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das Mercês Pereira Ferreira A, de Matos JM, Silva LK, Viana JLM, Dos Santos Diniz Freitas M, de Amarante Júnior OP, Franco TCRDS, Brito NM. Assessing the spatiotemporal occurrence and ecological risk of antifouling biocides in a Brazilian estuary. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:3572-3581. [PMID: 38085476 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Diuron and Irgarol are common antifouling biocides used in paints to prevent the attachment and growth of fouling organisms on ship hulls and other submerged structures. Concerns about their toxicity to non-target aquatic organisms have led to various restrictions on their use in antifouling paints worldwide. Previous studies have shown the widespread presence of these substances in port areas along the Brazilian coast, with a concentration primarily in the southern part of the country. In this study, we conducted six sampling campaigns over the course of 1 year to assess the presence and associated risks of Diuron and Irgarol in water collected from areas under the influence of the Maranhão Port Complex in the Brazilian Northeast. Our results revealed the absence of Irgarol in the study area, irrespective of the sampling season and site. In contrast, the mean concentrations of Diuron varied between 2.0 ng L-1 and 34.1 ng L-1 and were detected at least once at each sampling site. We conducted a risk assessment of Diuron levels in this area using the risk quotient (RQ) method. Our findings indicated that Diuron levels at all sampling sites during at least one campaign yielded an RQ greater than 1, with a maximum of 22.7, classifying the risk as "high" based on the proposed risk classification. This study underscores the continued concern regarding the presence of antifouling biocides in significant ports and marinas in Brazilian ports, despite international bans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana das Mercês Pereira Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, Campus São Luís - Monte Castelo, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão (IFMA), São Luís, MA, 65030-005, Brazil
| | - Jhuliana Monteiro de Matos
- Department of Chemistry, Campus São Luís - Monte Castelo, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão (IFMA), São Luís, MA, 65030-005, Brazil.
| | - Lanna Karinny Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Campus São Luís - Monte Castelo, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão (IFMA), São Luís, MA, 65030-005, Brazil
| | - José Lucas Martins Viana
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marta Dos Santos Diniz Freitas
- Postgraduate Program in Technological and Environmental Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Ozelito Possidônio de Amarante Júnior
- Department of Chemistry, Campus São Luís - Monte Castelo, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão (IFMA), São Luís, MA, 65030-005, Brazil
- Institute of Oceanography, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | | | - Natilene Mesquita Brito
- Department of Chemistry, Campus São Luís - Monte Castelo, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão (IFMA), São Luís, MA, 65030-005, Brazil
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Islam MA, Lopes I, Domingues I, Silva DCVR, Blasco J, Pereira JL, Araújo CVM. Behavioural, developmental and biochemical effects in zebrafish caused by ibuprofen, irgarol and terbuthylazine. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 344:140373. [PMID: 37806324 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of chemicals and their release into aquatic ecosystems are harming aquatic biota. Despite extensive ecotoxicological research, many environmental pollutants' ecological effects are still unknown. This study examined the spatial avoidance, behavioural and biochemical impacts of ibuprofen, irgarol, and terbuthylazine on the early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) under a range of ecologically relevant concentrations (0-500 μg/L). Embryos were exposed following the OECD guideline "fish embryo toxicity test" complemented with biochemical assessment of AChE activity and behavioural analyses (swimming activity) using the video tracking system Zebrabox. Moreover, spatial avoidance was assessed by exposing 120 hpf-old larvae of D. rerio to a gradient of each chemical, by using the heterogeneous multi-habitat assay system (HeMHAS). The results obtained revealed that the 3 compounds delayed hatching at concentrations of 50 and 500 μg/L for both ibuprofen and irgarol and 500 μg/L for terbuthylazine. Moreover, all chemicals elicited a dose-dependent depression of movement (swimming distance) with LOEC values of 5, 500 and 50 μg/L for ibuprofen, irgarol and terbuthylazine, respectively. Zebrafish larvae avoided the three chemicals studied, with 4 h-AC50 values for ibuprofen, irgarol, and terbuthylazine of 64.32, 79.86, and 131.04 μg/L, respectively. The results of the HeMHAS assay suggest that larvae may early on avoid (just after 4 h of exposure) concentrations of the three chemicals that may later induce, apical and biochemical effects. Findings from this study make clear some advantages of using HeMHAS in ecotoxicology as it is: ecologically relevant (by simulating a chemically heterogeneous environmental scenario), sensitive (the perception of chemicals and the avoidance can occur at concentrations lower than those producing lethal or sublethal effects) and more humane and refined approach (organisms are not mandatorily exposed to concentrations that can produce individual toxicity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ariful Islam
- Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain; Department of Aquatic Resource Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh; Management and Conservation of the Sea, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain.
| | - Isabel Lopes
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Inês Domingues
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Daniel C V R Silva
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Southern and Southeastern Pará, Marabá, 68507-590, Pará, Brazil; Institute of Natural Resources, Federal University of Itajubá (UNIFEI), Laboratory of Limnology and Ecotoxicolo Gy, Itajubá, 37500-903, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Julián Blasco
- Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain.
| | - Joana Luísa Pereira
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Cristiano V M Araújo
- Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain.
