Curcumin loaded polycaprolactone-/polyvinyl alcohol-silk fibroin based electrospun nanofibrous mat for rapid healing of diabetic wound: An in-vitro and in-vivo studies

Enhanced biological properties of polyvinyl alcohol-polycaprolactone/hyaluronic acid-coated electrospun scaffolds for articular cartilage regeneration

This study provides a cohesive framework to putting forth PVA-PCL scaffolds coated with hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel to mimic the characteristics of articular cartilage, as a cost-effective tissue engineering alternative. PVA and PCL solutions were prepared and electrospun under measured conditions, with parameters adjusted to fabricate aligned and random fiber orientations. Afterward, the scaffold was integrated with the optimal hydrogel, selected for its superior water absorption and hydrophilicity. The thickness of the hydrogel layer satisfied the criteria for supporting chondrocyte function, and the study assesses its effect on cell viability. Scaffolds were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) for morphology, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) for elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for chemical composition, and tensile tests for mechanical behavior. The surface wettability was determined by contact angle measurements. Biological properties were assessed through cytotoxicity, protein absorption assays and cell adhesion tests with visualization of cell distribution using DAPI staining, fluorescence microscopy, and FE-SEM. Using a hydrolytic mechanism, biodegradation was assessed using pH variations and weight loss measurements. Accordingly, randomly oriented hydrogel-coated scaffolds yielded the most favorable biological outcomes to produce a tissue-friendly, biologically robust graft that closely mimics the natural cartilage extracellular matrix. The pore size and distribution of these scaffolds were more uniform than those of aligned structures. The findings suggest possibilities for customizing scaffold properties through fiber orientation, polymer blending, and surface coating to optimize cell response and tissue formation. Combining electrospun PVA-PCL with chondrocytes-seeded hydrogels offers a way to improve articular cartilage regeneration.

Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Polycaprolactone Nanofiber Enriched with Lichenysin against Multidrug-Resistance Bacterial Infection in Wound Healing: In Vitro Studies and In Vivo Evaluation in Wistar Rats

Multidrug resistance (MDR) infectious wounds are a major concern due to drug resistance, leading to increased patient morbidity. Lichenysin (LCN), a lipopeptide and biosurfactant obtained from certain strains of Bacillus licheniformis, has demonstrated an excellent antimicrobial property. The present study focuses on the fabrication and comprehensive evaluation of LCN-incorporated poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/polycaprolactone (PCL)-based nanofiber scaffolds using an electrospinning technique as a potential wound healing biomaterial for the treatment of MDR infectious wounds in diabetic rats. The LCN-loaded PVA-PCL nanofiber scaffolds were characterized for their physicochemical, antimicrobial, in vitro cell line on L-929, hemocompatibility, flow cytometry, in vivo infectious wound healing, and enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA). Morphological analysis via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images confirmed smooth and porous nanofibers with diameters in the range 200-300 nm. Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results demonstrated the structural integrity, chemical compatibility, and amorphous nature of developed scaffolds. The scaffolds loaded with LCN demonstrated excellent water retention, moderate biodegradability, and sustained release of LCN for up to 72 h. Mechanical characterization demonstrated a robust tensile strength conducive to wound healing applications. Antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) showed substantial antibacterial and antibiofilm activity. In vitro cell line studies showed enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, and viability, signifying the cytocompatibility of these scaffolds. In vivo studies demonstrated exceptional infectious wound healing potential in diabetic rats. These findings indicate that LCN-enriched PVA-PCL scaffolds hold significant potential as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of MDR infectious wounds in diabetic rats through a multifaceted approach.

Multifunctional applications of silk fibroin in biomedical engineering: A comprehensive review on innovations and impact

Silk fibroin (SF) is a biomaterial naturally produced by certain insects (notably silkworms), animals such as spiders, or through recombinant methods in genetically modified organisms. Its exceptional mechanical properties, biocompatibility, degradability, and bioactivity have inspired extensive research. In biomedicine, SF has been utilized in various forms, including gels, membranes, microspheres, and more. It also demonstrates versatility for applications across medical devices, regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and related fields. This review explores the current research status, advantages, limitations, and potential application pathways of SF in biomedical engineering. The objective is to stimulate innovative ideas and perspectives for research and applications involving silk.

Curcumin-release antibacterial dressings with antioxidation and anti-inflammatory function for diabetic wound healing and glucose monitoring

Diabetic wound healing remains a challenge due to high levels of oxidative stress, excessive inflammation, and bacterial infection. Smart dressings loaded with natural active monomers are proving to be effective strategies for enhancing diabetic wound healing. Herein, the bio-composites (PTIGA-Cur and PTIGA-Cur-Ag) with curcumin (Cur) responsive release were reported for promoting angiogenesis and diabetic wound repair, showing excellent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. The integration of three-dimensional networks and chemical bonds endowed the bio-composites with superior thermodynamic, mechanical, and self-healing properties. Notably, pH-responsive Schiff base as well as ester groups in the matrix enable the Cur to be released in a controlled manner. A biosensor assembled from PTIGA-Cur-Ag demonstrated electronic conductivity based on in-situ synthesis of AgNPs, which enabled sensitive monitoring of blood glucose levels. In addition, the release of AgNPs enhanced the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Expectedly, the bio-composites exhibited remarkable biocompatibility, effectively promoting the polarization of macrophages to M2 phenotype, and reducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. The full-thickness diabetic wound model revealed that PTIGA-Cur and PTIGA-Cur-Ag were able to effectively promote collagen deposition, neovascularization, and granulation tissue regeneration through their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. This study provides evidence supporting the potential utility of bio-composites with both pro-healing properties and monitoring functions in the management of diabetic wounds.

NIR-activated catechol-functionalized nanodiamond nanofibers for accelerating on-demand MRSA and E. coli biofilm eradication

The rise of antibiotic resistance has made bacterial infections a persistent global health issue. In particular, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secreted by bacteria limit the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics, making biofilm removal challenging. To address this, we created ND@PDA nanoparticles by coating the surface of nanodiamonds (ND) with polydopamine (PDA). These nanoparticles were then integrated into polyvinyl alcohol to fabricate PVA/ND@PDA nanofiber scaffolds, resulting in an innovative platform with enhanced photothermal, antibacterial and antibiofilm properties. Upon exposure to near-infrared (NIR) light, the scaffolds exhibited a significant photothermal activity, oxidative stress and effectively damaging key bacterial components, such as biofilm, bacterial membranes, and proteins. Additionally, the catechol groups in PDA provided strong cell adhesion and high biocompatibility on the nanofiber surface. Our research proposes a platform that not only effectively addresses antibiotic-resistant infections but also contributes to advancements in wound healing therapies by enabling controlled antibacterial action with minimal toxicity.

Dual-ligand functionalized liposomes with iRGD/trastuzumab co-loaded with gefitinib and lycorine for enhanced metastatic breast cancer therapy

Personalized treatment strategies have greatly improved the efficacy of anticancer drugs. Nanocarriers, especially liposomes, function as excellent platform for the delivery of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic agents. iRGD is a peptide composed of 9-amino acid denoted as (iRGDP), enhances selective and intratumoral delivery of anticancer drugs. Trastuzumab (TMAB), mainly targets HER2-positive advanced stage breast cancer is an FDA-approved monoclonal antibody. Gefitinib (GEB) is an anticancer drug, effective against metastatic breast cancer (MBC), while Lycorine hydrochloride (LCOH), a naturally derived compound, possess both anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. This research is mainly emphasizing on the preparation of GEB and LCOH-entrapped TPGS-COOH coated-liposomes, camouflaged with an antibody (TMAB) and cyclic peptide (iRGDP) for targeted delivery in MBC therapy. The developed multifunctional liposomes were studied for extensive in vitro cell line studies on MCF-7 cells. The half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC-50) values of GEB and LCOH co-loaded single functionalized liposome (SFL) (iRGDP-LiP, and TMAB-LiP) and dual-functionalized liposome (DFL) (iRGDP-TMAB-LiP) on MCF-7 cells were 1.04 ± 0.023 μg/mL, 0.71 ± 0.018 μg/mL, and 0.56 ± 0.028 μg/mL, respectively. Inverted confocal laser scanning microscopy (ICLSM) revealed enhanced cellular internalization in SFL and DFL-treated groups tagged with coumarin-6 and rhodamine-B dye as compared to conventional liposome. The scratch assay revealed a marked reduction in cell migration, while DAPI staining confirmed enhanced nuclear condensation (NC) and nuclear fragmentation (NF) in SFL and DFL-treated groups. Moreover, flow cytometry demonstrated enhanced early and late apoptosis in SFL and DFL groups. These findings indicate that GEB and LCOH co-loaded multifunctional liposome holds promise as a multifaceted therapeutic approach for MBC therapy.

