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García-Álvarez MA, Chaves-Pozo E, Cuesta A. Cytotoxic activity and gene expression during in vitro adaptive cell-mediated cytotoxicity of head-kidney cells from betanodavirus-infected European sea bass. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 152:105124. [PMID: 38145864 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) is essential in eradicating virus-infected cells, involving CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells, through the activation of different pathways. This immune response is well-studied in mammals but scarcely in teleost fish. Our aim was to investigate the adaptive CMC using head-kidney (HK) cells from European sea bass infected at different times with nodavirus (NNV), as effector cells, and the European sea bass brain cell line (DLB-1) infected with different NNV genotypes, as target cells. Results showed low and unaltered innate cytotoxic activity through the infection time. However, adaptive CMC against RGNNV and SJNNV/RGNNV-infected target cells increased from 7 to 30 days post-infection, peaking at 15 days, demonstrating the specificity of the cytotoxic activity and suggesting the involvement of CTLs. At transcriptomic level, we observed up-regulation of genes related to T cell activation, perforin/granzyme and Fas/FasL effector pathways as well as apoptotic cell death. Further studies are necessary to understand the adaptive role of European sea bass CTLs in the elimination of NNV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A García-Álvarez
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Physiology and Welfare of Marine Species Group (PHYSIS), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia (COMU-IEO), CSIC, Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Cao J, Xu H, Yu Y, Xu Z. Regulatory roles of cytokines in T and B lymphocytes-mediated immunity in teleost fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 144:104621. [PMID: 36801469 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
T and B lymphocytes (T and B cells) are immune effector cells that play critical roles in adaptive immunity and defend against external pathogens in most vertebrates, including teleost fish. In mammals, the development and immune response of T and B cells is associated with cytokines including chemokines, interferons, interleukins, lymphokines, and tumor necrosis factors during pathogenic invasion or immunization. Given that teleost fish have evolved a similar adaptive immune system to mammals with T and B cells bearing unique receptors (B-cell receptors (BCRs) and T-cell receptors (TCRs)) and that cytokines in general have been identified, whether the regulatory roles of cytokines in T and B cell-mediated immunity are evolutionarily conserved between mammalians and teleost fish is a fascinating question. Thus, the purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of teleost cytokines and T and B cells as well as the regulatory roles of cytokines on these two types of lymphocytes. This may provide important information on the parallelisms and dissimilarities of the functions of cytokines in bony fish versus higher vertebrates, which may aid in the evaluation and development of adaptive immunity-based vaccines or immunostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Cao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haoyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yongyao Yu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Kembou-Ringert JE, Steinhagen D, Readman J, Daly JM, Adamek M. Tilapia Lake Virus Vaccine Development: A Review on the Recent Advances. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020251. [PMID: 36851129 PMCID: PMC9961428 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tilapia tilapinevirus (or tilapia lake virus, TiLV) is a recently emerging virus associated with a novel disease affecting and decimating tilapia populations around the world. Since its initial identification, TiLV has been reported in 17 countries, often causing mortalities as high as 90% in the affected populations. To date, no therapeutics or commercial vaccines exist for TiLV disease control. Tilapia exposed to TiLV can develop protective immunity, suggesting that vaccination is achievable. Given the important role of vaccination in fish farming, several vaccine strategies are currently being explored and put forward against TiLV but, a comprehensive overview on the efficacy of these platforms is lacking. We here present these approaches in relation with previously developed fish vaccines and discuss their efficacy, vaccine administration routes, and the various factors that can impact vaccine efficacy. The overall recent advances in TiLV vaccine development show different but promising levels of protection. The field is however hampered by the lack of knowledge of the biology of TiLV, notably the function of its genes. Further research and the incorporation of several approaches including prime-boost vaccine regimens, codon optimization, or reverse vaccinology would be beneficial to increase the effectiveness of vaccines targeting TiLV and are further discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Japhette E. Kembou-Ringert
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Correspondence: (J.E.K.-R.); (M.A.)
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - John Readman
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Janet M. Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.E.K.-R.); (M.A.)
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Wang N, Li J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang D, Shi C, Li Y, Bergmann SM, Mo X, Yin J, Wang Q. Recombinant Lactococcus lactis Expressing Grass Carp Reovirus VP6 Induces Mucosal Immunity Against Grass Carp Reovirus Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:914010. [PMID: 35634331 PMCID: PMC9132009 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.914010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Grass carp haemorrhagic disease caused by grass carp reovirus II is a serious disease of the aquaculture industry and vaccination is the only effective method of GCRV protection. In this study, Lactococcus lactis was used as oral vaccine delivery to express the GCRV II VP6 protein. We evaluated the protective efficacy of the live vaccine strain to induce mucosal immune protection. After oral administration, the recombinant strains remained in the hindgut for antigen presentation and increased the survival rate 46.7% and the relative percent survival 42.9%, respectively versus control vaccination. Though L. lactis alone can induce the inflammatory response by stimulating the mucosal immune system, the recombinant L. lactis expressing VP6 greatly enhanced nonspecific immune responses via expression of immune related genes of the fish. Furthermore, both systemic and mucosal immunity was elicited following oral immunization with the recombinant strain and this strain also elicited an inflammatory response and cellular immunity to enhance the protective effect. L. lactis can therefore be utilized as a mucosal immune vector to trigger high levels of immune protection in fish at both the systemic and mucosal levels. L. lactis is a promising candidate for oral vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahao Li
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Defeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cunbin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Xubing Mo
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiyuan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Mondal H, Thomas J. A review on the recent advances and application of vaccines against fish pathogens in aquaculture. AQUACULTURE INTERNATIONAL : JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN AQUACULTURE SOCIETY 2022; 30:1971-2000. [PMID: 35528247 PMCID: PMC9059915 DOI: 10.1007/s10499-022-00884-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Globally, aquaculture has faced serious economic problems due to bacterial, viral, and various other infectious diseases of different origins. Even though such diseases are being detected and simultaneously treated with several therapeutic and prophylactic methods, the broad-spectrum activity of vaccines plays a vital role as a preventive measure in aquaculture. However, treatments like use of antibiotics and probiotics seem to be less effective when new mutant strains develop and disease causing pathogens become resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Therefore, vaccines developed by using recent advanced molecular techniques can be considered as an effective way of treating disease causing pathogens in aquatic organisms. The present review emphasizes on the current advances in technology and future outlook with reference to different types of vaccines used in the aquaculture industries. Beginning with traditional killed/inactivated and live attenuated vaccines, this work culminates in the review of modern new generation ones including recombinant, synthetic peptides, mucosal and DNA, subunit, nanoparticle-based and plant-based edible vaccines, reverse vaccinology, and monovalent and polyvalent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimanti Mondal
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - John Thomas
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu India
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Bedekar MK, Kole S. Fundamentals of Fish Vaccination. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2411:147-173. [PMID: 34816404 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1888-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fish health management has become a critical component of disease control and is invaluable for improved harvests and sustainable aquaculture. Vaccination is generally accepted as the most effective prophylactic measure for fish disease prevention, on environmental, social, and economic grounds. Although the historical approach for developing fish vaccines was based on the principle of Louis Pasteur's "isolate, inactivate and inject," but their weak immunogenicity and low efficacies in many cases, have shifted the focus of fish vaccine development from traditional to next-generation technologies. However, before any fish vaccine can be successfully commercialized, several hurdles need to be overcome regarding the production cost, immunogenicity, effectiveness, mode of administration, environmental safety, and associated regulatory concerns. In this context, the chapter summarises the basic aspects of fish vaccination such as type of vaccine, modalities of vaccine delivery, the immunological basis of fish immunization as well as different challenges associated with the development process and future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Kadam Bedekar
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India.
| | - Sajal Kole
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India.,Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Non-Lethal Sequential Individual Monitoring of Viremia in Relation to DNA Vaccination in Fish-Example Using a Salmon Alphavirus DNA Vaccine in Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020163. [PMID: 33671162 PMCID: PMC7922653 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, commercial testing for vaccine efficacy has relied on the mass infection of vaccinated and unvaccinated animals and the comparison of mortality prevalence and incidence. For some infection models where disease does not cause mortality this approach to testing vaccine efficacy is not useful. Additionally, in fish experimental studies on vaccine efficacy and immune response the norm is that several individuals are lethally sampled at sequential timepoints, and results are extrapolated to represent the kinetics of immune and disease parameters of an individual fish over the entire experimental infection period. In the present study we developed a new approach to vaccine testing for viremic viruses in fish by following the same individuals over the course of a DNA vaccination and experimental infection through repeated blood collection and analyses. Injectable DNA vaccines are particularly efficient against viral disease in fish. To date, two DNA vaccines have been authorised for use in fish farming, one in Canada against Infectious Haemorrhagic Necrotic virus and more recently one in Europe against Salmon Pancreatic Disease virus (SPDv) subtype 3. In the current study we engineered and used an experimental DNA vaccine against SPDv subtype 1. We measured viremia using a reporter cell line system and demonstrated that the viremia phase was completely extinguished following DNA vaccination. Differences in viremia infection kinetics between fish in the placebo group could be related to subsequent antibody levels in the individual fish, with higher antibody levels at terminal sampling in fish showing earlier viremia peaks. The results indicate that sequential non-lethal sampling can highlight associations between infection traits and immune responses measured at asynchronous timepoints and, can provide biological explanations for variation in data. Similar to results observed for the SPDv subtype 3 DNA vaccine, the SPDv subtype 1 DNA vaccine also induced an interferon type 1 response after vaccination and provided high protection against SPDv under laboratory conditions when fish were challenged at 7 weeks post-vaccination.