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Loken LC, Corsi SR, Alvarez DA, Ankley GT, Baldwin AK, Blackwell BR, De Cicco LA, Nott MA, Oliver SK, Villeneuve DL. Prioritizing Pesticides of Potential Concern and Identifying Potential Mixture Effects in Great Lakes Tributaries Using Passive Samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:340-366. [PMID: 36165576 PMCID: PMC10107608 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To help meet the objectives of the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative with regard to increasing knowledge about toxic substances, 223 pesticides and pesticide transformation products were monitored in 15 Great Lakes tributaries using polar organic chemical integrative samplers. A screening-level assessment of their potential for biological effects was conducted by computing toxicity quotients (TQs) for chemicals with available US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Aquatic Life Benchmark values. In addition, exposure activity ratios (EAR) were calculated using information from the USEPA ToxCast database. Between 16 and 81 chemicals were detected per site, with 97 unique compounds detected overall, for which 64 could be assessed using TQs or EARs. Ten chemicals exceeded TQ or EAR levels of concern at two or more sites. Chemicals exceeding thresholds included seven herbicides (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, diuron, metolachlor, acetochlor, atrazine, simazine, and sulfentrazone), a transformation product (deisopropylatrazine), and two insecticides (fipronil and imidacloprid). Watersheds draining agricultural and urban areas had more detections and higher concentrations of pesticides compared with other land uses. Chemical mixtures analysis for ToxCast assays associated with common modes of action defined by gene targets and adverse outcome pathways (AOP) indicated potential activity on biological pathways related to a range of cellular processes, including xenobiotic metabolism, extracellular signaling, endocrine function, and protection against oxidative stress. Use of gene ontology databases and the AOP knowledgebase within the R-package ToxMixtures highlighted the utility of ToxCast data for identifying and evaluating potential biological effects and adverse outcomes of chemicals and mixtures. Results have provided a list of high-priority chemicals for future monitoring and potential biological effects warranting further evaluation in laboratory and field environments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:340-366. Published 2022. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke C. Loken
- US Geological SurveyUpper Midwest Water Science CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Steven R. Corsi
- US Geological SurveyUpper Midwest Water Science CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - David A. Alvarez
- US Geological SurveyColumbia Environmental Research CenterColombiaMissouriUSA
| | - Gerald T. Ankley
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and ExposureGreat Lakes Toxicology and Ecology DivisionDuluthMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Brett R. Blackwell
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and ExposureGreat Lakes Toxicology and Ecology DivisionDuluthMinnesotaUSA
| | - Laura A. De Cicco
- US Geological SurveyUpper Midwest Water Science CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Michele A. Nott
- US Geological SurveyUpper Midwest Water Science CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Samantha K. Oliver
- US Geological SurveyUpper Midwest Water Science CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Daniel L. Villeneuve
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and ExposureGreat Lakes Toxicology and Ecology DivisionDuluthMinnesotaUSA
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Chidya R, Derbalah A, Abdel-Dayem S, Kaonga C, Tsuji H, Takeda K, Sakugawa H. Contamination, dynamics, and health risk assessment of pesticides in seawater and marine samples from the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:67894-67907. [PMID: 35524849 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20617-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the contamination, dynamics, and health risks of the pesticides cyanazine, simetryn, fenarimol, isoprothiolane, diazinon, irgarol, fenitrothion, and diuron in marine samples (seawater, sediments, plankton, fish, and other edible organisms) at various locations in the Seto Inland Sea in Japan in 2016 and 2017. Pesticide concentrations were highest at sampling sites close to the coastline, and mean concentrations in seawater were slightly higher in surface water than in bottom water. All eight pesticides were detected in plankton. Diazinon concentrations (77-387 ng/g dw) were highest in sediments and cyanazine was the most frequently detected pesticide (88%, n = 17) in sediments. Only cyanazine (2.7-41.9 ng/g dw), simetryn (1.0-34.3 ng/g dw), and diazinon (6.3-308.8 ng/g dw) were detected in fish and other edible marine organisms. Based on the calculated bioconcentration factor, the results showed that plankton, fish, and marine animals bioaccumulated pesticides. The highest hazard quotients were calculated for diazinon in red seabream and greenling, indicating a possible risk to consumers. It is, therefore, imperative to promote strict implementation of pollution control, integrated pest management practices, and policy formulation on pesticides. Usage of diazinon must be controlled and monitored to ensure large residues do not reach aquatic ecosystems and marine coastlines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russel Chidya
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Water and Sanitation, Mzuzu University, P/Bag 201, Mzuzu, 2, Malawi
| | - Aly Derbalah
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
- Department of Pesticides Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Sherif Abdel-Dayem
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
- Department of Pesticides Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Chikumbusko Kaonga
- Physics and Biochemical Sciences Department, Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences, P/Bag 303, Chichiri, Blantyre, 3, Malawi
| | - Hiroaki Tsuji
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takeda
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakugawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan.
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Bijlsma L, Pitarch E, Hernández F, Fonseca E, Marín JM, Ibáñez M, Portolés T, Rico A. Ecological risk assessment of pesticides in the Mijares River (eastern Spain) impacted by citrus production using wide-scope screening and target quantitative analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125277. [PMID: 33951870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of pesticides, especially in agricultural areas, makes necessary to control their presence in surrounding surface waters. The current study was designed to investigate the occurrence and ecological risks of pesticides and their transformation products in a Mediterranean river basin impacted by citrus agricultural production. Nineteen sites were monitored in three campaigns distributed over three different seasons. After a qualitative screening, 24 compounds was selected for subsequent quantitative analysis. As expected, the lower section of the river was most contaminated, with total concentration >5 µg/L in two sites near to the discharge area of wastewater treatment plants. The highest concentrations were found in September, after agricultural applications and when the river flow is reduced. Ecological risks were calculated using two mixture toxicity approaches (Toxic Unit and multi-substance Potentially Affected Fraction), which revealed high acute and chronic risks of imidacloprid to invertebrates, moderate-to-high risks of diuron, simazine and 2,4-D for primary producers, and moderate-to-high risks of thiabendazole for invertebrates and fish. This study shows that intensive agricultural production and the discharge of wastewater effluents containing pesticide residues from post-harvest citrus processing plants are threatening freshwater biodiversity. Further actions are recommended to control pesticide use and to reduce emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain
| | - Elena Pitarch
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain.
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain
| | - Eddie Fonseca
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, P.O. 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - José M Marín
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain
| | - María Ibáñez
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain
| | - Tania Portolés
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 28805, Spain; Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, c/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain
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Mikac L, Kovačević E, Ukić Š, Raić M, Jurkin T, Marić I, Gotić M, Ivanda M. Detection of multi-class pesticide residues with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 252:119478. [PMID: 33524818 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The excessive use of pesticides disturbs the natural balance in the environment, creates resistance to pesticides and leads to water and food contamination. Therefore, the implementation of fast, robust and cost effective techniques for the monitoring of pesticides is required. In this work surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was used for the detection of four common pesticides: atrazine, simazin, irgarol, and diuron. SERS is nowadays considered an effective technique for detection of various analytes in low concentration. Sensitivity of the SERS method depends on the type of substrate that can be either a colloidal solution of metal nanoparticles (NPs) or a metal surface with a suitable nanostructured topology. Here, we have investigated the application of silver nanospheres and silver nanoprisms as SERS substrates in pesticides detection. Colloids with spherical NPs were produced by chemical reduction while Ag nanoprisms were prepared by reducing silver nitrate with borohydride (with citrate as a stabilizing agent) and stirring under a UV lamp for 4 and 10 h. The SERS results have shown that, in the presence of synthesized NPs, it was possible to detect millimolar concentrations of aforementioned pesticides with the exception of diuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mikac
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Research Unit New Functional Materials, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Molecular Physics and New Materials Synthesis Laboratory, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - E Kovačević
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Š Ukić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M Raić