Electrospun composite membranes of ethyl cellulose and MXene (Ti3C2Tx): Biocompatible platforms for enhanced drug delivery and antibacterial wound healing

Ethyl cellulose (EC), a degradable cellulose derivative, served as a primary component in membranes fabricated by electrospinning for in vitro drug delivery applications. An effective strategy to enhance drug release was incorporating high-surface-area nanomaterials into polymeric drug carriers, which facilitated drug attachment to both the polymer matrix and additive surfaces, promoting release. MXene (Ti3C2Tx) demonstrated promising potential in improving tensile mechanical properties, antibacterial activity, and curcumin (Cur) release performance of EC membrane. Compared to Cur-loaded EC/MXene membranes, the toughness of Cur-loaded EC-based carriers significantly increased by 53.58 %, reaching 3.821 kJ/m3. This composite membrane exhibited exceptional antibacterial efficacy, notably reducing Staphylococcus aureus colonies by 52.4 × 107 CFU/mL after 168 h, through the dilution spread plate method. Using MTT assay, the composite membrane demonstrated biocompatibility, as evidenced by >70 % viability of mouse fibroblast L929 cells with observable cell attachment after 168 h. Importantly, the EC/MXene membrane achieved a Cur release amount of 69.82 % compared to 7.11 % from Cur-loaded EC membranes within 168 h, representing a 62.71 % enhancement in Cur release. The EC/MXene composite membrane is a promising drug delivery candidate, particularly for Cur, by utilizing the sustainability of EC as the primary drug carrier component.

Fabrication of Thymol-loaded Isabgol/Konjac Glucomannan-based Microporous Scaffolds with Enriched Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties for Skin Tissue Engineering Applications

An antioxidant, antibacterial, and biocompatible biomaterial is essential to repair skin wounds effectively. Here, we have employed two natural biopolymers, isabgol (ISAB) and konjac glucomannan (KGM), to prepare microporous scaffolds by freezing and lyophilization. The scaffolds are loaded with thymol (THY) to impart potent antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The physicochemical properties of the ISAB+KGM+THY scaffold, like porosity (41.8±2.4 %), swelling, and biodegradation, were optimal for tissue regeneration application. Compared to the control, ISAB+KGM+THY scaffolds promote attachment, migration, and proliferation of L929 fibroblasts. The antioxidant activity of the ISAB+KGM+THY scaffold was significantly improved after loading THY. This would protect the tissues from oxidative damage. The antibacterial activity of the ISAB+KGM+THY scaffold was significantly higher than that of the control, which would help prevent bacterial infection. The vascularization ability of the ISAB+KGM scaffold was not altered by incorporating THY in the ISAB+KGM scaffold. Therefore, a strong antioxidant, antibacterial, and biocompatible nature of the ISAB+KGM+THY scaffold could be useful for various biomedical applications.

Electrospinning Aligned SF/Magnetic Nanoparticles-Blend Nanofiber Scaffolds for Inducing Skeletal Myoblast Alignment and Differentiation

In the realm of skeletal muscle tissue engineering, anisotropic materials that emulate natural tissues show substantial promise. Electrospun scaffolds, mimicking the fibrillar structure of the extracellular matrix, are commonly employed but often fall short in achieving optimal alignment and mechanical strength. Silk fibroin has emerged as a versatile material in tissue engineering, valued for its biocompatibility, mechanical robustness, and biodegradability. However, conventional electrospinning methods of SF result in randomly oriented fibers, limiting their efficacy. In this work, we developed a straightforward method to fabricate directional tissue scaffolds using silk fibroin. By integrating a magnetic field collecting device and incorporating Fe3O4 nanoparticles into the spinning solution, we successfully produced well-aligned silk nanofiber scaffolds. These aligned fibers not only improved scaffold orientation and mechanical properties but also exhibited magnetic responsiveness. The aligned SF scaffolds effectively guided the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells along the fiber direction. Cultured on these scaffolds, myoblast C2C12 cells demonstrated oriented growth, highlighting the potential of aligned SF fibers in advancing skeletal muscle engineering for biomedical applications.

Inflammation-Modulating Biomedical Interventions for Diabetic Wound Healing: An Overview of Preclinical and Clinical Studies

A diabetic wound exemplifies the challenge of chronic, nonhealing wounds. Elevated blood sugar levels in diabetes profoundly disrupt macrophage function, impairing crucial activities such as phagocytosis, immune response, cell migration, and blood vessel formation, all essential for effective wound healing. Moreover, the persistent presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, coupled with a decrease in anti-inflammatory factors, exacerbates the delay in wound healing associated with diabetes. This review emphasizes the dysfunctional inflammatory responses underlying diabetic wounds and explores preclinical studies of inflammation-modulating bioactives and biomaterials that show promise in expediting diabetic wound healing. Additionally, this review provides an overview of selected clinical studies employing biomaterials and bioactive molecules, shedding light on the gap between extensive preclinical research and limited clinical studies in this field.

Enhanced wound healing properties of biodegradable PCL/alginate core-shell nanofibers containing Salvia abrotanoides essential oil and ZnO nanoparticles

Electrospun nanofibrous membranes, with their unique structural features, can potentially enhance wound healing through controlled delivery of active agents. Here, an innovative porous nanofibrous membrane was developed as a dressing patch with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory functionalities for cutaneous wound healing. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and Salvia abrotanoides essential oil (SAEO) were incorporated into sodium alginate, which served as the shell. Poly(ε-caprolactone) was used as the core of coaxial electrospun wound dressing nanofibers (PCL/SA@ZnO/SAEO). With the addition of ZnO NPs and SAEO, the average diameter of nanofibers was 187 ± 51 nm, with improved tensile strength (4.7 ± 0.4 MPa), elongation at break (32.9 ± 2.1), and elastic modulus (21.4 ± 2.0). Concurrent application of ZnO NPs and SAEO increased antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and promoted the proliferation, attachment, and viability (>90 %) of L929 cells. The PCL/SA@ZnO/SAEO scaffold accelerated the healing time with total wound healing over 14 days in mouse models carrying full-thickness wounds compared to the nanofibrous scaffold without additives. Histopathological examinations demonstrated better tissue regeneration, i.e., enhanced collagen deposition, improved re-epithelialization, and neovascularization, and increased quantity of hair follicles. Moreover, the chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay confirmed the synergistic angiogenic effects of SAEO and ZnO NPs. Finally, the in vitro and in vivo results proposed the bioactive core-shell nanofibers synthesized as encouraging wound dressing materials for hastening the healing of cutaneous wounds.

Nanocarrier-Assisted Delivery of Berberine Promotes Diabetic Alveolar Bone Regeneration by Scavenging ROS and Improving Mitochondrial Dysfunction

Purpose

Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are potential contributors to the compromised tissue regeneration capacity of alveolar bone in diabetic patients. Berberine, an active plant alkaloid, exhibits multiple pharmacological effects including antioxidation, blood glucose- and blood lipid-lowering properties. However, it remains uncertain whether berberine can improve impaired osteogenesis in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and its poor solubility and oral bioavailability also constrain its applications in bone regeneration. Thus, our study aimed to probe the effects of berberine on bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) in a diabetic microenvironment, with a greater emphasis on developing a suitable nano-delivery system for berberine and assessing its capability to repair diabetic alveolar bone defects.

Methods

Firstly, BMSCs were exposed to berberine within a high glucose and palmitate (HG+PA) environment. Reactive oxygen species levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP generation, cell apoptosis, and osteogenic potential were subsequently assessed. Next, we explored the regulatory mechanism of autophagy flux in the positive effects of berberine. Furthermore, a nanocarrier based on emulsion electrospinning for sustained local delivery of berberine (Ber@SF/PCL) was established. We assessed its capacity to enhance bone healing in the alveolar bone defect of T2DM rats through micro-computed tomography and histology analysis.