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Veenstra KA, Hodneland K, Fischer S, Takehana K, Belmonte R, Fischer U. Cellular Immune Responses in Rainbow Trout ( Onchorhynchus mykiss) Following Vaccination and Challenge Against Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV). Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040725. [PMID: 33276596 PMCID: PMC7761581 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral disease outbreaks remain a significant limiting factor for aquaculture. The majority of licensed vaccines used in the industry are administered as oil-adjuvanted formulations carrying inactivated whole pathogens. Cell-mediated immune responses, in particular those based on virus-specific cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) to conventional inactivated oil-based vaccines, are largely unexplored. As vaccines cannot be optimized against viral pathogens if knowledge of host cellular immune mechanisms remains unknown, in this study we examined fundamental cell-mediated immune responses after vaccination of rainbow trout with an oil-adjuvanted inactivated vaccine against salmonid alphavirus (SAV) and after infection with SAV. A unique in vitro model system was developed to examine MHC class I restricted CTL responses in a clonal line of rainbow trout. The levels of cell-mediated cytotoxicity were compared to pathology, virus load, specific antibody response, changes in immune cell populations, and mRNA expression. Our results hint that different protective mechanisms are being triggered by infection compared to vaccination. While vaccination itself did not cause a strong cytotoxic or humoral response, subsequent challenge of vaccinated fish resulted in significantly stronger and faster specific cytotoxicity, alongside reduced viral titers and pathology. Hence, testing a vaccine on the capacity to induce cell-mediated cytotoxicity will still require a challenge test. Examination of cellular markers additionally indicates that the initial innate response induced by the vaccine could play an important role in steering adaptive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Veenstra
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (K.A.V.); (S.F.)
| | - Kjartan Hodneland
- MSD Animal Health Innovation, Thormøhlens Gate 55, 5006 Bergen, Norway; (K.H.); (R.B.)
| | - Susanne Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (K.A.V.); (S.F.)
| | - Kota Takehana
- Nagano Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station, 2871 Oaza-Nakagawate, Akashina, Azumino-shi, Nagano 399-7102, Japan;
| | - Rodrigo Belmonte
- MSD Animal Health Innovation, Thormøhlens Gate 55, 5006 Bergen, Norway; (K.H.); (R.B.)
| | - Uwe Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (K.A.V.); (S.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-71175
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Chen J, Li B, Huang B, Yang G, Mo F, Weng T, Chen G, Xia L, Lu Y. Immunogenicity and efficacy of two DNA vaccines encoding antigenic PspA and TerD against Nocardia seriolae in hybrid snakehead. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:742-754. [PMID: 32846242 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fish nocardiosis is a widespread chronic granulomatous disease in aquatic environment, which was particularly caused by Nocardia seriolae. The phage shock protein A (PspA) and tellurium resistance protein D (TerD) were identified to be the immunodominant antigens of the wild-type N. seriolae strain ZJ0503 in our previous study. In an attempt to develop effective DNA vaccines against this pathogen, PspA and TerD were used as candidates to ligate with pcDNA3.1-Flag plasmids, respectively. In addition, the abilities of these two DNA vaccines to elicit various immune responses in hybrid snakehead and supply protective efficacy against artificial challenge with N. seriolae were determined in the present study. The results showed that intramuscular injection with pcDNA-PspA and pcDNA-TerD did not exhibit cytotoxic activities in hybrid snakehead via histopathological examination. Besides, hybrid snakehead immunization with pcDNA-PspA and pcDNA-TerD could increase several non-specific immune paraments in serum, including LYZ, POD, ACP, AKP and SOD activities. Meanwhile, the pcDNA-TerD DNA vaccine could induce strongly specific antibody (IgM) titer in hybrid snakehead with a relative percent of survival (RPS) value of 83.14% against N. seriolae, while that of pcDNA-PspA DNA vaccine was displayed comparably low IgM titer with RPS value of 57.83%. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR assays presented that the expression of immune-related genes (MHCIα, MHCIIα, CD4, CD8α, IL-1β and TNFα) were up-regulated to various degrees after vaccination with pcDNA-PspA or pcDNA-TerD, indicating that these two DNA vaccines were able to boost humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in hybrid snakehead. Taken together, both the pcDNA-PspA and pcDNA-TerD DNA vaccines were proved to be safe, immunogenic and effective in protecting hybrid snakehead against N. seriolae infection, which can promote the development and application of DNA vaccines to control fish nocardiosis in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Bei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Biyan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Guangjia Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Fangling Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingting Weng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoquan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Liqun Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
| | - Yishan Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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Gorgoglione B, Ringiesn JL, Pham LH, Shepherd BS, Leaman DW. Comparative effects of Novirhabdovirus genes on modulating constitutive transcription and innate antiviral responses, in different teleost host cell types. Virol J 2020; 17:110. [PMID: 32690033 PMCID: PMC7369537 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) are highly contagious, pathogenic Novirhabdoviruses affecting fish and are thusly notifiable diseases with the World Organization for Animal Health. This study assessed the relative capacities of IHNV and VHSV genes to modulate host general transcription and explores the abilities of specific IHNV genes to interfere with the interferon pathway in heterogenous teleost cell-lines. METHODS Optimized protocols allowed for efficient transient transfections in EPC, BF-2, RTG-2 and RTgill-W1 cell lines of plasmids encoding IHNV (M genogroup) and VHSV (-IVb genotype) genes, including N, P, M, G and NV. Their impact on general cellular transcription was measured 48 hours post transfection (hpt) with luciferase constructs driven by a modified β-Actin promoter (pCAG). Their modulation of the innate antiviral immune response was characterized 72 hpt, using luciferase constructs measuring rainbow trout Type I IFN or MX-1 promoter augmentation, upon MAVS co-transfection. RESULTS M was generally confirmed as the strongest constitutive transcriptional suppressor while IHNV P, but not VHSV P, augmented constitutive transcription in fibroblastic cell types. Cell-specific effects were observed for viral G gene, with VHSV G exhibiting suppression of basal transcription in EPC and BF-2 but not in trout cells; while IHNV G was stimulatory in RTG-2, but inhibitory in RTgill-W1. NV consistently stimulated constitutive transcription, with higher augmentation patterns seen in fibroblastic compared to epithelial cells, and for IHNV NV compared to VHSV NV. The innate antiviral immune response, focusing on the IFN pathway, was silenced by IHNV M in all cell lines tested. IHNV N showed a dose-dependent suppression of type I IFN, but with minor effects on MX-1. IHNV P and G played minor IFN-inhibitory roles, consistent and dose-dependent only for G in rainbow trout cells. IHNV NV mediated a consistent stimulatory effect on either Type I IFN or MX-1, but much less pronounced in RTgill-W1. CONCLUSIONS This study extends our understanding of Novirhabdoviruses-host interaction, showing differential innate immune responses in heterogenous cell types. Viral regulators of innate immune signaling are identified, either as dose-dependent suppressors (such as M and N) or stimulators (mainly NV), indicating novel targets for the design of more efficient vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolomeo Gorgoglione
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, CVM & Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, CANR - Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 235 Diggs Laboratory / 134 Oelman Hall, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA.
| | - Jeffery L Ringiesn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 235 Diggs Laboratory / 134 Oelman Hall, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Loc H Pham
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Brian S Shepherd
- USDA/ARS/School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 E. Greenfield Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53204, USA
| | - Douglas W Leaman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 235 Diggs Laboratory / 134 Oelman Hall, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA.
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Cabon J, Almeras F, Baud M, Pallandre L, Morin T, Louboutin L. Susceptibility of pike Esox lucius to VHSV and IHNV and potential transmission to rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 139:175-187. [PMID: 32495744 DOI: 10.3354/dao03474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Determining the origin of recurrent outbreaks of fish diseases occurring on fish farms is essential for disease prevention and control measures. In this study, we investigated the potential reservoir role of wild fish species living near salmonid farms which were regularly found to be positive for viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). In addition to VHSV, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) was also isolated from several pike Esox lucius samples collected from a pond near the salmonid farms of interest. All isolates of VHSV and IHNV analyzed had 100% identical partial glycoprotein gene sequences. VHSV pike strain OO128-25 belonged to the Ia genotype and shared 99.1 to 99.5% nucleotide identity with strains recently isolated from the farms. IHNV pike strain OO121-8, European genotype, appeared to be different from strains from France characterized since the first isolation in 1987. Isolates representative of both viral species were highly virulent in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. OO128-25 induced 65% mortality in pike fingerlings, whereas only weak mortality was observed with OO121-8, despite characteristic symptoms in infected fish. High levels of specific antibodies to VHSV and IHNV were detected in adult pike in the absence of clinical signs. Infection of rainbow trout in contact with experimentally VHSV- or IHNV-infected pike fingerlings indicates possible horizontal transmission. These results suggest that pike could act as a reservoir for VHSV and IHNV in the wild, providing additional evidence to explain viral persistence and resurgence in certain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cabon
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Viral Fish Diseases Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Regulated Fish Diseases, 29280 Plouzané, France
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12
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Jung JW, Lee JS, Kim J, Im SP, Kim SW, Lazarte JMS, Kim YR, Chun JH, Ha MW, Kim NN, Thompson KD, Kim HJ, Jung TS. Involvement of CD4-1 T cells in the cellular immune response of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:103518. [PMID: 31605716 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of CD4 helper T cells has already been established for a number of teleost species, though, it has not been possible to analyze these responses at a cellular level due to a large lack of appropriate monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In the present study, we produced a mAb against olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) CD4-1 lymphocyte to investigate the functional activity of the cells to improve our understanding of the T cell response in this species. This mAb is specifically able to detect CD4-1 lymphocytes in olive flounder proved by immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR analysis. In flow cytometry analysis, the number of CD4-1-positive lymphocytes was observed to gradually increase from 3 days post infection (dpi) and then reach peak at 7 dpi against two viruses challenge. As a conclusion, both the basic properties of CD4-1 T cells and its response to viral infections in olive flounder are very similar to the helper T cells in terrestrial animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Wook Jung
- Lab. of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, South Korea
| | - Jung Seok Lee
- Lab. of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, South Korea
| | - Jaesung Kim
- Lab. of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, South Korea
| | - Se Pyeong Im
- Lab. of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, South Korea
| | - Si Won Kim
- Lab. of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, South Korea
| | - Jassy Mary S Lazarte
- Lab. of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, South Korea
| | - Young Rim Kim
- Lab. of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, South Korea
| | - Jin Hong Chun
- Lab. of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, South Korea
| | - Min Woo Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, South Korea
| | - Na Na Kim
- Inland Aquaculture Research Center, NIFS, Changwon, 645-806, South Korea
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Hyoung Jun Kim
- Lab. of Aquatic Animal Quarantine, General Service Division, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service, Busan 49111, South Korea.
| | - Tae Sung Jung
- Lab. of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, South Korea; Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia.
