associated with a decrease in TIL infiltration (OR 0.876, p = 0.005 and OR 0.795, p = 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, these conditions were observed to be correlated with increased likelihood of LNM (OR 1.134, p = 0.005 and OR 1.307, p < 0.001, respectively). On the contrary, TIL infiltration was inversely associated with LNM (OR 0.868, p < 0.001). When controlling for TIL infiltration as the sole variable, the combination of obesity and TIL infiltration did not independently predict LNM (adjusted OR 1.442, p = 0.113). However, obesity alone was found to elevate the likelihood of LNM (adjusted OR 1.539, p = 0.02). Additionally, adiponectin (a crucial adipokine) was reduced in obesity and demonstrated a negative correlation with the abundance of infiltrated dendritic cells and regulatory T cells, as evidenced by TCGA data analysis. Furthermore, ADIPOR2 expression negatively correlated with LNM and positively associated with unfavorable prognosis in PTC, with a hazard ratio of 0.480 (p = 0.007).

CONCLUSIONS

TIL infiltration may affect obesity-associated PTC LNM. Obesity may affect LNM and result in poor prognosis through ADIPOR2 regulation of antitumor immune cells.

KRT14 is a promising prognostic biomarker of breast cancer related to immune infiltration

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cancer among women globally, which has the highest incidence and mortality rate in over a hundred countries. This study was intended to discover a new prognostic biomarker, facilitating personalized treatment approaches.

METHODS

RNA sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas database and Gene Expression Omnibus database were utilized to download to evaluate expression levels and prognostic significance of Keratin 14 (KRT14). Methylation of KRT14 was also assessed. The CIBERSORT and single-sample gene set enrichment analysis algorithms were applied to explore the connection between KRT14 and the tumor microenvironment. Primary drugs' sensitivity and potential small molecule therapeutic compounds were analyzed through the "pRRophetic" R package and the Connectivity Map. The prognostic value of KRT14 was additionally corroborated through a comparison of protein levels in peritumoral and cancerous tissues via immunohistochemistry. Moreover, an immune-related prognostic model based on KRT14 was designed to enhance the prediction accuracy for the prognosis of BC patients.

RESULTS

The study found that KRT14 expression was generally downregulated in BC, correlating strongly with poor prognosis. Compared to normal tissues, the methylation level of KRT14 was higher in BC tissues. Lower expression of KRT14 was linked to decreased anti-tumoral immune cells infiltration and increased immunosuppressive cells infiltration. Sensitivity to various key therapeutic drugs was lower in groups with diminished KRT14 expression. In addition, several potential anti-BC small molecule compounds were identified. The model designed in this study significantly enhanced the predictive capability for BC patients compared to predictions based solely on KRT14 expression levels.

CONCLUSION

Overall, KRT14 was closely correlated with the prognosis in BC, making it a reliable biomarker.

Effect of tumor microenvironment in pancreatic cancer on the loss of β-cell mass: implications for type 3c diabetes

BACKGROUND

To explore the complex interactions between the tumor microenvironment (TME) of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and the loss of β-cell mass, further elucidating the mechanisms of type 3c diabetes mellitus (T3cDM) onset.

METHODS

Single-cell RNA sequencing was employed to analyze the PDAC TME, identifying cell interactions and gene expression changes of endocrine cells. Pathological changes and paraneoplastic islets were assessed in the proximal paratumor (PP) and distal paratumor (DP). Fractional β-cell area and islet density were compared among normal pancreas from donors and paraneoplastic tissues from non-diabetes mellitus (NDM) and T3cDM patients. TUNEL staining, RT-qPCR and CCK8 assay were applied to demonstrate the β-cell apoptosis.

RESULTS

Tumor cells, immune cells and fibroblasts could interact with endocrine cells, and apoptotic pathways were activated in endocrine cells of the PP. The PDAC TME was characterized by marked inflammation, sever fibrosis and atrophy. The islets in the PP had lower fractional β-cell area (0.68 ± 0.65% vs. 0.86 ± 1.02%, P = 0.037) and islet density (0.54 ± 0.42 counts/mm2 vs. 0.83 ± 0.90 counts/mm2, P = 0.001) compared to those in the DP. The PDAC TME in T3cDM exerted a more significant impact on the paraneoplastic islets compared to NDM. Moreover, β-cell apoptosis was markedly increased in the PP compared to the DP in PDAC patients without diabetes, particularly in smaller islets. Apoptosis-related genes were highly expressed in INS-1E cells exposed to PANC-1 medium.

CONCLUSION

Our research revealed that the PDAC TME is usually accompanied by some pathological changes, including inflammation, fibrosis, and atrophy. These pathological changes are related to a reduction in β-cell mass and trigger the development of T3cDM.

