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Müller WEG, Schepler H, Neufurth M, Dobmeyer R, Batel R, Schröder HC, Wang X. Energy level as a theranostic factor for successful therapy of tissue injuries with polyphosphate: the triad metabolic energy - mechanical energy - heat. Theranostics 2024; 14:5262-5280. [PMID: 39267793 PMCID: PMC11388067 DOI: 10.7150/thno.100622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Tissue regeneration of skin and bone is an energy-intensive, ATP-consuming process that, if impaired, can lead to the development of chronic clinical pictures. ATP levels in the extracellular space including the exudate of wounds, especially chronic wounds, are low. This deficiency can be compensated by inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) supplied via the blood platelets to the regenerating site. Methods: The contribution of the different forms of energy derived from polyP (metabolic energy, mechanical energy and heat) to regeneration processes was dissected and studied both in vitro and in patients. ATP is generated metabolically during the enzymatic cleavage of the energy-rich anhydride bonds between the phosphate units of polyP, involving the two enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and adenylate kinase (ADK). Exogenous polyP was administered after incorporation into compressed collagen or hydrogel wound coverages to evaluate its regenerative activity for chronic wound healing. Results: In a proof-of-concept study, fast healing of chronic wounds was achieved with the embedded polyP, supporting the crucial regeneration-promoting activity of ATP. In the presence of Ca2+ in the wound exudate, polyP undergoes a coacervation process leading to a conversion of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, a crucial step supporting cell migration during regenerative tissue repair. During coacervation, a switch from an endothermic to an exothermic, heat-generating process occurs, reflecting a shift from an entropically- to an enthalpically-driven thermodynamic reaction. In addition, mechanical forces cause the appearance of turbulent flows and vortices during liquid-liquid phase separation. These mechanical forces orient the cellular and mineralic (hydroxyapatite crystallite) components, as shown using mineralizing SaOS-2 cells as a model. Conclusion: Here we introduce the energetic triad: metabolic energy (ATP), thermal energy and mechanical energy as a novel theranostic biomarker, which contributes essentially to a successful application of polyP for regeneration processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, GERMANY
| | - Hadrian Schepler
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, GERMANY
| | - Meik Neufurth
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, GERMANY
| | - Rita Dobmeyer
- Galenus GH AG, Rainstrasse 7, 6052 Hergiswil, Switzerland
| | - Renato Batel
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Juraj Dobrila University, Zagrebačka 30, 52100 Pula, Croatia
| | - Heinz C Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, GERMANY
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, GERMANY
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2
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Benaim G, Paniz-Mondolfi A. Unmasking the Mechanism behind Miltefosine: Revealing the Disruption of Intracellular Ca 2+ Homeostasis as a Rational Therapeutic Target in Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease. Biomolecules 2024; 14:406. [PMID: 38672424 PMCID: PMC11047903 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Originally developed as a chemotherapeutic agent, miltefosine (hexadecylphosphocholine) is an inhibitor of phosphatidylcholine synthesis with proven antiparasitic effects. It is the only oral drug approved for the treatment of Leishmaniasis and American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease). Although its precise mechanisms are not yet fully understood, miltefosine exhibits broad-spectrum anti-parasitic effects primarily by disrupting the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis of the parasites while sparing the human hosts. In addition to its inhibitory effects on phosphatidylcholine synthesis and cytochrome c oxidase, miltefosine has been found to affect the unique giant mitochondria and the acidocalcisomes of parasites. Both of these crucial organelles are involved in Ca2+ regulation. Furthermore, miltefosine has the ability to activate a specific parasite Ca2+ channel that responds to sphingosine, which is different to its L-type VGCC human ortholog. Here, we aimed to provide an overview of recent advancements of the anti-parasitic mechanisms of miltefosine. We also explored its multiple molecular targets and investigated how its pleiotropic effects translate into a rational therapeutic approach for patients afflicted by Leishmaniasis and American Trypanosomiasis. Notably, miltefosine's therapeutic effect extends beyond its impact on the parasite to also positively affect the host's immune system. These findings enhance our understanding on its multi-targeted mechanism of action. Overall, this review sheds light on the intricate molecular actions of miltefosine, highlighting its potential as a promising therapeutic option against these debilitating parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Benaim
- Unidad de Señalización Celular y Bioquímica de Parásitos, Instituto de Estudios Avanzados (IDEA), Caracas 1080, Venezuela
- Laboratorio de Biofísica, Instituto de Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1040, Venezuela
| | - Alberto Paniz-Mondolfi
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Division of Microbiology, New York, NY 10029, USA;
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3
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Opperdoes FR, Záhonová K, Škodová-Sveráková I, Bučková B, Chmelová Ľ, Lukeš J, Yurchenko V. In silico prediction of the metabolism of Blastocrithidia nonstop, a trypanosomatid with non-canonical genetic code. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:184. [PMID: 38365628 PMCID: PMC10874023 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almost all extant organisms use the same, so-called canonical, genetic code with departures from it being very rare. Even more exceptional are the instances when a eukaryote with non-canonical code can be easily cultivated and has its whole genome and transcriptome sequenced. This is the case of Blastocrithidia nonstop, a trypanosomatid flagellate that reassigned all three stop codons to encode amino acids. RESULTS We in silico predicted the metabolism of B. nonstop and compared it with that of the well-studied human parasites Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania major. The mapped mitochondrial, glycosomal and cytosolic metabolism contains all typical features of these diverse and important parasites. We also provided experimental validation for some of the predicted observations, concerning, specifically presence of glycosomes, cellular respiration, and assembly of the respiratory complexes. CONCLUSIONS In an unusual comparison of metabolism between a parasitic protist with a massively altered genetic code and its close relatives that rely on a canonical code we showed that the dramatic differences on the level of nucleic acids do not seem to be reflected in the metabolisms. Moreover, although the genome of B. nonstop is extremely AT-rich, we could not find any alterations of its pyrimidine synthesis pathway when compared to other trypanosomatids. Hence, we conclude that the dramatic alteration of the genetic code of B. nonstop has no significant repercussions on the metabolism of this flagellate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred R Opperdoes
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kristína Záhonová
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ingrid Škodová-Sveráková
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbora Bučková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ľubomíra Chmelová
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia.
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4
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Müller WEG, Neufurth M, Wang S, Schröder HC, Wang X. The Physiological Inorganic Polymers Biosilica and Polyphosphate as Key Drivers for Biomedical Materials in Regenerative Nanomedicine. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:1303-1337. [PMID: 38348175 PMCID: PMC10860874 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s446405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a need for novel nanomaterials with properties not yet exploited in regenerative nanomedicine. Based on lessons learned from the oldest metazoan phylum, sponges, it has been recognized that two previously ignored or insufficiently recognized principles play an essential role in tissue regeneration, including biomineral formation/repair and wound healing. Firstly, the dependence on enzymes as a driving force and secondly, the availability of metabolic energy. The discovery of enzymatic synthesis and regenerative activity of amorphous biosilica that builds the mineral skeleton of siliceous sponges formed the basis for the development of successful strategies for the treatment of osteochondral impairments in humans. In addition, the elucidation of the functional significance of a second regeneratively active inorganic material, namely inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) and its amorphous nanoparticles, present from sponges to humans, has pushed forward the development of innovative materials for both soft (skin, cartilage) and hard tissue (bone) repair. This energy-rich molecule exhibits a property not shown by any other biopolymer: the delivery of metabolic energy, even extracellularly, necessary for the ATP-dependent tissue regeneration. This review summarizes the latest developments in nanobiomaterials based on these two evolutionarily old, regeneratively active materials, amorphous silica and amorphous polyP, highlighting their specific, partly unique properties and mode of action, and discussing their possible applications in human therapy. The results of initial proof-of-concept studies on patients demonstrating complete healing of chronic wounds are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Meik Neufurth
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shunfeng Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heinz C Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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5
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Umeda C, Nakajima T, Maruhashi T, Tanigawa M, Maeda T, Mukai Y. Overexpression of polyphosphate polymerases and deletion of polyphosphate phosphatases shorten the replicative lifespan in yeast. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2316-2333. [PMID: 37574219 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
We previously found that overexpression of phosphate starvation-responsive genes by disrupting PHO80 led to a shortened replicative lifespan in yeast. To identify lifespan-related genes, we screened upregulated genes in the pho80Δ mutant and focused on the VTC genes, which encode the vacuolar polyphosphate (polyP) polymerase complex. VTC1/VTC2/VTC4 deletion restored the lifespan and intracellular polyP levels in pho80Δ. In the wild type, overexpression of VTC5 or a combination of the other VTCs caused high polyP accumulation and shortened lifespan. Similar phenotypes were caused by the deletion of polyP phosphatase genes-vacuolar PPN1 and cytosolic PPX1. The polyP-accumulating strains exhibited stress sensitivities. Thus, we demonstrated that polyP metabolic enzymes participate in replicative lifespan, and extreme polyP accumulation shortens the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Umeda
- Department of Frontier Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Shiga, Japan
| | - Toshio Nakajima
- Department of Frontier Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Maruhashi
- Department of Frontier Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Shiga, Japan
| | - Mirai Tanigawa
- Department of Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Maeda
- Department of Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yukio Mukai
- Department of Frontier Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Shiga, Japan
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6
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Long H, Fang J, Ye L, Zhang B, Hui C, Deng X, Merchant SS, Huang K. Structural and functional regulation of Chlamydomonas lysosome-related organelles during environmental changes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:927-944. [PMID: 36946208 PMCID: PMC10231462 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lysosome-related organelles (LROs) are a class of heterogeneous organelles conserved in eukaryotes that primarily play a role in storage and secretion. An important function of LROs is to mediate metal homeostasis. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a model organism for studying metal ion metabolism; however, structural and functional analyses of LROs in C. reinhardtii are insufficient. Here, we optimized a method for purifying these organelles from 2 populations of cells: stationary phase or overloaded with iron. The morphology, elemental content, and lysosomal activities differed between the 2 preparations, even though both have phosphorus and metal ion storage functions. LROs in stationary phase cells had multiple non-membrane-bound polyphosphate granules to store phosphorus. Those in iron-overloaded cells were similar to acidocalcisomes (ACs), which have a boundary membrane and contain 1 or 2 large polyphosphate granules to store more phosphorus. We established a method for quantifying the capacity of LROs to sequester individual trace metals. Based on a comparative proteomic analysis of these 2 types of LROs, we present a comprehensive AC proteome and identified 113 putative AC proteins. The methods and protein inventories provide a framework for studying the biogenesis and modification of LROs and the mechanisms by which they participate in regulating metal ion metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Long
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinhua Fang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Lian Ye
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baolong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Colleen Hui
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Xuan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Sabeeha S Merchant