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13
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Chen J, Chen Z, Wang W, Hou S, Cai J, Xia L, Lu Y. Development of DNA vaccines encoding ribosomal proteins (RplL and RpsA) against Nocardia seriolae infection in fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 96:201-212. [PMID: 31830563 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nocardia seriolae, a Gram-positive pathogen, has been identified as the causative agent of fish nocardiosis. DNA vaccination has been proven to be effective in conferring protection against bacterial infection in fish. The 30S ribosomal protein S1 (RpsA) and 50S ribosomal protein L7/L12 (RplL) were identified to be the common immunodominant antigens of three fish pathogenic Nocardia (N. seriolae, N. salmonicida and N. asteroids) by immunoproteomics profiling in our previous study. In current study, the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of two DNA vaccines encoding RplL and RpsA were evaluated and compared in hybrid snakehead. The results showed vaccination of hybrid snakehead with the pcDNA-RplL and pcDNA-RpsA DNA vaccines provided protective efficacy with relative percentage survival (RPS) of 78.31% and 71.08%, respectively. Meanwhile, the immune response of hybrid snakehead induced by these two DNA vaccines were investigated, and it revealed that the non-specific immunity parameters (serum lysozyme (LYZ), peroxidase (POD), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities), specific antibody (IgM) production and immune-related genes expression (MHCIα, MHCIIα, CD4, CD8α, IL-1β and TNFα) were significantly increased compared with the corresponding control groups after immunization. Taken together, these results indicated that both pcDNA-RplL and pcDNA-RpsA DNA vaccines could boost the innate, humoral and cellular immune responses in hybrid snakehead and show highly protective efficacy against fish nocardiosis, suggesting that ribosomal proteins RplL and RpsA were promising candidates for DNA vaccines and it will promote the vaccine development against fish nocardiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenwei Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenji Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Suying Hou
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia Cai
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Liqun Xia
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Guangxi Key Lab for Marine Biotechnology, Guangxi Institute of Oceanography, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Beihai, Guangxi, China; Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yishan Lu
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangxi Key Lab for Marine Biotechnology, Guangxi Institute of Oceanography, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Beihai, Guangxi, China; Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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14
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Chen J, Tan W, Wang W, Hou S, Chen G, Xia L, Lu Y. Identification of common antigens of three pathogenic Nocardia species and development of DNA vaccine against fish nocardiosis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:357-367. [PMID: 31678532 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fish nocardiosis is a chronic granulomatous bacterial disease and three pathogens have been reported so far, including Nocardia asteroids, N. seriolae and N. salmonicida. However, the absence of antigen markers is a bottleneck for developing effective vaccines against fish nocardiosis. In this study, the antigenicity of whole-cell protein of these three pathogenic Nocardia species were profiled by immunoproteomic analysis and 7 common immunogenic proteins were identified as follows: molecular chaperone DnaK (DnaK), molecular chaperone GroEL (GroEL), 30 S ribosomal protein S1 (RpsA), TerD family protein (TerD), FHA domain-containing protein (FHA), 50 S ribosomal protein L7/L12 (RplL) and PspA/IM30 family protein (PspA). Furthermore, the DNA vaccine encoding FHA gene against fish nocardiosis was developed and its efficacy was investigated in hybrid snakehead. The results suggested that it needed at least 7 d to transport pcDNA-FHA DNA vaccine from injected muscle to head kidney, spleen and liver and stimulate host's immune system for later protection. In addition, non-specific immunity paraments (serum lysozyme (LYZ), peroxidase (POD), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities), specific antibody (IgM) titers production and immune-related genes (MHCIα, MHCIIα, CD4, CD8α, IL-1β and TNFα) were used to evaluate the immune response induced in pcDNA-FHA vaccinated hybrid snakehead, it proved that all these mentioned immune activities were significantly enhanced after immunization. The results also showed hybrid snakehead vaccinated with pcDNA-FHA had higher survival rate (79.33%) compared with the controls after challenge with N. seriolae, indicating that the pcDNA-FHA DNA vaccine can supply immune protection against N. seriolae infection. Taken together, this study may warrant further development of these common immunogenic proteins as the antigens for vaccine or diagnosis and facilitate the prevention and treatment of fish nocardiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Wanchun Tan
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenji Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Suying Hou
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoquan Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Liqun Xia
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yishan Lu
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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15
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Matsuura Y, Terashima S, Takano T, Matsuyama T. Current status of fish vaccines in Japan. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:236-247. [PMID: 31586679 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture is an important industry in Japan for the sustainable production of fish. It contributes to the diversity of Japanese traditional food culture, which uses fish such as "sushi" and "sashimi". In the recent aquaculture setting in Japan, infectious diseases have been an unavoidable problem and have caused serious economic losses. Therefore, there is an urgent need to overcome the disease problem to increase the productivity of aquaculture. Although our country has developed various effective vaccines against fish pathogens, which have contributed to disease prevention on fish farms, infectious diseases that cannot be controlled by conventional inactivated vaccines are still a problem. Therefore, other approaches to developing effective vaccines other than inactivated vaccines are required. This review introduces the vaccine used in Japan within the context of the current status of finfish aquacultural production and disease problems. This review also summarizes the current research into vaccine development and discusses the future perspectives of fish vaccines, focusing on the problems associated with vaccine promotion in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Matsuura
- Research Center of Fish Diseases, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami.-Ise, Mie, Japan
| | - Sachiko Terashima
- Research Center of Fish Diseases, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami.-Ise, Mie, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Takano
- Research Center of Fish Diseases, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami.-Ise, Mie, Japan
| | - Tomomasa Matsuyama
- Research Center of Fish Diseases, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami.-Ise, Mie, Japan.
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16
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Chen J, Wang W, Hou S, Fu W, Cai J, Xia L, Lu Y. Comparison of protective efficacy between two DNA vaccines encoding DnaK and GroEL against fish nocardiosis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:128-139. [PMID: 31629062 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fish nocardiosis is a chronic granulomatous bacterial disease mainly caused by three pathogenic bacteria, including Nocardia seriolae, N. asteroids and N. salmonicida. Molecular chaperone DnaK and GroEL were identified to be the common antigens of the three pathogenic Nocardia species in our previous studies. To evaluate the immune protective effect of two DNA vaccines encoding DnaK or GroEL against fish nocardiosis, hybrid snakehead were vaccinated and the immune responses induced by these two vaccines were comparatively analyzed. The results suggested it needed at least 7 d to transport DnaK or GroEL gene from injected muscle to head kidney, spleen and liver and stimulate host's immune system for later protection after immunization by DNA vaccines. Additionally, non-specific immunity parameters (serum lysozyme (LYZ), peroxidase (POD), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities), specific antibody (IgM) production and immune-related genes (MHCIα, MHCIIα, CD4, CD8α, IL-1β and TNFα) were used to evaluate the immune responses induced in vaccinated hybrid snakehead. It proved that all the above-mentioned immune activities were significantly enhanced after immunization with these two DNA vaccines. The protective efficacy of pcDNA-DnaK and pcDNA-GroEL DNA vaccines, in terms of relative percentage survival (RPS), were 53.01% and 80.71% respectively. It demonstrated that these two DNA vaccines could increase the survival rate of hybrid snakehead against fish nocardiosis, albeit with variations in immunoprotective effects. Taken together, these results indicated that both pcDNA-DnaK and pcDNA-GroEL DNA vaccines could boost the innate, humoral and cellular immune response in hybrid snakehead and show highly protective efficacy against fish nocardiosis, suggesting that DnaK and GroEL were promising vaccine candidates. These findings will promote the development of DNA vaccines against fish nocardiosis in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenji Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Suying Hou
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Weixuan Fu
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia Cai
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Liqun Xia
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yishan Lu
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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17
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Kim MS, Kim KH. Genetically engineered viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) vaccines. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:11-15. [PMID: 31622675 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) has been one of the major causes of mortality in a wide range of freshwater and marine fishes worldwide. Although various types of vaccines have been tried to prevent VHSV disease in cultured fishes, there are still no commercial vaccines. Reverse genetics have made it possible to change a certain regions on viral genome in accordance with the requirements of a research. Various types of VHSV mutants have been generated through the reverse genetic method, and most of them were recovered to investigate the virulence mechanisms of VHSV. In the reverse genetically generated VHSV mutants-based vaccines, high protective efficacies of attenuated VHSVs and single-cycle VHSV particles have been reported. Furthermore, the application of VHSV for the delivery tools of heterologous antigens including not only fish pathogens but also mammalian pathogens has been studied. As not much research has been conducted on VHSV mutants-based vaccines, more studies on the enhancement of immunogenicity, vaccine administration routes, safety to environments are needed for the practical use in aquaculture farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sun Kim
- Department of Integrative Bio-industrial Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Ki Hong Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea.
