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Yassin AAK, Ureña Martin C, Le Saux G, Pandey A, Tzadka S, Toledo E, Pandit JJ, Sherf T, Nusbaum I, Bhattachrya B, Banerji R, Greenshpan Y, Abu Ahmad MA, Radinsky O, Sklartz M, Gazit R, Elkabets M, Ghassemi S, Cohen O, Schvartzman M, Porgador A. Mechanostimulatory Platform for Improved CAR T Cell Immunotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2025:e2412482. [PMID: 40348587 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202412482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2025] [Indexed: 05/14/2025]
Abstract
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CAR T) cell immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, yet it is hindered by rapid T-cell exhaustion caused by uncontrolled activation during CAR generation. Leveraging insights into T-cell mechanosensing, a novel mechanostimulatory platform is engineered for T-cell activation based on an antigen-carrying surface with controlled elasticity and nanotopography. The platform is designed to optimize and balance T-cell exhaustion, proliferation, and CAR expression. It enhances the differentiation of T cells into the central memory subset, which is crucial for the persistence of CAR T cell therapy's anticancer effects. The platform produces CAR T cells with higher antitumor efficacy, as validated through ex vivo experiments, and with higher in vivo persistence and ability to suppress tumor proliferation, as compared to CAR T cells generated by standard protocols. RNA-seq analysis confirmed an increased transcriptional signature of central memory T cells. Furthermore, this platform completely eliminates T-cell toxicity associated with the non-viral transfection process typically observed with standard activation methods. This platform presents a promising pathway for improving the efficiency and safety of CAR T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abed Al-Kader Yassin
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Carlos Ureña Martin
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for the Nanoscale Science and Technology, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Guillaume Le Saux
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for the Nanoscale Science and Technology, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ashish Pandey
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for the Nanoscale Science and Technology, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sivan Tzadka
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for the Nanoscale Science and Technology, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Esti Toledo
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for the Nanoscale Science and Technology, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Jatin Jawhir Pandit
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for the Nanoscale Science and Technology, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tomer Sherf
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for the Nanoscale Science and Technology, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Idan Nusbaum
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for the Nanoscale Science and Technology, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Baisali Bhattachrya
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Rajashri Banerji
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Yariv Greenshpan
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Muhammad Abu Abu Ahmad
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Olga Radinsky
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Menachem Sklartz
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Roi Gazit
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Moshe Elkabets
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Sabah Ghassemi
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ofir Cohen
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- Department of Software and Information System Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Mark Schvartzman
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for the Nanoscale Science and Technology, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Angel Porgador
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
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2
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Minguet S, Maus MV, Schamel WW. From TCR fundamental research to innovative chimeric antigen receptor design. Nat Rev Immunol 2025; 25:212-224. [PMID: 39433885 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/23/2024]
Abstract
Engineered T cells that express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have transformed the treatment of haematological cancers. CARs combine the tumour-antigen-binding function of antibodies with the signalling functions of the T cell receptor (TCR) ζ chain and co-stimulatory receptors. The resulting constructs aim to mimic the TCR-based and co-receptor-based activation of T cells. Although these have been successful for some types of cancer, new CAR formats are needed, to limit side effects and broaden their use to solid cancers. Insights into the mechanisms of TCR signalling, including the identification of signalling motifs that are not present in the TCR ζ chain and mechanistic insights in TCR activation, have enabled the development of CAR formats that outcompete the current CARs in preclinical mouse models and clinical trials. In this Perspective, we explore the mechanistic rationale behind new CAR designs.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Animals
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Mice
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Minguet
- Signalling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, Freiburg, Germany.
- Department of Synthetic Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Marcela V Maus
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program and Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Mass General Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Signalling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, Freiburg, Germany.