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Research Unit New Functional Materials, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Molecular Physics and New Materials Synthesis Laboratory, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - T Jurkin
- Radiation Chemistry and Dosimetry Laboratory, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - I Marić
- Radiation Chemistry and Dosimetry Laboratory, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M Gotić
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Research Unit New Functional Materials, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Molecular Physics and New Materials Synthesis Laboratory, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M Ivanda
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Research Unit New Functional Materials, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Molecular Physics and New Materials Synthesis Laboratory, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Abreu FEL, Lima da Silva JN, Castro ÍB, Fillmann G. Are antifouling residues a matter of concern in the largest South American port? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 398:122937. [PMID: 32768825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, levels of booster biocides (diuron, Irgarol, chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid and DCOIT), butyltin compounds (TBT, DBT and MBT) and antifouling paint particles (APPs) were assessed in sediments of areas under the influence of the largest Latin American port, marinas, boat traffic and ship/boat maintenance facilities located within Santos-São Vicente Estuarine System (SSES). Contamination profile was directly related to local maritime activities, where sediments from the main navigation channel (MNC) presented low levels of antifouling residues while adjacent areas (AA), characterized by the presence of boats and boatyards, showed higher contamination considering all analyzed residues. Moreover, areas under the influence of fishing boats/yards presented relevant levels of butyltins (ΣBTs > 300 ng g-1) and APPs (>100 μg g-1), while marinas dominated by recreational boats showed higher booster biocides occurrence. Sites located nearby shipyards in the MNC and boatyards in the AA presented expressive amounts of APPs (>200 μg g-1). These APPs represent an important long-term source of biocides to the SSES. Thus, the profile of maritime activities in association to local oceanographic conditions drive the spatial distribution of antifouling residues within SESS, which in some case presented levels above sediment guidelines for TBT, DCOIT and diuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiamma E L Abreu
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (IO -FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; PPG em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (PPGO-FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliane Natália Lima da Silva
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (IO -FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; PPG em Química Tecnológica e Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (PPGQTA-FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Braga Castro
- PPG em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (PPGO-FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (IMAR-UNIFESP), Av. Almirante Saldanha da Gama, 11030-400, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (IO -FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; PPG em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (PPGO-FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; PPG em Química Tecnológica e Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (PPGQTA-FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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Topaz T, Egozi R, Suari Y, Ben-Ari J, Sade T, Chefetz B, Yahel G. Environmental risk dynamics of pesticides toxicity in a Mediterranean micro-estuary. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114941. [PMID: 32806444 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are potentially toxic to aquatic systems, even at low concentration, depending on their individual ecotoxicological properties and their mixture composition. Thus, to evaluate possible ecological stress due to pesticide load, a thorough assessment of the potential toxicity of pesticide mixtures is required. Here we report water discharge and quality data of an eastern Mediterranean micro-estuary (Alexander stream), targeting the temporal distribution of a pesticide mixture. Over 150 water samples were collected during 2 hydrological years representing base-flow and flood conditions. On average, each water sample contained 34 and 45 different pesticides with peak concentrations of 1.4 μg L-1 of Imidacloprid and 55 μg L-1 of Diuron during base-flow and flood events, respectively. Pesticide mixtures were potentially toxic to benthic invertebrates and algae during flood events, surpassing the toxicity benchmark with medians of 110% and 155%, respectively. The herbicide Diuron and the insecticide Imidacloprid were the main pesticides responsible for the high potential toxicity during flood events. The falling limb of the flood hydrographs was found to inflict the highest stress on the estuarine environment due to elevated toxicity combined with prolonged residence time of the water. Examination of the potential chronic toxicity of single compounds showed continuous stress for plants, algae, amphibians, crustaceans, insects and fish from nine pesticides. Our data show that the ecosystem of the Alexander micro-estuary is under a continuous chronic stress with acute peaks in potential toxicity during flood events and the period that follows them. We propose that analyzing a small set of flood-tail samples is needed for the evaluation of small estuarine ecosystems risk during the rainy season. From a management perspective, we suggest better control of application practices for Diuron in the watershed to minimize the stress to the estuarine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Topaz
- Dept. of Soil and Water Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel; Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Mikhmoret, 402970, Israel
| | - Roey Egozi
- The Soil Erosion Research Station, Soil Conservation and Drainage Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Yair Suari
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Mikhmoret, 402970, Israel
| | - Julius Ben-Ari
- The Interdepartmental Analytical Unit, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Tal Sade
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Mikhmoret, 402970, Israel
| | - Benny Chefetz
- Dept. of Soil and Water Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Gitai Yahel
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Mikhmoret, 402970, Israel
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Kamarudin NA, Zulkifli SZ, Azmai MNA, Abdul Aziz FZ, Ismail A. Herbicide Diuron as Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) through Histopathalogical Analysis in Gonads of Javanese Medaka ( Oryzias javanicus, Bleeker 1854). Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E525. [PMID: 32245133 PMCID: PMC7142969 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The expeditious augmentation of the agriculture industry is leaving a significant negative impact on aquatic ecosystems. However, the awareness of the impacts of herbicide Diuron toxicities on the non-targeted aquatic organism, especially fish is still lacking. Javanese medaka, a new model fish species were exposed under sublethal levels and the long-term effects on gonads were investigated via histological studies. A total of 210 sexually mature fish were exposed to Diuron at seven different concentrations; control, solvent control, 1, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 μg/L for 21 days. In this study, Diuron caused histopathological alterations in gonads (ovary and testis) of Javanese medaka (Oryzias javanicus) by decreasing in gonadal staging and maturity of germ cells in oogenesis and spermatogenesis of female and male Javanese medaka. The results obtained in this study had proven our hypothesis that long-term exposure of herbicide Diuron can cause alterations in the gonadal histology of the adults of Javanese medaka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Amiera Kamarudin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.A.K.); (M.N.A.A.); (A.I.)
| | - Syaizwan Zahmir Zulkifli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.A.K.); (M.N.A.A.); (A.I.)
- International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences (i-AQUAS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Batu 7, Jalan Kemang 6, Teluk Kemang, Si Rusa, Port Dickson 71050, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Noor Amal Azmai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.A.K.); (M.N.A.A.); (A.I.)
| | - Fatin Zahidah Abdul Aziz
- Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change (MESTECC), Block C4 and C5, Federal Government Administrative Centre, Putrajaya 62662, Malaysia;
| | - Ahmad Ismail
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.A.K.); (M.N.A.A.); (A.I.)
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10
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Kamei M, Takayama K, Ishibashi H, Takeuchi I. Effects of ecologically relevant concentrations of Irgarol 1051 in tropical to subtropical coastal seawater on hermatypic coral Acropora tenuis and its symbiotic dinoflagellates. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 150:110734. [PMID: 31910516 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of ecologically relevant concentrations of Irgarol 1051, a representative PSII herbicide, on hermatypic corals were studied in the laboratory. The colour and chlorophyll fluorescence of Acropora tenuis were examined following exposure to around ambient concentrations of Irgarol 1051 (20 ng/L and 200 ng/L) for 7 days. While the colour of corals was stable throughout the experiment at both concentrations, the maximum effective quantum yield (ΔF/Fm') of symbiotic dinoflagellates decreased with increasing Irgarol 1051 concentration (day 7: 8%, 20 ng/L; 37%, 200 ng/L). The expression of heat shock protein (HSP) 70 and 90 in symbiotic dinoflagellates was upregulated after 7 days exposure to both Irgarol concentrations, whereas HSP90 in coral was not upregulated. The findings of the present study suggest that the threshold of chlorophyll fluorescence and HSP expression in symbiotic dinoflagellates is lower than 20 ng/L, which is around ecologically relevant concentrations in tropical to subtropical waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Kamei
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
| | - Kotaro Takayama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan; Electronics-Inspired Interdisciplinary Research Institute (EIIRIS), Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishibashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan; Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan; Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan.