Results

Berberine treatment could inhibit reactive oxygen species overproduction, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and improve osteogenesis differentiation by restoring autophagy flux under HG+PA conditions. Notably, Ber@SF/PCL electrospun nanofibrous membrane with excellent physicochemical properties and good biological safety had the potential to promote alveolar bone remodeling in T2DM rats.

Conclusion

Our study shed new lights into the protective role of berberine on BMSCs under T2DM microenvironment. Furthermore, berberine-loaded composite electrospun membrane may serve as a promising approach for regenerating alveolar bone in diabetic patients.

Silk-enriched hydrogels with ROS-scavenging dendrimers for advanced wound care

This study explores the development of novel hydrogel composites for wound care, incorporating silk fibroin and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging dendrimers into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix. Utilizing ionizing gamma radiation, we fabricated pristine PVA, silk-PVA (SPVA) binary, and dendrimer-silk-PVA (DSPVA) ternary hydrogel composites, with their composition confirmed via UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy analyses indicated complex interactions between the hydrogel components, enhancing their structural and biocompatible properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that dendrimer integration in DSPVA hydrogels significantly increased surface porosity, vital for tissue regeneration. The DSPVA hydrogels demonstrated effective ROS scavenging, reducing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations by approximately 70 % within 24 h. In vivo wound healing studies in a diabetic mouse model showed enhanced wound closure in the DSPVA group, with a relative wound area reduction to 30 ± 4.3 % on day 10, compared to 56.5 ± 2.7 % in the control group. By the 16th day, the treated group exhibited near-complete wound contraction, markedly outperforming the control group. These findings underscore the potential of DSPVA hydrogels in diabetic wound management, combining silk fibroin's mechanical support, dendrimers' antioxidative properties, and PVA's structural benefits. Thus, DSPVA hydrogels are promising candidates for advanced wound care applications.

Narrative review on nanoparticles based on current evidence: therapeutic agents for diabetic foot infection

Diabetes's effects on wound healing present a major treatment challenge and increase the risk of amputation. When traditional therapies fail, new approaches must be investigated. With their submicron size and improved cellular internalisation, nanoparticles present a viable way to improve diabetic wound healing. They are attractive options because of their innate antibacterial qualities, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Nanoparticles loaded with organic or inorganic compounds, or embedded in biomimetic matrices such as hydrogels, chitosan, and hyaluronic acid, exhibit excellent anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. Drug delivery systems (DDSs)-more precisely, nanodrug delivery systems (NDDSs)-use the advantages of nanotechnology to get around some of the drawbacks of traditional DDSs. Recent developments show how expertly designed nanocarriers can carry a variety of chemicals, transforming the treatment of diabetic wounds. Biomaterials that deliver customised medications to the wound microenvironment demonstrate potential. Delivery techniques for nanomedicines become more potent than ever, overcoming conventional constraints. Therapeutics for diabetes-induced non-healing wounds are entering a revolutionary era thanks to precisely calibrated nanocarriers that effectively distribute chemicals. This review highlights the therapeutic potential of nanoparticles and outlines the multifunctional nanoparticles of the future that will be used for complete wound healing in diabetics. The investigation of novel nanodrug delivery systems has the potential to revolutionise diabetic wound therapy and provide hope for more efficient and focused therapeutic approaches.

Accelerating healing of infected wounds with G. glabra extract and curcumin Co-loaded electrospun nanofibrous dressing

This study aimed to construct a nanofibrous wound dressing composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (CS) containing curcumin and Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract to inhibit infection and accelerate wound healing. Loading 10 wt% of G. glabra extract-curcumin (50:50) by electrospinng technique resulted in the formation of nanofibers (NFs) with diameter distribution 303 ± 38 and had a uniform and defect-free morphology. FTIR analysis confirmed the loading of the components without adverse interactions. Also, the results showed extremely high porosity, extraordinary liquid absorption capacity, and complete wettability. In addition, G. glabra extract-curcumin showed significant antioxidant activity and their release profile from NFs was continuous and sustained. Also, the prepared NF could inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive Saureus and Gram-negative E. coli strains. Wound healing evaluation in the infected animal model showed that the NFs caused full wound closure and accelerated skin regeneration. The studies on inhibiting the bacteria growth at the wound site also revealed complete inhibitory effects. Moreover, histopathology studies confirmed the complete regeneration of skin layers, formation of collagen fibers, and angiogenesis. Finally, PVA/CS NFs containing G. glabra extract-curcumin as a multifunctional bioactive wound dressing presented a promising approach for promoting the healing of infected wounds.

Advances in medical polyesters for vascular tissue engineering

Blood vessels are highly dynamic and complex structures with a variety of physiological functions, including the transport of oxygen, nutrients, and metabolic wastes. Their normal functioning involves the close and coordinated cooperation of a variety of cells. However, adverse internal and external environmental factors can lead to vascular damage and the induction of various vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and thrombosis. This can have serious consequences for patients, and there is an urgent need for innovative techniques to repair damaged blood vessels. Polyesters have been extensively researched and used in the treatment of vascular disease and repair of blood vessels due to their excellent mechanical properties, adjustable biodegradation time, and excellent biocompatibility. Given the high complexity of vascular tissues, it is still challenging to optimize the utilization of polyesters for repairing damaged blood vessels. Nevertheless, they have considerable potential for vascular tissue engineering in a range of applications. This summary reviews the physicochemical properties of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polycaprolactone (PCL), poly-lactic acid (PLA), and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), focusing on their unique applications in vascular tissue engineering. Polyesters can be prepared not only as 3D scaffolds to repair damage as an alternative to vascular grafts, but also in various forms such as microspheres, fibrous membranes, and nanoparticles to deliver drugs or bioactive ingredients to damaged vessels. Finally, it is anticipated that further developments in polyesters will occur in the near future, with the potential to facilitate the wider application of these materials in vascular tissue engineering.

Managing Oxidative Stress Using Vitamin C to Improve Biocompatibility of Polycaprolactone for Bone Regeneration In Vitro

Increased oxidative stress in bone cells is known to negatively alter favorable bone regeneration. This study aimed to develop a porous polycaprolactone (PCL) membrane incorporated with 25 wt % Vitamin C (PCL-Vit C) and compared it to the PCL membrane to control oxidative stress and enhance biomineralization in vitro. Both membranes were characterized using SEM-EDS, FTIR spectroscopy, and surface hydrophilicity. Vitamin C release was quantified colorimetrically. Assessments of the viability and attachment of human fetal osteoblast (hFOB 1.19) cells were carried out using XTT assay, SEM, and confocal microscopy, respectively. ROS generation and wound healing percentage were measured using flow cytometry and ImageJ software, respectively. Mineralization study using Alizarin Red in the presence or absence of osteogenic media was carried out to measure the calcium content. Alkaline phosphatase assay and gene expression of osteogenic markers (alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen Type I (Col1), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteocalcin (OCN), and osteopontin (OPN)) were analyzed by real-time PCR. SEM images revealed smooth, fine, bead-free fibers in both membranes. The FTIR spectrum of pure vitamin C was replaced with peaks at 3436.05 and 2322.83 cm-1 in the PCL-Vit C membrane. Vitamin C release was detected at 15 min and 1 h. The PCL-Vit C membrane was hydrophilic, generated lower ROS, and showed significantly higher viability than the PCL membrane. Although both PCL and PCL-Vit C membranes showed similar cellular and cytoskeletal morphology, more cell clusters were evident in the PCL-Vit C membrane. Lower ROS level in the PCL-Vit C membrane displayed improved cell functionality as evidenced by enhanced cellular differentiation with more intense alizarin staining and higher calcium content, supported by upregulation of osteogenic markers ALP, Col1, and OPN even in the absence of osteogenic supplements. The presence of Vitamin C in the PCL-Vit C membrane may have mitigated oxidative stress in hFOB 1.19 cells, resulting in enhanced biomineralization facilitating bone regeneration.