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kaiyao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Liu W, Wang J, Comte‐Miserez V, Zhang M, Yu X, Chen Q, Jessen HJ, Mayer A, Wu S, Ye S. Cryo-EM structure of the polyphosphate polymerase VTC reveals coupling of polymer synthesis to membrane transit. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113320. [PMID: 37066886 PMCID: PMC10183816 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022113320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic vacuolar transporter chaperone (VTC) complex acts as a polyphosphate (polyP) polymerase that synthesizes polyP from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and translocates polyP across the vacuolar membrane to maintain an intracellular phosphate (Pi ) homeostasis. To discover how the VTC complex performs its function, we determined a cryo-electron microscopy structure of an endogenous VTC complex (Vtc4/Vtc3/Vtc1) purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 3.1 Å resolution. The structure reveals a heteropentameric architecture of one Vtc4, one Vtc3, and three Vtc1 subunits. The transmembrane region forms a polyP-selective channel, likely adopting a resting state conformation, in which a latch-like, horizontal helix of Vtc4 limits the entrance. The catalytic Vtc4 central domain is located on top of the pseudo-symmetric polyP channel, creating a strongly electropositive pathway for nascent polyP that can couple synthesis to translocation. The SPX domain of the catalytic Vtc4 subunit positively regulates polyP synthesis by the VTC complex. The noncatalytic Vtc3 regulates VTC through a phosphorylatable loop. Our findings, along with the functional data, allow us to propose a mechanism of polyP channel gating and VTC complex activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life SciencesTianjin UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Jiening Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio‐Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life SciencesHubei UniversityWuhanChina
| | | | - Mengyu Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life SciencesTianjin UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xuejing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio‐Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life SciencesHubei UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- School of Life SciencesYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Henning Jacob Jessen
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- CIBSS – Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Andreas Mayer
- Département d'ImmunobiologieUniversité de LausanneEpalingesSwitzerland
| | - Shan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio‐Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life SciencesHubei UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Sheng Ye
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life SciencesTianjin UniversityTianjinChina
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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8
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Lobakova E, Gorelova O, Selyakh I, Semenova L, Scherbakov P, Vasilieva S, Zaytsev P, Shibzukhova K, Chivkunova O, Baulina O, Solovchenko A. Failure of Micractinium simplicissimum Phosphate Resilience upon Abrupt Re-Feeding of Its Phosphorus-Starved Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108484. [PMID: 37239835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are naturally adapted to the fluctuating availability of phosphorus (P) to opportunistically uptake large amounts of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and safely store it in the cell as polyphosphate. Hence, many microalgal species are remarkably resilient to high concentrations of external Pi. Here, we report on an exception from this pattern comprised by a failure of the high Pi-resilience in strain Micractinium simplicissimum IPPAS C-2056 normally coping with very high Pi concentrations. This phenomenon occurred after the abrupt re-supplementation of Pi to the M. simplicissimum culture pre-starved of P. This was the case even if Pi was re-supplemented in a concentration far below the level toxic to the P-sufficient culture. We hypothesize that this effect can be mediated by a rapid formation of the potentially toxic short-chain polyphosphate following the mass influx of Pi into the P-starved cell. A possible reason for this is that the preceding P starvation impairs the capacity of the cell to convert the newly absorbed Pi into a "safe" storage form of long-chain polyphosphate. We believe that the findings of this study can help to avoid sudden culture crashes, and they are also of potential significance for the development of algae-based technologies for the efficient bioremoval of P from P-rich waste streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lobakova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Derzhavin Tambov State University, Komsomolskaya Square 5, 392008 Tambov, Russia
| | - Olga Gorelova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Selyakh
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Larisa Semenova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Scherbakov
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Vasilieva
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Derzhavin Tambov State University, Komsomolskaya Square 5, 392008 Tambov, Russia
| | - Petr Zaytsev
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Derzhavin Tambov State University, Komsomolskaya Square 5, 392008 Tambov, Russia
| | - Karina Shibzukhova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Chivkunova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Baulina
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei Solovchenko
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Derzhavin Tambov State University, Komsomolskaya Square 5, 392008 Tambov, Russia
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9
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Girard-Dias W, Augusto I, V. A. Fernandes T, G. Pascutti P, de Souza W, Miranda K. A spatially resolved elemental nanodomain organization within acidocalcisomes in Trypanosoma cruzi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300942120. [PMID: 37036984 PMCID: PMC10120040 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300942120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
How are ions distributed in the three-dimensional (3D) volume confined in a nanoscale compartment? Regulation of ionic flow in the intracellular milieu has been explained by different theoretical models and experimentally demonstrated for several compartments with microscale dimensions. Most of these models predict a homogeneous distribution of ions seconds or milliseconds after an initial diffusion step formed at the ion translocation site, leaving open questions when it comes to ion/element distribution in spaces/compartments with nanoscale dimensions. Due to the influence of compartment size on the regulation of ionic flow, theoretical variations of classical models have been proposed, suggesting heterogeneous distributions of ions/elements within nanoscale compartments. Nonetheless, such assumptions have not been fully proven for the 3D volume of an organelle. In this work, we used a combination of cutting-edge electron microscopy techniques to map the 3D distribution of diffusible elements within the whole volume of acidocalcisomes in trypanosomes. Cryofixed cells were analyzed by scanning transmission electron microscopy tomography combined with elemental mapping using a high-performance setup of X-ray detectors. Results showed the existence of elemental nanodomains within the acidocalcisomes, where cationic elements display a self-excluding pattern. These were validated by Pearson correlation analysis and in silico molecular dynamic simulations. Formation of element domains within the 3D space of an organelle is demonstrated. Distribution patterns that support the electrodiffusion theory proposed for nanophysiology models have been found. The experimental pipeline shown here can be applied to a variety of models where ion mobilization plays a crucial role in physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendell Girard-Dias
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro21941-902, Brazil
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro21941-902, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro21941-902, Brazil
- Plataforma de Microscopia Eletrônica Rudolf Barth, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro21041-250, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Augusto
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro21941-902, Brazil
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro21941-902, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro21941-902, Brazil
| | - Tácio V. A. Fernandes
- Laboratório de Modelagem e Dinâmica Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro21941-902, Brazil
- Instituto de Tecnologia de Fármacos (Farmanguinhos), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro22775-903, Brazil
| | - Pedro G. Pascutti
- Laboratório de Modelagem e Dinâmica Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro21941-902, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro21941-902, Brazil
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro21941-902, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro21941-902, Brazil
- Centro Multiusuário para Análise de Fenômenos Biomédicos, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Amazonas69065-001, Brazil
| | - Kildare Miranda
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro21941-902, Brazil
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro21941-902, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro21941-902, Brazil
- Centro Multiusuário para Análise de Fenômenos Biomédicos, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Amazonas69065-001, Brazil
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10
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Abstract
Living systems are built from a small subset of the atomic elements, including the bulk macronutrients (C,H,N,O,P,S) and ions (Mg,K,Na,Ca) together with a small but variable set of trace elements (micronutrients). Here, we provide a global survey of how chemical elements contribute to life. We define five classes of elements: those that are (i) essential for all life, (ii) essential for many organisms in all three domains of life, (iii) essential or beneficial for many organisms in at least one domain, (iv) beneficial to at least some species, and (v) of no known beneficial use. The ability of cells to sustain life when individual elements are absent or limiting relies on complex physiological and evolutionary mechanisms (elemental economy). This survey of elemental use across the tree of life is encapsulated in a web-based, interactive periodic table that summarizes the roles chemical elements in biology and highlights corresponding mechanisms of elemental economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleigh A Remick
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - John D Helmann
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States.
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11
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Mantilla G, Peréz-Gordones MC, Cisneros-Montufar S, Benaim G, Navarro JC, Mendoza M, Ramírez-Iglesias JR. Structural Analysis and Diversity of Calmodulin-Binding Domains in Membrane and Intracellular Ca2+-ATPases. J Membr Biol 2022; 256:159-174. [PMID: 36454258 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane and autoinhibited Ca2+-ATPases contribute to the Ca2+ homeostasis in a wide variety of organisms. The enzymatic activity of these pumps is stimulated by calmodulin, which interacts with the target protein through the calmodulin-binding domain (CaMBD). Most information about this region is related to all calmodulin modulated proteins, which indicates general chemical properties and there is no established relation between Ca2+ pump sequences and taxonomic classification. Thus, the aim of this study was to perform an in silico analysis of the CaMBD from several Ca2+-ATPases, in order to determine their diversity and to detect specific patterns and amino acid selection in different species. Patterns related to potential and confirmed CaMBD were detected using sequences retrieved from the literature. The occurrence of these patterns was determined across 120 sequences from 17 taxonomical classes, which were analyzed by a phylogenetic tree to establish phylogenetic groups. Predicted physicochemical characteristics including hydropathy and net charge were calculated for each group of sequences. 22 Ca2+-ATPases sequences from animals, unicellular eukaryotes, and plants were retrieved from bioinformatic databases. These sequences allow us to establish the Patterns 1(GQILWVRGLTRLQTQ), 3(KNPSLEALQRW), and 4(SRWRRLQAEHVKK), which are present at the beginning of putative CaMBD of metazoan, parasites, and land plants. A pattern 2 (IRVVNAFR) was consistently found at the end of most analyzed sequences. The amino acid preference in the CaMBDs changed depending on the phylogenetic groups, with predominance of several aliphatic and charged residues, to confer amphiphilic properties. The results here displayed show a conserved mechanism to contribute to the Ca2+ homeostasis across evolution and may help to detect putative CaMBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Génesis Mantilla
- Research Group of Emerging and Neglected Diseases, Ecoepidemiology and Biodiversity. Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Internacional SEK (UISEK), Quito, Ecuador
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Universidad Internacional SEK (UISEK), Quito, Ecuador
| | - María C Peréz-Gordones
- Instituto de Biología Experimental (IBE), Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Soledad Cisneros-Montufar
- Research Group of Emerging and Neglected Diseases, Ecoepidemiology and Biodiversity. Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Internacional SEK (UISEK), Quito, Ecuador
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Universidad Internacional SEK (UISEK), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Gustavo Benaim
- Instituto de Biología Experimental (IBE), Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV), Caracas, Venezuela
- Instituto de Estudios Avanzados (IDEA), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Juan-Carlos Navarro
- Research Group of Emerging and Neglected Diseases, Ecoepidemiology and Biodiversity. Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Internacional SEK (UISEK), Quito, Ecuador
- Program of Master in Biomedicine, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Internacional SEK (UISEK), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Marta Mendoza
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos y Veterinarios, Instituto de Estudios Científicos y Tecnológicos (IDECYT), Universidad Nacional Experimental Simón Rodríguez, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - José R Ramírez-Iglesias
- Research Group of Emerging and Neglected Diseases, Ecoepidemiology and Biodiversity. Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Internacional SEK (UISEK), Quito, Ecuador.