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11
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Viana JLM, Dos Santos SRV, Dos Santos Franco TCR, Almeida MAP. Occurrence and partitioning of antifouling booster biocides in sediments and porewaters from Brazilian Northeast. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:112988. [PMID: 31541816 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.112988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fouling organisms attach and grow on submerged surfaces causing several economic losses. Thus, biocides have been introduced in antifouling paints in order to avoid this phenomenon, but their widespread use became a global problem, mainly in ports, leisure and fishing boat harbors, since these substances can be highly toxic to non-target organisms. The occurrence and environmental behavior of antifouling biocides are especially unknown in some peculiar regions, such as Amazon areas. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate, for the first time, levels and the partitioning behavior of the antifouling organic biocides irgarol, diuron and also stable degradation products of dichlofluanid and diuron (DMSA and DCPMU, respectively) in sediments and porewaters from a high boat traffic area located in the Northeast of Brazil, a pre-Amazon region. Our results showed high concentrations of irgarol (<1.0-89.7 μg kg-1) and diuron (<5.0-55.2 μg kg-1) in sediments. In porewater, DCPMU (<0.03-0.67 μg L-1) and DMSA (<0.008-0.263 μg L-1) were the mainly substances detected. High Kd and Koc obtained for both irgarol and diuron showed a partitioning preference in the solid phase. This work represents one of the few registers of contamination by antifouling substances in Amazonian areas, despite their environmental relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Lucas Martins Viana
- Laboratório de Química Analítica e Ecotoxicologia (LAEC), Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. Dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Sara Raiane Viana Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Química Analítica e Ecotoxicologia (LAEC), Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. Dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
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12
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Ur Rehman SW, Wang H, Yao W, Deantes-Espinosa VM, Wang B, Huang J, Deng S, Yu G, Wang Y. Ozonation of the algaecide irgarol: Kinetics, transformation products, and toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124374. [PMID: 31344619 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of irgarol, a frequently detected algaecide in the aquatic environment, by ozonation was investigated in this study. The second-order rate constants for the reaction of irgarol with ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radical (OH) were determined to be 505 M-1 s-1 and 4.96 × 109 M-1 s-1, respectively. During ozonation, sixteen transformation products (TPs) of irgarol were proposed using an electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Most of the TPs are ozone-refractory compounds and therefore could only be further transformed by oxidation with OH generated from O3 decomposition during ozonation. Toxicity analysis using the ecological structure activity relationship class program indicates that some of the TPs (e.g., irgarol sulfoxide) still exhibit high acute or chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms (fish, daphnia, and algae) as the parent compound. With a typical ozone dose applied in water treatment (2 mg/L, corresponding to a specific ozone dose of 0.8 mg O3/mg dissolved organic carbon), irgarol could be completely abated in a selected surface water by ozonation. However, most of the TPs persisted in the ozonation effluent because of their low ozone reactivity. The results of this study suggest that ozonation with typical ozone doses applied in water treatment may not be able to sufficiently reduce the ecotoxicological effects of irgarol on aquatic organisms. More effective treatment processes such as ozone-based advanced oxidation processes may be required to enhance the removal of toxic TPs of irgarol in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Waqi Ur Rehman
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huijiao Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Weikun Yao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | | | - Bin Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shubo Deng
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yujue Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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13
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Martins SE, Fillmann G, Lillicrap A, Thomas KV. Review: ecotoxicity of organic and organo-metallic antifouling co-biocides and implications for environmental hazard and risk assessments in aquatic ecosystems. BIOFOULING 2018; 34:34-52. [PMID: 29250978 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1404036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hazard assessments of Irgarol 1051, diuron, 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole (TCMTB), dichloro-octylisothiazolin (DCOIT), chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, thiram, zinc pyrithione, copper pyrithione, triphenylborane pyridine (TPBP), capsaicin, nonivamide, tralopyril and medetomidine were performed to establish robust environmental quality standards (EQS), based on predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs). Microalgae, zooplankton, fish and amphibians were the most sensitive ecological groups to all the antifoulants evaluated, especially in the early life stages. No differences were identified between freshwater and seawater species. The use of toxicity tests with non-standard species is encouraged because they increase the datasets, allowing EQS to be derived from probabilistic-based PNECs whilst reducing uncertainties. The global ban of tributyltin (TBT) has been heralded as a major environmental success; however, substitute antifoulants may also pose risks to aquatic ecosystems. Environmental risk assessments (ERAs) have driven decision-makings for regulating antifouling products, but in many countries there is still a lack of regulation of antifouling biocides which should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Eslava Martins
- a Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG , Rio Grande/RS , Brazil
- b Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) , Oslo , Norway
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- a Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG , Rio Grande/RS , Brazil
| | - Adam Lillicrap
- b Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) , Oslo , Norway
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- b Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) , Oslo , Norway
- c Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS) , The University of Queensland , Coopers Plains , Australia
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14
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Saleh A, Molaei S, Sheijooni Fumani N, Abedi E. Antifouling paint booster biocides (Irgarol 1051 and diuron) in marinas and ports of Bushehr, Persian Gulf. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 105:367-372. [PMID: 26917092 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, antifouling paint booster biocides, Irgarol 1051 and diuron were measured in ports and marinas of Bushehr, Iran. Results showed that in seawater samples taken from ports and marinas, Irgarol was found at the range of less than LOD to 63.4ngL(-1) and diuron was found to be at the range of less than LOD to 29.1ngL(-1) (in Jalali marina). 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA), as a degradation product of diuron, was also analyzed and its maximum concentration was 390ngL(-1). Results for analysis of Irgarol 1051 in sediments showed a maximum concentration of 35.4ngg(-1) dry weight in Bandargah marina. A comparison between the results of this study and those of other published works showed that Irgarol and diuron pollutions in ports and marinas of Bushehr located in the Persian Gulf were less than the average of reports from other parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Saleh
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., Tehran 1411813389, Iran.
| | - Saeideh Molaei
- Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, 43Mofateh Ave., Tehran 1571914911, Iran
| | - Neda Sheijooni Fumani
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., Tehran 1411813389, Iran
| | - Ehsan Abedi
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, No. 3, Etemadzadeh St., Fatemi Ave., Tehran 1411813389, Iran
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15
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Hannachi A, Elarbaoui S, Khazri A, Sellami B, Rastelli E, D'Agostino F, Beyrem H, Mahmoudi E, Corinaldesi C, Danovaro R. Impact of the biocide Irgarol on meiofauna and prokaryotes from the sediments of the Bizerte lagoon-an experimental study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:7712-7721. [PMID: 26746401 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5936-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The biocide Irgarol 1051 has been reported to have negative effects on a large number of living components including non-target organisms, but information on its impact on the marine meiofauna and benthic prokaryotes is completely lacking. Here, we report the results of long-term experimental studies in which we determined the effects of increasing Irgarol concentrations (from 11.5 to 315 ng g(-1) sediment dry weight) on meiofauna and benthic prokaryotes. We found that this biocide had a significant impact on meiofauna abundance, even at the lowest concentrations, causing a drastic decline in the abundance of nematodes (the dominant meiofaunal taxon) and an increase of the relative importance of oligochaetes. Even if no direct effects of Irgarol were found on prokaryotic abundance and biomass, the molecular fingerprinting analyses (automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis) showed that the prokaryotic diversity was significantly altered by the biocide. The results of the present study indicate that Irgarol 1051 in marine sediments has a significant impact on the smallest eukaryotic and microbial components also at very low concentrations (ca 12 ng g(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Hannachi
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia.