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18
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Yamaguchi T, Takizawa F, Furihata M, Soto-Lampe V, Dijkstra JM, Fischer U. Teleost cytotoxic T cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:422-439. [PMID: 31669897 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity is one of the major mechanisms by which vertebrates control intracellular pathogens. Two cell types are the main players in this immune response, natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). While NK cells recognize altered target cells in a relatively unspecific manner CTLs use their T cell receptor to identify pathogen-specific peptides that are presented by major histocompatibility (MHC) class I molecules on the surface of infected cells. However, several other signals are needed to regulate cell-mediated cytotoxicity involving a complex network of cytokine- and ligand-receptor interactions. Since the first description of MHC class I molecules in teleosts during the early 90s of the last century a remarkable amount of information on teleost immune responses has been published. The corresponding studies describe teleost cells and molecules that are involved in CTL responses of higher vertebrates. These studies are backed by functional investigations on the killing activity of CTLs in a few teleost species. The present knowledge on teleost CTLs still leaves considerable room for further investigations on the mechanisms by which CTLs act. Nevertheless the information on teleost CTLs and their regulation might already be useful for the control of fish diseases by designing efficient vaccines against such diseases where CTL responses are known to be decisive for the elimination of the corresponding pathogen. This review summarizes the present knowledge on CTL regulation and functions in teleosts. In a special chapter, the role of CTLs in vaccination is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamaguchi
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui, 917-0003, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Furihata
- Nagano Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station, 2871 Akashina-nakagawate, Azumino-shi, Nagano-ken, 399-7102, Japan
| | - Veronica Soto-Lampe
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Johannes M Dijkstra
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Uwe Fischer
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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19
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Taylor EB, Chinchar VG, Quiniou SMA, Wilson M, Bengtén E. Cloning and characterization of antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocytes in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Virology 2019; 540:184-194. [PMID: 31929000 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To determine the role of piscine anti-viral cytotoxic cells, we analyzed the response of channel catfish to Ictalurid herpesvirus 1, commonly designated channel catfish virus (CCV). Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from catfish immunized with MHC-matched, CCV-infected G14D cells (G14D-CCV) showed marked lysis of G14D-CCV but little to no lysis of uninfected allogenic (3B11) or syngeneic (G14D) cells. Expansion of effectors by in vitro culture in the presence of irradiated G14D-CCV cells generated cultures with enhanced cytotoxicity and often broader target range. Cytotoxic effectors expressed rearranged TCR genes, perforin, granzyme, and IFN-γ. Four clonal cytotoxic lines were developed and unique TCR gene rearrangements including γδ were detected. Furthermore, catfish CTL clones were either CD4+/CD8- or CD4-/CD8-. Two CTL lines showed markedly enhanced killing of G14D-CCV targets, while the other two lines displayed a broader target range. Collectively, catfish virus-specific CTL display unique features that illustrate the diversity of the ectothermic vertebrate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin B Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - V Gregory Chinchar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Sylvie M A Quiniou
- Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
| | - Melanie Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Eva Bengtén
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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Gorgoglione B, Taylor NGH, Holland JW, Feist SW, Secombes CJ. Immune response modulation upon sequential heterogeneous co-infection with Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae and VHSV in brown trout (Salmo trutta). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 88:375-390. [PMID: 30797951 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous and sequential infections often occur in wild and farming environments. Despite growing awareness, co-infection studies are still very limited, mainly to a few well-established human models. European salmonids are susceptible to both Proliferative Kidney Disease (PKD), an endemic emergent disease caused by the myxozoan parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, and Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (VHS), an OIE notifiable listed disease caused by the Piscine Novirhabdovirus. No information is available as to how their immune system reacts when interacting with heterogeneous infections. A chronic (PKD) + acute (VHS) sequential co-infection model was established to assess if the responses elicited in co-infected fish are modulated, when compared to fish with single infections. Macro- and microscopic lesions were assessed after the challenge, and infection status confirmed by RT-qPCR analysis, enabling the identification of singly-infected and co-infected fish. A typical histophlogosis associated with histozoic extrasporogonic T. bryosalmonae was detected together with acute inflammation, haemorrhaging and necrosis due to the viral infection. The host immune response was measured in terms of key marker genes expression in kidney tissues. During T. bryosalmonae/VHSV-Ia co-infection, modulation of pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial peptide genes was strongly influenced by the viral infection, with a protracted inflammatory status, perhaps representing a negative side effect in these fish. Earlier activation of the cellular and humoral responses was detected in co-infected fish, with a more pronounced upregulation of Th1 and antiviral marker genes. These results reveal that some brown trout immune responses are enhanced or prolonged during PKD/VHS co-infection, relative to single infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolomeo Gorgoglione
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; CEFAS Weymouth Laboratory, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, England, UK.
| | - Nick G H Taylor
- CEFAS Weymouth Laboratory, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, England, UK
| | - Jason W Holland
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Stephen W Feist
- CEFAS Weymouth Laboratory, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, England, UK
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
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21
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Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Genes and Disease Resistance in Fish. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040378. [PMID: 31027287 PMCID: PMC6523485 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fascinating about classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules is their polymorphism. The present study is a review and discussion of the fish MHC situation. The basic pattern of MHC variation in fish is similar to mammals, with MHC class I versus class II, and polymorphic classical versus nonpolymorphic nonclassical. However, in many or all teleost fishes, important differences with mammalian or human MHC were observed: (1) The allelic/haplotype diversification levels of classical MHC class I tend to be much higher than in mammals and involve structural positions within but also outside the peptide binding groove; (2) Teleost fish classical MHC class I and class II loci are not linked. The present article summarizes previous studies that performed quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis for mapping differences in teleost fish disease resistance, and discusses them from MHC point of view. Overall, those QTL studies suggest the possible importance of genomic regions including classical MHC class II and nonclassical MHC class I genes, whereas similar observations were not made for the genomic regions with the highly diversified classical MHC class I alleles. It must be concluded that despite decades of knowing MHC polymorphism in jawed vertebrate species including fish, firm conclusions (as opposed to appealing hypotheses) on the reasons for MHC polymorphism cannot be made, and that the types of polymorphism observed in fish may not be explained by disease-resistance models alone.
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22
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Xing J, Xu H, Tang X, Sheng X, Zhan W. A DNA Vaccine Encoding the VAA Gene of Vibrio anguillarum Induces a Protective Immune Response in Flounder. Front Immunol 2019; 10:499. [PMID: 30941134 PMCID: PMC6435001 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio anguillarum is a pathogenic bacterium that infects flounder resulting in significant losses in the aquaculture industry. The VAA protein previously identified in flounder is associated with a role in immune protection within these fish. In the present study, a recombinant DNA plasmid encoding the VAA gene of V. anguillarum was constructed and its potential as a DNA vaccine, to prevent the infection of V. anguillarum in flounder fish, investigated. We verified the expression of the VAA protein both in vitro in cell lines and in vivo in flounder fish. The protective effects of pcDNA3.1-VAA (pVAA) were analyzed by determination of the percentage of sIgM+, CD4-1+, CD4-2+, CD8β+ lymphocytes, and the production of VAA-specific antibodies in flounder following their immunization with the DNA vaccine. Histopathological changes in immune related tissues, bacterial load, and relative percentage survival rates of flounder post-challenge with V. anguillarum, were all investigated to assess the efficacy of the pVAA DNA vaccine candidate. Fish intramuscularly immunized with pVAA showed a significant increase in CD4-1+, CD4-2+, and CD8β+ T lymphocytes at days 9, 11, and 14 post-vaccination, reaching peak T-cell levels at days 11 or 14 post-immunization. The percentage of sIgM+ lymphocytes reached peak levels at weeks 4–5 post-immunization. Specific anti-V. anguillarum or anti-rVAA antibodies were induced in inoculated fish at days 28–35 post-immunization. The liver of vaccinated flounder exhibited only slight histopathological changes compared with a significant pathology observed in control immunized fish. Additionally, a lower bacterial burden in the liver, spleen, and kidney were observed in pVAA protected fish in response to bacterial challenge, compared with pcDNA3.1 vector control injected fish. Moreover, the pVAA vaccine confers a relative percentage survival of 50.00% following V. anguillarum infection. In summary, this is the first study indicating an initial induction of the T lymphocyte response, followed by B lymphocyte induction of specific antibodies as a result of DNA immunization of flounder. This signifies the important potential of pVAA as a DNA vaccine candidate for the control of V. anguillarum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongsen Xu
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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23
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Munang'andu HM, Evensen Ø. Correlates of protective immunity for fish vaccines. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 85:132-140. [PMID: 29621636 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most effective disease control strategies that has contributed to the significant reduction of disease outbreaks and antibiotics usage in salmonid aquaculture. To date, licensing of fish vaccines is to a limited extent based on in vitro correlates of protection, as done for many mammalian vaccines. This is because the immunological mechanisms of vaccine protection have not been clearly elucidated for most fish vaccines. Herein, we provide an overview of the different steps required to establish correlates of protective immunity required to serve as benchmarks in optimizing vaccine production in aquaculture. We highlight the importance of optimizing challenge models needed to generate consistent results used during vaccine development as a basis for establishing immune correlates of protection. Data generated this far shows that antibodies are potentially the most reliable correlates of protective immunity for fish vaccines. Our findings also show that antigen dose can be optimized to serve as a correlate of protection for fish vaccines. Further, there is need to establish signatures of T-cell protective immunity when antibodies fail to serve as proxies of immune protection, particularly for vaccines against intracellular pathogens. We can anticipate that documentation of efficacy for future vaccines in aquaculture, particularly batch testing will be based on in vitro correlates of protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetron Mweemba Munang'andu
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Ullevålsveien 72, P.O. Box 8146, NO-0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Ullevålsveien 72, P.O. Box 8146, NO-0033, Oslo, Norway.
