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Yan H, Zang R, Cui T, Liu Y, Zhang B, Zhao L, Li H, Zhou J, Wang H, Zeng Q, Xu L, Zhou Y, Pei X, Xi J, Yue W. PROTAC-mediated vimentin degradation promotes terminal erythroid differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:310. [PMID: 39294765 PMCID: PMC11412063 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), can undergo erythroid differentiation, offering a potentially invaluable resource for generating large quantities of erythroid cells. However, the majority of erythrocytes derived from hPSCs fail to enucleate compared with those derived from cord blood progenitors, with an unknown molecular basis for this difference. The expression of vimentin (VIM) is retained in erythroid cells differentiated from hPSCs but is absent in mature erythrocytes. Further exploration is required to ascertain whether VIM plays a critical role in enucleation and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS In this study, we established a hESC line with reversible vimentin degradation (dTAG-VIM-H9) using the proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) platform. Various time-course studies, including erythropoiesis from CD34+ human umbilical cord blood and three-dimensional (3D) organoid culture from hESCs, morphological analysis, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), western blotting, flow cytometry, karyotyping, cytospin, Benzidine-Giemsa staining, immunofluorescence assay, and high-speed cell imaging analysis, were conducted to examine and compare the characteristics of hESCs and those with vimentin degradation, as well as their differentiated erythroid cells. RESULTS Vimentin expression diminished during normal erythropoiesis in CD34+ cord blood cells, whereas it persisted in erythroid cells differentiated from hESC. Depletion of vimentin using the degradation tag (dTAG) system promotes erythroid enucleation in dTAG-VIM-H9 cells. Nuclear polarization of erythroblasts is elevated by elimination of vimentin. CONCLUSIONS VIM disappear during the normal maturation of erythroid cells, whereas they are retained in erythroid cells differentiated from hPSCs. We found that retention of vimentin during erythropoiesis impairs erythroid enucleation from hPSCs. Using the PROTAC platform, we validated that vimentin degradation by dTAG accelerates the enucleation rate in dTAG-VIM-H9 cells by enhancing nuclear polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yan
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Ruge Zang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China.
| | - Tiantian Cui
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Lingpin Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Juannian Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Quan Zeng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Xuetao Pei
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Jiafei Xi
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China.
| | - Wen Yue
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China.
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2
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Martínez-Cenalmor P, Martínez AE, Moneo-Corcuera D, González-Jiménez P, Pérez-Sala D. Oxidative stress elicits the remodeling of vimentin filaments into biomolecular condensates. Redox Biol 2024; 75:103282. [PMID: 39079387 PMCID: PMC11338992 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The intermediate filament protein vimentin performs an essential role in cytoskeletal interplay and dynamics, mechanosensing and cellular stress responses. In pathology, vimentin is a key player in tumorigenesis, fibrosis and infection. Vimentin filaments undergo distinct and versatile reorganizations, and behave as redox sensors. The vimentin monomer possesses a central α-helical rod domain flanked by N- and C-terminal low complexity domains. Interactions between this type of domains play an important function in the formation of phase-separated biomolecular condensates, which in turn are critical for the organization of cellular components. Here we show that several oxidants, including hydrogen peroxide and diamide, elicit the remodeling of vimentin filaments into small particles. Oxidative stress elicited by diamide induces a fast dissociation of filaments into circular, motile dots, which requires the presence of the single vimentin cysteine residue, C328. This effect is reversible, and filament reassembly can occur within minutes of oxidant removal. Diamide-elicited vimentin droplets recover fluorescence after photobleaching. Moreover, fusion of cells expressing differentially tagged vimentin allows the detection of dots positive for both tags, indicating that vimentin dots merge upon cell fusion. The aliphatic alcohol 1,6-hexanediol, known to alter interactions between low complexity domains, readily dissolves diamide-elicited vimentin dots at low concentrations, in a C328 dependent manner, and hampers reassembly. Taken together, these results indicate that vimentin oxidation promotes a fast and reversible filament remodeling into biomolecular condensate-like structures, and provide primary evidence of its regulated phase separation. Moreover, we hypothesize that filament to droplet transition could play a protective role against irreversible damage of the vimentin network by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Martínez-Cenalmor
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biosciences, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alma E Martínez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biosciences, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Moneo-Corcuera
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biosciences, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia González-Jiménez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biosciences, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biosciences, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Pinchiaroli J, Saldanha R, Patteson AE, Robertson-Anderson RM, Gurmessa BJ. Switchable microscale stress response of actin-vimentin composites emerges from scale-dependent interactions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.07.597906. [PMID: 38895280 PMCID: PMC11185688 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.07.597906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of the mammalian cell regulate many cellular functions and are largely dictated by the cytoskeleton, a composite network of protein filaments, including actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Interactions between these distinct filaments give rise to emergent mechanical properties that are difficult to generate synthetically, and recent studies have made great strides in advancing our understanding of the mechanical interplay between actin and microtubule filaments. While intermediate filaments play critical roles in the stress response of cells, their effect on the rheological properties of the composite cytoskeleton remains poorly understood. Here, we use optical tweezers microrheology to measure the linear viscoelastic properties and nonlinear stress response of composites of actin and vimentin with varying molar ratios of actin to vimentin. We reveal a surprising, nearly opposite effect of actin-vimentin network mechanics compared to single-component networks in the linear versus nonlinear regimes. Namely, the linear elastic plateau modulus and zero-shear viscosity are markedly reduced in composites compared to single-component networks of actin or vimentin, whereas the initial response force and stiffness are maximized in composites versus single-component networks in the nonlinear regime. While these emergent trends are indicative of distinct interactions between actin and vimentin, nonlinear stiffening and longtime stress response appear to both be dictated primarily by actin, at odds with previous bulk rheology studies. We demonstrate that these complex, scale-dependent effects arise from the varied contributions of network density, filament stiffness, non-specific interactions, and poroelasticity to the mechanical response at different spatiotemporal scales. Cells may harness this complex behavior to facilitate distinct stress responses at different scales and in response to different stimuli to allow for their hallmark multifunctionality.
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4
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Saldanha R, Ho Thanh MT, Krishnan N, Hehnly H, Patteson A. Vimentin supports cell polarization by enhancing centrosome function and microtubule acetylation. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20230641. [PMID: 38835244 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is important for controlling cell shape, motility and cell division processes. Vimentin intermediate filaments are important for cell migration and cell polarization in mesenchymal cells and assembly of vimentin and microtubule networks is dynamically coordinated, but the precise details of how vimentin mediates cell polarity remain unclear. Here, we characterize the effects of vimentin on the structure and function of the centrosome and the stability of microtubule filaments in wild-type and vimentin-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts. We find that vimentin mediates the structure of the pericentriolar material, promotes centrosome-mediated microtubule regrowth and increases the level of stable acetylated microtubules in the cell. Loss of vimentin also impairs centrosome repositioning during cell polarization and migration processes that occur during wound closure. Our results suggest that vimentin modulates centrosome structure and function as well as microtubule network stability, which has important implications for how cells establish proper cell polarization and persistent migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renita Saldanha
- Physics Department, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Minh Tri Ho Thanh
- Physics Department, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Nikhila Krishnan
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Alison Patteson
- Physics Department, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
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5
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Petitjean II, Tran QD, Goutou A, Kabir Z, Wiche G, Leduc C, Koenderink GH. Reconstitution of cytolinker-mediated crosstalk between actin and vimentin. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151403. [PMID: 38503131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell shape and motility are determined by the cytoskeleton, an interpenetrating network of actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. The biophysical properties of each filament type individually have been studied extensively by cell-free reconstitution. By contrast, the interactions between the three cytoskeletal networks are relatively unexplored. They are coupled via crosslinkers of the plakin family such as plectin. These are challenging proteins for reconstitution because of their giant size and multidomain structure. Here we engineer a recombinant actin-vimentin crosslinker protein called 'ACTIF' that provides a minimal model system for plectin, recapitulating its modular design with actin-binding and intermediate filament-binding domains separated by a coiled-coil linker for dimerisation. We show by fluorescence and electron microscopy that ACTIF has a high binding affinity for vimentin and actin and creates mixed actin-vimentin bundles. Rheology measurements show that ACTIF-mediated crosslinking strongly stiffens actin-vimentin composites. Finally, we demonstrate the modularity of this approach by creating an ACTIF variant with the intermediate filament binding domain of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli. Our protein engineering approach provides a new cell-free system for the biophysical characterization of intermediate filament-binding crosslinkers and for understanding the mechanical synergy between actin and vimentin in mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Istúriz Petitjean
- Department of Bionanoscience & Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Quang D Tran
- CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Cité, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Angeliki Goutou
- Department of Bionanoscience & Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Zima Kabir
- Department of Bionanoscience & Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Gerhard Wiche
- Max Perutz Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cécile Leduc
- CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Cité, Paris F-75013, France.
| | - Gijsje H Koenderink
- Department of Bionanoscience & Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands.