| | - Soumaya Elarbaoui
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Abdelhafidh Khazri
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Badreddine Sellami
- Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, 28 rue de 2 mars 1934, 2025, Salammbô, Tunisia
| | - Eugenio Rastelli
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio D'Agostino
- Institute for Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC)-CNR, Via del Mare 3, 91021, Torretta Granitola, Trapani, Italy
| | - Hamouda Beyrem
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Ezzeddine Mahmoudi
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Cinzia Corinaldesi
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Danovaro
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
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16
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Kase R, Korkaric M, Werner I, Ågerstrand M. Criteria for Reporting and Evaluating ecotoxicity Data (CRED): comparison and perception of the Klimisch and CRED methods for evaluating reliability and relevance of ecotoxicity studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2016; 28:7. [PMID: 27752442 PMCID: PMC5044958 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-016-0073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulatory evaluation of ecotoxicity studies for environmental risk and/or hazard assessment of chemicals is often performed using the method established by Klimisch and colleagues in 1997. The method was, at that time, an important step toward improved evaluation of study reliability, but lately it has been criticized for lack of detail and guidance, and for not ensuring sufficient consistency among risk assessors. RESULTS A new evaluation method was thus developed: Criteria for Reporting and Evaluating ecotoxicity Data (CRED). The CRED evaluation method aims at strengthening consistency and transparency of hazard and risk assessment of chemicals by providing criteria and guidance for reliability and relevance evaluation of aquatic ecotoxicity studies. A two-phased ring test was conducted to compare and characterize the differences between the CRED and Klimisch evaluation methods. A total of 75 risk assessors from 12 countries participated. Results show that the CRED evaluation method provides a more detailed and transparent evaluation of reliability and relevance than the Klimisch method. Ring test participants perceived it to be less dependent on expert judgement, more accurate and consistent, and practical regarding the use of criteria and time needed for performing an evaluation. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the CRED evaluation method is a suitable replacement for the Klimisch method, and that its use may contribute to an improved harmonization of hazard and risk assessments of chemicals across different regulatory frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kase
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, EAWAG-EPFL, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Muris Korkaric
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Inge Werner
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, EAWAG-EPFL, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Marlene Ågerstrand
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Lee MRN, Kim UJ, Lee IS, Choi M, Oh JE. Assessment of organotin and tin-free antifouling paints contamination in the Korean coastal area. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 99:157-165. [PMID: 26234613 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Twelve organotins (methyl-, octyl-, butyl-, and phenyl-tin), and eight tin-free antifouling paints and their degradation products were measured in marine sediments from the Korean coastal area, and Busan and Ulsan bays, the largest harbor area in Korea. The total concentration of tin-free antifouling paints was two- to threefold higher than the total concentration of organotins. Principal component analysis was used to identify sites with relatively high levels of contamination in the inner bay area of Busan and Ulsan bays, which were separated from the coastal area. In Busan and Ulsan bays, chlorothalonil and DMSA were more dominant than in the coastal area. However, Sea-Nine 211 and total diurons, including their degradation products, were generally dominant in the Korean coastal area. The concentrations of tin and tin-free compounds were significantly different between the east and west coasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ri-Nae Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Un-Jung Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea; Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute Science and Technology (KIST), 39-1, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seok Lee
- Marine Environment Research Team, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), 408-1, Sirang-ri, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyu Choi
- Marine Environment Research Team, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), 408-1, Sirang-ri, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Kaonga CC, Takeda K, Sakugawa H. Diuron, Irgarol 1051 and Fenitrothion contamination for a river passing through an agricultural and urban area in Higashi Hiroshima City, Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 518-519:450-458. [PMID: 25777951 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted on the pesticides Diuron, Irgarol 1051 and Fenitrothion in Kurose River water, Higashi Hiroshima, Japan for a period of one year to assess the contribution of agriculture and urban activities on pesticide pollution of the river. Samples were analysed by a reverse phase HPLC system. The maximum pesticide concentrations were; 4620 ng/L, 50 ng/L and 370 ng/L for Diuron, Irgarol 1051 and Fenitrothion, respectively. While Diuron and Fenitrothion were detected at all sites, Irgarol 1051 was only present at Izumi, a high density urban and industrial area which also registered the highest concentrations of the pesticides. The pattern showed by Diuron and Fenitrothion was linked to farming activities. Also, Diuron and Fenitrothion concentration correlated with pesticide utilization data for Hiroshima Prefecture. Irgarol 1051 showed a different pattern to that of Diuron and Fenitrothion and its source was attributed to paint. It was noted that 78% and 42% of water samples at Izumi sampling site exceeded the European Union (EU) guidelines for Diuron and Fenitrothion, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikumbusko Chiziwa Kaonga
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takeda
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakugawa
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan.
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19
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Kumar KS, Dahms HU, Lee JS, Kim HC, Lee WC, Shin KH. Algal photosynthetic responses to toxic metals and herbicides assessed by chlorophyll a fluorescence. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 104:51-71. [PMID: 24632123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll a fluorescence is established as a rapid, non-intrusive technique to monitor photosynthetic performance of plants and algae, as well as to analyze their protective responses. Apart from its utility in determining the physiological status of photosynthesizers in the natural environment, chlorophyll a fluorescence-based methods are applied in ecophysiological and toxicological studies to examine the effect of environmental changes and pollutants on plants and algae (microalgae and seaweeds). Pollutants or environmental changes cause alteration of the photosynthetic capacity which could be evaluated by fluorescence kinetics. Hence, evaluating key fluorescence parameters and assessing photosynthetic performances would provide an insight regarding the probable causes of changes in photosynthetic performances. This technique quintessentially provides non-invasive determination of changes in the photosynthetic apparatus prior to the appearance of visible damage. It is reliable, economically feasible, time-saving, highly sensitive, versatile, accurate, non-invasive and portable; thereby comprising an excellent alternative for detecting pollution. The present review demonstrates the applicability of chlorophyll a fluorescence in determining photochemical responses of algae exposed to environmental toxicants (such as toxic metals and herbicides).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Suresh Kumar
- Department of Environmental Marine Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Hans-Uwe Dahms
- Green Life Science Department, College of Convergence, Sangmyung University, 7 Hongij-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - Hyung Chul Kim
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Chan Lee
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Environmental Marine Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea.