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24
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Collins C, Lorenzen N, Collet B. DNA vaccination for finfish aquaculture. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 85:106-125. [PMID: 30017931 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In fish, DNA vaccines have been shown to give very high protection in experimental facilities against a number of viral diseases, particularly diseases caused by rhabdoviruses. However, their efficacy in generating protection against other families of fish viral pathogens is less clear. One DNA vaccine is currently in use commercially in fish farms in Canada and the commercialisation of another was authorised in Europe in 2017. The mechanism of action of DNA vaccines, including the role of the innate immune responses induced shortly after DNA vaccination in the activation of the adaptive immunity providing longer term specific protection, is still not fully understood. In Europe the procedure for the commercialisation of a veterinary DNA vaccine requires the resolution of certain concerns particularly about safety for the host vaccinated fish, the consumer and the environment. Relating to consumer acceptance and particularly environmental safety, a key question is whether a DNA vaccinated fish is considered a Genetically Modified Organism (GMO). In the present opinion paper these key aspects relating to the mechanisms of action, and to the development and the use of DNA vaccines in farmed fish are reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bertrand Collet
- Marine Scotland, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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25
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Embregts CWE, Rigaudeau D, Tacchi L, Pijlman GP, Kampers L, Veselý T, Pokorová D, Boudinot P, Wiegertjes GF, Forlenza M. Vaccination of carp against SVCV with an oral DNA vaccine or an insect cells-based subunit vaccine. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 85:66-77. [PMID: 29567136 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported on a successful vaccine for carp against SVCV based on the intramuscular injection of a DNA plasmid encoding the SVCV glycoprotein (SVCV-G). This shows that the intramuscular (i.m.) route of vaccination is suitable to trigger protective responses against SVCV, and that the SVCV G-protein is a suitable vaccine antigen. Yet, despite the general success of DNA vaccines, especially against fish rhabdoviruses, their practical implementation still faces legislative as well as consumer's acceptance concerns. Furthermore, the i.m. route of plasmid administration is not easily combined with most of the current vaccination regimes largely based on intraperitoneal or immersion vaccination. For this reason, in the current study we evaluated possible alternatives to a DNA-based i.m. injectable vaccine using the SVCV-G protein as the vaccine antigen. To this end, we tested two parallel approaches: the first based on the optimization of an alginate encapsulation method for oral delivery of DNA and protein antigens; the second based on the baculovirus recombinant expression of transmembrane SVCV-G protein in insect cells, administered as whole-cell subunit vaccine through the oral and injection route. In addition, in the case of the oral DNA vaccine, we also investigated the potential benefits of the mucosal adjuvants Escherichia coli lymphotoxin subunit B (LTB). Despite the use of various vaccine types, doses, regimes, and administration routes, no protection was observed, contrary to the full protection obtained with our reference i.m. DNA vaccine. The limited protection observed under the various conditions used in this study, the nature of the host, of the pathogen, the type of vaccine and encapsulation method, will therefore be discussed in details to provide an outlook for future vaccination strategies against SVCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W E Embregts
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - D Rigaudeau
- INRA, Infectiologie Expérimentale Rongeurs Poissons, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - L Tacchi
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - G P Pijlman
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - L Kampers
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - T Veselý
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - D Pokorová
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Boudinot
- INRA, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - G F Wiegertjes
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - M Forlenza
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
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26
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Sepúlveda D, Lorenzen E, Rasmussen JS, Einer-Jensen K, Collet B, Secombes CJ, Lorenzen N. Time-course study of the protection induced by an interferon-inducible DNA vaccine against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia in rainbow trout. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 85:99-105. [PMID: 29969707 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The highly effective DNA vaccines against diseases caused by fish rhabdoviruses in farmed fish consist of a DNA plasmid vector encoding the viral glycoprotein under the control of a constitutive cytomegalovirus promoter (CMV). Among others, attempts to improve efficacy and safety of these DNA vaccines have focused on regulatory elements of plasmid vectors, which play a major role in controlling expression levels of vaccine antigens. Depending on the context, use of a fish-derived promoter with minimal activity in mammalian cells could be preferable. Another aspect related to the CMV promoter is that constitutive expression of the vaccine antigen may lead to rapid elimination of antigen expressing cells in the fish and thereby potentially reduce the long-term effects of the vaccine. In this study, we compared DNA vaccines with the interferon-inducible Mx promoter from rainbow trout and the CMV promoter, respectively. Plasmid constructs encoding the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) were used for the in vitro analysis, whereas DNA vaccines encoding the glycoprotein (G) of the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) were applied for the in vivo examination. The in vitro analysis showed that while the DNA vaccine with the CMV promoter constitutively drove the expression of EGFP in both fish and human cell lines, the DNA vaccine with the Mx promoter inducibly enhanced the expression of EGFP in the fish cell line. To address the impact on protection, a time-course model was followed as suggested by Kurath et al. (2006), where vaccinated fish were challenged with VHSV at 2, 8 and 78 weeks post-vaccination (wpv). The DNA vaccine with the CMV promoter protected at all times, while vaccination with the DNA vaccine containing the Mx promoter only protected the fish at 8 wpv. However, following induction with Poly (I:C) one week before the challenge, high protection was also evident at 2 wpv. In conclusion, the results revealed a more fish host dependent activity of the trout Mx promoter compared to the traditionally used cross species-active CMV promoter, but improvements will be needed for its application in DNA vaccines to ensure long term protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - C J Secombes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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27
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Piazzon MC, Estensoro I, Calduch-Giner JA, Del Pozo R, Picard-Sánchez A, Pérez-Sánchez J, Sitjà-Bobadilla A. Hints on T cell responses in a fish-parasite model: Enteromyxum leei induces differential expression of T cell signature molecules depending on the organ and the infection status. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:443. [PMID: 30064468 PMCID: PMC6069777 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUD Enteromyxum leei is a myxozoan parasite that produces a slow-progressing intestinal disease. This parasite invades the paracellular space of the intestinal epithelium and progresses from the posterior to the anterior intestine. The aim of the present study was to gain insights into fish T cell responses in the gilthead sea bream-E. leei infection model using a PCR-array with 30 signature molecules for different leukocyte responses in head kidney, spleen, anterior and posterior intestine. RESULTS The PCR-array results suggest that E. leei induced migration of T cells from head kidney to intestines where TH1, CTL and TH17 profiles were activated and kept in balance by the upregulation of regulatory cytokines. These results were partially validated by the use of cross-reacting antibodies and BrdU immunostaining to monitor proliferation. Zap70 immunostaining supported the increased number of T cells in the anterior intestine detected by gene expression, but double staining with BrdU did not show active proliferation of this cell type at a local level, supporting the migration from lymphohaematopoietic tissues to the site of infection. Global analyses of the expression profiles revealed a clear separation between infected and exposed, but non-infected fish, more evident in the target organ. Exposed, non-infected animals showed an intermediate phenotype closer to the control fish. CONCLUSIONS These results evidence a clear modulation of the T cell response of gilthead sea bream upon E. leei infection. The effects occurred both at local and systemic levels, but the response was stronger and more specific at the site of infection, the intestine. Altogether, this research poses a promising basis to understand the response against this important parasite and establish effective preventive or palliative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carla Piazzon
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Itziar Estensoro
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Josep A Calduch-Giner
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Raquel Del Pozo
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Amparo Picard-Sánchez
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.
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28
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Chen DD, Yao YY, Cui ZW, Zhang XY, Peng KS, Guo X, Wang B, Zhou YY, Li S, Wu N, Zhang YA. Comparative study of the immunoprotective effect of two DNA vaccines against grass carp reovirus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 75:66-73. [PMID: 29409932 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Grass carp reovirus II (GCRV II) causes severe hemorrhagic disease with high mortality in grass carp, Cyenopharyngodon idellus. DNA vaccination has been proven to be a very effective method in conferring protection against fish viruses. However, DNA vaccines for GCRV II have not yet been conducted on grass carp. In the current work, we vaccinated grass carp with a DNA vaccine consisting of the segment 6 (pC-S6; encoding VP4) or 10 (pC-S10; encoding NS38) of GCRV II and comparatively analyzed the immune responses induced by these two vaccines. The protective efficacy of pC-S6 and pC-S10, in terms of relative percentage survival (RPS), was 59.9% and 23.1% respectively. This suggests that pC-S6 and pC-S10 DNA vaccines could increase the survival rate of grass carp against GCRV, albeit with variations in immunoprotective effect. Immunological analyses indicated the following. First, post-vaccination (pv), both pC-S6 and pC-S10 up-regulated the expression of interferon (IFN-1), Mx1, IL-1β, and TNF-α. However, CD4 and CD8α were up-regulated in the case of pC-S6 but not pC-S10. Second, comparing non-vaccinated and pC-S10-vaccinated fish, the T cell response related genes, such as CD4, CD8α, and GATA3, were elevated in pC-S6-vaccinated fish at 48 h post-challenge (pc). Third, pC-S6 and pC-S10 induced similar patterns of specific antibody response pv. However, only anti-VP4 IgM in the sera of surviving fish infected with GCRV was significantly increased pc compared with that pre-challenge. Taken together, these results indicate that pC-S6 promotes both innate (IFN-1 and Mx1 induction) and adaptive (T cell and specific antibody response) immunity pv and that the induction of a memory state promptly primes the immune response upon later encounters with the virus, whereas pC-S10 only induces the type I IFN-related response pv and a lower inflammatory response pc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai-Song Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xia Guo
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Biao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China.
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29
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Chaves-Pozo E, Valero Y, Esteve-Codina A, Gómez-Garrido J, Dabad M, Alioto T, Meseguer J, Esteban MÁ, Cuesta A. Innate Cell-Mediated Cytotoxic Activity of European Sea Bass Leucocytes Against Nodavirus-Infected Cells: A Functional and RNA-seq Study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15396. [PMID: 29133947 PMCID: PMC5684396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15629-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) causes high mortalities in several marine species. We aimed to evaluate the innate cell-mediated cytotoxic (CMC) activity of head-kidney leucocytes (HKLs) isolated from naïve European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), a very susceptible and resistant fish species to NNV, respectively, against fish cell lines infected with NNV. Seabream HKLs showed significantly increased innate CMC activity against NNV-infected cells, compared to those uninfected, while sea bass HKLs failed to do so. Thus, we performed a RNA-seq study to identify genes related to the CMC activity of sea bass leucocytes. Thus, we found that sea bass HKLs incubated with DLB-1 cells alone (CMC_DLB1) or with NNV-infected DLB-1 cells (CMC_DLB1-NNV) showed very similar transcriptomic profiles and the GO analysis revealed that most of the up-regulated genes were related to immunity. Strikingly, when the CMC samples with and without NNV were compared, GO analysis revealed that most of the up-regulated genes in CMC_DLB1-NNV samples were related to metabolism and very few to immunity. This is also in agreement with the functional data. These data point to the escape of CMC activity by NNV infection as an important factor involved in the high susceptibility to nodavirus infections of European sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860, Murcia, Spain
| | - Yulema Valero
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860, Murcia, Spain
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jèssica Gómez-Garrido
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Dabad
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tyler Alioto
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Meseguer
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Embregts CWE, Rigaudeau D, Veselý T, Pokorová D, Lorenzen N, Petit J, Houel A, Dauber M, Schütze H, Boudinot P, Wiegertjes GF, Forlenza M. Intramuscular DNA Vaccination of Juvenile Carp against Spring Viremia of Carp Virus Induces Full Protection and Establishes a Virus-Specific B and T Cell Response. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1340. [PMID: 29114248 PMCID: PMC5660689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) can cause high mortalities in common carp, a commercial vaccine is not available for worldwide use. Here, we report a DNA vaccine based on the expression of the SVCV glycoprotein (G) which, when injected in the muscle even at a single low dose of 0.1 µg DNA/g of fish, confers up to 100% protection against a subsequent bath challenge with SVCV. Importantly, to best validate vaccine efficacy, we also optimized a reliable bath challenge model closely mimicking a natural infection, based on a prolonged exposure of carp to SVCV at 15°C. Using this optimized bath challenge, we showed a strong age-dependent susceptibility of carp to SVCV, with high susceptibility at young age (3 months) and a full resistance at 9 months. We visualized local expression of the G protein and associated early inflammatory response by immunohistochemistry and described changes in the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and antiviral genes in the muscle of vaccinated fish. Adaptive immune responses were investigated by analyzing neutralizing titers against SVCV in the serum of vaccinated fish and the in vitro proliferation capacity of peripheral SVCV-specific T cells. We show significantly higher serum neutralizing titers and the presence of SVCV-specific T cells in the blood of vaccinated fish, which proliferated upon stimulation with SVCV. Altogether, this is the first study reporting on a protective DNA vaccine against SVCV in carp and the first to provide a detailed characterization of local innate as well as systemic adaptive immune responses elicited upon DNA vaccination that suggest a role not only of B cells but also of T cells in the protection conferred by the SVCV-G DNA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen W E Embregts
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Dimitri Rigaudeau
- INRA, Infectiologie Expérimentale Rongeurs Poissons, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | | | - Jules Petit
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Armel Houel
- INRA, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Malte Dauber
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute for Infectiology, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Heike Schütze
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute for Infectiology, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- INRA, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Maria Forlenza
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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31
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Jung JW, Lee JS, Kim YR, Im SP, Kim SW, Lazarte JMS, Kim J, Thompson KD, Suh JP, Jung TS. Development of a monoclonal antibody against the CD3ε of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and its application in evaluating immune response related to CD3ε. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 65:179-185. [PMID: 28433716 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) is the binding site of antigen and is responsible for specifically activating the adaptive immune response. CD3, an essential component of the CD3-TCR complex, is known to be composed of γδ and ε chains in teleost. However, there are few monoclonal antibodies (mAb) available to identify these molecules on T cells, so we aimed to produce a mAb against CD3ε to improve our understanding of T cell immune response in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). CD3ε recombinant protein was expressed in yeast, the expression of which was confirmed by SDS-PAGE, MALDI-TOF/TOF MS and Western blot analysis. A CD3ε-specific mAb 4B2 was selected, the specificity of which was examined by confocal microscopy, flow cytometry and RT-PCR, and the mAb was subsequently used to examine the CD3ε lymphocyte population in several different immune organs, with relatively high percentages of these cells seen in trunk-kidney and spleen, while lower percentages were seen in the liver and peripheral blood of olive flounder. During a viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection in olive flounder, the number of CD3ε lymphocytes was seen to gradually increase in the liver, spleen and trunk-kidney of infected fish until 7 days post infection (dpi). In peripheral blood, on the other hand, the increase in CD3ε lymphocyte numbers peaked by 3 dpi. These results suggest that CD3ε lymphocytes might be involved in the immune response against VHSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Wook Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 900 Gajwa-dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-701, South Korea
| | - Jung Seok Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 900 Gajwa-dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-701, South Korea
| | - Young Rim Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 900 Gajwa-dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-701, South Korea
| | - Se Pyeong Im
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 900 Gajwa-dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-701, South Korea
| | - Si Won Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 900 Gajwa-dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-701, South Korea
| | - Jassy Mary S Lazarte
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 900 Gajwa-dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-701, South Korea
| | - Jaesung Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 900 Gajwa-dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-701, South Korea
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Jong Pyo Suh
- Haeyon Fish Farm Research Center, Jeju, 695-976, South Korea
| | - Tae Sung Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 900 Gajwa-dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 660-701, South Korea.