The dynamic role of ferroptosis in cancer immunoediting: Implications for immunotherapy

Currently, cancer immunotherapy strategies are primarily formulated based on the patient's present condition, representing a "static" treatment approach. However, cancer progression is inherently "dynamic," as the immune environment is not fixed but undergoes continuous changes. This dynamism is characterized by the ongoing interactions between tumor cells and immune cells, which ultimately lead to alterations in the tumor immune microenvironment. This process can be effectively elucidated by the concept of cancer immunoediting, which divides tumor development into three phases: "elimination," "equilibrium," and "escape." Consequently, adjusting immunotherapy regimens based on these distinct phases may enhance patient survival and improve prognosis. Targeting ferroptosis is an emerging area in cancer immunotherapy, and our findings reveal that the antioxidant systems associated with ferroptosis possess dual roles, functioning differently across the three phases of cancer immunoediting. Therefore, this review delve into the dual role of the ferroptosis antioxidant system in tumor development and progression. It also propose immunotherapy strategies targeting ferroptosis at different stages, ultimately aiming to illuminate the significant implications of targeting ferroptosis at various phases for cancer immunotherapy.

Progress of KRAS G12C inhibitors in the treatment of refractory colorectal cancer and strategies for drug resistance response

Colorectal cancer is the third most prevalent cancer in the world. Early screening and detection of tumours, active surgical radical treatment, postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy are performed based on pathological staging and immunohistochemistry. Even with these measures, the 5-year survival rate of colorectal cancer is only 65%, and a considerable number of patients still experience tumour recurrence or even metastasis. The KRAS G12C mutation accounts for 3 to 4% of refractory colorectal cancer (advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer), and it was once believed that KRAS did not have a drug target until the emergence of KRAS G12C inhibitors provided targeted treatment for KRAS-mutated colorectal cancer. However, KRAS G12C inhibitors only produce moderate efficacy, and resistance occurs after a short remission. The mechanism of drug resistance in tumour cells is complex and diverse, and existing research has limited understanding of it. This review aims to elucidate the clinical trial progress of KRAS G12C inhibitors in refractory colorectal cancer, the research progress of drug resistance mechanisms, and the combined treatment strategies for drug resistance.

Apelin/APJ: Another Player in the Cancer Biology Network

The apelinergic system exerts multiple biological activities in human pathologies, including cancer. Overactivation of apelin/APJ, which has been detected in many malignant tumors, and the strong correlation with progression-free and overall survival, suggested the role of an oncogene for the apelin gene. Emerging evidence sheds new light on the effects of apelin on cellular functions and homeostasis in cancer cells and supports a direct role for this pathway on different hallmarks of cancer: "sustaining proliferative signaling", "resisting cell death", "activating invasion and metastasis", "inducing/accessing vasculature", "reprogramming cellular metabolism", "avoiding immune destruction" and "tumor-promoting inflammation", and "enabling replicative immortality". This article reviews the currently available literature on the intracellular processes regulated by apelin/APJ, focusing on those pathways correlated with tumor development and progression. Furthermore, the association between the activity of the apelinergic axis and the resistance of cancer cells to oncologic treatments (chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation) suggests apelin/APJ as a possible target to potentiate traditional therapies, as well as to develop diagnostic and prognostic applications. This issue will be also covered in the review.

New insights into T cell metabolism in liver cancer: from mechanism to therapy

Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the third most common cause of cancer mortality. The development and progression of liver cancer and metastases is a multifaceted process involving numerous metabolic pathways. T cells have a protective role in the defense against cancer, and manipulating metabolic pathways in T cells can alter their antitumor activity. Furthermore, Liver cancer and T cell nutrition competition lead to T cell dysfunction through various molecular mechanisms. Some nanomaterials and drugs can improve T cell metabolism and promote the anti-liver cancer function of T cells. This review discusses the current literature regarding metabolic changes in liver cancer, the role of T cells in liver cancer, T cell metabolism in liver cancer, and targeted T cell metabolism therapy for liver cancer. The promise and challenges of studying target T cell metabolism for treating liver cancer are also addressed. Targeting T cell metabolism is a promising approach for treating liver cancer.