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Kim NS, Shim WJ, Yim UH, Hong SH, Ha SY, Han GM, Shin KH. Assessment of TBT and organic booster biocide contamination in seawater from coastal areas of South Korea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 78:201-208. [PMID: 24295595 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Seawater samples from major enclosed bays, fishing ports, and harbors of Korea were analyzed to determine levels of tributyltin (TBT) and booster biocides, which are antifouling agents used as alternatives to TBT. TBT levels were in the range of not detected (nd) to 23.9 ng Sn/L. Diuron and Irgarol 1051, at concentration ranges of 35-1360 ng/L and nd to 14 ng/L, respectively, were the most common alternative biocides present in seawater, with the highest concentrations detected in fishing ports. Hot spots were identified where TBT levels exceeded environmental quality targets even 6 years after a total ban on its use in Korea. Diuron exceeded the UK environmental quality standard (EQS) value in 73% of the fishing port samples, 64% of the major bays, and 42% of the harbors. Irgarol 1051 levels were marginally below the Dutch and UK EQS values at all sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Sook Kim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Jangmok-myon, Geoje-shi 656-834, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Marine Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Joon Shim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Jangmok-myon, Geoje-shi 656-834, Republic of Korea.
| | - Un Hyuk Yim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Jangmok-myon, Geoje-shi 656-834, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Hong
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Jangmok-myon, Geoje-shi 656-834, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yong Ha
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Jangmok-myon, Geoje-shi 656-834, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Myung Han
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 41 Jangmok 1-gil, Jangmok-myon, Geoje-shi 656-834, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Environmental Marine Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea
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Wang L, Liang B, Li L, Liu W. Induction of HepG2 cell apoptosis by Irgarol 1051 through mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stresses. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1771-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Liang B, Wang L, He T, Liu W, Li Q, Li M. In vitro reactive oxygen species production by mitochondria from the rabbitfish Siganus fuscessens livers and the effects of Irgarol-1051. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 35:154-160. [PMID: 23328116 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the mitochondria from the livers of Siganus fuscessens were exposed to the Irgarol-1051with or without respiratory chain inhibitors using succinate or malate as the substrate, and the effects on mitochondrial ROS production were tested. The mitochondrial ROS production was significantly enhanced by antimycin A with an increase of more than three folds but not by rotenone and NaN3, and this may suggest complex III is the major ROS-producing site. Irgarol-1051 treatments gave a somewhat contradictory result: this chemical can inhibit the mitochondrial ROS production but the inhibition decreased with the increase of doses. These contradictory data about Irgarol-1051 may be explained by the balance between the effects of inhibition through the opening of small-size pores and stimulation through blocking electron transfer, but the mechanism laid behind needs more evidence to support. As Irgarol-1051 was continuously used in antifouling and its bio-concentration factor is up to 160 in fish, the toxic effect of Irgarol-1051 on aquatic animals should be paid more attention to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liang
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, PR China
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23
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Sun K, Zhang Z, Gao B, Wang Z, Xu D, Jin J, Liu X. Adsorption of diuron, fluridone and norflurazon on single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 439:1-7. [PMID: 23041333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The sorption behaviors of diuron (DIU), fluridone (FLU) and norflurazon (NOR) by a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and three multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) samples including MWCNT10 (<10nm, outer diameter), MWCNT20 (10-20 nm), and MWCNT40 (20-40 nm) were investigated. All adsorption isotherms were nonlinear and were well fitted with the Freundlich model and Dubinin Ashtakhov (DA) model. The linear relationships between the organic carbon (OC)-normalized saturated adsorption capacity (Q(0)(OC)) and surface area (SA) suggest that SA is presumably responsible for the adsorption of DIU and NOR on CNTs. While FLU, DIU, and NOR OC-normalized distribution coefficients (logK(OC)) of CNTs increased with increasing their hydrophobicity (logK(OW)) and the positive relationships between the logK(OW)-normalized logK(OC) (i.e., logK(OC)/logK(OW)) of FLU, DIU, and NOR and their hydrogen bonding ability indicate that the adsorption of FLU, DIU and NOR was mainly controlled by the hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding. The higher logK(OC) or Q(0)(OC) values of MWCNT10 and SWCNT relative to other large MWCNTs and carbonaceous adsorbents suggest that MWCNT10 has the potential to serve as an adsorbent used to reduce the mobility of herbicides in agricultural and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Water Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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24
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Deng X, Gao K, Sun J. Physiological and biochemical responses of Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 to Irgarol 1051 and diuron. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 122-123:113-119. [PMID: 22789406 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic algae found in oceans and freshwaters worldwide. These organisms are important primary producers in aquatic ecosystems because they can provide essential food for grazers and herbivores. In this study, the physiological and biochemical responses of the freshwater cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 to two organic booster biocides Irgarol 1051 and diuron were compared and evaluated using 96 h growth tests in a batch-culture system. The 96 h median effective concentrations (EC(50)) were 0.019 and 0.097 μmol L(-1) for Irgarol 1051 and diuron, respectively, which indicate that Irgarol 1051 is about 5 times more toxic than diuron to cyanobacteria. Moreover, remarkable physiological and biochemical responses occurred in the Irgarol 1051 and diuron treatments. Irgarol 1051 and diuron stimulated cyanobacterial growth, increased the soluble protein content, and enhanced the catalase (CAT) activity at low concentrations, but inhibited them at high concentrations. However, the malondialdehyde (MDA) and polysaccharide content of the cyanobacteria were only significantly affected by Irgarol 1051. These observations suggest that Irgarol 1051 and diuron are toxic to Synechococcus sp. PCC7942, and their use should be restricted in maritime industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyuan Deng
- School of Biology and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China.
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25
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Teodorović I, Knežević V, Tunić T, Cučak M, Lečić JN, Leovac A, Tumbas II. Myriophyllum aquaticum versus Lemna minor: sensitivity and recovery potential after exposure to atrazine. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:417-26. [PMID: 22095561 DOI: 10.1002/etc.748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The relative sensitivity and recovery potential of two aquatic macrophyte species, Lemna minor and Myriophyllum aquaticum, exposed to atrazine (concentration ranges 80-1,280 µg/L and 40-640 µg/L, respectively) were evaluated using slightly adapted standard protocol for Lemna spp.: relative growth rates (RGR) and yield of both plants were measured in 3-d-long intervals during the exposure and recovery phase. Myriophyllum aquaticum was also exposed to atrazine-spiked sediment (0.1-3.7 µg/g) in a water-free system. The results of M. aquaticum sediment contact tests showed that root- and shoot-based growth parameters are equally sensitive endpoints. In the water (sediment-free) test system, L. minor recovered after short (3 d) and longer exposure (7 d) to all atrazine concentrations after only a 5- to 6-d-long recovery phase. The recovery of M. aquaticum after short exposure was slower and less efficient: after 12 d of recovery phase the final biomass of plants exposed to 380 and 640 µg/L was below the initial values. The last interval RGR provides a good indication of plant recovery potential regardless of species growth strategy. If compared to L. minor, the difference in growth rate, sensitivity, lag phase, recovery potential from water-column substances, and also suitability for studies investigating the effect of sediment-bound pollutants advocates the use of M. aquaticum as an additional macrophyte species in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Teodorović
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.
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Fojut TL, Palumbo AJ, Tjeerdema RS. Aquatic life water quality criteria derived via the UC Davis method: III. Diuron. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 216:105-141. [PMID: 22298114 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2260-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa L Fojut
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8588, USA.