- Program of Master in Biomedicine, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Internacional SEK (UISEK), Quito, Ecuador.
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12
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Abstract
Acidocalcisomes are electron-dense organelles rich in polyphosphate and inorganic and organic cations that are acidified by proton pumps, and possess several channels, pumps, and transporters. They are present in bacteria and eukaryotes and have been studied in greater detail in trypanosomatids. Biogenesis studies of trypanosomatid acidocalcisomes found that they share properties with lysosome-related organelles of animal cells. In addition to their described roles in autophagy, cation and phosphorus storage, osmoregulation, pH homeostasis, and pathogenesis, recent studies have defined the role of these organelles in phosphate utilization, calcium ion (Ca2+ ) signaling, and bioenergetics, and will be the main subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Guozhong Huang
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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13
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Schröder HC, Neufurth M, Zhou H, Wang S, Wang X, Müller WEG. Inorganic Polyphosphate: Coacervate Formation and Functional Significance in Nanomedical Applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:5825-5850. [DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s389819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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14
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Moon SJ, Hwang J, Kang WK, Ahn JP, Kim HJ. Administration of the probiotic Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum is effective in controlling hyperphosphatemia in 5/6 nephrectomy rat model. Life Sci 2022; 306:120856. [PMID: 35926592 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Several studies have linked gut microbes to human diseases. Most of the mechanisms by which lactic acid bacteria have beneficial effects on the human body are related to immune modulation. Controlled studies of the ability of lactic acid bacteria to absorb phosphorus directly from the intestine and thereby control serum phosphorus level in in vivo uremic animal models are limited. MATERIALS AND METHODS We screened lactic acid bacteria living in Korean fermented foods to identify those that absorb the most phosphorus and noted Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum KCCM 11826P. The mechanism through which better intracellular absorption of phosphorus occurs in this strain was studied using genomic DNA sequencing. After the strain was administered to 5/6 nephrectomized rats for 6 weeks, it was observed whether hyperphosphatemia had improved. KEY FINDINGS The L. paraplantarum KCCM 11826P strain has a polyP gene cluster; thus, it absorbs phosphorus better than other bacteria and can suppress strains that produce indole. Supplementing the diets of 5/6 nephrectomized rats with this L. paraplantarum strain significantly decreased serum phosphate level (by 22 %) and reduced blood indoxyl sulphate concentration (by 40 %) compared with vehicle treatment. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that Lactiplantibacillus preparations can be used for multiple purposes, such as the removal of phosphorus and uremic toxins from patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study also demonstrates the novel concept of a probiotic phosphate binder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jin Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junsang Hwang
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea; Institute for Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Kyung Kang
- Institute for Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Pin Ahn
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea; Institute for Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea; Institute for Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Yang Z, Yang F, Liu JL, Wu HT, Yang H, Shi Y, Liu J, Zhang YF, Luo YR, Chen KM. Heavy metal transporters: Functional mechanisms, regulation, and application in phytoremediation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151099. [PMID: 34688763 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution in soil is a global problem with serious impacts on human health and ecological security. Phytoextraction in phytoremediation, in which plants uptake and transport heavy metals (HMs) to the tissues of aerial parts, is the most environmentally friendly method to reduce the total amount of HMs in soil and has wide application prospects. However, the molecular mechanism of phytoextraction is still under investigation. The uptake, translocation, and retention of HMs in plants are mainly mediated by a variety of transporter proteins. A better understanding of the accumulation strategy of HMs via transporters in plants is a prerequisite for the improvement of phytoextraction. In this review, the biochemical structure and functions of HM transporter families in plants are systematically summarized, with emphasis on their roles in phytoremediation. The accumulation mechanism and regulatory pathways related to hormones, regulators, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) of HMs concerning these transporters are described in detail. Scientific efforts and practices for phytoremediation carried out in recent years suggest that creation of hyperaccumulators by transgenic or gene editing techniques targeted to these transporters and their regulators is the ultimate powerful path for the phytoremediation of HM contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia-Lan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hai-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Guangdong Kaiyuan Environmental Technology Co., Ltd, Dongguan 523000, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Guangdong Kaiyuan Environmental Technology Co., Ltd, Dongguan 523000, China
| | - Yan-Feng Zhang
- Hybrid Rapeseed Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan-Rong Luo
- Guangdong Kaiyuan Environmental Technology Co., Ltd, Dongguan 523000, China.
| | - Kun-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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16
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Schröder HC, Wang X, Neufurth M, Wang S, Müller WEG. Biomimetic Polyphosphate Materials: Toward Application in Regenerative Medicine. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 61:83-130. [PMID: 35697938 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-01237-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) has attracted increasing attention as a biomedical polymer or biomaterial with a great potential for application in regenerative medicine, in particular in the fields of tissue engineering and repair. The interest in polyP is based on two properties of this physiological polymer that make polyP stand out from other polymers: polyP has morphogenetic activity by inducing cell differentiation through specific gene expression, and it functions as an energy store and donor of metabolic energy, especially in the extracellular matrix or in the extracellular space. No other biopolymer applicable in tissue regeneration/repair is known that is endowed with this combination of properties. In addition, polyP can be fabricated both in the form of a biologically active coacervate and as biomimetic amorphous polyP nano/microparticles, which are stable and are activated by transformation into the coacervate phase after contact with protein/body fluids. PolyP can be used in the form of various metal salts and in combination with various hydrogel-forming polymers, whereby (even printable) hybrid materials with defined porosities and mechanical and biological properties can be produced, which can even be loaded with cells for 3D cell printing or with drugs and support the growth and differentiation of (stem) cells as well as cell migration/microvascularization. Potential applications in therapy of bone, cartilage and eye disorders/injuries and wound healing are summarized and possible mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz C Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Group, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Group, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Meik Neufurth
- ERC Advanced Investigator Group, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shunfeng Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Group, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Group, Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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17
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Kahil K, Weiner S, Addadi L, Gal A. Ion Pathways in Biomineralization: Perspectives on Uptake, Transport, and Deposition of Calcium, Carbonate, and Phosphate. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21100-21112. [PMID: 34881565 PMCID: PMC8704196 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Minerals are formed by organisms in all of the kingdoms of life. Mineral formation pathways all involve uptake of ions from the environment, transport of ions by cells, sometimes temporary storage, and ultimately deposition in or outside of the cells. Even though the details of how all this is achieved vary enormously, all pathways need to respect both the chemical limitations of ion manipulation, as well as the many "housekeeping" roles of ions in cell functioning. Here we provide a chemical perspective on the biological pathways of biomineralization. Our approach is to compare and contrast the ion pathways involving calcium, phosphate, and carbonate in three very different organisms: the enormously abundant unicellular marine coccolithophores, the well investigated sea urchin larval model for single crystal formation, and the complex pathways used by vertebrates to form their bones. The comparison highlights both common and unique processes. Significantly, phosphate is involved in regulating calcium carbonate deposition and carbonate is involved in regulating calcium phosphate deposition. One often overlooked commonality is that, from uptake to deposition, the solutions involved are usually supersaturated. This therefore requires not only avoiding mineral deposition where it is not needed but also exploiting this saturated state to produce unstable mineral precursors that can be conveniently stored, redissolved, and manipulated into diverse shapes and upon deposition transformed into more ordered and hence often functional final deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Kahil
- Department
of Chemical and Structural Biology and Department of Plant and Environmental
Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Steve Weiner
- Department
of Chemical and Structural Biology and Department of Plant and Environmental
Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lia Addadi
- Department
of Chemical and Structural Biology and Department of Plant and Environmental
Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Assaf Gal
- Department
of Chemical and Structural Biology and Department of Plant and Environmental
Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
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18
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Wimmer JLE, Kleinermanns K, Martin WF. Pyrophosphate and Irreversibility in Evolution, or why PP i Is Not an Energy Currency and why Nature Chose Triphosphates. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:759359. [PMID: 34759911 PMCID: PMC8575175 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.759359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The possible evolutionary significance of pyrophosphate (PPi) has been discussed since the early 1960s. Lipmann suggested that PPi could have been an ancient currency or a possible environmental source of metabolic energy at origins, while Kornberg proposed that PPi vectorializes metabolism because ubiquitous pyrophosphatases render PPi forming reactions kinetically irreversible. To test those ideas, we investigated the reactions that consume phosphoanhydride bonds among the 402 reactions of the universal biosynthetic core that generates amino acids, nucleotides, and cofactors from H2, CO2, and NH3. We find that 36% of the core's phosphoanhydride hydrolyzing reactions generate PPi, while no reactions use PPi as an energy currency. The polymerization reactions that generate ~80% of cell mass - protein, RNA, and DNA synthesis - all generate PPi, while none use PPi as an energy source. In typical prokaryotic cells, aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (AARS) underlie ~80% of PPi production. We show that the irreversibility of the AARS reaction is a kinetic, not a thermodynamic effect. The data indicate that PPi is not an ancient energy currency and probably never was. Instead, PPi hydrolysis is an ancient mechanism that imparts irreversibility, as Kornberg suggested, functioning like a ratchet's pawl to vectorialize the life process toward growth. The two anhydride bonds in nucleoside triphosphates offer ATP-cleaving enzymes an option to impart either thermodynamic control (Pi formation) or kinetic control (PPi formation) upon reactions. This dual capacity explains why nature chose the triphosphate moiety of ATP as biochemistry's universal energy currency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. E. Wimmer
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Kleinermanns
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - William F. Martin
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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19
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Figon F, Hurbain I, Heiligenstein X, Trépout S, Lanoue A, Medjoubi K, Somogyi A, Delevoye C, Raposo G, Casas J. Catabolism of lysosome-related organelles in color-changing spiders supports intracellular turnover of pigments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2103020118. [PMID: 34433668 PMCID: PMC8536372 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment organelles of vertebrates belong to the lysosome-related organelle (LRO) family, of which melanin-producing melanosomes are the prototypes. While their anabolism has been extensively unraveled through the study of melanosomes in skin melanocytes, their catabolism remains poorly known. Here, we tap into the unique ability of crab spiders to reversibly change body coloration to examine the catabolism of their pigment organelles. By combining ultrastructural and metal analyses on high-pressure frozen integuments, we first assess whether pigment organelles of crab spiders belong to the LRO family and second, how their catabolism is intracellularly processed. Using scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron tomography, and nanoscale Synchrotron-based scanning X-ray fluorescence, we show that pigment organelles possess ultrastructural and chemical hallmarks of LROs, including intraluminal vesicles and metal deposits, similar to melanosomes. Monitoring ultrastructural changes during bleaching suggests that the catabolism of pigment organelles involves the degradation and removal of their intraluminal content, possibly through lysosomal mechanisms. In contrast to skin melanosomes, anabolism and catabolism of pigments proceed within the same cell without requiring either cell death or secretion/phagocytosis. Our work hence provides support for the hypothesis that the endolysosomal system is fully functionalized for within-cell turnover of pigments, leading to functional maintenance under adverse conditions and phenotypic plasticity. First formulated for eye melanosomes in the context of human vision, the hypothesis of intracellular turnover of pigments gets unprecedented strong support from pigment organelles of spiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Figon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France;