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6
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Alisafaei F, Mandal K, Saldanha R, Swoger M, Yang H, Shi X, Guo M, Hehnly H, Castañeda CA, Janmey PA, Patteson AE, Shenoy VB. Vimentin is a key regulator of cell mechanosensing through opposite actions on actomyosin and microtubule networks. Commun Biol 2024; 7:658. [PMID: 38811770 PMCID: PMC11137025 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06366-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a complex network of interconnected biopolymers consisting of actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. These biopolymers work in concert to transmit cell-generated forces to the extracellular matrix required for cell motility, wound healing, and tissue maintenance. While we know cell-generated forces are driven by actomyosin contractility and balanced by microtubule network resistance, the effect of intermediate filaments on cellular forces is unclear. Using a combination of theoretical modeling and experiments, we show that vimentin intermediate filaments tune cell stress by assisting in both actomyosin-based force transmission and reinforcement of microtubule networks under compression. We show that the competition between these two opposing effects of vimentin is regulated by the microenvironment stiffness. These results reconcile seemingly contradictory results in the literature and provide a unified description of vimentin's effects on the transmission of cell contractile forces to the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Alisafaei
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Kalpana Mandal
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3340 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Renita Saldanha
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Maxx Swoger
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Haiqian Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Xuechen Shi
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3340 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Carlos A Castañeda
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3340 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Departments of Physiology, and Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alison E Patteson
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Vivek B Shenoy
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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7
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Pradeau-Phélut L, Etienne-Manneville S. Cytoskeletal crosstalk: A focus on intermediate filaments. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 87:102325. [PMID: 38359728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton, comprising actin microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, is crucial for cell motility and tissue integrity. While prior studies largely focused on individual cytoskeletal networks, recent research underscores the interconnected nature of these systems in fundamental cellular functions like adhesion, migration, and division. Understanding the coordination of these distinct networks in both time and space is essential. This review synthesizes current findings on the intricate interplay between these networks, emphasizing the pivotal role of intermediate filaments. Notably, these filaments engage in extensive crosstalk with microfilaments and microtubules through direct molecular interactions, cytoskeletal linkers, and molecular motors that form molecular bridges, as well as via more complex regulation of intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Pradeau-Phélut
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur - CNRS UMR 3691, Université Paris-Cité, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2023, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, F-75015, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur - CNRS UMR 3691, Université Paris-Cité, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2023, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, F-75015, Paris, France.
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8
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Nashabat M, Nabavizadeh N, Saraçoğlu HP, Sarıbaş B, Avcı Ş, Börklü E, Beillard E, Yılmaz E, Uygur SE, Kayhan CK, Bosco L, Eren ZB, Steindl K, Richter MF, Bademci G, Rauch A, Fattahi Z, Valentino ML, Connolly AM, Bahr A, Viola L, Bergmann AK, Rocha ME, Peart L, Castro-Rojas DL, Bültmann E, Khan S, Giarrana ML, Teleanu RI, Gonzalez JM, Pini A, Schädlich IS, Vill K, Brugger M, Zuchner S, Pinto A, Donkervoort S, Bivona SA, Riza A, Streata I, Gläser D, Baquero-Montoya C, Garcia-Restrepo N, Kotzaeridou U, Brunet T, Epure DA, Bertoli-Avella A, Kariminejad A, Tekin M, von Hardenberg S, Bönnemann CG, Stettner GM, Zanni G, Kayserili H, Oflazer ZP, Escande-Beillard N. SNUPN deficiency causes a recessive muscular dystrophy due to RNA mis-splicing and ECM dysregulation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1758. [PMID: 38413582 PMCID: PMC10899626 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45933-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
SNURPORTIN-1, encoded by SNUPN, plays a central role in the nuclear import of spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoproteins. However, its physiological function remains unexplored. In this study, we investigate 18 children from 15 unrelated families who present with atypical muscular dystrophy and neurological defects. Nine hypomorphic SNUPN biallelic variants, predominantly clustered in the last coding exon, are ascertained to segregate with the disease. We demonstrate that mutant SPN1 failed to oligomerize leading to cytoplasmic aggregation in patients' primary fibroblasts and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutant cell lines. Additionally, mutant nuclei exhibit defective spliceosomal maturation and breakdown of Cajal bodies. Transcriptome analyses reveal splicing and mRNA expression dysregulation, particularly in sarcolemmal components, causing disruption of cytoskeletal organization in mutant cells and patient muscle tissues. Our findings establish SNUPN deficiency as the genetic etiology of a previously unrecognized subtype of muscular dystrophy and provide robust evidence of the role of SPN1 for muscle homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Nashabat
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Department of Medical Genetics, Koç University, School of Medicine (KUSoM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nasrinsadat Nabavizadeh
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Department of Medical Genetics, Koç University, School of Medicine (KUSoM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hilal Pırıl Saraçoğlu
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Department of Medical Genetics, Koç University, School of Medicine (KUSoM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burak Sarıbaş
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Department of Medical Genetics, Koç University, School of Medicine (KUSoM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Şahin Avcı
- Diagnostic Center for Genetic Diseases, Department of Medical Genetics, Koç University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Börklü
- Diagnostic Center for Genetic Diseases, Department of Medical Genetics, Koç University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Elanur Yılmaz
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Department of Medical Genetics, Koç University, School of Medicine (KUSoM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seyide Ecesu Uygur
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Department of Medical Genetics, Koç University, School of Medicine (KUSoM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cavit Kerem Kayhan
- Pathology Laboratory, Acıbadem Maslak Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology, Nişantaşı University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Luca Bosco
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders and Developmental Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Science, University "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
| | - Zeynep Bengi Eren
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Department of Medical Genetics, Koç University, School of Medicine (KUSoM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Katharina Steindl
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Guney Bademci
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Anita Rauch
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
- Research Priority Program (URPP) ITINERARE: Innovative Therapies in Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zohreh Fattahi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Centre, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maria Lucia Valentino
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anne M Connolly
- Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Angela Bahr
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Viola
- Unit of Clinical Pediatrics, State Hospital, San Marino Republic, Italy
| | | | | | - LeShon Peart
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Derly Liseth Castro-Rojas
- Genomics Laboratory, Center of Immunology and Genetics (CIGE), SURA Ayudas Diagnosticas, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Eva Bültmann
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Raluca Ioana Teleanu
- Dr Victor Gomoiu Children's Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Joanna Michelle Gonzalez
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Antonella Pini
- Neuromuscular Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ines Sophie Schädlich
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Vill
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine and LMU Center for Children with Medical Complexity, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Brugger
- Department of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Zuchner
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- John P. Hussmann Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Sandra Donkervoort
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie Ann Bivona
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Anca Riza
- Human Genomics Laboratory, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
- Regional Centre of Medical Genetics Dolj, County Clinical Emergency Hospital, Craiova, Romania
| | - Ioana Streata
- Human Genomics Laboratory, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
- Regional Centre of Medical Genetics Dolj, County Clinical Emergency Hospital, Craiova, Romania
| | | | | | | | - Urania Kotzaeridou
- Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Theresa Brunet
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine and LMU Center for Children with Medical Complexity, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Mustafa Tekin
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- John P. Hussmann Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Carsten G Bönnemann
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Georg M Stettner
- Neuromuscular Center Zurich and Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ginevra Zanni
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders and Developmental Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- Diagnostic Center for Genetic Diseases, Department of Medical Genetics, Koç University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Genetics, Koç University School of Medicine (KUSoM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zehra Piraye Oflazer
- Department of Neurology, Koç University Hospital Muscle Center, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nathalie Escande-Beillard
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Department of Medical Genetics, Koç University, School of Medicine (KUSoM), Istanbul, Turkey.
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University School of Medicine (KUSoM), Istanbul, Turkey.
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9
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Kubota R, Hamachi I. Cell-Like Synthetic Supramolecular Soft Materials Realized in Multicomponent, Non-/Out-of-Equilibrium Dynamic Systems. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306830. [PMID: 38018341 PMCID: PMC10885657 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Living cells are complex, nonequilibrium supramolecular systems capable of independently and/or cooperatively integrating multiple bio-supramolecules to execute intricate physiological functions that cannot be accomplished by individual biomolecules. These biological design strategies offer valuable insights for the development of synthetic supramolecular systems with spatially controlled hierarchical structures, which, importantly, exhibit cell-like responses and functions. The next grand challenge in supramolecular chemistry is to control the organization of multiple types of supramolecules in a single system, thus integrating the functions of these supramolecules in an orthogonal and/or cooperative manner. In this perspective, the recent progress in constructing multicomponent supramolecular soft materials through the hybridization of supramolecules, such as self-assembled nanofibers/gels and coacervates, with other functional molecules, including polymer gels and enzymes is highlighted. Moreover, results show that these materials exhibit bioinspired responses to stimuli, such as bidirectional rheological responses of supramolecular double-network hydrogels, temporal stimulus pattern-dependent responses of synthetic coacervates, and 3D hydrogel patterning in response to reaction-diffusion processes are presented. Autonomous active soft materials with cell-like responses and spatially controlled structures hold promise for diverse applications, including soft robotics with directional motion, point-of-care disease diagnosis, and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryou Kubota
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Itaru Hamachi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
- JST-ERATO, Hamachi Innovative Molecular Technology for Neuroscience, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Katsura, 615-8530, Japan
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10
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Claeyssen C, Bulangalire N, Bastide B, Agbulut O, Cieniewski-Bernard C. Desmin and its molecular chaperone, the αB-crystallin: How post-translational modifications modulate their functions in heart and skeletal muscles? Biochimie 2024; 216:137-159. [PMID: 37827485 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of the highly organized striated muscle tissue requires a cell-wide dynamic network through protein-protein interactions providing an effective mechanochemical integrator of morphology and function. Through a continuous and complex trans-cytoplasmic network, desmin intermediate filaments ensure this essential role in heart and in skeletal muscle. Besides their role in the maintenance of cell shape and architecture (permitting contractile activity efficiency and conferring resistance towards mechanical stress), desmin intermediate filaments are also key actors of cell and tissue homeostasis. Desmin participates to several cellular processes such as differentiation, apoptosis, intracellular signalisation, mechanotransduction, vesicle trafficking, organelle biogenesis and/or positioning, calcium homeostasis, protein homeostasis, cell adhesion, metabolism and gene expression. Desmin intermediate filaments assembly requires αB-crystallin, a small heat shock protein. Over its chaperone activity, αB-crystallin is involved in several cellular functions such as cell integrity, cytoskeleton stabilization, apoptosis, autophagy, differentiation, mitochondria function or aggresome formation. Importantly, both proteins are known to be strongly associated to the aetiology of several cardiac and skeletal muscles pathologies related to desmin filaments disorganization and a strong disturbance of desmin interactome. Note that these key proteins of cytoskeleton architecture are extensively modified by post-translational modifications that could affect their functional properties. Therefore, we reviewed in the herein paper the impact of post-translational modifications on the modulation of cellular functions of desmin and its molecular chaperone, the αB-crystallin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Claeyssen
- University of Lille, University of Artois, University of Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nathan Bulangalire
- University of Lille, University of Artois, University of Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, F-59000 Lille, France; Université de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bruno Bastide
- University of Lille, University of Artois, University of Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Onnik Agbulut
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Cieniewski-Bernard
- University of Lille, University of Artois, University of Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, F-59000 Lille, France.