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27
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Coutris C, Merlina G, Silvestre J, Pinelli E, Elger A. Can we predict community-wide effects of herbicides from toxicity tests on macrophyte species? AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 101:49-56. [PMID: 20926143 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Macrophyte communities play an essential role in the way freshwater ecosystems function. It is thus of great concern to understand how environmental factors, especially anthropogenic ones, influence their composition and diversity. The aim of this study was to examine whether the effects of a herbicide mixture (50% atrazine, 35% isoproturon, 15% alachlor) on single macrophyte species can be used to predict its impact at a community level. In a first experiment we tested the sensitivity of six species (Azolla filiculoides, Ceratophyllum demersum, Elodea canadensis, Lemna minor, Myriophyllum spicatum and Vallisneria spiralis) grown separately and exposed to 0.6-600 μg L(-1) of the herbicide mixture. In a second experiment, conducted in microcosms, we tested the effects of herbicides on macrophyte assemblages composed of the same six species exposed to 0, 6 or 60 μg L(-1) of the herbicide mixture. Species grown separately exhibited growth inhibition at 60 and 600 μg L(-1). At 600 μg L(-1) the sensitivity differed significantly between species. V. spiralis was the most resistant species, C. demersum, M. spicatum and E. canadensis exhibited intermediate sensitivities, and A. filiculoides and L. minor were the most sensitive species. In microcosms, community biomass and Shannon evenness index were reduced after 8 weeks at 60 μg L(-1). Communities also exhibited changes in their composition: the relative and absolute abundance of C. demersum increased at 6 μg L(-1), while the relative abundance of V. spiralis increased at 60 μg L(-1). These results are in agreement with the individual responses of these species to the herbicides. It is therefore concluded that short-term effects of herbicides on simple macrophyte communities can be predicted from the sensitivity of individual species. However, further investigations are required to examine whether longer term effects can be predicted as well, especially in more complex communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Coutris
- UMR 5245 CNRS/INP/UPS, EcoLab (Laboratoire d'écologie fonctionnelle), Toulouse, France
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28
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Sánchez-Rodríguez A, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Santana-Rodríguez JJ. Applicability of microwave-assisted extraction combined with LC-MS/MS in the evaluation of booster biocide levels in harbour sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 82:96-102. [PMID: 20947123 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A new sample treatment method for the determination of four common booster biocides (Diuron, TCMTB, Irgarol 1051 and Dichlofluanid) in harbour sediment samples has been developed that uses liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) after microwave-assisted extraction, followed by clean-up and a solid phase extraction preconcentration step (MAE-SPE). The effects of different variables on MAE-SPE were studied. The recoveries obtained were greater than 75%, and the relative standard deviation was less than 7%. The detection limits ranged between 0.1 and 0.3 ng g⁻¹. The developed methodology was successfully applied to the evaluation of the presence of booster biocides in sediment samples from different harbours and marinas of Gran Canaria Island (Canary Islands, Spain).
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Faÿ F, Linossier I, Carteau D, Dheilly A, Silkina A, Vallée-Rééhel K. Booster biocides and microfouling. BIOFOULING 2010; 26:787-798. [PMID: 20824571 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2010.518234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Antifouling (AF) paints are used to prevent the attachment of living organisms to the submerged surfaces of ships, boats and aquatic structures, usually by the release of biocides. Apart from copper, organic booster biocides are the main active components in AF paints, but their use can have a negative impact on the marine environment. The direct effects of biocides on marine bacteria are poorly known. This work investigates the impact of two biocides, viz. diuron and tolylfluanid, on the growth and the viability of marine microorganisms and on their ability to form biofilms. The biocides in solution were found to inhibit growth of two strains of marine bacteria, viz. Pseudoalteromonas and Vibrio vulnificus, at a high concentration (1000 microg ml(-1)), but only a small effect on viability was observed. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) showed that the booster biocides decreased biofilm formation by both bacteria. At a concentration of 10 microg ml(-1), the biocides inhibited cell attachment and reduced biofilm thickness on glass surfaces. The percentage of live cells in the biofilms was also reduced. The effect of the biocides on two diatoms, Fragilaria pinnata and Cylindrotheca closterium, was also evaluated in terms of growth rate, biomass, chlorophyll a content and attachment to glass. The results demonstrate that diuron and tolylfluanid are more active against diatoms than bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Faÿ
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines (LBCM), UE3884, Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS), Lorient, France.
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Knauert S, Singer H, Hollender J, Knauer K. Phytotoxicity of atrazine, isoproturon, and diuron to submersed macrophytes in outdoor mesocosms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:167-174. [PMID: 19656602 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The submersed macrophytes Elodea canadensis, Myriophyllum spicatum and Potamogeton lucens were constantly exposed over a five-week period to environmentally relevant concentrations of atrazine, isoproturon, diuron, and their mixture in outdoor mesocosms. Effects were evaluated investigating photosynthetic efficiency (PE) of the three macrophytes and growth of M. spicatum and E. canadensis. Adverse effects on PE were observed on days 2 and 5 after application. M. spicatum was found to be the more sensitive macrophyte. E. canadensis and P. lucens were less sensitive to atrazine, diuron and the mixture and insensitive to isoproturon. PE of M. spicatum was similarly affected by the single herbicides and the mixture demonstrating concentration addition. Growth of E. canadensis and M. spicatum was not reduced indicating that herbicide exposure did not impair plant development. Although PE measurements turned out to be a sensitive method to monitor PSII herbicides, plant growth remains the more relevant ecological endpoint in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Knauert
- University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Thomas KV, Brooks S. The environmental fate and effects of antifouling paint biocides. BIOFOULING 2010; 26:73-88. [PMID: 20390558 DOI: 10.1080/08927010903216564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Antifouling (AF) biocides are the active ingredients in AF paints that prevent the settlement, adhesion and growth of organisms to a painted surface. A wide range of chemicals are used as AF biocides, which have very different physico-chemical properties and therefore differing environmental fates, behaviour and effects. Copper has been used as an antifoulant for centuries and extensive research has been performed to understand how copper speciation influences bioavailability and toxicity. For biocides that have been widely used over a number of decades, for example Irgarol 1051 and diuron, there are a large amount of environmental data in the public domain, including for their respective metabolites, that allows their environmental safety and potential risk to the environment to be assessed. For other biocides such as dichlofluanid, DCOIT (SeaNine 211) and zinc/copper pyrithione, there is a good understanding of their fate and effects. However, few monitoring studies have been performed and not so much is known about the fate and effects of their metabolites. There are also new or candidate biocides such as triphenylborane pyridine, Econea, capsaicin and medetomidine for which there is very little information in the public domain. This review provides an overview of the environmental fate and occurrence data that are in the public domain for AF biocides and provides some insight into the effects of these compounds on non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.
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Mohr S, Berghahn R, Mailahn W, Schmiediche R, Feibicke M, Schmidt R. Toxic and accumulative potential of the antifouling biocide and TBT successor irgarol on freshwater macrophytes: a pond mesocosm study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:6838-6843. [PMID: 19764257 DOI: 10.1021/es900595u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
After the ban of tributyltin (TBT) for vessels not longer than 25 m in 1986, Irgarol has become a commonly used antifouling biocide. Irgarol is highly toxic to autotrophic organisms and has the potential to accumulate in organic material. In the literature, environmental concentrations of Irgarol up to 2.4 microg L(-1) were reported forfreshwater. Within a comprehensive freshwater mesocosm study, experiments were conducted to gain more information on the effects of Irgarol on macrophytes. Six indoor pond mesocosms were contaminated once with concentrations between 0.04 and 5 microgl(-1) Irgarol and monitored for 150 days; two mesocosms served as controls. The mesocosm study revealed that all macrophytes were directly affected by this single application. Myriophyllum verticillatum was the most sensitive macrophyte with an EC50 (Day 150) of 0.21 microg L(-1) Irgarol. The duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza was the least sensitive species tested in the mesocosms and number of fronds even increased with increasing Irgarol concentrations. Time-weighted average calculations yielded high BCF values of up to 10,580 L kg(-1) dry weight for M. verticillatum indicating a high potential for accumulation. The results give cause for concern that natural macrophyte communities are impaired at actual environmental concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mohr
- Umweltbundesamt, Schichauweg 58, 12307 Berlin, Germany.