| | - Ilse Hurbain
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL) Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Infrastructures en Biologie, Santé et Agronomie [PICT-IBiSA]), PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Sylvain Trépout
- Institut Curie, INSERM U1196, CNRS UMR 9187, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Arnaud Lanoue
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Équipe d'Accueil 2106, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | | | | | - Cédric Delevoye
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL) Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Infrastructures en Biologie, Santé et Agronomie [PICT-IBiSA]), PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL) Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Infrastructures en Biologie, Santé et Agronomie [PICT-IBiSA]), PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Casas
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France;
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20
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Wilson ZN, Buysse D, West M, Ahrens D, Odorizzi G. Vacuolar H+-ATPase dysfunction rescues intralumenal vesicle cargo sorting in yeast lacking PI(3,5)P2 or Doa4. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs258459. [PMID: 34342352 PMCID: PMC8353521 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomes undergo a maturation process highlighted by a reduction in lumenal pH, a conversion of surface markers that prime endosome-lysosome fusion and the sequestration of ubiquitylated transmembrane protein cargos within intralumenal vesicles (ILVs). We investigated ILV cargo sorting in mutant strains of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are deficient for either the lysosomal/vacuolar signaling lipid PI(3,5)P2 or the Doa4 ubiquitin hydrolase that deubiquitylates ILV cargos. Disruption of PI(3,5)P2 synthesis or Doa4 function causes a defect in sorting of a subset of ILV cargos. We show that these cargo-sorting defects are suppressed by mutations that disrupt Vph1, a subunit of vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) complexes that acidify late endosomes and vacuoles. We further show that Vph1 dysfunction increases endosome abundance, and disrupts vacuolar localization of Ypt7 and Vps41, two crucial mediators of endosome-vacuole fusion. Because V-ATPase inhibition attenuates this fusion and rescues the ILV cargo-sorting defects in yeast that lack PI(3,5)P2 or Doa4 activity, our results suggest that the V-ATPase has a role in coordinating ILV cargo sorting with the membrane fusion machinery. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Greg Odorizzi
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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21
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Pivato M, Ballottari M. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cellular compartments and their contribution to intracellular calcium signalling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5312-5335. [PMID: 34077536 PMCID: PMC8318260 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+)-dependent signalling plays a well-characterized role in the response to different environmental stimuli, in both plant and animal cells. In the model organism for green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Ca2+ signals were reported to have a crucial role in different physiological processes, such as stress responses, photosynthesis, and flagella functions. Recent reports identified the underlying components of the Ca2+ signalling machinery at the level of specific subcellular compartments and reported in vivo imaging of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in response to environmental stimuli. The characterization of these Ca2+-related mechanisms and proteins in C. reinhardtii is providing knowledge on how microalgae can perceive and respond to environmental stimuli, but also on how this Ca2+ signalling machinery has evolved. Here, we review current knowledge on the cellular mechanisms underlying the generation, shaping, and decoding of Ca2+ signals in C. reinhardtii, providing an overview of the known and possible molecular players involved in the Ca2+ signalling of its different subcellular compartments. The advanced toolkits recently developed to measure time-resolved Ca2+ signalling in living C. reinhardtii cells are also discussed, suggesting how they can improve the study of the role of Ca2+ signals in the cellular response of microalgae to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Pivato
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Ballottari
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
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22
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de Oliveira LS, Alborghetti MR, Carneiro RG, Bastos IMD, Amino R, Grellier P, Charneau S. Calcium in the Backstage of Malaria Parasite Biology. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:708834. [PMID: 34395314 PMCID: PMC8355824 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.708834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium ion (Ca2+) is a ubiquitous second messenger involved in key biological processes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In Plasmodium species, Ca2+ signaling plays a central role in the parasite life cycle. It has been associated with parasite development, fertilization, locomotion, and host cell infection. Despite the lack of a canonical inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate receptor gene in the Plasmodium genome, pharmacological evidence indicates that inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate triggers Ca2+ mobilization from the endoplasmic reticulum. Other structures such as acidocalcisomes, food vacuole and mitochondria are proposed to act as supplementary intracellular Ca2+ reservoirs. Several Ca2+-binding proteins (CaBPs) trigger downstream signaling. Other proteins with no EF-hand motifs, but apparently involved with CaBPs, are depicted as playing an important role in the erythrocyte invasion and egress. It is also proposed that a cross-talk among kinases, which are not members of the family of Ca2+-dependent protein kinases, such as protein kinases G, A and B, play additional roles mediated indirectly by Ca2+ regulation. This statement may be extended for proteins directly related to invasion or egress, such as SUB1, ERC, IMC1I, IMC1g, GAP45 and EBA175. In this review, we update our understanding of aspects of Ca2+-mediated signaling correlated to the developmental stages of the malaria parasite life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- UMR 7245 MCAM, Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Équipe Parasites et Protistes Libres, Paris, France
| | - Marcos Rodrigo Alborghetti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Renata Garcia Carneiro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Izabela Marques Dourado Bastos
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Interaction, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Amino
- Unité Infection et Immunité Paludéennes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Grellier
- UMR 7245 MCAM, Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Équipe Parasites et Protistes Libres, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Charneau
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
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23
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Zuma AA, Dos Santos Barrias E, de Souza W. Basic Biology of Trypanosoma cruzi. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1671-1732. [PMID: 33272165 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826999201203213527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present review addresses basic aspects of the biology of the pathogenic protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi and some comparative information of Trypanosoma brucei. Like eukaryotic cells, their cellular organization is similar to that of mammalian hosts. However, these parasites present structural particularities. That is why the following topics are emphasized in this paper: developmental stages of the life cycle in the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts; the cytoskeleton of the protozoa, especially the sub-pellicular microtubules; the flagellum and its attachment to the protozoan body through specialized junctions; the kinetoplast-mitochondrion complex, including its structural organization and DNA replication; glycosome and its role in the metabolism of the cell; acidocalcisome, describing its morphology, biochemistry, and functional role; cytostome and the endocytic pathway; the organization of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex; the nucleus, describing its structural organization during interphase and division; and the process of interaction of the parasite with host cells. The unique characteristics of these structures also make them interesting chemotherapeutic targets. Therefore, further understanding of cell biology aspects contributes to the development of drugs for chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline A Zuma
- Laboratorio de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emile Dos Santos Barrias
- Laboratorio de Metrologia Aplicada a Ciencias da Vida, Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada a Ciencias da Vida - Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (Inmetro), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratorio de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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24
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Labarre A, López-Escardó D, Latorre F, Leonard G, Bucchini F, Obiol A, Cruaud C, Sieracki ME, Jaillon O, Wincker P, Vandepoele K, Logares R, Massana R. Comparative genomics reveals new functional insights in uncultured MAST species. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:1767-1781. [PMID: 33452482 PMCID: PMC8163842 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00885-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrophic lineages of stramenopiles exhibit enormous diversity in morphology, lifestyle, and habitat. Among them, the marine stramenopiles (MASTs) represent numerous independent lineages that are only known from environmental sequences retrieved from marine samples. The core energy metabolism characterizing these unicellular eukaryotes is poorly understood. Here, we used single-cell genomics to retrieve, annotate, and compare the genomes of 15 MAST species, obtained by coassembling sequences from 140 individual cells sampled from the marine surface plankton. Functional annotations from their gene repertoires are compatible with all of them being phagocytotic. The unique presence of rhodopsin genes in MAST species, together with their widespread expression in oceanic waters, supports the idea that MASTs may be capable of using sunlight to thrive in the photic ocean. Additional subsets of genes used in phagocytosis, such as proton pumps for vacuole acidification and peptidases for prey digestion, did not reveal particular trends in MAST genomes as compared with nonphagocytotic stramenopiles, except a larger presence and diversity of V-PPase genes. Our analysis reflects the complexity of phagocytosis machinery in microbial eukaryotes, which contrasts with the well-defined set of genes for photosynthesis. These new genomic data provide the essential framework to study ecophysiology of uncultured species and to gain better understanding of the function of rhodopsins and related carotenoids in stramenopiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Labarre
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - David López-Escardó
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francisco Latorre
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Guy Leonard
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - François Bucchini
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aleix Obiol
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Corinne Cruaud
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut de biologie François-Jacob, Genoscope, Evry, France
| | | | - Olivier Jaillon
- Metabolic Genomics, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Genoscope, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris Saclay, 91000, Evry, France
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Wincker
- Metabolic Genomics, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Genoscope, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris Saclay, 91000, Evry, France
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Klaas Vandepoele
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- Bioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, 9052, Paris, France
| | - Ramiro Logares
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ramon Massana
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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25
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The Autophagy Machinery in Human-Parasitic Protists; Diverse Functions for Universally Conserved Proteins. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051258. [PMID: 34069694 PMCID: PMC8161075 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a eukaryotic cellular machinery that is able to degrade large intracellular components, including organelles, and plays a pivotal role in cellular homeostasis. Target materials are enclosed by a double membrane vesicle called autophagosome, whose formation is coordinated by autophagy-related proteins (ATGs). Studies of yeast and Metazoa have identified approximately 40 ATGs. Genome projects for unicellular eukaryotes revealed that some ATGs are conserved in all eukaryotic supergroups but others have arisen or were lost during evolution in some specific lineages. In spite of an apparent reduction in the ATG molecular machinery found in parasitic protists, it has become clear that ATGs play an important role in stage differentiation or organelle maintenance, sometimes with an original function that is unrelated to canonical degradative autophagy. In this review, we aim to briefly summarize the current state of knowledge in parasitic protists, in the light of the latest important findings from more canonical model organisms. Determining the roles of ATGs and the diversity of their functions in various lineages is an important challenge for understanding the evolutionary background of autophagy.