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11
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Romeiro Motta M, Biswas S, Schaedel L. Beyond uniformity: Exploring the heterogeneous and dynamic nature of the microtubule lattice. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151370. [PMID: 37922811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A fair amount of research on microtubules since their discovery in 1963 has focused on their dynamic tips. In contrast, the microtubule lattice was long believed to be highly regular and static, and consequently received far less attention. Yet, as it turned out, the microtubule lattice is neither as regular, nor as static as previously believed: structural studies uncovered the remarkable wealth of different conformations the lattice can accommodate. In the last decade, the microtubule lattice was shown to be labile and to spontaneously undergo renovation, a phenomenon that is intimately linked to structural defects and was called "microtubule self-repair". Following this breakthrough discovery, further recent research provided a deeper understanding of the lattice self-repair mechanism, which we review here. Instrumental to these discoveries were in vitro microtubule reconstitution assays, in which microtubules are grown from the minimal components required for their dynamics. In this review, we propose a shift from the term "lattice self-repair" to "lattice dynamics", since this phenomenon is an inherent property of microtubules and can happen without microtubule damage. We focus on how in vitro microtubule reconstitution assays helped us learn (1) which types of structural variations microtubules display, (2) how these structural variations influence lattice dynamics and microtubule damage caused by mechanical stress, (3) how lattice dynamics impact tip dynamics, and (4) how microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) can play a role in structuring the lattice. Finally, we discuss the unanswered questions about lattice dynamics and how technical advances will help us tackle these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Romeiro Motta
- Department of Physics, Center for Biophysics, Campus A2 4, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École normale supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Subham Biswas
- Department of Physics, Center for Biophysics, Campus A2 4, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Laura Schaedel
- Department of Physics, Center for Biophysics, Campus A2 4, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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12
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Beedle AE, Jaganathan A, Albajar-Sigalés A, Yavitt FM, Bera K, Andreu I, Granero-Moya I, Zalvidea D, Kechagia Z, Wiche G, Trepat X, Ivaska J, Anseth KS, Shenoy VB, Roca-Cusachs P. Fibrillar adhesion dynamics govern the timescales of nuclear mechano-response via the vimentin cytoskeleton. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.08.566191. [PMID: 37986921 PMCID: PMC10659263 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.08.566191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The cell nucleus is continuously exposed to external signals, of both chemical and mechanical nature. To ensure proper cellular response, cells need to regulate not only the transmission of these signals, but also their timing and duration. Such timescale regulation is well described for fluctuating chemical signals, but if and how it applies to mechanical signals reaching the nucleus is still unknown. Here we demonstrate that the formation of fibrillar adhesions locks the nucleus in a mechanically deformed conformation, setting the mechanical response timescale to that of fibrillar adhesion remodelling (~1 hour). This process encompasses both mechanical deformation and associated mechanotransduction (such as via YAP), in response to both increased and decreased mechanical stimulation. The underlying mechanism is the anchoring of the vimentin cytoskeleton to fibrillar adhesions and the extracellular matrix through plectin 1f, which maintains nuclear deformation. Our results reveal a mechanism to regulate the timescale of mechanical adaptation, effectively setting a low pass filter to mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E.M. Beedle
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Anuja Jaganathan
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Aina Albajar-Sigalés
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - F. Max Yavitt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303 USA
| | - Kaustav Bera
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303 USA
| | - Ion Andreu
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ignasi Granero-Moya
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dobryna Zalvidea
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zanetta Kechagia
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Wiche
- Max Perutz Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Foundation for the Finnish Cancer Institute, Tukholmankatu 8, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristi S. Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303 USA
| | - Vivek B. Shenoy
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Pere Roca-Cusachs
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Saldanha R, Tri Ho Thanh M, Krishnan N, Hehnly H, Patteson AE. Vimentin supports cell polarization by enhancing centrosome function and microtubule acetylation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.17.528977. [PMID: 36824848 PMCID: PMC9949120 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.17.528977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity is important for controlling cell shape, motility, and cell division processes. Vimentin intermediate filaments are necessary for proper polarization of migrating fibroblasts and assembly of vimentin and microtubule networks is dynamically coordinated, but the precise details of how vimentin mediates cell polarity remain unclear. Here, we characterize the effects of vimentin on the structure and function of the centrosome and the stability of microtubule filaments in wild-type and vimentin-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (mEFs). We find that vimentin mediates the structure of the pericentrosomal material, promotes centrosome-mediated microtubule regrowth, and increases the level of stable acetylated microtubules in the cell. Loss of vimentin also impairs centrosome repositioning during cell polarization and migration processes that occur during wound closure. Our results suggest that vimentin modulates centrosome structure and function as well as microtubule network stability, which has important implications for how cells establish proper cell polarization and persistent migration.
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14
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Doganyigit Z, Eroglu E, Okan A. Intermediate filament proteins are reliable immunohistological biomarkers to help diagnose multiple tissue-specific diseases. Anat Histol Embryol 2023; 52:655-672. [PMID: 37329162 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytoskeletal networks are proteins that effectively maintain cell integrity and provide mechanical support to cells by actively transmitting mechanical signals. Intermediate filaments, which are from the cytoskeleton family and are 10 nanometres in diameter, are unlike actin and microtubules, which are highly dynamic cytoskeletal elements. Intermediate filaments are flexible at low strain, harden at high strain and resist breaking. For this reason, these filaments fulfil structural functions by providing mechanical support to the cells through their different strain-hardening properties. Intermediate filaments are suitable in that cells both cope with mechanical forces and modulate signal transmission. These filaments are composed of fibrous proteins that exhibit a central α-helical rod domain with a conserved substructure. Intermediate filament proteins are divided into six groups. Type I and type II include acidic and basic keratins, type III, vimentin, desmin, peripheralin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), respectively. Type IV intermediate filament group includes neurofilament proteins and a fourth neurofilament subunit, α-internexin proteins. Type V consists of lamins located in the nucleus, and the type VI group consists of lens-specific intermediate filaments, CP49/phakinin and filen. Intermediate filament proteins show specific immunoreactivity in differentiating cells and mature cells of various types. Various carcinomas such as colorectal, urothelial and ovarian, diseases such as chronic pancreatitis, cirrhosis, hepatitis and cataract have been associated with intermediate filaments. Accordingly, this section reviews available immunohistochemical antibodies to intermediate filament proteins. Identification of intermediate filament proteins by methodological methods may contribute to the understanding of complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuleyha Doganyigit
- Faculty of Medicine, Histology and Embryology, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Ece Eroglu
- Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Aslı Okan
- Faculty of Medicine, Histology and Embryology, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
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15
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Pensalfini M, Golde T, Trepat X, Arroyo M. Nonaffine Mechanics of Entangled Networks Inspired by Intermediate Filaments. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:058101. [PMID: 37595243 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.058101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by massive intermediate filament (IF) reorganization in superstretched epithelia, we examine computationally the principles controlling the mechanics of a set of entangled filaments whose ends slide on the cell boundary. We identify an entanglement metric and threshold beyond which random loose networks respond nonaffinely and nonlinearly to stretch by self-organizing into structurally optimal star-shaped configurations. A simple model connecting cellular and filament strains links emergent mechanics to cell geometry, network topology, and filament mechanics. We identify a safety net mechanism in IF networks and provide a framework to harness entanglement in soft fibrous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pensalfini
- Laboratori de Càlcul Numeric (LaCàN), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tom Golde
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marino Arroyo
- Laboratori de Càlcul Numeric (LaCàN), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centre Internacional de Mètodes Numèrics en Enginyeria (CIMNE), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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16