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Millard EV, Bourke AM, LaPatra SE, Brenden TO, Fitzgerald SD, Faisal M. DNA Vaccination Partially Protects Muskellunge against Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV-IVb). JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2017; 29:50-56. [PMID: 28225652 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2016.1238413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A DNA vaccine containing the glycoprotein (G) gene of the North American viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) genotype IVb was developed to evaluate the immune response of fish following vaccination and evaluate its efficacy in protecting a susceptible species, the Muskellunge Esox masquinongy, against VHSV-IVb challenge. Seven weeks (539 degree-days) following vaccination with 10 μg of either pVHSivb-G or a control plasmid, Muskellunge were challenged by immersion with 105 plaque-forming units (pfu)/mL of VHSV-IVb. Fish vaccinated with pVHSivb-G had a relative percent survival (RPS) of 45%. Vaccinated fish also had significantly lower mean viral titers in tissues (4.2 × 102 pfu/g) and viral prevalence (4%) than fish receiving the plasmid control vaccine (3.3 × 105 pfu/g; 82%). Neutralizing antibodies were detected 28 d (308 degree-days) postchallenge (11 weeks postvaccination) in 100% of Muskellunge vaccinated with pVHSivb-G compared with only 12% of plasmid-control-vaccinated Muskellunge, suggesting robust induction of a secondary, adaptive immune response. In addition, pVHSivb-G-vaccinated Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss challenged 7 d (100 degree-days) postvaccination with the heterologous novirhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), experienced an RPS of 61%, compared to control fish, suggesting induction of an early and transient nonspecific antiviral immune response. This study provides an important starting point for VHSV-IVb vaccine development and useful information about the antiviral immune response elicited by DNA vaccination in a nondomesticated fish species. Received May 1, 2016; accepted September 1, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Millard
- a Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine , Michigan State University, Food Safety and Toxicology Building , 1129 Farm Lane, Room 174, East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , USA
| | - Ashley M Bourke
- a Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine , Michigan State University, Food Safety and Toxicology Building , 1129 Farm Lane, Room 174, East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , USA
| | - Scott E LaPatra
- b Clear Springs Foods, Inc ., Research Division , 1500 East 4424 North Clear Lakes Road, Buhl , Idaho 83316 , USA
| | - Travis O Brenden
- c Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources , Michigan State University , 7 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , USA
| | - Scott D Fitzgerald
- d Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health , College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University , 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing , Michigan 48910 , USA
| | - Mohamed Faisal
- a Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine , Michigan State University, Food Safety and Toxicology Building , 1129 Farm Lane, Room 174, East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , USA
- c Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources , Michigan State University , 7 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , USA
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Valero Y, Awad E, Buonocore F, Arizcun M, Esteban MÁ, Meseguer J, Chaves-Pozo E, Cuesta A. An oral chitosan DNA vaccine against nodavirus improves transcription of cell-mediated cytotoxicity and interferon genes in the European sea bass juveniles gut and survival upon infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 65:64-72. [PMID: 27370973 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines for fish need to be improved for the aquaculture sector, with DNA vaccines and the oral administration route providing the most promising improvements. In this study, we have created an oral chitosan-encapsulated DNA vaccine (CP-pNNV) for the nodavirus (NNV) in order to protect the very susceptible European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Our data show that the oral CP-pNNV vaccine failed to induce serum circulating or neutralizing specific antibodies (immunoglobulin M) or to up-regulate their gene expression in the posterior gut. However, the vaccine up-regulated the expression of genes related to the cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC; tcrb and cd8a) and the interferon pathway (IFN; ifn, mx and ifng). In addition, 3 months after vaccination, challenged fish showed a retarded onset of fish death and lower cumulative mortality with a relative survival of 45%. Thus, we created a chitosan-encapsulated DNA vaccine against NNV that is partly protective to European sea bass juveniles and up-regulates the transcription of genes related to CMC and IFN. However, further studies are needed to improve the anti-NNV vaccine and to understand its mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulema Valero
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elham Awad
- Department of Hydrobiology, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Francesco Buonocore
- Dipartimento per l'Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, Italy
| | - Marta Arizcun
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Meseguer
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Robertsen B, Chang CJ, Bratland L. IFN-adjuvanted DNA vaccine against infectious salmon anemia virus: Antibody kinetics and longevity of IFN expression. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:328-32. [PMID: 27108379 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasmids expressing interferon (IFN) have recently been shown to function as adjuvants in Atlantic salmon when co-injected with a DNA vaccine encoding hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) from infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV). In this work we have compared the antibody kinetics and the systemic Mx/ISG15 response of fish vaccinated with HE-plasmid using either IFNa plasmid (pIFNa) or pIFNc as adjuvants over a longer time period, i.e. 22 weeks post vaccination (pv). The results showed that the antibody response against ISAV with pIFNa as adjuvant arose earlier (7 weeks pv) than with pIFNc as adjuvant (10 weeks pv), peaked at week 10 and declined at week 22. The antibody response with pIFNc as adjuvant peaked at 16 weeks and kept at this level 22 weeks pv. Fish injected with pIFNc alone expressed high levels of Mx and ISG15 in liver throughout the 22 week period. In contrast, fish injected with pIFNc together with HE-plasmid expressed high levels of Mx and ISG15 in liver for the first 10 weeks, but at week 16 this response was absent in two of three fish at week 16 and was absent in all tested fish at week 22 pv. This suggests that cells expressing HE and IFNc are intact at week 10 pv, but are eliminated by adaptive immune responses after week 10 due to recognition of HE. The longevity of the Mx/ISG15 response in pIFNc treated fish is likely due to the fact that IFNc is a self-antigen of salmon and is not attacked by the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Børre Robertsen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Chia-Jung Chang
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lisa Bratland
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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35
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Sepúlveda D, Lorenzen N. Can VHS Virus Bypass the Protective Immunity Induced by DNA Vaccination in Rainbow Trout? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153306. [PMID: 27054895 PMCID: PMC4824479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines encoding viral glycoproteins have been very successful for induction of protective immunity against diseases caused by rhabdoviruses in cultured fish species. However, the vaccine concept is based on a single viral gene and since RNA viruses are known to possess high variability and adaptation capacity, this work aimed at evaluating whether viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), an RNA virus and member of Rhabdoviridae family, was able to evade the protective immune response induced by the DNA vaccination of rainbow trout. The experiments comprised repeated passages of a highly pathogenic VHSV isolate in a fish cell line in the presence of neutralizing fish serum (in vitro approach), and in rainbow trout immunized with the VHS DNA vaccine (in vivo approach). For the in vitro approach, the virus collected from the last passage (passaged virus) was as sensitive as the parental virus to serum neutralization, suggesting that the passaging did not promote the selection of virus populations able to bypass the neutralization by serum antibodies. Also, in the in vivo approach, where virus was passaged several times in vaccinated fish, no increased virulence nor increased persistence in vaccinated fish was observed in comparison with the parental virus. However, some of the vaccinated fish did get infected and could transmit the infection to naïve cohabitant fish. The results demonstrated that the DNA vaccine induced a robust protection, but also that the immunity was non-sterile. It is consequently important not to consider vaccinated fish as virus free in veterinary terms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niels Lorenzen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Wu C, Gao J, Cao F, Lu Z, Chen L, Ye J. Molecular cloning, characterization and mRNA expression of six peroxiredoxins from Black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus in response to lipopolysaccharide challenge or dietary carbohydrate. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 50:210-222. [PMID: 26828261 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin (Prx) belongs to a cellular antioxidant protein family that plays important roles in innate immune function and anti-oxidative capability. In the present study, six Prxs were cloned from Black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus (MpPrx) by homology cloning and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) techniques. There were 199, 197, 250, 260, 189 and 222 amino acids in six MpPrxs, respectively. BLAST analysis reveals that MpPrxs shares high identities and similar characteristics with other known Prxs from animals. The phylogenetic analysis evidenced three major subclasses corresponding to one-Cys-Prx (MpPrx6), typical two-Cys-Prx (MpPrx1-4) and atypical 2-Cys-Prx (MpPrx5) that reflected the present hierarchy of vertebrates and invertebrates. Although six MpPrxs are constitutively expressed in all tissues, relatively higher-level mRNA expression levels of six MpPrxs can be detected in liver, eyes, heart and adipose tissues by real-time PCR assays. The transcriptional patterns of six MpPrxs mRNA in liver were detected by real-time PCR in Black carp after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge and treated with graded levels of dietary carbohydrate (CHO) (106.5, 194.3, 288.4 and 379.1 g kg(-1)), respectively. These results showed that stimulation with LPS could induce up-expression of six MpPrxs mRNA, and the variations of MpPrx4 were more sensitive than these of other MpPrxs in the liver of Black carp. Compared with those in group with 106.5 g kg(-1) dietary CHO, the expression levels of MpPrx2, MpPrx3 and MpPrx6 were significantly down-regulated while MpPrx5 were significantly induced in liver of Black carp fed with adequate dietary CHO (194.3 g kg(-1)). In addition, significant up-regulations of MpPrx2, MpPrx3 and MpPrx6 were observed in Black carp fed with excessive dietary CHO (379.1 g kg(-1)). And MpPrx4 could be constantly induced with increasing dietary CHO contents in this study. These results indicated that MpPrxs were constitutive and inducible proteins and might play important roles in innate immune function after LPS challenge and regulating redox homeostasis in the metabolism of dietary CHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Wu
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou, 313000, PR China.