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26
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Single-cell visualization and quantification of trace metals in Chlamydomonas lysosome-related organelles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2026811118. [PMID: 33879572 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026811118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The acidocalcisome is an acidic organelle in the cytosol of eukaryotes, defined by its low pH and high calcium and polyphosphate content. It is visualized as an electron-dense object by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or described with mass spectrometry (MS)-based imaging techniques or multimodal X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) based on its unique elemental composition. Compared with MS-based imaging techniques, XFM offers the additional advantage of absolute quantification of trace metal content, since sectioning of the cell is not required and metabolic states can be preserved rapidly by either vitrification or chemical fixation. We employed XFM in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to determine single-cell and organelle trace metal quotas within algal cells in situations of trace metal overaccumulation (Fe and Cu). We found up to 70% of the cellular Cu and 80% of Fe sequestered in acidocalcisomes in these conditions and identified two distinct populations of acidocalcisomes, defined by their unique trace elemental makeup. We utilized the vtc1 mutant, defective in polyphosphate synthesis and failing to accumulate Ca, to show that Fe sequestration is not dependent on either. Finally, quantitation of the Fe and Cu contents of individual cells and compartments via XFM, over a range of cellular metal quotas created by nutritional and genetic perturbations, indicated excellent correlation with bulk data from corresponding cell cultures, establishing a framework to distinguish the nutritional status of single cells.
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27
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Peled-Zehavi H, Gal A. Exploring Intracellular Ion Pools in Coccolithophores Using Live-Cell Imaging. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000296. [PMID: 33852773 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Some microorganisms, such as coccolithophores, produce an intricate exoskeleton made of inorganic solids. Coccoliths, the calcium carbonate scales of coccolithophores, are examples of the precise bioproduction of such complex 3D structures. However, the understanding of the cellular mechanisms that control mineral formation inside the cell, specifically the ability of these microalgae to transport high fluxes of inorganic building blocks, is still limited. Recently, using cryo-electron and X-ray microscopy, several intracellular compartments are shown to store high concentrations of calcium and phosphorous and are suggested to have a dominant role in the intracellular mineralization pathway. Here, live-cell confocal microscopy and fluorescent markers are used to examine the dynamics of ion stores in coccolithophores. Using calcein and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) as fluorescent proxies for calcium and polyphosphates, the experiments reveal an unexpected plethora of organelles with distinct fluorescent signatures over a wide range of strains and conditions. Surprisingly, the fluorescent labeling does not show changes along the calcification process and is similar between calcifying and noncalcifying cells, suggesting that these ion pools may not be a dynamic avenue for calcium transport. In such a case, the enigma behind the ability of coccolithophores to sustain intracellular calcification still awaits comprehensive elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Peled-Zehavi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Assaf Gal
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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28
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A new subspecies of Trypanosoma cyclops found in the Australian terrestrial leech Chtonobdella bilineata. Parasitology 2021; 148:1125-1136. [PMID: 33843511 PMCID: PMC8311967 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Previously, it was suggested that haemadipsid leeches represent an important vector of trypanosomes amongst native animals in Australia. Consequently, Chtonobdella bilineata leeches were investigated for the presence of trypanosome species by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing and in vitro isolation. Phylogenetic analysis ensued to further define the populations present. PCR targeting the 28S rDNA demonstrated that over 95% of C. bilineata contained trypanosomes; diversity profiling by deep amplicon sequencing of 18S rDNA indicated the presence of four different clusters related to the Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) theileri. Novy–MacNeal–Nicolle slopes with liquid overlay were used to isolate trypanosomes into culture that proved similar in morphology to Trypanosoma cyclops in that they contained a large numbers of acidocalcisomes. Phylogeny of 18S rDNA/GAPDH/ND5 DNA sequences from primary cultures and subclones showed the trypanosomes were monophyletic, with T. cyclops as a sister group. Blood-meal analysis of leeches showed that leeches primarily contained blood from swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolour), human (Homo sapiens) or horse (Equus sp.). The leech C. bilineata is a host for at least five lineages of Trypanosoma sp. and these are monophyletic with T. cyclops; we propose Trypanosoma cyclops australiensis as a subspecies of T. cyclops based on genetic similarity and biogeography considerations.
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29
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Kohlschmidt N, Elbracht M, Czech A, Häusler M, Phan V, Töpf A, Huang KT, Bartok A, Eggermann K, Zippel S, Eggermann T, Freier E, Groß C, Lochmüller H, Horvath R, Hajnóczky G, Weis J, Roos A. Molecular pathophysiology of human MICU1 deficiency. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 47:840-855. [PMID: 33428302 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS MICU1 encodes the gatekeeper of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter, MICU1 and biallelic loss-of-function mutations cause a complex, neuromuscular disorder in children. Although the role of the protein is well understood, the precise molecular pathophysiology leading to this neuropaediatric phenotype has not been fully elucidated. Here we aimed to obtain novel insights into MICU1 pathophysiology. METHODS Molecular genetic studies along with proteomic profiling, electron-, light- and Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy and immuno-based studies of protein abundances and Ca2+ transport studies were employed to examine the pathophysiology of MICU1 deficiency in humans. RESULTS We describe two patients carrying MICU1 mutations, two nonsense (c.52C>T; p.(Arg18*) and c.553C>T; p.(Arg185*)) and an intragenic exon 2-deletion presenting with ataxia, developmental delay and early onset myopathy, clinodactyly, attention deficits, insomnia and impaired cognitive pain perception. Muscle biopsies revealed signs of dystrophy and neurogenic atrophy, severe mitochondrial perturbations, altered Golgi structure, vacuoles and altered lipid homeostasis. Comparative mitochondrial Ca2+ transport and proteomic studies on lymphoblastoid cells revealed that the [Ca2+ ] threshold and the cooperative activation of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake were lost in MICU1-deficient cells and that 39 proteins were altered in abundance. Several of those proteins are linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and/or perturbed Ca2+ homeostasis, also impacting on regular cytoskeleton (affecting Spectrin) and Golgi architecture, as well as cellular survival mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Our findings (i) link dysregulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake with muscle pathology (including perturbed lipid homeostasis and ER-Golgi morphology), (ii) support the concept of a functional interplay of ER-Golgi and mitochondria in lipid homeostasis and (iii) reveal the vulnerability of the cellular proteome as part of the MICU1-related pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miriam Elbracht
- Institute of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Artur Czech
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Martin Häusler
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Vietxuan Phan
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ana Töpf
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kai-Ting Huang
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam Bartok
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katja Eggermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Eggermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Erik Freier
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Claudia Groß
- Institute of Clinical Genetics and Tumour Genetics, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.,Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico, Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rita Horvath
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - György Hajnóczky
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Roos
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders in Children, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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30
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Suess PM, Smith SA, Morrissey JH. Platelet polyphosphate induces fibroblast chemotaxis and myofibroblast differentiation. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:3043-3052. [PMID: 32808449 PMCID: PMC7719587 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelets secrete many pro-wound healing molecules such as growth factors and cytokines. We found that releasates from activated human platelets induced the differentiation of cultured murine and human fibroblasts into a myofibroblast phenotype. Surprisingly, most of this differentiation-inducing activity was heat-stable, suggesting it was not due to the protein component of the releasates. Inorganic polyphosphate is a major constituent of platelet-dense granules and promotes blood coagulation and inflammation. OBJECTIVES We aim to investigate the contribution of polyphosphate on myofibroblast differentiating activity of platelet releasates. METHODS Using NIH-3T3 cells and primary human fibroblasts, we examined the effect of human platelet releasates and chemically synthesized polyphosphate on fibroblast differentiation and migration. RESULTS We found that the myofibroblast-inducing activity of platelet releasates was severely attenuated after incubation with a polyphosphate-degrading enzyme, and that fibroblasts responded to platelet-sized polyphosphate by increased levels of α-smooth muscle actin, stress fibers, and collagen. Furthermore, fibroblasts were chemotactic toward polyphosphate. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that platelet-derived polyphosphate acts as a cell signaling molecule by inducing murine and human fibroblasts to differentiate into myofibroblasts, a cell type known to drive both wound healing and fibrosing diseases. Polyphosphate therefore not only promotes early wound responses through enhancing fibrin clot formation, but also may play roles in the later stages of wound healing, and, potentially, progression of fibrotic diseases, by recruiting fibroblasts and inducing their differentiation into myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M. Suess
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Stephanie A. Smith
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - James H. Morrissey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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31