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McGorty RJ, Currie CJ, Michel J, Sasanpour M, Gunter C, Lindsay KA, Rust MJ, Katira P, Das M, Ross JL, Robertson-Anderson RM. Kinesin and myosin motors compete to drive rich multiphase dynamics in programmable cytoskeletal composites. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad245. [PMID: 37575673 PMCID: PMC10416814 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The cellular cytoskeleton relies on diverse populations of motors, filaments, and binding proteins acting in concert to enable nonequilibrium processes ranging from mitosis to chemotaxis. The cytoskeleton's versatile reconfigurability, programmed by interactions between its constituents, makes it a foundational active matter platform. However, current active matter endeavors are limited largely to single force-generating components acting on a single substrate-far from the composite cytoskeleton in cells. Here, we engineer actin-microtubule (MT) composites, driven by kinesin and myosin motors and tuned by crosslinkers, to ballistically restructure and flow with speeds that span three orders of magnitude depending on the composite formulation and time relative to the onset of motor activity. Differential dynamic microscopy analyses reveal that kinesin and myosin compete to delay the onset of acceleration and suppress discrete restructuring events, while passive crosslinking of either actin or MTs has an opposite effect. Our minimal advection-diffusion model and spatial correlation analyses correlate these dynamics to structure, with motor antagonism suppressing reconfiguration and demixing, while crosslinking enhances clustering. Despite the rich formulation space and emergent formulation-dependent structures, the nonequilibrium dynamics across all composites and timescales can be organized into three classes-slow isotropic reorientation, fast directional flow, and multimode restructuring. Moreover, our mathematical model demonstrates that diverse structural motifs can arise simply from the interplay between motor-driven advection and frictional drag. These general features of our platform facilitate applicability to other active matter systems and shed light on diverse ways that cytoskeletal components can cooperate or compete to enable wide-ranging cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J McGorty
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Christopher J Currie
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Jonathan Michel
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Mehrzad Sasanpour
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Christopher Gunter
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - K Alice Lindsay
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Michael J Rust
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Parag Katira
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Moumita Das
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Jennifer L Ross
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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17
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Kraxner J, Köster S. Influence of phosphorylation on intermediate filaments. Biol Chem 2023; 404:821-827. [PMID: 37074314 PMCID: PMC10506380 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton of eukaryotes consists of actin filaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments (IF). IFs, in particular, are prone to pronounced phosphorylation, leading to additional charges on the affected amino acids. In recent years, a variety of experiments employing either reconstituted protein systems or living cells have revealed that these altered charge patterns form the basis for a number of very diverse cellular functions and processes, including reversible filament assembly, filament softening, network remodeling, cell migration, interactions with other protein structures, and biochemical signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kraxner
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, D-10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Köster
- University of Göttingen, Institute for X-Ray Physics, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
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18
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Lorenz C, Forsting J, Style RW, Klumpp S, Köster S. Keratin filament mechanics and energy dissipation are determined by metal-like plasticity. MATTER 2023; 6:2019-2033. [PMID: 37332398 PMCID: PMC10273143 DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Cell mechanics are determined by an intracellular biopolymer network, including intermediate filaments that are expressed in a cell-type-specific manner. A prominent pair of intermediate filaments are keratin and vimentin, as they are expressed by non-motile and motile cells, respectively. Therefore, the differential expression of these proteins coincides with a change in cellular mechanics and dynamic properties of the cells. This observation raises the question of how the mechanical properties already differ on the single filament level. Here, we use optical tweezers and a computational model to compare the stretching and dissipation behavior of the two filament types. We find that keratin and vimentin filaments behave in opposite ways: keratin filaments elongate but retain their stiffness, whereas vimentin filaments soften but retain their length. This finding is explained by fundamentally different ways to dissipate energy: viscous sliding of subunits within keratin filaments and non-equilibrium α helix unfolding in vimentin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Lorenz
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Forsting
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert W. Style
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Klumpp
- Institute for the Dynamics of Complex Systems, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck School “Matter to Life”, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Köster
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck School “Matter to Life”, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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19
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González-Jiménez P, Duarte S, Martínez AE, Navarro-Carrasco E, Lalioti V, Pajares MA, Pérez-Sala D. Vimentin single cysteine residue acts as a tunable sensor for network organization and as a key for actin remodeling in response to oxidants and electrophiles. Redox Biol 2023; 64:102756. [PMID: 37285743 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine residues can undergo multiple posttranslational modifications with diverse functional consequences, potentially behaving as tunable sensors. The intermediate filament protein vimentin has important implications in pathophysiology, including cancer progression, infection, and fibrosis, and maintains a close interplay with other cytoskeletal structures, such as actin filaments and microtubules. We previously showed that the single vimentin cysteine, C328, is a key target for oxidants and electrophiles. Here, we demonstrate that structurally diverse cysteine-reactive agents, including electrophilic mediators, oxidants and drug-related compounds, disrupt the vimentin network eliciting morphologically distinct reorganizations. As most of these agents display broad reactivity, we pinpointed the importance of C328 by confirming that local perturbations introduced through mutagenesis provoke structure-dependent vimentin rearrangements. Thus, GFP-vimentin wild type (wt) forms squiggles and short filaments in vimentin-deficient cells, the C328F, C328W, and C328H mutants generate diverse filamentous assemblies, and the C328A and C328D constructs fail to elongate yielding dots. Remarkably, vimentin C328H structures resemble the wt, but are strongly resistant to electrophile-elicited disruption. Therefore, the C328H mutant allows elucidating whether cysteine-dependent vimentin reorganization influences other cellular responses to reactive agents. Electrophiles such as 1,4-dinitro-1H-imidazole and 4-hydroxynonenal induce robust actin stress fibers in cells expressing vimentin wt. Strikingly, under these conditions, vimentin C328H expression blunts electrophile-elicited stress fiber formation, apparently acting upstream of RhoA. Analysis of additional vimentin C328 mutants shows that electrophile-sensitive and assembly-defective vimentin variants permit induction of stress fibers by reactive species, whereas electrophile-resistant filamentous vimentin structures prevent it. Together, our results suggest that vimentin acts as a break for actin stress fibers formation, which would be released by C328-aided disruption, thus allowing full actin remodeling in response to oxidants and electrophiles. These observations postulate C328 as a "sensor" transducing structurally diverse modifications into fine-tuned vimentin network rearrangements, and a gatekeeper for certain electrophiles in the interplay with actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia González-Jiménez
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C.S.I.C., 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofia Duarte
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C.S.I.C., 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alma E Martínez
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C.S.I.C., 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Navarro-Carrasco
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C.S.I.C., 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vasiliki Lalioti
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C.S.I.C., 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Pajares
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C.S.I.C., 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C.S.I.C., 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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20
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Ghose A, Pullarkat P. The role of mechanics in axonal stability and development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 140:22-34. [PMID: 35786351 PMCID: PMC7615100 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Much of the focus of neuronal cell biology has been devoted to growth cone guidance, synaptogenesis, synaptic activity, plasticity, etc. The axonal shaft too has received much attention, mainly for its astounding ability to transmit action potentials and the transport of material over long distances. For these functions, the axonal cytoskeleton and membrane have been often assumed to play static structural roles. Recent experiments have changed this view by revealing an ultrastructure much richer in features than previously perceived and one that seems to be maintained at a dynamic steady state. The role of mechanics in this is only beginning to be broadly appreciated and appears to involve passive and active modes of coupling different biopolymer filaments, filament turnover dynamics and membrane biophysics. Axons, being unique cellular processes in terms of high aspect ratios and often extreme lengths, also exhibit unique passive mechanical properties that might have evolved to stabilize them under mechanical stress. In this review, we summarize the experiments that have exposed some of these features. It is our view that axonal mechanics deserves much more attention not only due to its significance in the development and maintenance of the nervous system but also due to the susceptibility of axons to injury and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurnab Ghose
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411 008, India.
| | - Pramod Pullarkat
- Raman Research Institute, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bengaluru 560 080, India.