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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3
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Hoque M, Grigg JB, Ramlall T, Jones J, McGoldrick LL, Lin JC, Olson WC, Smith E, Franklin MC, Zhang T, Saotome K. Structural characterization of two γδ TCR/CD3 complexes. Nat Commun 2025; 16:318. [PMID: 39747888 PMCID: PMC11697310 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-55467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 12/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/04/2025] Open
Abstract
The T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex plays an essential role in the immune response and is a key player in cancer immunotherapies. There are two classes of TCR/CD3 complexes, defined by their TCR chain usage (αβ or γδ). Recently reported structures have revealed the organization of the αβ TCR/CD3 complex, but similar studies regarding the γδ TCR/CD3 complex have lagged behind. Here, we report cryoelectron microscopy (cryoEM) structural analysis of two γδ TCRs, G115 (Vγ9 Vδ2) and 9C2 (Vγ5 Vδ1), in complex with CD3 subunits. Our results show that the overall subunit organization of the γδ TCR/CD3 complexes is similar to αβ TCRs. However, both γδ TCRs display highly mobile extracellular domains (ECDs), unlike αβ TCRs, which have TCR ECDs that are rigidly coupled to its transmembrane (TM) domains. We corroborate this finding in cells by demonstrating that a γδ T-cell specific antibody can bind a site that would be inaccessible in the more rigid αβ TCR/CD3 complex. Furthermore, we observed that the Vγ5 Vδ1 complex forms a TCR γ5 chain-mediated dimeric species whereby two TCR/CD3 complexes are assembled. Collectively, these data shed light on γδ TCR/CD3 complex formation and may aid the design of γδ TCR-based therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/chemistry
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Humans
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Domains
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Hoque
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA.
| | | | - Trudy Ramlall
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Jennifer Jones
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | | | - John C Lin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | | | - Eric Smith
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | | | - Tong Zhang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA.
| | - Kei Saotome
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA.
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4
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Alarcon B, Schamel WW. Allosteric Changes Underlie the Outside-In Transmission of Activatory Signals in the TCR. Immunol Rev 2025; 329:e13438. [PMID: 39754405 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2024] [Accepted: 12/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2025]
Abstract
Rather than being contained in a single polypeptide, and unlike receptor tyrosine kinases, the T cell receptor (TCR) divides its signaling functions among its subunits: TCRα/β bind the extracellular ligand, an antigenic peptide-MHC complex (pMHC), and the CD3 subunits (CD3γ, CD3δ, CD3ε, and CD3ζ) transmit this information to the cytoplasm. How information about the quality of pMHC binding outside is transmitted to the cytoplasm remains a matter of debate. In this review, we compile data generated using a wide variety of experimental systems indicating that TCR engagement by an appropriate pMHC triggers allosteric changes transmitted from the ligand-binding loops in the TCRα and TCRβ subunits to the cytoplasmic tails of the CD3 subunits. We summarize how pMHC and stimulatory antibody binding to TCR ectodomains induces the exposure of a polyproline sequence in the CD3ε cytoplasmic tail for binding to the Nck adapter, the exposure of the RK motif in CD3ε for recruiting the Lck tyrosine kinase, and the induced exposure and phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in all the CD3 cytoplasmic tails. We also review the yet incipient data that help elucidate the structural basis of the Active and Resting conformations of the TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balbino Alarcon
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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5
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Natarajan A, Velmurugu Y, Becerra Flores M, Dibba F, Beesam S, Kikvadze S, Wang X, Wang W, Li T, Shin HW, Cardozo T, Krogsgaard M. In situ cell-surface conformation of the TCR-CD3 signaling complex. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:5719-5742. [PMID: 39511422 PMCID: PMC11624261 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00314-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2024] [Accepted: 10/26/2024] [Indexed: 11/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The extracellular molecular organization of the individual CD3 subunits around the αβ T cell receptor (TCR) is critical for initiating T cell signaling. In this study, we incorporate photo-crosslinkers at specific sites within the TCRα, TCRβ, CD3δ, and CD3γ subunits. Through crosslinking and docking, we identify a CD3ε'-CD3γ-CD3ε-CD3δ arrangement situated around the αβTCR in situ within the cell surface environment. We demonstrate the importance of cholesterol in maintaining the stability of the complex and that the 'in situ' complex structure mirrors the structure from 'detergent-purified' complexes. In addition, mutations aimed at stabilizing extracellular TCR-CD3 interfaces lead to poor signaling, suggesting that subunit fluidity is indispensable for signaling. Finally, employing photo-crosslinking and CD3 tetramer assays, we show that the TCR-CD3 complex undergoes minimal subunit movements or reorientations upon interaction with activating antibodies and pMHC tetramers. This suggests an absence of 'inactive-active' conformational states in the TCR constant regions and the extracellular CD3 subunits, unlike the transmembrane regions of the complex. This study contributes a nuanced understanding of TCR signaling, which may inform the development of therapeutics for immune-related disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Signal Transduction