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Wallnöfer EA, Thurner GC, Kremser C, Talasz H, Stollenwerk MM, Helbok A, Klammsteiner N, Albrecht-Schgoer K, Dietrich H, Jaschke W, Debbage P. Albumin-based nanoparticles as contrast medium for MRI: vascular imaging, tissue and cell interactions, and pharmacokinetics of second-generation nanoparticles. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 155:19-73. [PMID: 33040183 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01919-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This multidisciplinary study examined the pharmacokinetics of nanoparticles based on albumin-DTPA-gadolinium chelates, testing the hypothesis that these nanoparticles create a stronger vessel signal than conventional gadolinium-based contrast agents and exploring if they are safe for clinical use. Nanoparticles based on human serum albumin, bearing gadolinium and designed for use in magnetic resonance imaging, were used to generate magnet resonance images (MRI) of the vascular system in rats ("blood pool imaging"). At the low nanoparticle doses used for radionuclide imaging, nanoparticle-associated metals were cleared from the blood into the liver during the first 4 h after nanoparticle application. At the higher doses required for MRI, the liver became saturated and kidney and spleen acted as additional sinks for the metals, and accounted for most processing of the nanoparticles. The multiple components of the nanoparticles were cleared independently of one another. Albumin was detected in liver, spleen, and kidneys for up to 2 days after intravenous injection. Gadolinium was retained in the liver, kidneys, and spleen in significant concentrations for much longer. Gadolinium was present as significant fractions of initial dose for longer than 2 weeks after application, and gadolinium clearance was only complete after 6 weeks. Our analysis could not account quantitatively for the full dose of gadolinium that was applied, but numerous organs were found to contain gadolinium in the collagen of their connective tissues. Multiple lines of evidence indicated intracellular processing opening the DTPA chelates and leading to gadolinium long-term storage, in particular inside lysosomes. Turnover of the stored gadolinium was found to occur in soluble form in the kidneys, the liver, and the colon for up to 3 weeks after application. Gadolinium overload poses a significant hazard due to the high toxicity of free gadolinium ions. We discuss the relevance of our findings to gadolinium-deposition diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Wallnöfer
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - G C Thurner
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Müllerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C Kremser
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H Talasz
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M M Stollenwerk
- Faculty of Health and Society, Biomedical Laboratory Science, University Hospital MAS, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Müllerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Helbok
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - N Klammsteiner
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Müllerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - K Albrecht-Schgoer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82/IV, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Cell Genetics, Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 1a, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H Dietrich
- Central Laboratory Animal Facilities, Innsbruck Medical University, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 4a, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - W Jaschke
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - P Debbage
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Müllerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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32
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Neufurth M, Wang X, Tolba E, Lieberwirth I, Wang S, Schröder HC, Müller WEG. The inorganic polymer, polyphosphate, blocks binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to ACE2 receptor at physiological concentrations. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 182:114215. [PMID: 32905794 PMCID: PMC7474874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is a morphogenetically active and metabolic energy-delivering physiological polymer that is released from blood platelets. Here, we show that polyP efficiently inhibits the binding of the envelope spike (S)-protein of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, to its host cell receptor ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2). To stabilize polyP against the polyP-degrading alkaline phosphatase, the soluble polymer was encapsulated in silica/polyP nanoparticles. Applying a binding assay, soluble Na-polyP (sizes of 40 Pi and of 3 Pi units) as well as silica-nanoparticle-associated polyP significantly inhibit the interaction of the S-protein with ACE2 at a concentration of 1 µg/mL, close to the level present in blood. This inhibition is attributed to an interaction of polyP with a basic amino acid stretch on the surface of the receptor binding domain of S-protein. PolyP retains its activity in a flushing solution, opening a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the oropharyngeal cavity. The data suggest that supplementation of polyP might contribute to a strengthening of the human innate immunity system in compromised, thrombocytopenic COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meik Neufurth
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Emad Tolba
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ingo Lieberwirth
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Shunfeng Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heinz C Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
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33
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Polle JE, Roth R, Ben-Amotz A, Goodenough U. Ultrastructure of the green alga Dunaliella salina strain CCAP19/18 (Chlorophyta) as investigated by quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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34
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Austin S, Mayer A. Phosphate Homeostasis - A Vital Metabolic Equilibrium Maintained Through the INPHORS Signaling Pathway. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1367. [PMID: 32765429 PMCID: PMC7381174 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells face major changes in demand for and supply of inorganic phosphate (Pi). Pi is often a limiting nutrient in the environment, particularly for plants and microorganisms. At the same time, the need for phosphate varies, establishing conflicts of goals. Cells experience strong peaks of Pi demand, e.g., during the S-phase, when DNA, a highly abundant and phosphate-rich compound, is duplicated. While cells must satisfy these Pi demands, they must safeguard themselves against an excess of Pi in the cytosol. This is necessary because Pi is a product of all nucleotide-hydrolyzing reactions. An accumulation of Pi shifts the equilibria of these reactions and reduces the free energy that they can provide to drive endergonic metabolic reactions. Thus, while Pi starvation may simply retard growth and division, an elevated cytosolic Pi concentration is potentially dangerous for cells because it might stall metabolism. Accordingly, the consequences of perturbed cellular Pi homeostasis are severe. In eukaryotes, they range from lethality in microorganisms such as yeast (Sethuraman et al., 2001; Hürlimann, 2009), severe growth retardation and dwarfism in plants (Puga et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2015; Wild et al., 2016) to neurodegeneration or renal Fanconi syndrome in humans (Legati et al., 2015; Ansermet et al., 2017). Intracellular Pi homeostasis is thus not only a fundamental topic of cell biology but also of growing interest for medicine and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisley Austin
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Mayer
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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35
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Sanz-Luque E, Bhaya D, Grossman AR. Polyphosphate: A Multifunctional Metabolite in Cyanobacteria and Algae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:938. [PMID: 32670331 PMCID: PMC7332688 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyphosphate (polyP), a polymer of orthophosphate (PO4 3-) of varying lengths, has been identified in all kingdoms of life. It can serve as a source of chemical bond energy (phosphoanhydride bond) that may have been used by biological systems prior to the evolution of ATP. Intracellular polyP is mainly stored as granules in specific vacuoles called acidocalcisomes, and its synthesis and accumulation appear to impact a myriad of cellular functions. It serves as a reservoir for inorganic PO4 3- and an energy source for fueling cellular metabolism, participates in maintaining adenylate and metal cation homeostasis, functions as a scaffold for sequestering cations, exhibits chaperone function, covalently binds to proteins to modify their activity, and enables normal acclimation of cells to stress conditions. PolyP also appears to have a role in symbiotic and parasitic associations, and in higher eukaryotes, low polyP levels seem to impact cancerous proliferation, apoptosis, procoagulant and proinflammatory responses and cause defects in TOR signaling. In this review, we discuss the metabolism, storage, and function of polyP in photosynthetic microbes, which mostly includes research on green algae and cyanobacteria. We focus on factors that impact polyP synthesis, specific enzymes required for its synthesis and degradation, sequestration of polyP in acidocalcisomes, its role in cellular energetics, acclimation processes, and metal homeostasis, and then transition to its potential applications for bioremediation and medical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Sanz-Luque
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Devaki Bhaya
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Arthur R. Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, United States
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36
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Zhu J, Loubéry S, Broger L, Zhang Y, Lorenzo-Orts L, Utz-Pugin A, Fernie AR, Young-Tae C, Hothorn M. A genetically validated approach for detecting inorganic polyphosphates in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:507-516. [PMID: 31816134 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphates (polyPs) are linear polymers of orthophosphate units linked by phosphoanhydride bonds. Polyphosphates represent important stores of phosphate and energy, and are abundant in many pro- and eukaryotic organisms. In plants, the existence of polyPs has been established using microscopy and biochemical extraction methods that are now known to produce artifacts. Here we use a polyP-specific dye and a polyP-binding domain to detect polyPs in plant and algal cells. To develop the staining protocol, we induced polyP granules in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis cells by heterologous expression of Escherichia coli polyphosphate kinase 1 (PPK1). Over-expression of PPK1 but not of a catalytically impaired version of the enzyme leads to severe growth phenotypes, suggesting that ATP-dependent synthesis and accumulation of polyPs in the plant cytosol is toxic. We next crossed stable PPK1-expressing Arabidopsis lines with plants expressing the polyP-binding domain of E. coli exopolyphosphatase (PPX1c), which co-localized with PPK1-generated polyP granules. These granules were stained by the polyP-specific dye JC-D7 and appeared as electron-dense structures in transmission electron microscopy sections. Using the polyP staining protocol derived from these experiments, we screened for polyP stores in different organs and tissues of both mono- and dicotyledonous plants. While we could not detect polyP granules in higher plants, we could visualize the polyP-rich acidocalcisomes in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Zhu
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai E. Ansermet, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Loubéry
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai E. Ansermet, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Larissa Broger
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai E. Ansermet, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
- Center of Plant System Biology and Biotechnology, Ruski Blvd. 139, Plovdiv, 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Laura Lorenzo-Orts
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai E. Ansermet, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Anne Utz-Pugin
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai E. Ansermet, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Chang Young-Tae
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity, IBS and Department of Chemistry, POSTECH, 50, Jigok-ro 127beon-gil, Nam-gu, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Hothorn
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai E. Ansermet, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
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37