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21
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Kerivan EM, Tobin L, Basil M, Reinemann DN. Molecular and cellular level characterization of cytoskeletal mechanics using a quartz crystal microbalance. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2023; 80:100-111. [PMID: 36891731 PMCID: PMC10272097 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is an instrument that has the ability to measure nanogram-level changes in mass on a quartz sensor and is traditionally used to probe surface interactions and assembly kinetics of synthetic systems. The addition of dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) facilitates the study of viscoelastic systems, such as those relevant to molecular and cellular mechanics. Due to real-time recording of frequency and dissipation changes and single protein-level precision, the QCM-D is effective in interrogating the viscoelastic properties of cell surfaces and in vitro cellular components. However, few studies focus on the application of this instrument to cytoskeletal systems, whose dynamic parts create interesting emergent mechanics as ensembles that drive essential tasks, such as division and motility. Here, we review the ability of the QCM-D to characterize key kinetic and mechanical features of the cytoskeleton through in vitro reconstitution and cellular assays and outline how QCM-D studies can yield insightful mechanical data alone and in tandem with other biophysical characterization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Kerivan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Lyle Tobin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Mihir Basil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Dana N. Reinemann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
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22
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Glaser M, Mollenkopf P, Prascevic D, Ferraz C, Käs JA, Schnauß J, Smith DM. Systematic altering of semiflexible DNA-based polymer networks via tunable crosslinking. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:7374-7383. [PMID: 37039012 PMCID: PMC10134436 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05615a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand and predict the mechanical behaviours of complex, soft biomaterials such as cells or stimuli-responsive hydrogels, it is important to connect how the nanoscale properties of their constituent components impact those of the bulk material. Crosslinked networks of semiflexible polymers are particularly ubiquitous, being underlying mechanical components of biological systems such as cells or ECM, as well as many synthetic or biomimetic materials. Cell-derived components such as filamentous biopolymers or protein crosslinkers are readily available and well-studied model systems. However, as evolutionarily derived materials, they are constrained to a fixed set of structural parameters such as the rigidity and size of the filaments, or the valency and strength of binding of crosslinkers forming inter-filament connections. By implementing a synthetic model system based on the self-assembly of DNA oligonucleotides into nanometer-scale tubes and simple crosslinking constructs, we used the thermodynamic programmability of DNA hybridization to explore the impact of binding affinity on bulk mechanical response. Stepwise tuning the crosslinking affinity over a range from transient to thermodynamically stable shows an according change in viscoelastic behaviour from loosely entangled to elastic, consistent with models accounting for generalized inter-filament interactions. While characteristic signatures of concentration-dependent changes in network morphology found in some other natural and synthetic filament-crosslinker systems were not apparent, the presence of a distinct elasticity increase within a narrow range of conditions points towards potential subtle alterations of crosslink-filament architecture. Here, we demonstrate a new synthetic approach for gaining a deeper understanding of both biological as well as engineered hydrogel systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Glaser
- DNA Nanodevices Group, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstr. 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Soft Matter Physics Division, Peter Debye Institute, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul Mollenkopf
- DNA Nanodevices Group, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstr. 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Soft Matter Physics Division, Peter Debye Institute, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dusan Prascevic
- DNA Nanodevices Group, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstr. 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Catarina Ferraz
- DNA Nanodevices Group, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstr. 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Soft Matter Physics Division, Peter Debye Institute, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josef A Käs
- DNA Nanodevices Group, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstr. 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jörg Schnauß
- DNA Nanodevices Group, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstr. 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Soft Matter Physics Division, Peter Debye Institute, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David M Smith
- DNA Nanodevices Group, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstr. 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- Soft Matter Physics Division, Peter Debye Institute, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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23
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Ruiz-Franco J, Tauber J, van der Gucht J. Cross-linker Mobility Governs Fracture Behavior of Catch-Bonded Networks. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:118203. [PMID: 37001087 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.118203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
While most chemical bonds weaken under the action of mechanical force (called slip bond behavior), nature has developed bonds that do the opposite: their lifetime increases as force is applied. While such catch bonds have been studied quite extensively at the single molecule level and in adhesive contacts, recent work has shown that they are also abundantly present as crosslinkers in the actin cytoskeleton. However, their role and the mechanism by which they operate in these networks have remained unclear. Here, we present computer simulations that show how polymer networks crosslinked with either slip or catch bonds respond to mechanical stress. Our results reveal that catch bonding may be required to protect dynamic networks against fracture, in particular for mobile linkers that can diffuse freely after unbinding. While mobile slip bonds lead to networks that are very weak at high stresses, mobile catch bonds accumulate in high stress regions and thereby stabilize cracks, leading to a more ductile fracture behavior. This allows cells to combine structural adaptivity at low stresses with mechanical stability at high stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ruiz-Franco
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Justin Tauber
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jasper van der Gucht
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, Netherlands
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24
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Schuhmacher M, Hoogendoorn S. Out With a Bang: Celebrating Global Chemical Biology. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:218-222. [PMID: 36648442 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
On November 8-10, 2022, 163 participants from all over the world gathered at the Campus Biotech in Geneva, Switzerland to share in the latest research in chemical biology. The fourth international symposium of the Swiss National Centres of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology coincided with the end of this successful research consortium, and as such this event marked a celebration of the past 12 years of chemical biology research in Switzerland. The inspiring talks delivered by the 15 well-known scientists, balanced in gender, expertise, and geographic location, as well as the numerous poster presentations by junior scientists showcased the breadth of global chemical biology and the bright future ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Schuhmacher
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sascha Hoogendoorn
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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25
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Schween L, Mücke N, Portet S, Goldmann WH, Herrmann H, Fabry B. Dual-wavelength stopped-flow analysis of the lateral and longitudinal assembly kinetics of vimentin. Biophys J 2022; 121:3850-3861. [PMID: 36101505 PMCID: PMC9674981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vimentin is a highly charged intermediate filament protein that inherently forms extended dimeric coiled coils, which serve as the basic building blocks of intermediate filaments. Under low ionic strength conditions, vimentin filaments dissociate into uniform tetrameric complexes of two anti-parallel-oriented, half-staggered coiled-coil dimers. By addition of salt, vimentin tetramers spontaneously reassemble into filaments in a time-dependent process: 1) lateral assembly of tetramers into unit-length filaments, 2) longitudinal annealing of unit-length filaments, and 3) longitudinal assembly of filaments coupled with subsequent radial compaction. To independently determine the lateral and longitudinal assembly kinetics, we measure with a stopped-flow instrument the static light scattering signal at two different wavelengths (405 and 594 nm) with a temporal resolution of 3 ms and analyze the signals based on Rayleigh-Gans theory. This theory considers that the intensity of the scattered light depends not only on the molecular weight of the scattering object but also on its shape. This shape dependence is more pronounced at shorter wavelengths, allowing us to decompose the scattered light signal into its components arising from lateral and longitudinal filament assembly. We demonstrate that both the lateral and longitudinal filament assembly kinetics increase with salt concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovis Schween
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Mücke
- Division of Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stéphanie Portet
- Department of Mathematics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Wolfgang H Goldmann
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Herrmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ben Fabry
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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26
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Chen W, Kumari J, Yuan H, Yang F, Kouwer PHJ. Toward Tissue-Like Material Properties: Inducing In Situ Adaptive Behavior in Fibrous Hydrogels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202057. [PMID: 35792703 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The materials properties of biological tissues are unique. Nature is able to spatially and temporally manipulate (mechanical) properties while maintaining responsiveness toward a variety of cues; all without majorly changing the material's composition. Artificial mimics, synthetic or biomaterial-based are far less advanced and poorly reproduce the natural cell microenvironment. A viable strategy to generate materials with advanced properties combines different materials into nanocomposites. This work describes nanocomposites of a synthetic fibrous hydrogel, based on polyisocyanide (PIC), that is noncovalently linked to a responsive cross-linker. The introduction of the cross-linker transforms the PIC gel from a static fibrous extracellular matrix mimic to a highly dynamic material that maintains biocompatibility, as demonstrated by in situ modification of the (non)linear mechanical properties and efficient self-healing properties. Key in the material design is cross-linking at the fibrillar level using nanoparticles, which, simultaneously may be used to introduce more advanced properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, AJ 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Jyoti Kumari
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, AJ 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Hongbo Yuan
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Chemistry Department, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
- Institute of Biophysics, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, P. R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, AJ 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H J Kouwer
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, AJ 6525, The Netherlands
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27
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Khalil K, Eon A, Janody F. Cell Architecture-Dependent Constraints: Critical Safeguards to Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8622. [PMID: 35955754 PMCID: PMC9369145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal cells display great diversity in their shape. These morphological characteristics result from crosstalk between the plasma membrane and the force-generating capacities of the cytoskeleton macromolecules. Changes in cell shape are not merely byproducts of cell fate determinants, they also actively drive cell fate decisions, including proliferation and differentiation. Global and local changes in cell shape alter the transcriptional program by a multitude of mechanisms, including the regulation of physical links between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope and the mechanical modulation of cation channels and signalling molecules. It is therefore not surprising that anomalies in cell shape contribute to several diseases, including cancer. In this review, we discuss the possibility that the constraints imposed by cell shape determine the behaviour of normal and pro-tumour cells by organizing the whole interconnected regulatory network. In turn, cell behaviour might stabilize cells into discrete shapes. However, to progress towards a fully transformed phenotype and to acquire plasticity properties, pro-tumour cells might need to escape these cell shape restrictions. Thus, robust controls of the cell shape machinery may represent a critical safeguard against carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Khalil
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (K.K.); (A.E.)
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Master Programme in Oncology, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alice Eon
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (K.K.); (A.E.)
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Magistère Européen de Génétique, Université Paris Cité, 5 Rue Thomas Mann, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Florence Janody
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (K.K.); (A.E.)
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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28
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Abstract
Active cytoskeletal materials in vitro demonstrate self-organizing properties similar to those observed in their counterparts in cells. However, the search to emulate phenomena observed in living matter has fallen short of producing a cytoskeletal network that would be structurally stable yet possess adaptive plasticity. Here, we address this challenge by combining cytoskeletal polymers in a composite where self-assembling microtubules and actin filaments collectively self-organize due to the activity of microtubule-percolating molecular motors. We demonstrate that microtubules spatially organize actin filaments that in turn guide microtubules. The two networks align in an ordered fashion using this feedback loop. In this composite, actin filaments can act as structural memory and, depending on the concentration of the components, microtubules either write this memory or get guided by it. The system is sensitive to external stimuli, suggesting possible autoregulatory behavior in changing mechanochemical environments. We thus establish an artificial active actin-microtubule composite as a system demonstrating architectural stability and plasticity.
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29
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Ndiaye AB, Koenderink GH, Shemesh M. Intermediate Filaments in Cellular Mechanoresponsiveness: Mediating Cytoskeletal Crosstalk From Membrane to Nucleus and Back. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:882037. [PMID: 35478961 PMCID: PMC9035595 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.882037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian cytoskeleton forms a mechanical continuum that spans across the cell, connecting the cell surface to the nucleus via transmembrane protein complexes in the plasma and nuclear membranes. It transmits extracellular forces to the cell interior, providing mechanical cues that influence cellular decisions, but also actively generates intracellular forces, enabling the cell to probe and remodel its tissue microenvironment. Cells adapt their gene expression profile and morphology to external cues provided by the matrix and adjacent cells as well as to cell-intrinsic changes in cytoplasmic and nuclear volume. The cytoskeleton is a complex filamentous network of three interpenetrating structural proteins: actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Traditionally the actin cytoskeleton is considered the main contributor to mechanosensitivity. This view is now shifting owing to the mounting evidence that the three cytoskeletal filaments have interdependent functions due to cytoskeletal crosstalk, with intermediate filaments taking a central role. In this Mini Review we discuss how cytoskeletal crosstalk confers mechanosensitivity to cells and tissues, with a particular focus on the role of intermediate filaments. We propose a view of the cytoskeleton as a composite structure, in which cytoskeletal crosstalk regulates the local stability and organization of all three filament families at the sub-cellular scale, cytoskeletal mechanics at the cellular scale, and cell adaptation to external cues at the tissue scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michal Shemesh
- *Correspondence: Michal Shemesh, ; Gijsje H. Koenderink,
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30
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Integrating mechanical signals into cellular identity. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:669-680. [PMID: 35337714 PMCID: PMC9288541 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The large arrays of cell types in a multicellular organism are defined by their stereotypic size and/or morphology, and, for cells in vivo, by their anatomic positions. Historically, this identity-structure-function correlation was conceptualized as arising from distinct gene expression programs that dictate how cells appear and behave. However, a growing number of studies suggest that a cell's mechanical state is also an important determinant of its identity, both in lineage-committed cells and in pluripotent stem cells. Defining the mechanism by which mechanical inputs influence complex cellular programs remains an area of ongoing investigation. Here, we discuss how the cytoskeleton actively participates in instructing the response of the nucleus and genome to integrate mechanical and biochemical inputs, with a primary focus on the role of the actomyosin-LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complex axis.