- CD3 Complex/chemistry
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Humans
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Protein Conformation
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Cholesterol/chemistry
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Protein Subunits/chemistry
- Protein Subunits/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Natarajan
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Yogambigai Velmurugu
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Manuel Becerra Flores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Fatoumatta Dibba
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Saikiran Beesam
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Sally Kikvadze
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Xiaotian Wang
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Tianqi Li
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Hye Won Shin
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Timothy Cardozo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Michelle Krogsgaard
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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6
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Schamel WW, Zintchenko M, Nguyen T, Fehse B, Briquez PS, Minguet S. The potential of γδ CAR and TRuC T cells: An unearthed treasure. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2451074. [PMID: 39192467 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202451074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the success of αβ T cells engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) in treating haematological cancers. CARs combine the tumour antigen binding capability of antibodies with the signalling functions of the T-cell receptor (TCR) ζ chain and co-stimulatory receptors. Despite the success, αβ CAR T cells face limitations. Possible solutions would be the use of γδ T cells and new chimeric receptors, such as TCR fusion constructs (TRuCs). Notably, γδ CAR T cells are gaining traction in pre-clinical and clinical studies, demonstrating a promising safety profile in several pilot studies. This review delves into the current understanding of γδ CAR and TCR fusion construct T cells, exploring the opportunities and challenges they present for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang W Schamel
- Signaling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Faculty of Medicine, University Clinics Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marina Zintchenko
- Signaling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Trang Nguyen
- Signaling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Boris Fehse
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, and Hamburg Centre for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Centre for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Priscilla S Briquez
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susana Minguet
- Signaling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Faculty of Medicine, University Clinics Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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7
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Lang HP, Osum KC, Friedenberg SG. A review of CD4 + T cell differentiation and diversity in dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 275:110816. [PMID: 39173398 PMCID: PMC11421293 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are an integral component of the adaptive immune response, carrying out many functions to combat a diverse range of pathogenic challenges. These cells exhibit remarkable plasticity, differentiating into specialized subsets such as T helper type 1 (TH1), TH2, TH9, TH17, TH22, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and follicular T helper (TFH) cells. Each subset is capable of addressing a distinct immunological need ranging from pathogen eradication to regulation of immune homeostasis. As the immune response subsides, CD4+ T cells rest down into long-lived memory phenotypes-including central memory (TCM), effector memory (TEM), resident memory (TRM), and terminally differentiated effector memory cells (TEMRA) that are localized to facilitate a swift and potent response upon antigen re-encounter. This capacity for long-term immunological memory and rapid reactivation upon secondary exposure highlights the role CD4+ T cells play in sustaining both adaptive defense mechanisms and maintenance. Decades of mouse, human, and to a lesser extent, pig T cell research has provided the framework for understanding the role of CD4+ T cells in immune responses, but these model systems do not always mimic each other. Although our understanding of pig immunology is not as extensive as mouse or human research, we have gained valuable insight by studying this model. More akin to pigs, our understanding of CD4+ T cells in dogs is much less complete. This disparity exists in part because canine immunologists depend on paradigms from mouse and human studies to characterize CD4+ T cells in dogs, with a fraction of available lineage-defining antibody markers. Despite this, every major CD4+ T cell subset has been described to some extent in dogs. These subsets have been studied in various contexts, including in vitro stimulation, homeostatic conditions, and across a range of disease states. Canine CD4+ T cells have been categorized according to lineage-defining characteristics, trafficking patterns, and what cytokines they produce upon stimulation. This review addresses our current understanding of canine CD4+ T cells from a comparative perspective by highlighting both the similarities and differences from mouse, human, and pig CD4+ T cell biology. We also discuss knowledge gaps in our current understanding of CD4+ T cells in dogs that could provide direction for future studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeree P Lang
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Kevin C Osum
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.