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Zhu J, Loubéry S, Broger L, Zhang Y, Lorenzo-Orts L, Utz-Pugin A, Fernie AR, Young-Tae C, Hothorn M. A genetically validated approach for detecting inorganic polyphosphates in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:507-516. [PMID: 31816134 DOI: 10.1101/630129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphates (polyPs) are linear polymers of orthophosphate units linked by phosphoanhydride bonds. Polyphosphates represent important stores of phosphate and energy, and are abundant in many pro- and eukaryotic organisms. In plants, the existence of polyPs has been established using microscopy and biochemical extraction methods that are now known to produce artifacts. Here we use a polyP-specific dye and a polyP-binding domain to detect polyPs in plant and algal cells. To develop the staining protocol, we induced polyP granules in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis cells by heterologous expression of Escherichia coli polyphosphate kinase 1 (PPK1). Over-expression of PPK1 but not of a catalytically impaired version of the enzyme leads to severe growth phenotypes, suggesting that ATP-dependent synthesis and accumulation of polyPs in the plant cytosol is toxic. We next crossed stable PPK1-expressing Arabidopsis lines with plants expressing the polyP-binding domain of E. coli exopolyphosphatase (PPX1c), which co-localized with PPK1-generated polyP granules. These granules were stained by the polyP-specific dye JC-D7 and appeared as electron-dense structures in transmission electron microscopy sections. Using the polyP staining protocol derived from these experiments, we screened for polyP stores in different organs and tissues of both mono- and dicotyledonous plants. While we could not detect polyP granules in higher plants, we could visualize the polyP-rich acidocalcisomes in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Zhu
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai E. Ansermet, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Loubéry
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai E. Ansermet, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Larissa Broger
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai E. Ansermet, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
- Center of Plant System Biology and Biotechnology, Ruski Blvd. 139, Plovdiv, 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Laura Lorenzo-Orts
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai E. Ansermet, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Anne Utz-Pugin
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai E. Ansermet, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Chang Young-Tae
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity, IBS and Department of Chemistry, POSTECH, 50, Jigok-ro 127beon-gil, Nam-gu, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Hothorn
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai E. Ansermet, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
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38
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Frank C, Jendrossek D. Acidocalcisomes and Polyphosphate Granules Are Different Subcellular Structures in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e02759-19. [PMID: 32060025 PMCID: PMC7117937 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02759-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidocalcisomes are membrane-enclosed, polyphosphate-containing acidic organelles in lower Eukaryota but have also been described for Agrobacterium tumefaciens (M. Seufferheld, M. Vieira, A. Ruiz, C. O. Rodrigues, S. Moreno, and R. Docampo, J Biol Chem 278:29971-29978, 2003, https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M304548200). This study aimed at the characterization of polyphosphate-containing acidocalcisomes in this alphaproteobacterium. Unexpectedly, fluorescence microscopic investigation of A. tumefaciens cells using fluorescent dyes and localization of constructed fusions of polyphosphate kinases (PPKs) and of vacuolar H+-translocating pyrophosphatase (HppA) with enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP) suggested that acidocalcisomes and polyphosphate are different subcellular structures. Acidocalcisomes and polyphosphate granules were frequently located close together, near the cell poles. However, they never shared the same position. Mutant strains of A. tumefaciens with deletions of both ppk genes (Δppk1 Δppk2) were unable to form polyphosphate but still showed cell pole-located eYFP-HppA foci and could be stained with MitoTracker. In conclusion, A. tumefaciens forms polyP granules that are free of a surrounding membrane and thus resemble polyP granules of Ralstonia eutropha and other bacteria. The composition, contents, and function of the subcellular structures that are stainable with MitoTracker and harbor eYFP-HppA remain unclear.IMPORTANCE The uptake of alphaproteobacterium-like cells by ancestors of eukaryotic cells and subsequent conversion of these alphaproteobacterium-like cells to mitochondria are thought to be key steps in the evolution of the first eukaryotic cells. The identification of acidocalcisomes in two alphaproteobacterial species some years ago and the presence of homologs of the vacuolar proton-translocating pyrophosphatase HppA, a marker protein of the acidocalcisome membrane in eukaryotes, in virtually all species within the alphaproteobacteria suggest that eukaryotic acidocalcisomes might also originate from related structures in ancestors of alphaproteobacterial species. Accordingly, alphaproteobacterial acidocalcisomes and eukaryotic acidocalcisomes should have similar features. Since hardly any information is available on bacterial acidocalcisomes, this study aimed at the characterization of organelle-like structures in alphaproteobacterial cells, with A. tumefaciens as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Frank
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dieter Jendrossek
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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39
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Abstract
Lysine polyphosphorylation (K-PPn) is a relatively new post-translational modification, the full targets and functional consequences of which are unknown. A critical problem in the study of endogenous K-PPn of proteins in the yeast model system is that its nonenzymatic nature and its susceptibility to polyphosphatases make it potentially susceptible to artifacts during extraction. A new study confirms that K-PPn modifications can be altered during sample handling, provides new insights into the mechanism of K-PPn, and develops a yeast model strain, devoid of both vacuolar polyP and polyphosphatases, that allows detection of authentic endogenous K-PPn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602.
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40
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Abstract
Acidocalcisomes are membrane-bounded, electron-dense, acidic organelles, rich in calcium and polyphosphate. These organelles were first described in trypanosomatids and later found from bacteria to human cells. Some of the functions of the acidocalcisome are the storage of cations and phosphorus, participation in pyrophosphate (PPi) and polyphosphate (polyP) metabolism, calcium signaling, maintenance of intracellular pH homeostasis, autophagy, and osmoregulation. Isolation of acidocalcisomes is an important technique for understanding their composition and function. Here, we provide detailed subcellular fractionation protocols using iodixanol gradient centrifugations to isolate high-quality acidocalcisomes from Trypanosoma brucei, which are subsequently validated by electron microscopy, and enzymatic and immunoblot assays with organellar markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhong Huang
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Silvia N J Moreno
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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41
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Tsednee M, Castruita M, Salomé PA, Sharma A, Lewis BE, Schmollinger SR, Strenkert D, Holbrook K, Otegui MS, Khatua K, Das S, Datta A, Chen S, Ramon C, Ralle M, Weber PK, Stemmler TL, Pett-Ridge J, Hoffman BM, Merchant SS. Manganese co-localizes with calcium and phosphorus in Chlamydomonas acidocalcisomes and is mobilized in manganese-deficient conditions. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17626-17641. [PMID: 31527081 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposing cells to excess metal concentrations well beyond the cellular quota is a powerful tool for understanding the molecular mechanisms of metal homeostasis. Such improved understanding may enable bioengineering of organisms with improved nutrition and bioremediation capacity. We report here that Chlamydomonas reinhardtii can accumulate manganese (Mn) in proportion to extracellular supply, up to 30-fold greater than its typical quota and with remarkable tolerance. As visualized by X-ray fluorescence microscopy and nanoscale secondary ion MS (nanoSIMS), Mn largely co-localizes with phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca), consistent with the Mn-accumulating site being an acidic vacuole, known as the acidocalcisome. Vacuolar Mn stores are accessible reserves that can be mobilized in Mn-deficient conditions to support algal growth. We noted that Mn accumulation depends on cellular polyphosphate (polyP) content, indicated by 1) a consistent failure of C. reinhardtii vtc1 mutant strains, which are deficient in polyphosphate synthesis, to accumulate Mn and 2) a drastic reduction of the Mn storage capacity in P-deficient cells. Rather surprisingly, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, EPR, and electron nuclear double resonance revealed that only little Mn2+ is stably complexed with polyP, indicating that polyP is not the final Mn ligand. We propose that polyPs are a critical component of Mn accumulation in Chlamydomonas by driving Mn relocation from the cytosol to acidocalcisomes. Within these structures, polyP may, in turn, escort vacuolar Mn to a number of storage ligands, including phosphate and phytate, and other, yet unidentified, compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madeli Castruita
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Patrice A Salomé
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095.,Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Brianne E Lewis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Stefan R Schmollinger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095.,Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Daniela Strenkert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095.,Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Kristen Holbrook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Departments of Botany and Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Kaustav Khatua
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Sayani Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Ankona Datta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Si Chen
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439
| | - Christina Ramon
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Martina Ralle
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Peter K Weber
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Timothy L Stemmler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Jennifer Pett-Ridge
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Brian M Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Sabeeha S Merchant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095 .,Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
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42
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Goodenough U, Heiss AA, Roth R, Rusch J, Lee JH. Acidocalcisomes: Ultrastructure, Biogenesis, and Distribution in Microbial Eukaryotes. Protist 2019; 170:287-313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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43
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Rodriguez‐Duran J, Pinto‐Martinez A, Castillo C, Benaim G. Identification and electrophysiological properties of a sphingosine‐dependent plasma membrane Ca
2+
channel in
Trypanosoma cruzi. FEBS J 2019; 286:3909-3925. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gustavo Benaim
- Instituto de Estudios Avanzados (IDEA) Caracas Venezuela
- Instituto de Biología Experimental Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Central de Venezuela Caracas Venezuela
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44
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Lorenzo-Orts L, Hohmann U, Zhu J, Hothorn M. Molecular characterization of CHAD domains as inorganic polyphosphate-binding modules. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/3/e201900385. [PMID: 31133615 PMCID: PMC6537752 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A domain of unknown function termed CHAD, present in all kingdoms of life, is characterized as a specific inorganic polyphosphate-binding domain. Inorganic polyphosphates (polyPs) are linear polymers of orthophosphate units linked by phosphoanhydride bonds. Here, we report that bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic conserved histidine α-helical (CHAD) domains are specific polyP-binding modules. Crystal structures reveal that CHAD domains are formed by two four-helix bundles, giving rise to a central pore surrounded by conserved basic surface patches. Different CHAD domains bind polyPs with dissociation constants ranging from the nano- to mid-micromolar range, but not nucleic acids. A CHAD—polyP complex structure reveals the phosphate polymer binding across the central pore and along the two basic patches. Mutational analysis of CHAD—polyP interface residues validates the complex structure. The presence of a CHAD domain in the polyPase ygiF enhances its enzymatic activity. The only known CHAD protein from the plant Ricinus communis localizes to the nucleus/nucleolus when expressed in Arabidopsis and tobacco, suggesting that plants may harbor polyPs in these compartments. We propose that CHAD domains may be used to engineer the properties of polyP-metabolizing enzymes and to specifically localize polyP stores in eukaryotic cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lorenzo-Orts