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31
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Nunes Vicente F, Lelek M, Tinevez JY, Tran QD, Pehau-Arnaudet G, Zimmer C, Etienne-Manneville S, Giannone G, Leduc C. Molecular organization and mechanics of single vimentin filaments revealed by super-resolution imaging. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm2696. [PMID: 35213220 PMCID: PMC8880768 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm2696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) are involved in key cellular functions including polarization, migration, and protection against large deformations. These functions are related to their remarkable ability to extend without breaking, a capacity that should be determined by the molecular organization of subunits within filaments. However, this structure-mechanics relationship remains poorly understood at the molecular level. Here, using super-resolution microscopy (SRM), we show that vimentin filaments exhibit a ~49-nanometer axial repeat both in cells and in vitro. As unit-length filaments (ULFs) were measured at ~59 nanometers, this demonstrates a partial overlap of ULFs during filament assembly. Using an SRM-compatible stretching device, we also provide evidence that the extensibility of vimentin is due to the unfolding of its subunits and not to their sliding, thus establishing a direct link between the structural organization and its mechanical properties. Overall, our results pave the way for future studies of IF assembly, mechanical, and structural properties in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Nunes Vicente
- Institut Interdisciplinaire des Neurosciences, CNRS UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Mickael Lelek
- Imaging and Modeling Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3691, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Jean-Yves Tinevez
- Image Analysis Hub, 2RT / DTPS, Institut Pasteur, Paris F-75015 , France
| | - Quang D. Tran
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3691, équipe labellisée Ligue contre le cancer, Paris F-75015, France
- CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Gerard Pehau-Arnaudet
- CNRS UMR 3528, Institut Pasteur, Paris F-75015, France
- Ultrastructural BioImaging Platform, Institut Pasteur, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Christophe Zimmer
- Imaging and Modeling Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3691, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3691, équipe labellisée Ligue contre le cancer, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Gregory Giannone
- Institut Interdisciplinaire des Neurosciences, CNRS UMR 5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux F-33000, France
| | - Cécile Leduc
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3691, équipe labellisée Ligue contre le cancer, Paris F-75015, France
- CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris, Paris F-75013, France
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32
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Son S, Baek A, Lee JH, Kim DE. Autophagosome-lysosome fusion is facilitated by plectin-stabilized actin and keratin 8 during macroautophagic process. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:95. [PMID: 35080691 PMCID: PMC11072119 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosome-mediated degradative process that removes damaged proteins and organelles, during which autophagosome-lysosome fusion is a key step of the autophagic flux. Based on our observation that intermediate cytofilament keratin 8 (KRT8) enhances autophagic clearance in cells under oxidative stress condition, we investigated whether KRT8 supports the cytoplasmic architectural networks to facilitate the vesicular fusion entailing trafficking onto filamentous tracks. We found that KRT8 interacts with actin filaments via the cytolinker, plectin (PLEC) during trafficking of autophagosome. When PLEC was knocked down or KRT8 structure was collapsed by phosphorylation, autophagosome-lysosome fusion was attenuated. Inhibition of actin polymerization resulted in accumulation of autophagosomes owing to a decrease in autophagosome and lysosome fusion. Furthermore, myosin motor protein was found to be responsible for vesicular trafficking along the actin filaments to entail autolysosome formation. Thus, the autophagosome-lysosome fusion is aided by PLEC-stabilized actin filaments as well as intermediate cytofilament KRT8 that supports the structural integrity of actin filaments during macroautophagic process under oxidative stress condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Son
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahruem Baek
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Eun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Romero JJ, De Rossi MC, Oses C, Echegaray CV, Verneri P, Francia M, Guberman A, Levi V. Nucleus-cytoskeleton communication impacts on OCT4-chromatin interactions in embryonic stem cells. BMC Biol 2022; 20:6. [PMID: 34996451 PMCID: PMC8742348 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01207-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytoskeleton is a key component of the system responsible for transmitting mechanical cues from the cellular environment to the nucleus, where they trigger downstream responses. This communication is particularly relevant in embryonic stem (ES) cells since forces can regulate cell fate and guide developmental processes. However, little is known regarding cytoskeleton organization in ES cells, and thus, relevant aspects of nuclear-cytoskeletal interactions remain elusive. RESULTS We explored the three-dimensional distribution of the cytoskeleton in live ES cells and show that these filaments affect the shape of the nucleus. Next, we evaluated if cytoskeletal components indirectly modulate the binding of the pluripotency transcription factor OCT4 to chromatin targets. We show that actin depolymerization triggers OCT4 binding to chromatin sites whereas vimentin disruption produces the opposite effect. In contrast to actin, vimentin contributes to the preservation of OCT4-chromatin interactions and, consequently, may have a pro-stemness role. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest roles of components of the cytoskeleton in shaping the nucleus of ES cells, influencing the interactions of the transcription factor OCT4 with the chromatin and potentially affecting pluripotency and cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Romero
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Cecilia De Rossi
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila Oses
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila Vázquez Echegaray
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Verneri
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos Francia
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Guberman
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Valeria Levi
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Ginsberg L, McDonald R, Lin Q, Hendrickx R, Spigolon G, Ravichandran G, Daraio C, Roumeli E. Cell wall and cytoskeletal contributions in single cell biomechanics of Nicotiana tabacum. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 3:e1. [PMID: 37077972 PMCID: PMC10097588 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2021.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the mechanics of plant cells usually focus on understanding the effects of turgor pressure and properties of the cell wall (CW). While the functional roles of the underlying cytoskeleton have been studied, the extent to which it contributes to the mechanical properties of cells is not elucidated. Here, we study the contributions of the CW, microtubules (MTs) and actin filaments (AFs), in the mechanical properties of Nicotiana tabacum cells. We use a multiscale biomechanical assay comprised of atomic force microscopy and micro-indentation in solutions that (i) remove MTs and AFs and (ii) alter osmotic pressures in the cells. To compare measurements obtained by the two mechanical tests, we develop two generative statistical models to describe the cell's behaviour using one or both datasets. Our results illustrate that MTs and AFs contribute significantly to cell stiffness and dissipated energy, while confirming the dominant role of turgor pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Ginsberg
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125, USA
| | - Robin McDonald
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125, USA
| | - Qinchen Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195, USA
| | - Rodinde Hendrickx
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125, USA
| | - Giada Spigolon
- Biological Imaging Facility, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125, USA
| | - Guruswami Ravichandran
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125, USA
| | - Chiara Daraio
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125, USA
| | - Eleftheria Roumeli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195, USA
- Author for correspondence: E. Roumeli, E-mail:
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35
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Muntz I, Fenu M, van Osch GJVM, Koenderink G. The role of cell-matrix interactions in connective tissue mechanics. Phys Biol 2021; 19. [PMID: 34902848 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ac42b8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Living tissue is able to withstand large stresses in everyday life, yet it also actively adapts to dynamic loads. This remarkable mechanical behaviour emerges from the interplay between living cells and their non-living extracellular environment. Here we review recent insights into the biophysical mechanisms involved in the reciprocal interplay between cells and the extracellular matrix and how this interplay determines tissue mechanics, with a focus on connective tissues. We first describe the roles of the main macromolecular components of the extracellular matrix in regards to tissue mechanics. We then proceed to highlight the main routes via which cells sense and respond to their biochemical and mechanical extracellular environment. Next we introduce the three main routes via which cells can modify their extracellular environment: exertion of contractile forces, secretion and deposition of matrix components, and matrix degradation. Finally we discuss how recent insights in the mechanobiology of cell-matrix interactions are furthering our understanding of the pathophysiology of connective tissue diseases and cancer, and facilitating the design of novel strategies for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Muntz
- Bionanoscience, TU Delft, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft, Zuid-Holland, 2629 HC, NETHERLANDS
| | - Michele Fenu
- Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, 3000 CA, NETHERLANDS
| | - Gerjo J V M van Osch
- Orthopaedics; Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, 3000 CA, NETHERLANDS
| | - Gijsje Koenderink
- Bionanoscience, TU Delft, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft, Zuid-Holland, 2629 HZ, NETHERLANDS
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36
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Lee G, Leech G, Lwin P, Michel J, Currie C, Rust MJ, Ross JL, McGorty RJ, Das M, Robertson-Anderson RM. Active cytoskeletal composites display emergent tunable contractility and restructuring. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:10765-10776. [PMID: 34792082 PMCID: PMC9239752 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01083b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a model active matter system that controls processes as diverse as cell motility and mechanosensing. While both active actomyosin dynamics and actin-microtubule interactions are key to the cytoskeleton's versatility and adaptability, an understanding of their interplay is lacking. Here, we couple microscale experiments with mechanistic modeling to elucidate how connectivity, rigidity, and force-generation affect emergent material properties in composite networks of actin, tubulin, and myosin. We use multi-spectral imaging, time-resolved differential dynamic microscopy and spatial image autocorrelation to show that ballistic contraction occurs in composites with sufficient flexibility and motor density, but that a critical fraction of microtubules is necessary to sustain controlled dynamics. The active double-network models we develop, which recapitulate our experimental findings, reveal that while percolated actomyosin networks are essential for contraction, only composites with comparable actin and microtubule densities can simultaneously resist mechanical stresses while supporting substantial restructuring. The comprehensive phase map we present not only provides important insight into the different routes the cytoskeleton can use to alter its dynamics and structure, but also serves as a much-needed blueprint for designing cytoskeleton-inspired materials that couple tunability with resilience and adaptability for diverse applications ranging from wound healing to soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Lee
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of San Diego, USA.