| | - Jun'e Gao
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou, 313000, PR China
| | - Fang Cao
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou, 313000, PR China
| | - Zhibin Lu
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou, 313000, PR China
| | - Lian Chen
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou, 313000, PR China
| | - Jinyun Ye
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou, 313000, PR China
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Taylor EB, Moulana M, Stuge TB, Quiniou SMA, Bengten E, Wilson M. A Leukocyte Immune-Type Receptor Subset Is a Marker of Antiviral Cytotoxic Cells in Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2677-89. [PMID: 26856701 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, leukocyte immune type receptors (LITRs) represent a multigene family that encodes Ig superfamily proteins that mediate activating or inhibitory signaling. In this study, we demonstrate the use of mAb CC41 to monitor viral cytotoxic responses in catfish and determine that CC41 binds to a subset of LITRs on the surface of catfish clonal CTLs. Homozygous gynogenetic catfish were immunized with channel catfish virus (CCV)-infected MHC-matched clonal T cells (G14D-CCV), and PBL were collected at various times after immunization for flow cytometric analyses. The percentage of CC41(+) cells was significantly increased 5 d after primary immunization with G14D-CCV and at 3 d after a booster immunization as compared with control fish only injected with G14D. Moreover, CC41(+) cells magnetically isolated from the PBL specifically killed CCV-infected targets as measured by (51)Cr release assays and expressed messages for CD3γδ, perforin, and at least one of the CD4-like receptors as analyzed by RNA flow cytometry. When MLC effector cells derived from a G14D-CCV-immunized fish were preincubated with CC41 mAb, killing of G14D-CCV targets was reduced by ∼40%, suggesting that at least some LITRs have a role in target cell recognition and/or cytotoxicity. The availability of a LITR-specific mAb has allowed, to our knowledge for the first time, functional characterization of LITRs in an autologous system. In addition, the identification of an LITR subset as a cytotoxic cell marker will allow for more effective monitoring of catfish immune responses to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin B Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Mohadetheh Moulana
- Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS 38776; and
| | - Tor B Stuge
- Immunology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromso-Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromso, Norway
| | - Sylvie M A Quiniou
- Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS 38776; and
| | - Eva Bengten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Melanie Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216;
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Nakanishi T, Shibasaki Y, Matsuura Y. T Cells in Fish. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:640-63. [PMID: 26426066 PMCID: PMC4690012 DOI: 10.3390/biology4040640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cartilaginous and bony fish are the most primitive vertebrates with a thymus, and possess T cells equivalent to those in mammals. There are a number of studies in fish demonstrating that the thymus is the essential organ for development of T lymphocytes from early thymocyte progenitors to functionally competent T cells. A high number of T cells in the intestine and gills has been reported in several fish species. Involvement of CD4+ and CD8α+ T cells in allograft rejection and graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) has been demonstrated using monoclonal antibodies. Conservation of CD4+ helper T cell functions among teleost fishes has been suggested in a number studies employing mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) and hapten/carrier effect. Alloantigen- and virus-specific cytotoxicity has also been demonstrated in ginbuna and rainbow trout. Furthermore, the important role of cell-mediated immunity rather than humoral immunity has been reported in the protection against intracellular bacterial infection. Recently, the direct antibacterial activity of CD8α+, CD4+ T-cells and sIgM+ cells in fish has been reported. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in T cell research focusing on the tissue distribution and function of fish T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyuki Nakanishi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Shibasaki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Yuta Matsuura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
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Zhang J, Li MF. ORF75 of megalocytivirus RBIV-C1: A global transcription regulator and an effective vaccine candidate. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:486-494. [PMID: 25982404 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Megalocytivirus, a DNA virus belonging to the Iridoviridae family, is a severe pathogen to a wide range of marine and freshwater fish. In this study, using turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) as a host model, we examined the immunoprotective property of one megalocytivirus gene, ORF75, in the form of DNA vaccine (named pORF75). Immunofluorescence microscopy and RT-PCR analysis showed that P444, the protein encoded by ORF75, was naturally produced in the tissues of turbot during megalocytivirus infection, and that the vaccine gene in pORF75 was expressed in fish cells transfected with pORF75 and in the tissues of turbot immunized with pORF75. Following vaccination of turbot with pORF75, a high level of survival (73%) was observed against a lethal megalocytivirus challenge. Consistently, viral replication in the vaccinated fish was significantly inhibited. Immune response analysis showed that pORF75-vaccinated fish (i) exhibited upregulated expression of the genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity, (ii) possessed specific memory immune cells that showed significant response to secondary antigen stimulation, and (iii) produced specific serum antibodies which, when co-introduced into turbot with megalocytivirus, blocked viral replication. Furthermore, whole-genome transcriptome analysis revealed that ORF75 knockdown altered the transcription of 43 viral genes. Taken together, these results indicate that ORF75 encoded a highly protective immunogen that is also a global transcription regulator of megalocytivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mo-Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Li MF, Li YX, Sun L. CD83 is required for the induction of protective immunity by a DNA vaccine in a teleost model. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 51:141-7. [PMID: 25800093 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, CD83 is a surface marker on mature dendritic cells and vital to lymphocyte activation. In teleost, studies on the function of CD83 are very limited. In this study, we examined the potential involvement of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) CD83, SmCD83, in vaccine-induced immunity. For this purpose, turbot were immunized with pORF75, a DNA vaccine against megalocytivirus, in the presence or absence of pSmCD83, a plasmid that constitutively expresses SmCD83. Immune response and protection analysis showed that the presence of pSmCD83 significantly (i) enhanced the activation of head kidney macrophages (HKM) and immune gene expression, (ii) inhibited viral replication in fish tissues following megalocytivirus challenge and increased the survival of the vaccinated fish, and (iii) stimulated production of specific serum antibody and the cytotoxicity of peripheral blood leukocytes. To further examine the effect of SmCD83, pORF75 was administered into turbot in which SmCD83 was knocked down. Subsequent analysis showed that in fish with SmCD83 knockdown, vaccine-induced HKM activation and antibody production were severely reduced, and, consistently, the protectivity of pORF75 was drastically decreased. Taken together, these results indicate for the first time that teleost CD83 is required for the induction of protective immune response by DNA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo-fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong-xin Li
- Taishan Vocational College of Nursing, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Bela-ong DB, Schyth BD, Zou J, Secombes CJ, Lorenzen N. Involvement of two microRNAs in the early immune response to DNA vaccination against a fish rhabdovirus. Vaccine 2015; 33:3215-22. [PMID: 25957662 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms that account for the high protective efficacy in teleost fish of a DNA vaccine expressing the glycoprotein (G) of Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) are thought to involve early innate immune responses mediated by interferons (IFNs). Microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are a diverse class of small (18-22 nucleotides) endogenous RNAs that potently mediate post-transcriptional silencing of a wide range of genes and are emerging as critical regulators of cellular processes, including immune responses. We have recently reported that miR-462 and miR-731 were strongly induced in rainbow trout infected with VHSV. In this study, we analyzed the expression of these miRNAs in fish following administration of the DNA vaccine and their potential functions. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed the increased levels of miR-462, and miR-731 in the skeletal muscle tissue at the site of vaccine administration and in the liver of vaccinated fish relative to empty plasmid backbone-injected controls. The increased expression of these miRNAs in the skeletal muscle correlated with the increased levels of the type I interferon (IFN)-inducible gene Mx, type I IFN and IFN-γ genes at the vaccination site. Intramuscular injection of fish with either type I IFN or IFN-γ plasmid construct resulted in the upregulation of miR-462 and miR-731 at the site of injection, suggesting that the induction of these miRNAs is elicited by IFNs. To analyze the function of miR-462 and miR-731, specific silencing of these miRNAs using anti-miRNA oligonucleotides was conducted in poly I:C-treated rainbow trout fingerlings. Following VHSV challenge, anti-miRNA-injected fish had faster development of disease and higher mortalities than control fish, indicating that miR-462/731 may be involved in IFN-mediated protection conferred by poly I:C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Berbulla Bela-ong
- Fish Health Section, Department of Animal Science, University of Aarhus, Hangøvej 2, DK-8200 Århus N, Denmark; Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bulowsvej 27, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Brian Dall Schyth
- Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bulowsvej 27, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jun Zou
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Niels Lorenzen
- Fish Health Section, Department of Animal Science, University of Aarhus, Hangøvej 2, DK-8200 Århus N, Denmark.