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Hohmann
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jinsheng Zhu
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hothorn
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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45
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Negreiros RS, Lander N, Huang G, Cordeiro CD, Smith SA, Morrissey JH, Docampo R. Inorganic polyphosphate interacts with nucleolar and glycosomal proteins in trypanosomatids. Mol Microbiol 2018; 110:973-994. [PMID: 30230089 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is a polymer of three to hundreds of phosphate units bound by high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds and present from bacteria to humans. Most polyP in trypanosomatids is concentrated in acidocalcisomes, acidic calcium stores that possess a number of pumps, exchangers, and channels, and are important for their survival. In this work, using polyP as bait we identified > 25 putative protein targets in cell lysates of both Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei. Gene ontology analysis of the binding partners found a significant over-representation of nucleolar and glycosomal proteins. Using the polyphosphate-binding domain (PPBD) of Escherichia coli exopolyphosphatase (PPX), we localized long-chain polyP to the nucleoli and glycosomes of trypanosomes. A competitive assay based on the pre-incubation of PPBD with exogenous polyP and subsequent immunofluorescence assay of procyclic forms (PCF) of T. brucei showed polyP concentration-dependent and chain length-dependent decrease in the fluorescence signal. Subcellular fractionation experiments confirmed the presence of polyP in glycosomes of T. brucei PCF. Targeting of yeast PPX to the glycosomes of PCF resulted in polyP hydrolysis, alteration in their glycolytic flux and increase in their susceptibility to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel S Negreiros
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Noelia Lander
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Guozhong Huang
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ciro D Cordeiro
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Stephanie A Smith
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - James H Morrissey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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46
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Angelova PR, Iversen KZ, Teschemacher AG, Kasparov S, Gourine AV, Abramov AY. Signal transduction in astrocytes: Localization and release of inorganic polyphosphate. Glia 2018; 66:2126-2136. [PMID: 30260496 PMCID: PMC6282517 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is present in every cell and is highly conserved from primeval times. In the mammalian cells, polyP plays multiple roles including control of cell bioenergetics and signal transduction. In the brain, polyP mediates signaling between astrocytes via activation of purinergic receptors, however, the mechanisms of polyP release remain unknown. Here we report identification of polyP-containing vesicles in cortical astrocytes and the main triggers that evoke vesicular polyP release. In cultured astrocytes, polyP was localized predominantly within the intracellular vesicular compartments which express vesicular nucleotide transporter VNUT (putative ATP-containing vesicles), but not within the compartments expressing vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2). The number of lysosomes which contain polyP was dependent on the conditions of astrocytes. Release of polyP from a proportion of lysosomes could be induced by calcium ionophores. In contrast, polyP release from the VNUT-containing vesicles could be triggered by various physiological stimuli, such as pH changes, polyP induced polyP release and other stimuli which increase [Ca2+ ] i . These data suggest that astrocytes release polyP predominantly via exocytosis from the VNUT-containing vesicles. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plamena R. Angelova
- Department of Molecular NeuroscienceUCL Institute of Neurology, Queen SquareLondon, WC1N 3BGUnited Kingdom
| | - Kathrine Z. Iversen
- Department of Molecular NeuroscienceUCL Institute of Neurology, Queen SquareLondon, WC1N 3BGUnited Kingdom
| | - Anja G. Teschemacher
- School of Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of Bristol, University WalkBristol, BS8 1TDUnited Kingdom
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- School of Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of Bristol, University WalkBristol, BS8 1TDUnited Kingdom
- Baltic Federal University2 Universitetskaya str, Kaliningrad, 236000Russian Federation
| | - Alexander V. Gourine
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and PharmacologyUniversity College LondonGower Street, London, WC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrey Y. Abramov
- Department of Molecular NeuroscienceUCL Institute of Neurology, Queen SquareLondon, WC1N 3BGUnited Kingdom
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Wall RJ, Moniz S, Thomas MG, Norval S, Ko EJ, Marco M, Miles TJ, Gilbert IH, Horn D, Fairlamb AH, Wyllie S. Antitrypanosomal 8-Hydroxy-Naphthyridines Are Chelators of Divalent Transition Metals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e00235-18. [PMID: 29844044 PMCID: PMC6105827 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00235-18;e00235-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of information regarding the mechanisms of action (MoA) or specific molecular targets of phenotypically active compounds can prove a barrier to their development as chemotherapeutic agents. Here, we report the results of our orthogonal genetic, molecular, and biochemical studies to determine the MoA of a novel 7-substituted 8-hydroxy-1,6-naphthyridine (8-HNT) series that displays promising activity against Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania donovani High-throughput loss-of-function genetic screens in T. brucei highlighted two probable zinc transporters associated with resistance to these compounds. These transporters localized to the parasite Golgi apparatus. Directed by these findings, the role of zinc and other divalent cations in the MoA of these compounds was investigated. 8-HNT compounds were found to directly deplete intracellular levels of Zn2+, while the addition of exogenous Zn2+ and Fe2+ reduced the potency of compounds from this series. Detailed biochemical analyses confirmed that 8-HNT compounds bind directly to a number of divalent cations, predominantly Zn2+, Fe2+, and Cu2+, forming 2:1 complexes with one of these cations. Collectively, our studies demonstrate transition metal depletion, due to chelation, as the MoA of the 8-HNT series of compounds. Strategies to improve the selectivity of 8-HNT compounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Wall
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Moniz
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Michael G Thomas
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Norval
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Eun-Jung Ko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Marco
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Madrid, Spain
| | - Timothy J Miles
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - David Horn
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Wyllie
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Antitrypanosomal 8-Hydroxy-Naphthyridines Are Chelators of Divalent Transition Metals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00235-18. [PMID: 29844044 PMCID: PMC6105827 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00235-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of information regarding the mechanisms of action (MoA) or specific molecular targets of phenotypically active compounds can prove a barrier to their development as chemotherapeutic agents. Here, we report the results of our orthogonal genetic, molecular, and biochemical studies to determine the MoA of a novel 7-substituted 8-hydroxy-1,6-naphthyridine (8-HNT) series that displays promising activity against Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania donovani High-throughput loss-of-function genetic screens in T. brucei highlighted two probable zinc transporters associated with resistance to these compounds. These transporters localized to the parasite Golgi apparatus. Directed by these findings, the role of zinc and other divalent cations in the MoA of these compounds was investigated. 8-HNT compounds were found to directly deplete intracellular levels of Zn2+, while the addition of exogenous Zn2+ and Fe2+ reduced the potency of compounds from this series. Detailed biochemical analyses confirmed that 8-HNT compounds bind directly to a number of divalent cations, predominantly Zn2+, Fe2+, and Cu2+, forming 2:1 complexes with one of these cations. Collectively, our studies demonstrate transition metal depletion, due to chelation, as the MoA of the 8-HNT series of compounds. Strategies to improve the selectivity of 8-HNT compounds are discussed.
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49
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Recent advances in trypanosomatid research: genome organization, expression, metabolism, taxonomy and evolution. Parasitology 2018; 146:1-27. [PMID: 29898792 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018000951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Unicellular flagellates of the family Trypanosomatidae are obligatory parasites of invertebrates, vertebrates and plants. Dixenous species are aetiological agents of a number of diseases in humans, domestic animals and plants. Their monoxenous relatives are restricted to insects. Because of the high biological diversity, adaptability to dramatically different environmental conditions, and omnipresence, these protists have major impact on all biotic communities that still needs to be fully elucidated. In addition, as these organisms represent a highly divergent evolutionary lineage, they are strikingly different from the common 'model system' eukaryotes, such as some mammals, plants or fungi. A number of excellent reviews, published over the past decade, were dedicated to specialized topics from the areas of trypanosomatid molecular and cell biology, biochemistry, host-parasite relationships or other aspects of these fascinating organisms. However, there is a need for a more comprehensive review that summarizing recent advances in the studies of trypanosomatids in the last 30 years, a task, which we tried to accomplish with the current paper.
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50
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Magnesium uptake by connecting fluid-phase endocytosis to an intracellular inorganic cation filter. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1879. [PMID: 29192218 PMCID: PMC5709425 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01930-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells acquire free metals through plasma membrane transporters. But, in natural settings, sequestering agents often render metals inaccessible to transporters, limiting metal bioavailability. Here we identify a pathway for metal acquisition, allowing cells to cope with this situation. Under limited bioavailability of Mg2+, yeast cells upregulate fluid-phase endocytosis and transfer solutes from the environment into their vacuole, an acidocalcisome-like compartment loaded with highly concentrated polyphosphate. We propose that this anionic inorganic polymer, which is an avid chelator of Mg2+, serves as an immobilized cation filter that accumulates Mg2+ inside these organelles. It thus allows the vacuolar exporter Mnr2 to efficiently transfer Mg2+ into the cytosol. Leishmania parasites also employ acidocalcisomal polyphosphate to multiply in their Mg2+-limited habitat, the phagolysosomes of inflammatory macrophages. This suggests that the pathway for metal uptake via endocytosis, acidocalcisomal polyphosphates and export into the cytosol, which we term EAPEC, is conserved. Metal bioavailability is frequently limited by sequestering agents which makes them inaccessible to cells. Here the authors show that cells can increase Mg2+ uptake via fluid phase endocytosis and accumulate this metal in their vacuole loaded with polyphosphate, and later can be exported to the cytosol.
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