Bilayer Scaffolds of PLLA/PCL/CAB Ternary Blend Films and Curcumin-Incorporated PLGA Electrospun Nanofibers: The Effects of Polymer Compositions and Solvents on Morphology and Molecular Interactions

Tissue engineering scaffolds have been dedicated to regenerating damaged tissue by serving as host biomaterials for cell adhesion, growth, differentiation, and proliferation to develop new tissue. In this work, the design and fabrication of a biodegradable bilayer scaffold consisting of a ternary PLLA/PCL/CAB blend film layer and a PLGA/curcumin (CC) electrospun fiber layer were studied and discussed in terms of surface morphology, tensile mechanical properties, and molecular interactions. Three different compositions of PLLA/PCL/CAB-60/15/25 (TBF1), 75/10/15 (TBF2), and 85/5/10 (TBF3)-were fabricated using the solvent casting method. The electrospun fibers of PLGA/CC were fabricated using chloroform (CF) and dimethylformamide (DMF) co-solvents in 50:50 and 60:40 volume ratios. Spherical patterns of varying sizes were observed on the surfaces of all blend films-TBF1 (17-21 µm) > TBF2 (5-9 µm) > TBF3 (1-5 µm)-caused by heterogeneous surfaces inducing bubble nucleation. The TBF1, TBF2, and TBF3 films showed tensile elongation at break values of approximately 170%, 94%, and 43%, respectively. The PLGA/CC electrospun fibers fabricated using 50:50 CF:DMF had diameters ranging from 100 to 400 nm, which were larger than those of the PLGA fibers (50-200 nm). In contrast, the PLGA/CC electrospun fibers fabricated using 60:40 CF:DMF had diameters mostly ranging from 200 to 700 nm, which were larger than those of PLGA fibers (200-500 nm). Molecular interactions via hydrogen bonding were observed between PLGA and CC. The surface morphology of the bilayer scaffold demonstrated adhesion between these two solid surfaces resembling "thread stitches" promoted by hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and surface roughness.

Plasma Surface Treatment and Application of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Polylactic Acid Electrospun Fibrous Hemostatic Membrane

In this study, an improved PVA/PLA fibrous hemostatic membrane was prepared by electrospinning technology combined with air plasma modification. The plasma treatment was used to modify PLA to enhance the interlayer bonding between the PVA and PLA fibrous membranes first, then modify the PVA to improve the hemostatic capacity. The surfaces of the PLA and PVA were oxidized after air plasma treatment, the fibrous diameter was reduced, and roughness was increased. Plasma treatment enhanced the interfacial bond strength of PLA/PVA composite fibrous membrane, and PLA acted as a good mechanical support. Plasma-treated PVA/PLA composite membranes showed an increasing liquid-enrichment capacity of 350% and shortened the coagulation time to 258 s. The hemostatic model of the liver showed that the hemostatic ability of plasma-treated PVA/PLA composite membranes was enhanced by 79% compared to untreated PVA membranes, with a slight improvement over commercially available collagen. The results showed that the plasma-treated PVA/PLA fibers were able to achieve more effective hemostasis, which provides a new strategy for improving the hemostatic performance of hemostatic materials.

Resveratrol-Ampicillin Dual-Drug Loaded Polyvinylpyrrolidone/Polyvinyl Alcohol Biomimic Electrospun Nanofiber Enriched with Collagen for Efficient Burn Wound Repair

Background

The healing of burn wounds is a complicated physiological process that involves several stages, including haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling to rebuild the skin and subcutaneous tissue integrity. Recent advancements in nanomaterials, especially nanofibers, have opened a new way for efficient healing of wounds due to burning or other injuries.

Methods

This study aims to develop and characterize collagen-decorated, bilayered electrospun nanofibrous mats composed of PVP and PVA loaded with Resveratrol (RSV) and Ampicillin (AMP) to accelerate burn wound healing and tissue repair.

Results

Nanofibers with smooth surfaces and web-like structures with diameters ranging from 200 to 400 nm were successfully produced by electrospinning. These fibres exhibited excellent in vitro properties, including the ability to absorb wound exudates and undergo biodegradation over a two-week period. Additionally, these nanofibers demonstrated sustained and controlled release of encapsulated Resveratrol (RSV) and Ampicillin (AMP) through in vitro release studies. The zone of inhibition (ZOI) of PVP-PVA-RSV-AMP nanofibers against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) was found 31±0.09 mm and 12±0.03, respectively, which was significantly higher as compared to positive control. Similarly, the biofilm study confirmed the significant reduction in the formation of biofilms in nanofiber-treated group against both S. aureus and E. coli. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis proved the encapsulation of RSV and AMP successfully into nanofibers and their compatibility. Haemolysis assay (%) showed no significant haemolysis (less than 5%) in nanofiber-treated groups, confirmed their cytocompatibility with red blood cells (RBCs). Cell viability assay and cell adhesion on HaCaT cells showed increased cell proliferation, indicating its biocompatibility as well as non-toxic properties. Results of the in-vivo experiments on a burn wound model demonstrated potential burn wound healing in rats confirmed by H&E-stained images and also improved the collagen synthesis in nanofibers-treated groups evidenced by Masson-trichrome staining. The ELISA assay clearly indicated the efficient downregulation of TNF-alpha and IL-6 inflammatory biomarkers after treatment with nanofibers on day 10.

Conclusion

The RSV and AMP-loaded nanofiber mats, developed in this study, expedite burn wound healing through their multifaceted approach.

Study on the Structure and Properties of Silk Fibers Obtained from Factory All-Age Artificial Diets

The traditional production mode of the sericulture industry is no longer suitable for the development requirements of modern agriculture; to facilitate the sustainable development of the sericulture industry, factory all-age artificial diet feeding came into being. Understanding the structural characteristics and properties of silk fibers obtained from factory all-age artificial diet feeding is an important prerequisite for application in the fields of textiles, clothing, biomedicine, and others. However, there have been no reports so far. In this paper, by feeding silkworms with factory all-age artificial diets (AD group) and mulberry leaves (ML group), silk fibers were obtained via two different feeding methods. The structure, mechanical properties, hygroscopic properties, and degradation properties were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Structurally, no new functional groups appeared in the AD group. Compared with the ML group, the structure of the two groups was similar, and there was no significant difference in mechanical properties and moisture absorption. The structure of degummed silk fibers is dominated by crystalline regions, but α-chymotrypsin hydrolyzes the amorphous regions of silk proteins, so that after 28 d of degradation, the weight loss of both is very small. This provides further justification for the feasibility of factory all-age artificial diets for silkworms.

Electrospun skin dressings for diabetic wound treatment: a systematic review

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by persistent hyperglycemia associated with a lack of insulin production or insulin resistance. In diabetic patients, the capacity for healing is generally decreased, leading to chronic wounds. One of the most common treatments for chronic wounds is skin dressings, which serve as protection from infection, reduce pain levels, and stimulate tissue healing. Furthermore, electrospinning is one of the most effective techniques used for manufacturing skin dressings.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature to examine the effects of electrospun skin dressings from different sources in the process of healing skin wounds using in vivo experiments in diabetic rats.

Methods

The search was carried out according to the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), and the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) descriptors were defined as "wound dressing," "diabetes," "in vivo," and "electrospun." A total of 14 articles were retrieved from PubMed and Scopus databases.

Results

The results were based mainly on histological analysis and macroscopic evaluation, demonstrating moderate evidence synthesis for all experimental studies, showing a positive effect of electrospun skin dressings for diabetic wound treatment.

Conclusion

This review confirms the significant benefits of using electrospun skin dressings for skin repair and regeneration. All the inks used were demonstrated to be suitable for dressing manufacturing. Moreover, in vivo findings showed full wound closure in most of the studies, with well-organized dermal and epidermal layers.