| | - Gregor Leech
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of San Diego, USA.
| | - Pancy Lwin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Rochester Institute of Technology, USA
| | - Jonathan Michel
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Rochester Institute of Technology, USA
| | | | - Michael J Rust
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, USA
| | | | - Ryan J McGorty
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of San Diego, USA.
| | - Moumita Das
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Rochester Institute of Technology, USA
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37
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Vlassakis J, Hansen LL, Higuchi-Sanabria R, Zhou Y, Tsui CK, Dillin A, Huang H, Herr AE. Measuring expression heterogeneity of single-cell cytoskeletal protein complexes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4969. [PMID: 34404787 PMCID: PMC8371148 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multimeric cytoskeletal protein complexes orchestrate normal cellular function. However, protein-complex distributions in stressed, heterogeneous cell populations remain unknown. Cell staining and proximity-based methods have limited selectivity and/or sensitivity for endogenous multimeric protein-complex quantification from single cells. We introduce micro-arrayed, differential detergent fractionation to simultaneously detect protein complexes in hundreds of individual cells. Fractionation occurs by 60 s size-exclusion electrophoresis with protein complex-stabilizing buffer that minimizes depolymerization. Proteins are measured with a ~5-hour immunoassay. Co-detection of cytoskeletal protein complexes in U2OS cells treated with filamentous actin (F-actin) destabilizing Latrunculin A detects a unique subpopulation (~2%) exhibiting downregulated F-actin, but upregulated microtubules. Thus, some cells may upregulate other cytoskeletal complexes to counteract the stress of Latrunculin A treatment. We also sought to understand the effect of non-chemical stress on cellular heterogeneity of F-actin. We find heat shock may dysregulate filamentous and globular actin correlation. In this work, our assay overcomes selectivity limitations to biochemically quantify single-cell protein complexes perturbed with diverse stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julea Vlassakis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Louise L Hansen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ryo Higuchi-Sanabria
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yun Zhou
- Division of Biostatistics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - C Kimberly Tsui
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Dillin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Department of Statistics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Amy E Herr
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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38
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Abstract
The cytoskeleton - comprising actin filaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments - serves instructive roles in regulating cell function and behaviour during development. However, a key challenge in cell and developmental biology is to dissect how these different structures function and interact in vivo to build complex tissues, with the ultimate aim to understand these processes in a mammalian organism. The preimplantation mouse embryo has emerged as a primary model system for tackling this challenge. Not only does the mouse embryo share many morphological similarities with the human embryo during its initial stages of life, it also permits the combination of genetic manipulations with live-imaging approaches to study cytoskeletal dynamics directly within an intact embryonic system. These advantages have led to the discovery of novel cytoskeletal structures and mechanisms controlling lineage specification, cell-cell communication and the establishment of the first forms of tissue architecture during development. Here we highlight the diverse organization and functions of each of the three cytoskeletal filaments during the key events that shape the early mammalian embryo, and discuss how they work together to perform key developmental tasks, including cell fate specification and morphogenesis of the blastocyst. Collectively, these findings are unveiling a new picture of how cells in the early embryo dynamically remodel their cytoskeleton with unique spatial and temporal precision to drive developmental processes in the rapidly changing in vivo environment.
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39
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Griesser E, Vemula V, Mónico A, Pérez-Sala D, Fedorova M. Dynamic posttranslational modifications of cytoskeletal proteins unveil hot spots under nitroxidative stress. Redox Biol 2021; 44:102014. [PMID: 34062408 PMCID: PMC8170420 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a supramolecular structure consisting of interacting protein networks that support cell dynamics in essential processes such as migration and division, as well as in responses to stress. Fast cytoskeletal remodeling is achieved with the participation of regulatory proteins and posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Redox-related PTMs are emerging as critical players in cytoskeletal regulation. Here we used a cellular model of mild nitroxidative stress in which a peroxynitrite donor induced transient changes in the organization of three key cytoskeletal proteins, i.e., vimentin, actin and tubulin. Nitroxidative stress-induced reconfiguration of intermediate filaments, microtubules and actin structures were further correlated with their PTM profiles and dynamics of the PTM landscape. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry, 62 different PTMs were identified and relatively quantified in vimentin, actin and tubulin, including 12 enzymatic, 13 oxidative and 2 nitric oxide-derived modifications as well as 35 modifications by carbonylated lipid peroxidation products, thus evidencing the occurrence of a chain reaction with formation of numerous reactive species and activation of multiple signaling pathways. Our results unveil the presence of certain modifications under basal conditions and their modulation in response to stress in a target-, residue- and reactive species-dependent manner. Thus, some modifications accumulated during the experiment whereas others varied transiently. Moreover, we identified protein PTM "hot spots", such as the single cysteine residue of vimentin, which was detected in seven modified forms, thus, supporting its role in PTM crosstalk and redox sensing. Finally, identification of novel PTMs in these proteins paves the way for unveiling new cytoskeleton regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Griesser
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Germany; Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Venukumar Vemula
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Germany; Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreia Mónico
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C.S.I.C., 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C.S.I.C., 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Fedorova
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Germany; Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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40
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Intermediate Filaments from Tissue Integrity to Single Molecule Mechanics. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081905. [PMID: 34440673 PMCID: PMC8392029 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic intermediate filaments (IFs), which together with actin and microtubules form the cytoskeleton, are composed of a large and diverse family of proteins. Efforts to elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for IF-associated diseases increasingly point towards a major contribution of IFs to the cell’s ability to adapt, resist and respond to mechanical challenges. From these observations, which echo the impressive resilience of IFs in vitro, we here discuss the role of IFs as master integrators of cell and tissue mechanics. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the contribution of IFs to cell and tissue mechanics and explain these results in light of recent in vitro studies that have investigated physical properties of single IFs and IF networks. Finally, we highlight how changes in IF gene expression, network assembly dynamics, and post-translational modifications can tune IF properties to adapt cell and tissue mechanics to changing environments.
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41
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Molecular Insight into the Regulation of Vimentin by Cysteine Modifications and Zinc Binding. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071039. [PMID: 34203497 PMCID: PMC8300659 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The intermediate filament protein vimentin is involved in essential cellular processes, including cell division and stress responses, as well as in the pathophysiology of cancer, pathogen infection, and autoimmunity. The vimentin network undergoes marked reorganizations in response to oxidative stress, in which modifications of vimentin single cysteine residue, Cys328, play an important role, and is modulated by zinc availability. However, the molecular basis for this regulation is not fully understood. Here, we show that Cys328 displays a low pKa, supporting its reactivity, and is readily alkylated and oxidized in vitro. Moreover, combined oxidation and crosslinking assays and molecular dynamics simulations support that zinc ions interact with Cys328 in its thiolate form, whereas Glu329 and Asp331 stabilize zinc coordination. Vimentin oxidation can induce disulfide crosslinking, implying the close proximity of Cys328 from neighboring dimers in certain vimentin conformations, supported by our computational models. Notably, micromolar zinc concentrations prevent Cys328 alkylation, lipoxidation, and disulfide formation. Moreover, zinc selectively protects vimentin from crosslinking using short-spacer cysteine-reactive but not amine-reactive agents. These effects are not mimicked by magnesium, consistent with a lower number of magnesium ions hosted at the cysteine region, according to molecular dynamics simulations. Importantly, the region surrounding Cys328 is involved in interaction with several drugs targeting vimentin and is conserved in type III intermediate filaments, which include glial fibrillary acidic protein and desmin. Altogether, our results identify this region as a hot spot for zinc binding, which modulates Cys328 reactivity. Moreover, they provide a molecular standpoint for vimentin regulation through the interplay between cysteine modifications and zinc availability.