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33
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Whitehead KA, Verran J. The Effect of Substratum Properties on the Survival of Attached Microorganisms on Inert Surfaces. MARINE AND INDUSTRIAL BIOFOULING 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-69796-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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34
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Murthy PS, Venugopalan VP, Nair KVK, Subramoniam T. Larval Settlement and Surfaces: Implications in Development of Antifouling Strategies. MARINE AND INDUSTRIAL BIOFOULING 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-69796-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Stork PR, Bennett FR, Bell MJ. The environmental fate of diuron under a conventional production regime in a sugarcane farm during the plant cane phase. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2008; 64:954-963. [PMID: 18470961 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Field studies of diuron and its metabolites 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea (DCPMU), 3,4-dichlorophenylurea (DCPU) and 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA) were conducted in a farm soil and in stream sediments in coastal Queensland, Australia. RESULTS During a 38 week period after a 1.6 kg ha(-1) diuron application, 70-100% of detected compounds were within 0-15 cm of the farm soil, and 3-10% reached the 30-45 cm depth. First-order t(1/2) degradation averaged 49+/-0.9 days for the 0-15, 0-30 and 0-45 cm soil depths. Farm runoff was collected in the first 13-50 min of episodes lasting 55-90 min. Average concentrations of diuron, DCPU and DCPMU in runoff were 93, 30 and 83-825 microg L(-1) respectively. Their total loading in all runoff was >0.6% of applied diuron. Diuron and DCPMU concentrations in stream sediments were between 3-22 and 4-31 microg kg(-1) soil respectively. The DCPMU/diuron sediment ratio was >1. CONCLUSION Retention of diuron and its metabolites in farm topsoil indicated their negligible potential for groundwater contamination. Minimal amounts of diuron and DCMPU escaped in farm runoff. This may entail a significant loading into the wider environment at annual amounts of application. The concentrations and ratio of diuron and DCPMU in stream sediments indicated that they had prolonged residence times and potential for accumulation in sediments. The higher ecotoxicity of DCPMU compared with diuron and the combined presence of both compounds in stream sediments suggest that together they would have a greater impact on sensitive aquatic species than as currently apportioned by assessments that are based upon diuron alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Stork
- Nha Trang University, Nha Trang City, Khanh Hoa Province, Viet Nam.
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36
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Arts GHP, Belgers JDM, Hoekzema CH, Thissen JTNM. Sensitivity of submersed freshwater macrophytes and endpoints in laboratory toxicity tests. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 153:199-206. [PMID: 17825969 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The toxicological sensitivity and variability of a range of macrophyte endpoints were statistically tested with data from chronic, non-axenic, macrophyte toxicity tests. Five submersed freshwater macrophytes, four pesticides/biocides and 13 endpoints were included in the statistical analyses. Root endpoints, reflecting root growth, were most sensitive in the toxicity tests, while endpoints relating to biomass, growth and shoot length were less sensitive. The endpoints with the lowest coefficients of variation were not necessarily the endpoints, which were toxicologically most sensitive. Differences in sensitivity were in the range of 10-1000 for different macrophyte-specific endpoints. No macrophyte species was consistently the most sensitive. Criteria to select endpoints in macrophyte toxicity tests should include toxicological sensitivity, variance and ecological relevance. Hence, macrophyte toxicity tests should comprise an array of endpoints, including very sensitive endpoints like those relating to root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertie H P Arts
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Centre for Water and Climate, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Zhang AQ, Leung KMY, Kwok KWH, Bao VWW, Lam MHW. Toxicities of antifouling biocide Irgarol 1051 and its major degraded product to marine primary producers. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2008; 57:575-586. [PMID: 18314144 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Irgarol 1051 (2-methythiol-4-tert-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino-s-triazine) is an algaecide commonly used in antifouling paints. It undergoes photodegradation which yields M1 (2-methylthio-4-tert-butylamino-6-amino-s-triazine) as its major and most stable degradant. Elevated levels of both Irgarol and M1 have been detected in coastal waters worldwide; however, ecotoxicity effects of M1 to various marine autotrophs such as cyanobacteria are still largely unknown. This study firstly examined and compared the 96 h toxicities of Irgarol and M1 to the cyanobacterium Chroococcus minor and two marine diatom species, Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira pseudonana. Our results suggested that Irgarol was consistently more toxic to all of the three species than M1 (96 h EC50 values: C. minor, 7.71 microug L(-1) Irgarol vs. > 200 microg L(-1) M1; S. costatum, 0.29 microg L(-1) Irgarol vs. 11.32 microg L(-1)M1; and T. pseudonana, 0.41 microg L(-1) Irgarol vs. 16.50 microg L(-1)M1). Secondly, we conducted a meta-analysis of currently available data on toxicities of Irgarol and M1 to both freshwater and marine primary producers based on species sensitivity distributions (SSDs). Interestingly, freshwater autotrophs are more sensitive to Irgarol than their marine counterparts. For marine autotrophs, microalgae are generally more sensitive to Irgarol than macroalgae and cyanobacteria. With very limited available data on M1 (i.e. five species), M1 might be less toxic than Irgarol; nonetheless this finding warrants further confirmation with additional data on other autotrophic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Q Zhang
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Cape d'Aguilar Road, Shek O, Hong Kong, PR China
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Lam KH, Wai HY, Leung KMY, Tsang VWH, Tang CF, Cheung RYH, Lam MHW. A study of the partitioning behavior of Irgarol-1051 and its transformation products. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 64:1177-84. [PMID: 16403564 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Partitioning behavior of the antifouling booster biocide, Irgarol-1051 (2-methythio-4-tert-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino-s-triazine), its production by-product, M3, and its environmental transformation products, M1 and M2, were studied. Octanol-water partition coefficients, log K(OW), and organic matter-water partition coefficients, log K(OC), of these s-triazines were measured by reversed-phase HPLC and a triphasic SPME equilibrium model, respectively. The average log K(OW) (+/-SD) of the four s-triazine species were: 4.39+/-0.07 (M3); 3.38+/-0.12 (Irgarol-1051); 2.92+/-0.12 (M2) and 2.54+/-0.11 (M1), while mean log K(OC) (+/-SD) of these species were: 2.47+/-0.03 (M3); 2.16+/-0.03 (Irgarol-1051); 1.97+/-0.03 (M2) and 1.79+/-0.04 (M1). These results were compared to reported physicochemical parameters of Irgarol-1051 in the literature. Partitioning behavior of these s-triazine species in the coastal environment revealed by their K(OW) and K(OC) were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Ho Lam
- Centre for Coastal Pollution and Conservation, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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