In vitro and in vivo assessment of curcumin-quercetin loaded multi-layered 3D-nanofibroporous matrix prepared by solution blow-spinning for full-thickness burn wound healing

Burn wounds (BWs) cause impairment of native skin tissue and may cause significant microbial infections that demand immediate care. Curcumin (Cur) and quercetin (Que) exhibit antimicrobial, hemocompatibility, ROS-scavenging, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its instability, water insolubility, and low biological fluid absorption render it challenging to sustain local Cur and Que doses at the wound site. Therefore, to combat these limitations, we employed blow-spinning and freeze-drying to develop a multi-layered, Cur/Que-loaded gelatin/chitosan/PCL (GCP-Q/C) nanofibroporous (NFP) matrix. Morphological analysis of the NFP-matrix using SEM revealed a well-formed multi-layered structure. The FTIR and XRD plots demonstrated dual-bioactive incorporation and scaffold polymer interaction. Additionally, the GCP-Q/C matrix displayed high porosity (82.7 ± 2.07 %), adequate pore size (∼121 μm), enhanced water-uptake ability (∼675 % within 24 h), and satisfactory biodegradation. The scaffolds with bioactives had a long-term release, increased antioxidant activity, and were more effective against gram-positive (S. aureus) and gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria than the unloaded scaffolds. The in vitro findings of GCP-Q/C scaffolds showed promoted L929 cell growth and hemocompatibility. Additionally, an in vivo full-thickness BW investigation found that an implanted GCP-Q/C matrix stimulates rapid recuperation and tissue regeneration. In accordance with the findings, the Gel/Ch/PCL-Que/Cur NFP-matrix could represent an effective wound-healing dressing for BWs.

Extracellular Matrix-Bioinspired Anisotropic Topographical Cues of Electrospun Nanofibers: A Strategy of Wound Healing through Macrophage Polarization

The skin serves as the body's outermost barrier and is the largest organ, providing protection not only to the body but also to various internal organs. Owing to continuous exposure to various external factors, it is susceptible to damage that can range from simple to severe, including serious types of wounds such as burns or chronic wounds. Macrophages play a crucial role in the entire wound-healing process and contribute significantly to skin regeneration. Initially, M1 macrophages infiltrate to phagocytose bacteria, debris, and dead cells in fresh wounds. As tissue repair is activated, M2 macrophages are promoted, reducing inflammation and facilitating restoration of the dermis and epidermis to regenerate the tissue. This suggests that extracellular matrix (ECM) promotes cell adhesion, proliferation, migrationand macrophage polarization. Among the numerous strategies, electrospinning is a versatile technique for obtaining ECM-mimicking structures with anisotropic and isotropic topologies of micro/nanofibers. Various electrospun biomaterials influence macrophage polarization based on their isotropic or anisotropic topologies. Moreover, these fibers possess a high surface-area-to-volume ratio, promoting the effective exchange of vital nutrients and oxygen, which are crucial for cell viability and tissue regeneration. Micro/nanofibers with diverse physical and chemical properties can be tailored to polarize macrophages toward skin regeneration and wound healing, depending on specific requirements. This review describes the significance of micro/nanostructures for activating macrophages and promoting wound healing.

Recent advances of silk fibroin materials: From molecular modification and matrix enhancement to possible encapsulation-related functional food applications

Silk fibroin materials are emergingly explored for food applications due to their inherent properties including safe oral consumption, biocompatibility, gelatinization, antioxidant performance, and mechanical properties. However, silk fibroin possesses drawbacks like brittleness owing to its inherent specific composition and structure, which limit their applications in this field. This review discusses current progress about molecular modification methods on silk fibroin such as extraction, blending, self-assembly, enzymatic catalysis, etc., to address these limitations and improve their physical/chemical properties. It also summarizes matrix enhancement strategies including freeze drying, spray drying, electrospinning/electrospraying, microfluidic spinning/wheel spinning, desolvation and supercritical fluid, to generate nano-, submicron-, micron-, or bulk-scale materials. It finally highlights the food applications of silk fibroin materials, including nutraceutical improvement, emulsions, enzyme immobilization and 3D/4D printing. This review also provides insights on potential opportunities (like safe modification, toxicity risk evaluation, and digestion conditions) and possibilities (like digital additive manufacturing) in functional food industry.

Chrysin loaded polycaprolactone-chitosan electrospun nanofibers as potential antimicrobial wound dressing

In this study, various concentrations of chrysin (chry) were loaded into polycaprolactone-chitosan (PCL-CTS) nanofibers to develop a potential wound dressing materials using electrospinning method. The structural composition and the morphology of the produced PCL-CTS5, PCL-CTS10 and PCL-CTS15 were analyzed by FE-SEM and FTIR, respectively. By increasing the amount of chry, the average diameter of the nanofibres was also increased to 191 ± 65 nm, 203 ± 72 nm, and 313 ± 69 nm for PCL-CTS5, PCL-CTS10, and PCL-CTS15, respectively. Moreover, the physicochemical characteristics and biological properties of synthesized nanofibers such as tensile testing, in-vitro drug release, porosity, decomposition rate, water absorption rate, water vapor permeability rate, cell viability, antioxidant and antibacterial activity were evaluated. By using Korsmeyer-Peppas and Higuchi kinetic models, the chry release mechanism in all nanofibers was studied in PBS solution, which suggested a Fick's diffusion. In-vitro antioxidant experiments by DPPH assay indicated 24, 43, 61 and 78 % free radical scavenging activity for PCL-CTS, PCL-CTS5, PCL-CTS10 and PCL-CTS15. In-vitro antibacterial examination showed that chry-loaded nanofibers had high antibacterial activity in which were comparable with the standard reagents. In-vitro cytotoxicity results obtained by MTT assay indicated a desired cytocompatibility towards fibroblast cells.

Fabrication of Quercetin-Functionalized Morpholine and Pyridine Motifs-Laden Silk Fibroin Nanofibers for Effective Wound Healing in Preclinical Study

Choosing suitable wound dressings is crucial for effective wound healing. Spun scaffolds with bioactive molecule functionalization are gaining attention as a promising approach to expedite tissue repair and regeneration. Here, we present the synthesis of novel multifunctional quercetin with morpholine and pyridine functional motifs (QFM) embedded in silk fibroin (SF)-spun fibers (SF-QFM) for preclinical skin repair therapies. The verification of the novel QFM structural arrangement was characterized using ATR-FTIR, NMR, and ESI-MS spectroscopy analysis. Extensive characterization of the spun SF-QFM fibrous mats revealed their excellent antibacterial and antioxidant properties, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and remarkable mechanical and controlled drug release capabilities. SF-QFM mats were studied for drug release in pH 7.4 PBS over 72 h. The QFM-controlled release is mainly driven by diffusion and follows Fickian's law. Significant QFM release (40%) occurred within the first 6 h, with a total release of 79% at the end of 72 h, which is considered beneficial in effectively reducing bacterial load and helping expedite the healing process. Interestingly, the SF-QFM-spun mat demonstrated significantly improved NIH 3T3 cell proliferation and migration compared to the pure SF mat, as evidenced by the complete migration of NIH 3T3 cells within 24 h in the scratch assay. Furthermore, the in vivo outcome of SF-QFM was demonstrated by the regeneration of fresh fibroblasts and the realignment of collagen fibers deposition at 9 days post-operation in a preclinical rat full-thickness skin defect model. Our findings collectively indicate that the SF-QFM electrospun nanofiber scaffolds hold significant capability as a cost-effective and efficient bioactive spun architecture for use in wound healing applications.

Revolution of nanotechnology in food packaging: Harnessing electrospun zein nanofibers for improved preservation - A review

Zein, a protein-based biopolymer derived from corn, has garnered attention as a promising and eco-friendly choice for packaging food due to its favorable physical attributes. The introduction of electrospinning technology has significantly advanced the production of zein-based nanomaterials. This cutting-edge technique enables the creation of nanofibers with customizable structures, offering high surface area and adjustable mechanical and thermal attributes. Moreover, the electrospinning process allows for integrating various additives, such as antioxidants, antimicrobial agents, and flavoring compounds, into the zein nanofibers, enhancing their functionalities for food preservation. In this comprehensive review, the various electrospinning techniques employed for crafting zein-based nanofibers, and we delve into their enhanced properties. Furthermore, the review illuminates the potential applications of zein nanofibers in active and intelligent packaging materials by incorporating diverse constituents. Altogether, this review highlights the considerable prospects of zein-based nanocomposites in the realm of food packaging, offering sustainable and innovative solutions for food industry.