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42
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Vallés AS, Tenconi PE, Luquez JM, Furland NE. The inhibition of microtubule dynamics instability alters lipid homeostasis in TM4 Sertoli cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 426:115607. [PMID: 34089742 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sertoli cells (SC) structurally support and transport nutrients to germ cells during spermatogenesis facilitated by an active cytoskeleton. Chemical perturbation of SC microtubule (MT) dynamics instability leads to premature germ cell exfoliation demonstrating that this process is essential for male fertility, yet the effects of MT damaging drugs on SC lipid metabolism have been less explored. The aim of this study was to advance our understanding of how adequate SC MT dynamicity is needed to finely tune lipid homeostasis. To elucidate the role of MT dynamics instability on the latter, we suppressed MT dynamicity by long-term exposures to 10 nM of nocodazole (NCZ) on TM4-SC cultures. Inhibition of MT dynamics instability affected the distribution of [3H] arachidonate on TM4-SC. Triacylglycerols (TAG) exhibited a higher proportion of the [3H] label, with significantly lower percentages in the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin, and notably, also in phosphatidylethanolamine. A noteworthy and progressive accumulation of lipid droplets during the period of exposure to NCZ was accompanied by increased TAG levels but not cholesterol levels in TM4-SC. NCZ-exposed cells reduced their mitochondrial membrane potential and increased ROS production without triggering apoptosis, had a compromised autophagic flux, and lost their transferrin expression. Although SC morphology was preserved, the NCZ-exposed cells displayed alteration of the normal organization of microfilaments (f-actin) and intermediate filaments (vimentin). Our findings suggest that a preserved MT dynamicity is essential in the maintenance of lipid and fatty acids homeostasis in SC, and thus highlights a novel target in these cells for drugs that impair MT dynamicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Vallés
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquıímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - P E Tenconi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquıímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - J M Luquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquıímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - N E Furland
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquıímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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43
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Anderson SJ, Garamella J, Adalbert S, McGorty RJ, Robertson-Anderson RM. Subtle changes in crosslinking drive diverse anomalous transport characteristics in actin-microtubule networks. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:4375-4385. [PMID: 33908593 PMCID: PMC8189643 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00093d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Anomalous diffusion in crowded and complex environments is widely studied due to its importance in intracellular transport, fluid rheology and materials engineering. Specifically, diffusion through the cytoskeleton, a network comprised of semiflexible actin filaments and rigid microtubules that interact both sterically and via crosslinking, plays a principal role in viral infection, vesicle transport and targeted drug delivery. Here, we elucidate the impact of crosslinking on particle diffusion in composites of actin and microtubules with actin-actin, microtubule-microtubule and actin-microtubule crosslinking. We analyze a suite of transport metrics by coupling single-particle tracking and differential dynamic microscopy. Using these complementary techniques, we find that particles display non-Gaussian and non-ergodic subdiffusion that is markedly enhanced by cytoskeletal crosslinking, which we attribute to suppressed microtubule mobility. However, the extent to which transport deviates from normal Brownian diffusion depends strongly on the crosslinking motif - with actin-microtubule crosslinking inducing the most pronounced anomalous characteristics. Our results reveal that subtle changes to actin-microtubule interactions can have complex impacts on particle diffusion in cytoskeleton composites, and suggest that a combination of reduced filament mobility and more variance in actin mobilities leads to more strongly anomalous particle transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Anderson
- Department of Physics & Biophysics, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA.
| | - J Garamella
- Department of Physics & Biophysics, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA.
| | - S Adalbert
- Department of Physics & Biophysics, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA.
| | - R J McGorty
- Department of Physics & Biophysics, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA.
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44
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Frey F, Idema T. More than just a barrier: using physical models to couple membrane shape to cell function. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:3533-3549. [PMID: 33503097 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01758b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The correct execution of many cellular processes, such as division and motility, requires the cell to adopt a specific shape. Physically, these shapes are determined by the interplay of the plasma membrane and internal cellular driving factors. While the plasma membrane defines the boundary of the cell, processes inside the cell can result in the generation of forces that deform the membrane. These processes include protein binding, the assembly of protein superstructures, and the growth and contraction of cytoskeletal networks. Due to the complexity of the cell, relating observed membrane deformations back to internal processes is a challenging problem. Here, we review cell shape changes in endocytosis, cell adhesion, cell migration and cell division and discuss how by modeling membrane deformations we can investigate the inner working principles of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Frey
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
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45
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Murakami K, Sato M, Miyasaka Y, Hatori K. Selective association of desmin intermediate filaments with a phospholipid layer in droplets. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 555:109-114. [PMID: 33813269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Desmin, an intermediate filament protein expressed in muscle cells, plays a key role in the integrity and regulation of the contractile system. Furthermore, the distribution of desmin in cells and its interplay with plasma and organelle membranes are crucial for cell functions; however, the fundamental properties of lipid-desmin interactions remain unknown. Using a water-in-oil method for a limited space system in vitro, we examined the distribution of desmin in three types of phospholipid droplets: 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine (DOPS). When fluorescent-labeled desmin was observed for 60 min after desmin assembly was initiated by adding 25 mM KCl, desmin accumulated on both the DOPE and DOPS layers; however, it did not accumulate on the DOPC layer of droplets. An increase in salt concentration did not moderate the accumulation. The initial form of either oligomer or mature filament affected the accumulation on each lipid layer. When liposomes were included in the droplets, desmin was associated with DOPE but not on DOPC liposomes. These results suggest that desmin has the potential for association with phospholipids concerning desmin form and lipid shape. The behavior and composition of living membranes may affect the distribution of desmin networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Murakami
- Department of Bio-Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jyonan, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Masashi Sato
- Department of Bio-Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jyonan, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Miyasaka
- Department of Bio-Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jyonan, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Hatori
- Department of Bio-Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jyonan, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Japan.
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46
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Schwarz US. Cell biology: Centrosomes in inner space. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R301-R303. [PMID: 33756145 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Centrosome positioning is essential for many processes in animal cells, in particular during development and migration. A new study using quantitative analysis of enucleated cells plated on adhesive micropatterns reveals that microtubules position the centrosome in the geometric center of the intracellular space defined by the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich S Schwarz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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47
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Leggett SE, Hruska AM, Guo M, Wong IY. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the cytoskeleton in bioengineered systems. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:32. [PMID: 33691719 PMCID: PMC7945251 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00713-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is intrinsically linked to alterations of the intracellular cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. After EMT, cells acquire an elongated morphology with front/back polarity, which can be attributed to actin-driven protrusion formation as well as the gain of vimentin expression. Consequently, cells can deform and remodel the surrounding matrix in order to facilitate local invasion. In this review, we highlight recent bioengineering approaches to elucidate EMT and functional changes in the cytoskeleton. First, we review transitions between multicellular clusters and dispersed individuals on planar surfaces, which often exhibit coordinated behaviors driven by leader cells and EMT. Second, we consider the functional role of vimentin, which can be probed at subcellular length scales and within confined spaces. Third, we discuss the role of topographical patterning and EMT via a contact guidance like mechanism. Finally, we address how multicellular clusters disorganize and disseminate in 3D matrix. These new technologies enable controlled physical microenvironments and higher-resolution spatiotemporal measurements of EMT at the single cell level. In closing, we consider future directions for the field and outstanding questions regarding EMT and the cytoskeleton for human cancer progression. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Leggett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, William St, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Alex M Hruska
- School of Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, and Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University, 184 Hope St Box D, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ian Y Wong
- School of Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, and Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University, 184 Hope St Box D, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
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48
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Gavriljuk K, Scocozza B, Ghasemalizadeh F, Seidel H, Nandan AP, Campos-Medina M, Schmick M, Koseska A, Bastiaens PIH. A self-organized synthetic morphogenic liposome responds with shape changes to local light cues. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1548. [PMID: 33750780 PMCID: PMC7943604 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstituting artificial proto-cells capable of transducing extracellular signals into cytoskeletal changes can reveal fundamental principles of how non-equilibrium phenomena in cellular signal transduction affect morphogenesis. Here, we generated a Synthetic Morphogenic Membrane System (SynMMS) by encapsulating a dynamic microtubule (MT) aster and a light-inducible signaling system driven by GTP/ATP chemical potential into cell-sized liposomes. Responding to light cues in analogy to morphogens, this biomimetic design embodies basic principles of localized Rho-GTPase signal transduction that generate an intracellular MT-regulator signaling gradient. Light-induced signaling promotes membrane-deforming growth of MT-filaments by dynamically elevating the membrane-proximal tubulin concentration. The resulting membrane deformations enable recursive coupling of the MT-aster with the signaling system, which generates global self-organized morphologies that reorganize towards local external cues in dependence on prior shape. SynMMS thereby signifies a step towards bio-inspired engineering of self-organized cellular morphogenesis. The authors generated a Synthetic Morphogenic Membrane System by encapsulating a dynamic microtubule aster and a light-inducible signaling system driven by GTP/ATP chemical potential into cell-sized liposomes. This reconstitution of artificial proto-cells reveals how non-equilibrium phenomena affect cellular information processing in morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Gavriljuk
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bruno Scocozza
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Farid Ghasemalizadeh
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hans Seidel
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Akhilesh P Nandan
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany.,Cellular Computations and Learning, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Campos-Medina
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Malte Schmick
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Aneta Koseska
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany.,Cellular Computations and Learning, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), Bonn, Germany
| | - Philippe I H Bastiaens
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany. .,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.
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49
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Patteson AE, Schwarz JM. Cell nuclei as cytoplasmic rheometers. Biophys J 2021; 120:1535-1536. [PMID: 33740439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Patteson
- Department of Physics and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York.
| | - J M Schwarz
- Department of Physics and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York; Indian Creek Farm, Ithaca, New York.
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50
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Kopf A, Kiermaier E. Dynamic Microtubule Arrays in Leukocytes and Their Role in Cell Migration and Immune Synapse Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:635511. [PMID: 33634136 PMCID: PMC7900162 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.635511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The organization of microtubule arrays in immune cells is critically important for a properly operating immune system. Leukocytes are white blood cells of hematopoietic origin, which exert effector functions of innate and adaptive immune responses. During these processes the microtubule cytoskeleton plays a crucial role for establishing cell polarization and directed migration, targeted secretion of vesicles for T cell activation and cellular cytotoxicity as well as the maintenance of cell integrity. Considering this large spectrum of distinct effector functions, leukocytes require flexible microtubule arrays, which timely and spatially reorganize allowing the cells to accommodate their specific tasks. In contrast to other specialized cell types, which typically nucleate microtubule filaments from non-centrosomal microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs), leukocytes mainly utilize centrosomes for sites of microtubule nucleation. Yet, MTOC localization as well as microtubule organization and dynamics are highly plastic in leukocytes thus allowing the cells to adapt to different environmental constraints. Here we summarize our current knowledge on microtubule organization and dynamics during immune processes and how these microtubule arrays affect immune cell effector functions. We particularly highlight emerging concepts of microtubule involvement during maintenance of cell shape and physical coherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aglaja Kopf
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Kiermaier
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Immune and Tumor Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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