NLRP3 inflammasome-based therapies by natural products: a new development in the context of cancer therapy

The leucine-rich repeat containing protein (NLR) canonical inflammasome family includes Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3). Via the mediation of apoptosis proteins and immunological reactions, it controls the pathogenesis of malignancy. Experimental studies showed a relationship among lymphogenesis, cancer metastasis, and NLRP3 expression. Natural products have also been used as lead-based substances in a number of investigations to speed up the creation of novel, specific NLRP3 inhibitors. Via the mediation of apoptotic proteins and immunological responses, it controls the pathogenesis of malignancy. Moreover, it was recently noted that among human cancers, chemotherapy activates NLRP3. Induction of NLRP3 could encourage the generation of IL-1β and IL-22 to facilitate the propagation of malignancy. Additionally, prior research has demonstrated that the usage of NLRP3 in cancer therapy may result in resistance to drugs. The depletion of NLRP3 could affect the survival of cells. Natural products have been used as lead materials in a number of studies to help generate novel, specific NLRP3 antagonists more quickly. In the present review, we examine the mechanism behind the beneficial effects of the natural substances on the inhibition of cancer growth and progression, with special focus on NLRP3 regulation.

Extracellular NAD+ levels are associated with CD203a expression on Th17 cells and predict long-term recurrence-free survival in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Mortality rates for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain high, while multimodal treatment approaches offer new perspectives. Here, we investigated the association of extracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (eNAD+) on ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (CD203a, ENPP1 or PC-1) on Th17 cells in relation to the likelihood of HCC recurrence following liver resection.

METHOD

The study compared heparinized blood plasma samples from 95 patients who underwent liver resection, including 25 patients with HCC and 24 control patients without liver disease. Plasma eNAD+ concentrations were determined using a heat-based dichotomous pH extraction method, followed by enzymatic cycling and a colorimetric assay for quantification. Fibrosis was graded histologically using the Desmet score (F0-F4). Surface expression analysis was performed using flow cytometry.

RESULTS

With increasing grades of liver fibrosis predominant in HCC patients, a significant reduction in plasma eNAD+ concentrations was measured (p < 0.05). Further, a significant correlation was found between HCC patients and CD203a expression on CD4+, CCR4+ as well as CCR6+ T cells (p < 0.05). Patients who exhibited high proportions of CD203a expressing Th17 cells (CD4+, CCR6+ CCR4+) post surgery were found to be at a sixfold increased risk (HR 6.38, 95% Cl 1.51-27.00) of HCC recurrence and had a median recurrence-free survival of 233 days (p < 0.05), compared to patients with low CD203a expressing Th17 cells (CD4+ CCR6+ CCR4+). Similarly, patients who had a high proportion of CD203a expressing Th17 cells (CD4+ CCR6+) following surgery had a fivefold increased risk (HR 5.56, 95% Cl 1.58-19.59) of HCC recurrence and a median recurrence-free survival of 334 days (p < 0.05) compared to those with low CD203a expressing Th17 cells (CCR6+).

CONCLUSION

The data indicates that eNAD+ levels are decreased in patients with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis. Strikingly, patients with high CD203a expression on Th17 cells had a significantly increased likelihood of recurrence, highlighting its potential as a valuable prognostic marker and a possible therapeutic target.

Multi-omics analysis identifies OSGEPL1 as an oncogene in hepatocellular carcinoma

PURPOSE

N6-Threonylcarbamoyladenosine (t6A) modification irregularities and their associated enzymes genes (OSGEP, OSGEPL1, TPRKB, GON7, TP53RK, YRDC, and LAGE3) are linked to various malignancies development, including Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC), yet the specific mechanisms remain obscure. This gap in knowledge is significant, as understanding the mechanisms of t6A modification could reveal new insights into HCC pathogenesis and potentially identify novel therapeutic targets.

METHODS

We leveraged data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to analyze the expression of t6A-associated genes, with a focus on OSGEPL1 in HCC. Our analyses included survival outcome, gene expression, functional enrichment, immune cell infiltration, and somatic mutation data.

RESULTS

We discovered that OSGEPL1 is upregulated in HCC and is correlated with tumor grade, pathological T stage, and overall stage. It inversely impacts overall survival and immune cell infiltration. In vitro experiments confirmed the role of OSGEPL1 in promoting HCC cell proliferation.

CONCLUSIONS

This study implicates t6A modification pathway dysregulation in HCC prognosis, identifying OSGEPL1 as a potential therapeutic target. These findings provide novel insights into HCC pathogenesis and may guide future treatment strategies.

c-Myc-targeted therapy in breast cancer: A review of fundamentals and pharmacological Insights

The oncoprotein c-Myc is expressed in all breast cancer subtypes, but its expression is higher in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) compared to estrogen receptor (ER+), progesterone receptor (PR+), or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2+) positive tumors. The c-Myc gene is crucial for tumor progression and therapy resistance, impacting cell proliferation, differentiation, senescence, angiogenesis, immune evasion, metabolism, invasion, autophagy, apoptosis, chromosomal instability, and protein biosynthesis. Targeting c-Myc has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy for TNBC, a highly aggressive and deadly breast cancer form. This review highlights c-Myc as a pharmacological target, discussing antitumor compounds in preclinical and clinical trials. Notably, the c-Myc inhibitor OMO-103 has shown promise in a Phase II clinical trial for advanced cancer patients. Further research is needed to develop new drugs targeting this gene, protein, or its pathways, and additional studies on cancer patients are encouraged.