Functional modification of silk fibroin from silkworms and its application to medical biomaterials: A review

Silk fibroin (SF) from the silkworm Bombyx mori is a fibrous protein identified as a widely suitable biomaterial due to its biocompatibility, tunable degradation, and mechanical strength. Various modifications of SF protein can give SF fibers new properties and functions, broadening their applications in textile and biomedical industries. A diverse array of functional modifications on various forms of SF has been reported. In order to provide researchers with a more systematic understanding of the types of functional modifications of SF protein, as well as the corresponding applications, we comprehensively review the different types of functional modifications, including transgenic modification, modifications with chemical groups or biologically active substance, cross-linking and copolymerization without chemical reactions, their specific modification methods and applications. Furthermore, recent applications of SF in various medical biomaterials are briefly discussed.

Charged Fibrous Dressing to Promote Diabetic Chronic Wound Healing

Diabetic chronic wounds cause a significant amount of pain to patients because of their low cure rates and high recurrence rates. Traditional approaches to treating diabetic chronic wounds often involve the delivery of drugs or cytokines that regulate the microenvironment and eliminate bacterial infection in the wound area, but they are passive in controlling cell behaviors and may lead to drug resistance. Emerging drug-free wound treatments are important for convenient, effective, and safe treatment strategies. However, the current approaches cannot fully promote tissue regeneration or prevent bacterial infections. Here, the efficacy of a negatively charged fiber dressing in promoting diabetic chronic wound healing is investigated. The negatively charged fiber dressing can generate reactive oxygen species to inhibit bacterial reproduction with the assistance of ultrasound during the inflammatory phase. Furthermore, the dressing provides an electrostatic field that regulates cellular behavior during the inflammatory and proliferative phases. In particular, the dressing can promote fibroblast migration and induce macrophage polarization and neovascularization without any additional drugs. It is demonstrated that this strategy enables the healing of diabetic chronic wounds in a mouse model, achieving effective wound closure over a 12-day treatment cycle and providing a drug-free therapeutic strategy for diabetic chronic wound care.

Silk fibroin-derived electrospun materials for biomedical applications: A review

Electrospinning is a versatile technique for fabricating polymeric fibers with diameters ranging from micro- to nanoscale, exhibiting multiple morphologies and arrangements. By combining silk fibroin (SF) with synthetic and/or natural polymers, electrospun materials with outstanding biological, chemical, electrical, physical, mechanical, and optical properties can be achieved, fulfilling the evolving biomedical demands. This review highlights the remarkable versatility of SF-derived electrospun materials, specifically focusing on their application in tissue regeneration (including cartilage, cornea, nerves, blood vessels, bones, and skin), disease treatment (such as cancer and diabetes), and the development of controlled drug delivery systems. Additionally, we explore the potential future trends in utilizing these nanofibrous materials for creating intelligent biomaterials, incorporating biosensors and wearable sensors for monitoring human health, and also discuss the bottlenecks for its widespread use. This comprehensive overview illuminates the significant impact and exciting prospects of SF-derived electrospun materials in advancing biomedical research and applications.

In vitro investigation of wound healing performance of PVA/chitosan/silk electrospun mat loaded with deferoxamine and ciprofloxacin

Electrospinning is an advanced method used for developing wound dressings. Biopolymer-based electrospun mats have been extensively studied in tissue engineering due to their similarity to the extracellular matrix. In this study, electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan/silk fibroin (PChS) mat demonstrated improved mechanical properties, including tensile strength, strain at break, and Young's modulus, compared to electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan mats. Similarly, the swelling capability, thermal stability, and hydrophilicity were higher in the PChS mat compared to the other ones. Hence, the PChS mat was selected for further investigation. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) was added to the PChS electrospinning solution at 5 % and 10 % concentration, and deferoxamine (DFO) was immobilized on CIP-loaded mats at 1 and 2 g/L concentration using a polydopamine linker. Evaluating mats with the dimensions of 1 × 1 cm2 showed that those containing 5 % and 10 % CIP exhibited bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, Human dermal fibroblast cells were compatible with the fabricated mats, as confirmed by the MTT assay. Finally, drug-loaded mats had a positive effect on wound healing in a scratch test, and mats with 10 % CIP and 2 g/L DFO showed the highest effect on promoting wound healing, indicating potential for use as a wound dressing.

Optimizing PCL/PLGA Scaffold Biocompatibility Using Gelatin from Bovine, Porcine, and Fish Origin

This research introduces a novel approach by incorporating various types of gelatins, including bovine, porcine, and fish skin, into polycaprolactone and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) using a solvent casting method. The films are evaluated for morphology, mechanical properties, thermal stability, biodegradability, hemocompatibility, cell adhesion, proliferation, and cytotoxicity. The results show that the incorporation of gelatins into the films alters their mechanical properties, with a decrease in tensile strength but an increase in elongation at break. This indicates that the films become more flexible with the addition of gelatin. Gelatin incorporation has a limited effect on the thermal stability of the films. The composites with the gelatin show higher biodegradability with the highest weight loss in the case of fish gelatin. The films exhibit high hemocompatibility with minimal hemolysis observed. The gelatin has a dynamic effect on cell behavior and promotes long-term cell proliferation. In addition, all composite films reveal exceptionally low levels of cytotoxicity. The combination of the evaluated parameters shows the appropriate level of biocompatibility for gelatin-based samples. These findings provide valuable insights for future studies involving gelatin incorporation in tissue engineering applications.

Multifunctional electrospun nanofibrous scaffold enriched with alendronate and hydroxyapatite for balancing osteogenic and osteoclast activity to promote bone regeneration

Electrospun composite nanofiber scaffolds are well known for their bone and tissue regeneration applications. This research is focused on the development of PVP and PVA nanofiber composite scaffolds enriched with hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles and alendronate (ALN) using the electrospinning technique. The developed nanofiber scaffolds were investigated for their physicochemical as well as bone regeneration potential. The results obtained from particle size, zeta potential, SEM and EDX analysis of HA nanoparticles confirmed their successful fabrication. Further, SEM analysis verified nanofiber's diameters within 200-250 nm, while EDX analysis confirmed the successful incorporation of HA and ALN into the scaffolds. XRD and TGA analysis revealed the amorphous and thermally stable nature of the nanofiber composite scaffolds. Contact angle, FTIR analysis, Swelling and biodegradability studies revealed the hydrophilicity, chemical compatibility, suitable water uptake capacity and increased in-vitro degradation making it appropriate for tissue regeneration. The addition of HA into nanofiber scaffolds enhanced the physiochemical properties. Additionally, hemolysis cell viability, cell adhesion and proliferation by SEM as well as confocal microscopy and live/dead assay results demonstrated the non-toxic and biocompatibility behavior of nanofiber scaffolds. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assays demonstrated osteoblast promotion and osteoclast inhibition, respectively. These findings suggest that developed HA and ALN-loaded PVP/PVA-ALN-HA nanofiber composite scaffolds hold significant promise for bone regeneration applications.

Healing potential of curcumin nanomicelles in cutaneous burn wounds: an in vitro and in vivo study

PURPOSE/AIM OF THE STUDY

Curcumin is the active substance of turmeric and has been shown to enhance the healing potential of burn wounds. However, its high hydrophobicity and rapid degradability are great challenges for its clinical applications. The development of new curcumin formulations may provide a potential solution to these issues.

METHODS AND RESULTS

In this study, we investigated the use of curcumin nanomicelles for wound dressing and evaluated their effects on fibroblast migration and proliferation in vitro. We found that the application of curcumin nanomicelles to the wounds significantly improved wound contraction and increased the expression of transforming growth factor-1 and basic fibroblast growth factor at day 14 of the healing process. Furthermore, curcumin nanomicelles reduced the expression of interleukin-1 at days 7 and 14 post-wounding. Histopathological analysis revealed that the curcumin nanomicelles-treated burn wounds exhibited more organized granulation tissue, improved angiogenesis, and enhanced re-epithelialization. Additionally, the curcumin treatment led to increased hydroxyproline content and enhanced TGF-β1 expression level in the wounds. The in vitro studies also demonstrated that the curcumin nanomicelles induced proliferation and migration of fibroblasts.

CONCLUSION

Overall, our findings suggest that curcumin nanomicelles can be a promising candidate for the treatment of burn wounds.