| | - Steven G Friedenberg
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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8
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Kabelitz D, Cierna L, Juraske C, Zarobkiewicz M, Schamel WW, Peters C. Empowering γδ T-cell functionality with vitamin C. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2451028. [PMID: 38616772 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202451028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a potent antioxidant and a cofactor for various enzymes including histone demethylases and methylcytosine dioxygenases. Vitamin C also exerts direct cytotoxicity toward selected tumor cells including colorectal carcinoma. Moreover, vitamin C has been shown to impact immune cell differentiation at various levels including maturation and/or functionality of T cells and their progenitors, dendritic cells, B cells, and NK cells. γδ T cells have recently attracted great interest as effector cells for cell-based cancer immunotherapy, due to their HLA-independent recognition of a large variety of tumor cells. While γδ T cells can thus be also applied as an allogeneic off-the-shelf product, it is obvious that the effector function of γδ T cells needs to be optimized to ensure the best possible clinical efficacy. Here we review the immunomodulatory mechanisms of vitamin C with a special focus on how vitamin C enhances the effector function of γδ T cells. We also discuss future directions of how vitamin C can be used in the clinical setting to boost the efficacy of adoptive cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lea Cierna
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Claudia Juraske
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michal Zarobkiewicz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Wang C, Cheng J, Song L, Zhou Z, Zhao Q, Zhao Y, Wang H, Tan Y, Zhao B, Yang M. Self-Assembled Multilayer-Modified Needles Simulate Acupuncture and Diclofenac Sodium Delivery for Rheumatoid Arthritis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:29876-29890. [PMID: 38829728 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
A novel therapeutic approach combining acupuncture and diclofenac sodium (DS) administration was established for the potential treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). DS is a commonly used anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug but has short duration and adverse effects. Acupoints are critical linkages in the meridian system and are potential candidates for drug delivery. Herein, we fabricated a DS-loaded multilayer-modified acupuncture needle (DS-MMAN) and investigated its capacity for inhibiting RA. This DS-MMAN possesses sustained release properties and in vitro anti-inflammatory effects. Experimental results showed that the DS-MMAN with microdoses can enhance analgesia and efficiently relieve joint swelling compared to the oral or intra-articular administration of DS with gram-level doses. Moreover, the combination of acupoint and DS exerts a synergistic improvement in inflammation and joint damage. Cytokine and T cell analyses in the serum indicated that the application of DS-MMAN suppressed the levels of pro-inflammatory factors and increased the levels of anti-inflammatory factors. Furthermore, the acupoint administration via DS-MMAN could decrease the accumulation of DS in the liver and kidneys, which may express better therapeutic efficiency and low toxicity. The present study demonstrated that the acupuncture needle has the potential to build a bridge between acupuncture and medication, which would be a promising alternative to the combination of traditional and modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Dongzhimen Nei Ave. Nanxiaojie 16#, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, China
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, North 3rd Ring East Road 11#, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jinlai Cheng
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Dongzhimen Nei Ave. Nanxiaojie 16#, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lixia Song
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Dongzhimen Nei Ave. Nanxiaojie 16#, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ziyu Zhou
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Dongzhimen Nei Ave. Nanxiaojie 16#, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Qinghe Zhao
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Dongzhimen Nei Ave. Nanxiaojie 16#, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Dongzhimen Nei Ave. Nanxiaojie 16#, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Huajing Wang
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Dongzhimen Nei Ave. Nanxiaojie 16#, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yuqing Tan
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Dongzhimen Nei Ave. Nanxiaojie 16#, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Baosheng Zhao
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, North 3rd Ring East Road 11#, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Miyi Yang
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Dongzhimen Nei Ave. Nanxiaojie 16#, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, China
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10
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Woessner NM, Brandl SM, Hartmann S, Schamel WW, Hartl FA, Minguet S. Phospho-mimetic CD3ε variants prevent TCR and CAR signaling. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1392933. [PMID: 38779683 PMCID: PMC11109380 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1392933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antigen binding to the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) leads to the phosphorylation of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) of the CD3 complex, and thereby to T cell activation. The CD3ε subunit plays a unique role in TCR activation by recruiting the kinase LCK and the adaptor protein NCK prior to ITAM phosphorylation. Here, we aimed to investigate how phosphorylation of the individual CD3ε ITAM tyrosines impacts the CD3ε signalosome. Methods We mimicked irreversible tyrosine phosphorylation by substituting glutamic acid for the tyrosine residues in the CD3ε ITAM. Results Integrating CD3ε phospho-mimetic variants into the complete TCR-CD3 complex resulted in reduced TCR signal transduction, which was partially compensated by the involvement of the other TCR-CD3 ITAMs. By using novel CD3ε phospho-mimetic Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) variants, we avoided any compensatory effects of other ITAMs in the TCR-CD3 complex. We demonstrated that irreversible CD3ε phosphorylation prevented signal transduction upon CAR engagement. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that glutamic acid substitution at the N-terminal tyrosine residue of the CD3ε ITAM (Y39E) significantly reduces NCK binding to the TCR. In contrast, mutation at the C-terminal tyrosine of the CD3ε ITAM (Y50E) abolished LCK recruitment to the TCR, while increasing NCK binding. Double mutation at the C- and N-terminal tyrosines (Y39/50E) allowed ZAP70 to bind, but reduced the interaction with LCK and NCK. Conclusions The data demonstrate that the dynamic phosphorylation of the CD3ε ITAM tyrosines is essential for CD3ε to orchestrate optimal TCR and CAR signaling and highlights the key role of CD3ε signalosome to tune signal transduction.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- HEK293 Cells
- Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-Based Activation Motif
- Jurkat Cells
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/genetics
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Binding
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/metabolism
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine M. Woessner
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon M. Brandl
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sara Hartmann
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W. Schamel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Clinics and Medical Faculty, University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frederike A. Hartl
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susana Minguet
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Clinics and Medical Faculty, University, Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Armbruster A, Ehret AK, Russ M, Idstein V, Klenzendorf M, Gaspar D, Juraske C, Yousefi OS, Schamel WW, Weber W, Hörner M. OptoREACT: Optogenetic Receptor Activation on Nonengineered Human T Cells. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:752-762. [PMID: 38335541 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Optogenetics is a versatile and powerful tool for the control and analysis of cellular signaling processes. The activation of cellular receptors by light using optogenetic switches usually requires genetic manipulation of cells. However, this considerably limits the application in primary, nonengineered cells, which is crucial for the study of physiological signaling processes and for controlling cell fate and function for therapeutic purposes. To overcome this limitation, we developed a system for the light-dependent extracellular activation of cell surface receptors of nonengineered cells termed OptoREACT (Optogenetic Receptor Activation) based on the light-dependent protein interaction of A. thaliana phytochrome B (PhyB) with PIF6. In the OptoREACT system, a PIF6-coupled antibody fragment binds the T cell receptor (TCR) of Jurkat or primary human T cells, which upon illumination is bound by clustered phytochrome B to induce receptor oligomerization and activation. For clustering of PhyB, we either used tetramerization by streptavidin or immobilized PhyB on the surface of cells to emulate the interaction of a T cell with an antigen-presenting cell. We anticipate that this extracellular optogenetic approach will be applicable for the light-controlled activation of further cell surface receptors in primary, nonengineered cells for versatile applications in fundamental and applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Armbruster
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Anna K Ehret
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Centre Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 115, Freiburg 79106, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 19A, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Marissa Russ
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Centre Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 115, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Vincent Idstein
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Centre Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 115, Freiburg 79106, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 19A, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Melissa Klenzendorf
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Denise Gaspar
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Claudia Juraske
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Centre Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 115, Freiburg 79106, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 19A, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - O Sascha Yousefi
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Centre Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 115, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Centre Freiburg, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 115, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Wilfried Weber
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Campus D2 2, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Maximilian Hörner
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany
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12
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Juraske C, Krissmer SM, Teuber ES, Parigiani MA, Strietz J, Wesch D, Kabelitz D, Minguet S, Schamel WW. Reprogramming of human γδ T cells by expression of an anti-CD19 TCR fusion construct (εTRuC) to enhance tumor killing. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:293-305. [PMID: 38149982 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a new format of a chimeric antigen receptor for αβ T cells, in which the single-chain variable fragment recognizing the tumor antigen is directly fused to the T cell receptor, called T cell receptor fusion construct (TRuC). Here, we express an anti-CD19 εTRuC in primary γδ T cells that were expanded using zoledronate (Zol) or concanavalin A. We show that the resulting εTRuC γδ T cells were reprogrammed to better recognize CD19-positive B cell tumors and-in case of the Zol-expanded cells-a CD19-expressing colon adenocarcinoma-derived cell line in vitro. This resulted in enhanced tumor killing, upregulation of the activation marker CD25, and secretion of cytokines. We found that the transduction efficiency of the concanavalin A-expanded cells was better than the one of the Zol-expanded ones. Our in vitro cytotoxicity data suggest that the Vδ2 T cells were better killers than the Vδ1 T cells. Finally, addition of vitamin C promoted the recovery of larger γδ T cell numbers after lentiviral transduction, as used for the expression of the εTRuC. In conclusion, the generation and use of γδ εTRuC T cells might be a new approach for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Juraske