SIGLEC1 has the potential to be an immune-related prognostic indicator in colon adenocarcinoma: a study based on transcriptomic data and Mendelian randomization analysis

BACKGROUND

Colonic adenocarcinoma (COAD) is the most common pathological type of colon cancer. Tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in the occurrence and development of COAD. There are currently no specific studies indicating the mechanism of action of TME in COPD patients.

METHODS

The percentage of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIC) in 512 COAD cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was calculated using CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to find modules of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with high correlations followed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses to determine the function of distant metastasis (M)-stage-related modules. Pathway enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, Cox regression analysis, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were performed on DEGs to select the most critical genes. The correlation between SIGLEC1 expression in COAD and TME status and between immune checkpoints and SIGLEC1 was examined using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and Pearson correlation coefficients.

RESULTS

A WGCNA screen was performed to obtain 12,342 DEGs and 209 key genes associated with M stage between tumor and normal samples. GO and KEGG analysis revealed that the DEGs primarily engaged in pathways such as Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation and cell adhesion molecules. SIGELEC1 gene was identified by univariate Cox regression, PPI network construction, and survival analysis. GSEA showed that the genes in the high-expression SIGLEC1 group were mainly enriched in immune-related activities. In the low-expression SIGLEC1 group, the genes were enriched in MYC targets. CIBERSORT analysis of the proportion of TICs showed that SIGLEC1 was positively correlated with macrophages (M0, M2), T-cell CD8 and immune checkpoint-related genes, suggesting that SIGLEC1 may be responsible for maintaining the immune dominance of TME. Immunohistochemical and prognostic analysis showed that the group with higher SIGLEC1 expression had more severe lesions and a worse prognosis than the group with lower SIGLEC1 expression.

CONCLUSIONS

SIGLEC1 gene is a distant metastasis-related gene that affects the survival prognosis of COAD patients and provides additional insight into the treatment of COAD.

Contribution of tumor microenvironment (TME) to tumor apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance

The tumor microenvironment (TME) contains tumor cells, surrounding cells, and secreted factors. It provides a favorable environment for the maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs), the spread of cancer cells to metastatic sites, angiogenesis, and apoptosis, as well as the growth, proliferation, invasion, and drug resistance of cancer cells. Cancer cells rely on the activation of oncogenes, inactivation of tumor suppressors, and the support of a normal stroma for their growth, proliferation, and survival, all of which are provided by the TME. The TME is characterized by the presence of various cells, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), CD8 + cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), endothelial cells, adipocytes, and neuroendocrine (NE) cells. The high expression of inflammatory cytokines, angiogenic factors, and anti-apoptotic factors, as well as drug resistance mechanisms in the TME, contributes to the poor therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs and tumor progression. Hence, this review describes the mechanisms through which the TME is involved in apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance in tumor cells.

Identification and validation of a CD4+ T cell-related prognostic model to predict immune responses in stage III-IV colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

CD4+ T cells play an indispensable role in anti-tumor immunity and shaping tumor development. We sought to explore the characteristics of CD4+ T cell marker genes and construct a CD4+ T cell-related prognostic signature for stage III-IV colorectal cancer (CRC) patients.

METHOD

We combined scRNA and bulk-RNA sequencing to analyze stage III-IV CRC patients and identified the CD4+ T cell marker genes. Unsupervised cluster analysis was performed to divide patients into two clusters. The LASSO and multivariate Cox regression were performed to establish a prognostic-related signature. RT-qpcr and immunofluorescence staining were performed to examine the expression of ANXA2 in CRC tissue.

RESULT

We found a higher infiltration abundance of activated memory CD4+ T cells was associated with improved prognosis in stage III-IV CRC patients. Patients were divided into two subgroups with distinct clinical and immunological behaviors based on CD4+ T cell marker genes. And then a prognostic signature consisting of six CD4+ T cell marker genes was established, which stratified patients into high- and low-risk groups. Immune spectrum showed that the low-risk group had higher immune cell infiltration than the high-risk group. Furthermore, the risk score of this signature could predict the susceptibility of stage III-IV CRC patients to immune checkpoint inhibitors and chemotherapy drugs. Finally, we validated that ANXA2 was enriched in Tregs and was associated with infiltration of Tregs in CRC tumor microenvironment.

CONCLUSION

The CD4+ T cell-related prognostic signature established in the study can predict the prognosis and the response to immunotherapy in stage III-IV CRC patients. Our findings provide new insights for tumor immunotherapy of advanced CRC patients.