Development of dual-functional core-shell electrospun mats with controlled release of anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial agents for the treatment of corneal alkali burn injuries

In this study, a novel dual-drug carrier for the co-administration of an anti-inflammatory and antibiotic agent consisting of core-shell nanofibers for the treatment of cornea alkali burns was designed. The core-shell nanofibers were prepared via coaxial electrospinning of curcumin-loaded silk fibroin as the core and vancomycin-loaded chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the shell. Electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) images confirmed the preparation of smooth, bead-free, and continuous fibers that formed clear core-shell structures. For further studies, nanofiber mats were cross-linked by heat treatment to avoid rapid disintegration in water and improve both mechanical properties and drug release. The release profile of curcumin and vancomycin indicated an initial burst release, continued by the extended release of both drugs within 72 hours. Rabbit corneal cells demonstrated high rates of proliferation when evaluated using a cell metabolism assay. Finally, the therapeutic efficiency of core/shell nanofibers in healing cornea alkali burn was studied by microscopic and macroscopic observation, fluorescence staining, and hematoxylin-eosin assay on rabbit eyes. The anti-inflammatory activity of fabricated fibers was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Immunofluorescence analysis. In conclusion, using a robust array of in vitro and in vivo experiments this study demonstrated the ability of the dual-drug carriers to promote corneal re-epithelialization, minimize inflammation, and inhibit corneal neovascularization. Since these parameters are critical to the healing of corneal wounds from alkali burns, we suggest that this discovery represents a promising future therapeutic agent that warrants further study in humans.

Biomimetic electrospun nanofibrous scaffold for tissue engineering: preparation, optimization by design of experiments (DOE), in-vitro and in-vivo characterization

Electrospinning is a versatile method for fabrication of précised nanofibrous materials for various biomedical application including tissue engineering and drug delivery. This research is aimed to fabricate the PVP/PVA nanofiber scaffold by novel electrospinning technique and to investigate the impact of process parameters (flow rate, voltage and distance) and polymer concentration/solvent combinations influence on properties of electrospun nanofibers. The in-vitro and in-vivo degradation studies were performed to evaluate the potential of electrospun PVP/PVA as a tissue engineering scaffold. The solvents used for electrospinning of PVP/PVA nanofibers were ethanol and 90% acetic acid, optimized with central composite design via Design Expert software. NF-2 and NF-35 were selected as optimised nanofiber formulation in acetic acid and ethanol, and their characterization showed diameter of 150-400 nm, tensile strength of 18.3 and 13.1 MPa, respectively. XRD data revealed the amorphous nature, and exhibited hydrophilicity (contact angles: 67.89° and 58.31° for NF-2 and NF-35). Swelling and in-vitro degradability studies displayed extended water retention as well as delayed degradation. FTIR analysis confirmed solvent-independent interactions. Additionally, hemolysis and in-vitro cytotoxicity studies revealed the non-toxic nature of fabricated scaffolds on RBCs and L929 fibroblast cells. Subcutaneous rat implantation assessed tissue response, month-long biodegradation, and biocompatibility through histological analysis of surrounding tissue. Due to its excellent biocompatibility, this porous PVP/PVA nanofiber has great potential for biomedical applications.

Protein-modified nanomaterials: emerging trends in skin wound healing

Prolonged inflammation can impede wound healing, which is regulated by several proteins and cytokines, including IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and TGF-β. Concentration-dependent effects of these molecules at the target site have been investigated by researchers to develop them as wound-healing agents by regulating signaling strength. Nanotechnology has provided a promising approach to achieve tissue-targeted delivery and increased effective concentration by developing protein-functionalized nanoparticles with growth factors (EGF, IGF, FGF, PDGF, TGF-β, TNF-α, and VEGF), antidiabetic wound-healing agents (insulin), and extracellular proteins (keratin, heparin, and silk fibroin). These molecules play critical roles in promoting cell proliferation, migration, ECM production, angiogenesis, and inflammation regulation. Therefore, protein-functionalized nanoparticles have emerged as a potential strategy for improving wound healing in delayed or impaired healing cases. This review summarizes the preparation and applications of these nanoparticles for normal or diabetic wound healing and highlights their potential to enhance wound healing.

Utilization of Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Gels for Chronic Wound Management

Management of chronic wounds is becoming a serious health problem worldwide. To treat chronic wounds, a suitable healing environment and sustained delivery of growth factors must be guaranteed. Different therapies have been applied for the treatment of chronic wounds such as debridement and photodynamic therapy. Among them, growth factors are widely used therapeutic drugs. However, at present, growth factor delivery systems cannot meet the demand of clinical practice; therefore new methods should be developed to meet the emerging need. For this reason, researchers have tried to modify hydrogels through some methods such as chemical synthesis and molecule modifications to enhance their properties. However, there are still a large number of limitations in practical use like byproduct problems, difficulty to industrialize, and instability of growth factor. Moreover, applications of new materials like lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) on chronic wounds have emerged as a new trend. The structure of LLC is endowed with many excellent properties including low cost, ordered structure, and excellent loading efficiency. LLC can provide a moist local environment for the wound, and its lattice structure can embed the growth factors in the water channel. Growth factor is released from the high-concentration carrier to the low-concentration release medium, which can be precisely regulated. Therefore, it can provide sustained and stable delivery of growth factors as well as a suitable healing environment for wounds, which is a promising candidate for chronic wound healing and has a broad prospective application. In conclusion, more reliable and applicable drug delivery systems should be designed and tested to improve the therapy and management of chronic wounds.

The food and biomedical applications of curcumin-loaded electrospun nanofibers: A comprehensive review

Encapsulating curcumin (CUR) in nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric micelles, silica nanoparticles, protein-based nanocarriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanocrystals could be efficient for a variety of industrial and biomedical applications. Nanofibers containing CUR represent a stable polymer-drug carrier with excellent surface-to-volume ratios for loading and cell interactions, tailored porosity for controlled CUR release, and diverse properties that fit the requirements for numerous applications. Despite the mentioned benefits, electrospinning is not capable of producing fibers from multiple polymers and biopolymers, and the product's effectiveness might be affected by various machine- and material-dependent parameters like the voltage and the flow rate of the electrospinning process. This review delves into the current and innovative recent research on nanofibers containing CUR and their various applications.

Bioresorbable films of polycaprolactone blended with poly(lactic acid) or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)

Recent complications on the use of polypropylene meshes for hernia repair has led to the development of meshes or films, which were based on resorbable polymers such as polycaprolactone (PCL), polylactic acid (PLA) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). These materials are able to create suitable bioactive environment for the growth and development of cells. In this research, we mainly focused on the relations among structure, mechanical performance and biocompatiblity of PCL/PLA and PCL/PLGA and blends prepared by solution casting. The films were characterized regarding the chemical structure, morphology, physicochemical properties, cytotoxicity, biocompatibility and cell growth. All the films showed high tensile strength ranging from 9.5 to 11.8 MPa. SAXS showed that the lamellar stack structure typical for PCL was present even in the blend films while the morphological parameters of the stacks varied slightly with the content of PLGA or PLA in the blends. WAXS indicated preferential orientation of crystallites (and thus, also the lamellar stacks) in the blend films. In vitro studies revealed that PCL/PLGA films displayed better cell adhesion, spreading and proliferation than PCL/PLA and PCL films. Further the effect of blending on the degradation was investigated, to understand the significant variable within the process that could provide further control of cell adhesion. The results showed that the investigated blend films are promising materials for biomedical applications.