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A Review of Intra- and Extracellular Antigen Delivery Systems for Virus Vaccines of Finfish. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:960859. [PMID: 26065009 PMCID: PMC4433699 DOI: 10.1155/2015/960859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine efficacy in aquaculture has for a long time depended on evaluating relative percent survival and antibody responses after vaccination. However, current advances in vaccine immunology show that the route in which antigens are delivered into cells is deterministic of the type of adaptive immune response evoked by vaccination. Antigens delivered by the intracellular route induce MHC-I restricted CD8+ responses while antigens presented through the extracellular route activate MHC-II restricted CD4+ responses implying that the route of antigen delivery is a conduit to induction of B- or T-cell immune responses. In finfish, different antigen delivery systems have been explored that include live, DNA, inactivated whole virus, fusion protein, virus-like particles, and subunit vaccines although mechanisms linking these delivery systems to protective immunity have not been studied in detail. Hence, in this review we provide a synopsis of different strategies used to administer viral antigens via the intra- or extracellular compartments. Further, we highlight the differences in immune responses induced by antigens processed by the endogenous route compared to exogenously processed antigens. Overall, we anticipate that the synopsis put together in this review will shed insights into limitations and successes of the current vaccination strategies used in finfish vaccinology.
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Zhang J, Zhang BC, Sun L. P247 and p523: two in vivo-expressed megalocytivirus proteins that induce protective immunity and are essential to viral infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121282. [PMID: 25815484 PMCID: PMC4376877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Megalocytivirus is a DNA virus with a broad host range among teleost fish. Although the complete genome sequences of a number of megalocytivirus isolates have been reported, the functions of most of the genes of this virus are unknown. In this study, we selected two megalocytivirus immunogens, P247 and P523, which were expressed during host infection and, when in the form of DNA vaccines (pCN247 and pCN523 respectively), elicited strong protectivity against lethal megalocytivirus challenge in a turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) model. Compared to control fish, fish vaccinated with pCN247 and pCN523 exhibited drastically reduced viral loads in tissues and high levels of survival rates. Immune response analysis showed that pCN247 and pCN523 (i) induced production of specific serum antibodies, (ii) caused generation of cytotoxic immune cells and specific memory immune cells that responded to secondary antigen stimulation, and (iii) upregulated the expression of genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity. To examine the potential role of P247 and P523 in viral infection, the expression of P247 and P523 was knocked down by siRNA. Subsequent in vivo infection study showed that P247 and P523 knockdown significantly impaired viral replication. Furthermore, whole-genome transcriptome analysis revealed that P247 and P523 knockdown altered the expression profiles of 26 and 41 viral genes, respectively, putatively participating in diverse aspects of viral infection. Taken together, these results indicate that P247 and P523 induce protective immunity in teleost and play fundamental roles essential to viral replication. These observations provide the first evidence that suggests a likely link between the protectivity of viral immunogens and their biological significance in viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao cun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail:
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Kato G, Yamashita K, Kondo H, Hirono I. Protective efficacy and immune responses induced by a DNA vaccine encoding codon-optimized PPA1 against Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida in Japanese flounder. Vaccine 2015; 33:1040-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Magadan S, Sunyer OJ, Boudinot P. Unique Features of Fish Immune Repertoires: Particularities of Adaptive Immunity Within the Largest Group of Vertebrates. Results Probl Cell Differ 2015; 57:235-64. [PMID: 26537384 PMCID: PMC5124013 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20819-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Fishes (i.e., teleost fishes) are the largest group of vertebrates. Although their immune system is based on the fundamental receptors, pathways, and cell types found in all groups of vertebrates, fishes show a diversity of particular features that challenge some classical concepts of immunology. In this chapter, we discuss the particularities of fish immune repertoires from a comparative perspective. We examine how allelic exclusion can be achieved when multiple Ig loci are present, how isotypic diversity and functional specificity impact clonal complexity, how loss of the MHC class II molecules affects the cooperation between T and B cells, and how deep sequencing technologies bring new insights about somatic hypermutation in the absence of germinal centers. The unique coexistence of two distinct B-cell lineages respectively specialized in systemic and mucosal responses is also discussed. Finally, we try to show that the diverse adaptations of immune repertoires in teleosts can help in understanding how somatic adaptive mechanisms of immunity evolved in parallel in different lineages across vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Magadan
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Oriol J Sunyer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Somamoto T, Koppang EO, Fischer U. Antiviral functions of CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells in teleost fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:197-204. [PMID: 23938605 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) play a pivotal role in eliminating viruses in mammalian adaptive immune system. Many recent studies on T-cell immunity of fish have suggested that teleost CTLs are also important for antiviral immunity. Cellular functional studies using clonal ginbuan crucian carp and rainbow trout have provided in vivo and in vitro evidence that in many respects, virus-specific CTLs of fish have functions similar to those of mammalian CTLs. In addition, mRNA expression profiles of CTL-related molecules, such as CD8, TCR and MHC class I, have shown that in a wide range of fish species, CTLs are involved in antiviral adaptive immunity. These findings are a basis to formulate possible vaccination strategies to trigger effective antiviral CTL responses in teleost fish. This review describes recent advances in our understanding of antiviral CTL functions in teleost fish and discusses vaccination strategies for efficiently inducing CTL activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Somamoto
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Erling Olaf Koppang
- Section of Anatomy and Pathology, Institute of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Ullevålsveien 72, 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Uwe Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Collet B. Innate immune responses of salmonid fish to viral infections. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:160-73. [PMID: 23981327 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are the most serious pathogenic threat to the production of the main aquacultured salmonid species the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. The viral diseases Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN), Pancreatic Disease (PD), Infectious Haemorrhagic Necrosis (IHN), Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (VHS), and Infectious Salmon Anaemia (ISA) cause massive economic losses to the global salmonid aquaculture industry every year. To date, no solution exists to treat livestock affected by a viral disease and only a small number of efficient vaccines are available to prevent infection. As a consequence, understanding the host immune response against viruses in these fish species is critical to develop prophylactic and preventive control measures. The innate immune response represents an important part of the host defence mechanism preventing viral replication after infection. It is a fast acting response designed to inhibit virus propagation immediately within the host, allowing for the adaptive specific immunity to develop. It has cellular and humoral components which act in synergy. This review will cover inflammation responses, the cell types involved, apoptosis, antimicrobial peptides. Particular attention will be given to the type I interferon system as the major player in the innate antiviral defence mechanism of salmonids. Viral evasion strategies will also be discussed.
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Wolf A, Hodneland K, Frost P, Hoeijmakers M, Rimstad E. Salmonid alphavirus-based replicon vaccine against infectious salmon anemia (ISA): impact of immunization route and interactions of the replicon vector. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 36:383-392. [PMID: 24374059 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A salmonid alphavirus (SAV)-based replicon encoding the infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) hemagglutinin-esterase (HE), pSAV/HE, is an efficacious vaccine against infectious salmon anemia (ISA). Delivered intramuscularly (i.m.), the replicon vaccine provides high protection against subsequent ISAV challenge in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and induces a strong innate response locally at the injection site. This may be beneficial and could warrant reduced doses and improved efficacy compared to conventional DNA vaccines. In the present study, we found that intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of the pSAV/HE replicon vaccine did not induce protection, neither alone or in combination with a sub-potent, inactivated low-dose ISAV vaccine given i.p. No significant differences between the two immunization routes regarding systemic immune responses could be observed. I.m. injection of the replicon vector encoding a non-viral gene or the protective glycoprotein (G protein) from the heterologous viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) induced no protection against ISA. Although the replicons without the ISAV HE did induce IFN-signaling pathways at the muscle injection site similar to the pSAV/HE replicon they did not improve the efficacy of a sub-potent inactivated low-dose ISAV vaccine delivered i.p. Moreover, there was a tendency for reduced efficacy of the pSAV/HE replicon vaccine injected i.m. when co-injected with the replicon encoding the VHSV G protein, which previously, after DNA vaccination, have been reported to induce cross-protection against heterologous virus challenge in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Wolf
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kjartan Hodneland
- MSD Animal Health Innovation AS, Thormøhlensgate 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Petter Frost
- MSD Animal Health Innovation AS, Thormøhlensgate 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway.
| | | | - Espen Rimstad
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Tian JY, Qi ZT, Wu N, Chang MX, Nie P. Complementary DNA sequences of the constant regions of T-cell antigen receptors α, β and γ in mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi Basilewsky, and their transcriptional changes after stimulation with Flavobacterium columnare. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2014; 37:89-101. [PMID: 24330001 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the constant-region genes (Cα, Cβ and Cγ) that encode the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) α, β and γ chains were cloned from mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi Basilewsky, an important freshwater fish species in China. The complementary DNA sequences of Cα, Cβ and Cγ were 843, 716 and 906 base pairs (bp) in length and had a 465-, 289- and 360-bp 3' untranslated region, encoding 125, 142 and 182 amino acids, respectively. The amino-acid sequences of the constant regions of mandarin fish TCR α, β and γ chains (encoded by Cα, Cβ and Cγ, respectively) were most similar to those of their teleost counterparts, showing 60% similarity with pufferfish, 48% similarity with Atlantic salmon and 57% similarity with flounder, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the mandarin fish Cα, Cβ and Cγ were clustered, respectively, with their vertebrate counterparts. The mandarin fish Cα, Cβ and Cγ could also be separated into four domains: immunoglobulin; connecting peptide (CP); transmembrane (TM); and cytoplasmic tail. Several conserved features in mammalian TCRs were also found in those of mandarin fish, such as a conserved cysteine residue in the CP domain of Cα, necessary for creating an interchain disulphide bond with the TCR β chain, and a conserved antigen receptor TM motif in Cα and Cβ. Meanwhile, transcripts of Cα, Cβ and Cγ were detectable in all examined organs, with a stronger signal observed in lymphoid organs. In addition, the temporal transcriptional changes for Cα and Cγ were investigated, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 weeks after stimulation with Flavobacterium columnare, in head kidney, spleen, blood, thymus, gill and intestine, using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results demonstrated stimulation-dependent up-regulations in almost all tissues examined, which indicates that T cells may play important roles in preventing mandarin fish from bacterial invasion. In particular, apart from thymus, T cells were distributed mainly in gill and intestine, where striking up-regulation of Cγ was also observed. These results will facilitate functional studies of teleost TCRs and T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Tian
- National Oceanographic Center, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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Vaccines and Vaccination Practices: Key to Sustainable Animal Production. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS 2014. [PMCID: PMC7152402 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52512-3.00189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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