Wound healing efficacy of curcumin-loaded sandalwood bark-derived carbon nanosphere/PVA nanofiber matrix

The present investigation deals with the evaluation of the wound healing efficacy of sandalwood bark-derived carbon nanospheres loaded with curcumin-embedded polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofiber membranes (NF). Carbon nanospheres (CNS) were prepared by pyrolyzing sandal wood bark powder at 750 °C. The morphology was confirmed by field emission scanning electron micrographs and a rich amount of carbon was confirmed by the energy dispersive X-ray technique. Curcumin, an active wound healing drug was loaded onto synthesized CNS and confirmed by ATR-IR studies. Drug-loaded CNS were anchored in a PVA matrix via electrospun nanofiber fabrication. The fabricated nanofiber membranes were characterized and evaluated for wound healing efficiency. The cytotoxicity assay proved the non-toxic nature of the prepared PVA/CNS-curcumin-loaded NF. Membranes with active CNS/drug showed better antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli, which was estimated using the zone of inhibition (ZOI) test. The in vitro scratch wound healing assay of prepared PVA/CNS-curcumin nanofibers was efficient enough and showed 92 to 98% wound closure, which was greater than the control (without drug) nanofiber membranes. The PVA nanofiber matrix with interconnected structure and carbon nanostructures together enhanced the wound healing efficacy of the considered wound healing membrane, which is a promising novel approach for future wound healing patches.

Recent Advances in Biodegradable and Biocompatible Synthetic Polymers Used in Skin Wound Healing

The treatment of skin wounds caused by trauma and pathophysiological disorders has been a growing healthcare challenge, posing a great economic burden worldwide. The use of appropriate wound dressings can help to facilitate the repair and healing rate of defective skin. Natural polymer biomaterials such as collagen and hyaluronic acid with excellent biocompatibility have been shown to promote wound healing and the restoration of skin. However, the low mechanical properties and fast degradation rate have limited their applications. Skin wound dressings based on biodegradable and biocompatible synthetic polymers can not only overcome the shortcomings of natural polymer biomaterials but also possess favorable properties for applications in the treatment of skin wounds. Herein, we listed several biodegradable and biocompatible synthetic polymers used as wound dressing materials, such as PVA, PCL, PLA, PLGA, PU, and PEO/PEG, focusing on their composition, fabrication techniques, and functions promoting wound healing. Additionally, the future development prospects of synthetic biodegradable polymer-based wound dressings are put forward. Our review aims to provide new insights for the further development of wound dressings using synthetic biodegradable polymers.

Curcumin-based nanoformulations alleviate wounds and related disorders: A comprehensive review

Despite numerous advantages, curcumin's (CUR) low solubility and low bioavailability limit its employment as a free drug. CUR-incorporated nanoformulation enhances the bioavailability and angiogenesis, collagen deposition, fibroblast proliferation, reepithelization, collagen synthesis, neovascularization, and granulation tissue formation in different wounds. Designing nanoformulations with controlled-release properties ensure the presence of CUR in the defective area during treatment. Different nanoformulations encompassing nanofibers, nanoparticles (NPs), nanospray, nanoemulsion, nanosuspension, nanoliposome, nanovesicle, and nanomicelle were described in the present study comprehensively. Moreover, for some other systems which contain nano-CUR or CUR nanoformulations, including some nanofibers, films, composites, scaffolds, gel, and hydrogels seems the CUR-loaded NPs incorporation has better control of the sustained release, and thereby, the presence of CUR until the final stages of wound healing is more possible. Incorporating CUR-loaded chitosan NPs into nanofiber increased the release time, while 80% of CUR was released during 240 h (10 days). Therefore, this system can guarantee the presence of CUR during the entire healing period. Furthermore, porous structures such as sponges, aerogels, some hydrogels, and scaffolds disclosed promising performance. These architectures with interconnected pores can mimic the native extracellular matrix, thereby facilitating attachment and infiltration of cells at the wound site, besides maintaining a free flow of nutrients and oxygen within the three-dimensional structure essential for rapid and proper wound healing, as well as enhancing mechanical strength.

Recent Advances in Functional Wound Dressings

Significance: Nowadays, the wound dressing is no longer limited to its primary wound protection ability. Hydrogel, sponge-like material, three dimensional-printed mesh, and nanofiber-based dressings with incorporation of functional components, such as nanomaterials, growth factors, enzymes, antimicrobial agents, and electronics, are able to not only prevent/treat infection but also accelerate the wound healing and monitor the wound-healing status. Recent Advances: The advances in nanotechnologies and materials science have paved the way to incorporate various functional components into the dressings, which can facilitate wound healing and monitor different biological parameters in the wound area. In this review, we mainly focus on the discussion of recently developed functional wound dressings. Critical Issues: Understanding the structure and composition of wound dressings is important to correlate their functions with the outcome of wound management. Future Directions: "All-in-one" dressings that integrate multiple functions (e.g., monitoring, antimicrobial, pain relief, immune modulation, and regeneration) could be effective for wound repair and regeneration.

Recent advances in curcumin-based nanoformulations in diabetes

Diabetes is predicted to affect 700 million people by the year 2045. Despite the potential benefits for diabetics, curcumin's low bioavailability significantly reduces its utility. However, newer formulation methods of decreasing particle size, such as through nanotechnological advances, may improve curcumin's bioavailability and cell-absorption properties. Various curcumin nanoformulations such as nanofibers, nanoparticles-like nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), Solid Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (S-SNEDDS), and nanohydrogels have been evaluated. These studies reported increased bioavailability of nanoformulated curcumin compared to free curcumin. Here, we provide a detailed review of the antidiabetic effects of nanocurcumin compounds and subsequent effects on diabetic complications. Overall, various nanocurcumin formulations highly increase curcumin water-solubility and bioavailability, and these safe formulations can positively affect managing some diabetes-related manifestations and complications. Moreover, nanocurcumin efficacy in various diabetes complications is discussed. These complications included inflammation, neuropathy, depression, anxiety, keratopathy, cataract, cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction (MI), nephropathy, erectile dysfunction, and diabetic wound. Moreover, several nanocurcumin formulations improved wound healing in the diabetic. However, few studies have been performed in humans, and most results have been reported from cellular and animal studies. Therefore, more human studies are needed to prove the antidiabetic effects of nanocurcumin.

Multilayered nanofibrous scaffold of Polyvinyl alcohol/gelatin/poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) enriched with hemostatic/antibacterial agents for rapid acute hemostatic wound healing

Electrospun nanofibers scaffolds show promising potential in wound healing applications. This work aims to fabricate nanofibrous wound dressing as a novel approach for a topical drug delivery system. Herein, the electrospinning technique is used to design and fabricate bioabsorbable nanofibrous scaffolds of Polyvinyl alcohol/gelatin/poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) enriched with thrombin (TMB) as hemostatic agent and vancomycin (VCM) as anti-bacterial agent for a multifunctional platform to control excessive blood loss, inhibit bacterial growth and enhance wound healing. SEM, FTIR, XRD, in vitro drug release, antimicrobial studies, biofilm, cell viability assay, and in vivo study in a rat model were used to assess nanofiber's structural, mechanical, and biological aspects. SEM images confirms the diameter of nanofibers which falls within the range from 150 to 300 nm for all the batches. Excellent swelling index data makes it suitable to absorb wound exudates. In-vitro drug release data shows sustained release behavior of nanofiber. Nanofibers scaffolds showed biomimetic behavior and excellent biocompatibility. Moreover, scaffolds exhibited excellent antimicrobial and biofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Nanofibrous scaffolds showed less bleeding time, rapid blood coagulation, and excellent wound closure in a rat model. ELISA study demonstrated the decreasing level of inflammatory markers, such as TNF-α, IL1β, and IL-6, making formulation promising for hemostatic wound healing applications. Finally, the study concludes that nanofibrous scaffolds loaded with TMB and VCM have promising potential as a dressing material for hemostatic wound healing applications.

Electrospinning Nanofibers as a Dressing to Treat Diabetic Wounds

Globally, diabetic mellitus (DM) is a common metabolic disease that effectively inhibits insulin production, destroys pancreatic β cells, and consequently, promotes hyperglycemia. This disease causes complications, including slowed wound healing, risk of infection in wound areas, and development of chronic wounds all of which are significant sources of mortality. With an increasing number of people diagnosed with DM, the current method of wound healing does not meet the needs of patients with diabetes. The lack of antibacterial ability and the inability to sustainably deliver necessary factors to wound areas limit its use. To overcome this, a new method of creating wound dressings for diabetic patients was developed using an electrospinning methodology. The nanofiber membrane mimics the extracellular matrix with its unique structure and functionality, owing to which it can store and deliver active substances that greatly aid in diabetic wound healing. In this review, we discuss several polymers used to create nanofiber membranes and their effectiveness in the treatment of diabetic wounds.