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, Medical Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine SGBM, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19A, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sonia M Krissmer
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, Medical Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Evelyn S Teuber
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, Medical Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria A Parigiani
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, Medical Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Strietz
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, Medical Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Susana Minguet
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, Medical Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, Medical Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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13
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Lee HN, Lee SE, Inn KS, Seong J. Optical sensing and control of T cell signaling pathways. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1321996. [PMID: 38269062 PMCID: PMC10806162 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1321996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
T cells regulate adaptive immune responses through complex signaling pathways mediated by T cell receptor (TCR). The functional domains of the TCR are combined with specific antibodies for the development of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. In this review, we first overview current understanding on the T cell signaling pathways as well as traditional methods that have been widely used for the T cell study. These methods, however, are still limited to investigating dynamic molecular events with spatiotemporal resolutions. Therefore, genetically encoded biosensors and optogenetic tools have been developed to study dynamic T cell signaling pathways in live cells. We review these cutting-edge technologies that revealed dynamic and complex molecular mechanisms at each stage of T cell signaling pathways. They have been primarily applied to the study of dynamic molecular events in TCR signaling, and they will further aid in understanding the mechanisms of CAR activation and function. Therefore, genetically encoded biosensors and optogenetic tools offer powerful tools for enhancing our understanding of signaling mechanisms in T cells and CAR-T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Nim Lee
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technoloy, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Inn
- Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Seong
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, Republic of Korea
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14
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Yan Y, Zhou P, Ding L, Hu W, Chen W, Su B. T Cell Antigen Recognition and Discrimination by Electrochemiluminescence Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314588. [PMID: 37903724 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive T lymphocyte (T cell) transfer and tumour-specific peptide vaccines are innovative cancer therapies. An accurate assessment of the specific reactivity of T cell receptors (TCRs) to tumour antigens is required because of the high heterogeneity of tumour cells and the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. In this study, we report a label-free electrochemiluminescence (ECL) imaging approach for recognising and discriminating between TCRs and tumour-specific antigens by imaging the immune synapses of T cells. Various T cell stimuli, including agonistic antibodies, auxiliary molecules, and tumour-specific antigens, were modified on the electrode's surface to allow for their interaction with T cells bearing different TCRs. The formation of immune synapses activated by specific stimuli produced a negative (shadow) ECL image, from which T cell antigen recognition and discrimination were evaluated by analysing the spreading area and the recognition intensity of T cells. This approach provides an easy way to assess TCR-antigen specificity and screen both of them for immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lurong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Bin Su
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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15
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Chiu TY, Lo CH, Lin YH, Lai YD, Lin SS, Fang YT, Huang WS, Huang SY, Tsai PY, Yang FH, Chong WM, Wu YC, Tsai HC, Liu YW, Hsu CL, Liao JC, Wang WJ. INPP5E regulates CD3ζ enrichment at the immune synapse by phosphoinositide distribution control. Commun Biol 2023; 6:911. [PMID: 37670137 PMCID: PMC10480498 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune synapse, a highly organized structure formed at the interface between T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), is essential for T cell activation and the adaptive immune response. It has been shown that this interface shares similarities with the primary cilium, a sensory organelle in eukaryotic cells, although the roles of ciliary proteins on the immune synapse remain elusive. Here, we find that inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase E (INPP5E), a cilium-enriched protein responsible for regulating phosphoinositide localization, is enriched at the immune synapse in Jurkat T-cells during superantigen-mediated conjugation or antibody-mediated crosslinking of TCR complexes, and forms a complex with CD3ζ, ZAP-70, and Lck. Silencing INPP5E in Jurkat T-cells impairs the polarized distribution of CD3ζ at the immune synapse and correlates with a failure of PI(4,5)P2 clearance at the center of the synapse. Moreover, INPP5E silencing decreases proximal TCR signaling, including phosphorylation of CD3ζ and ZAP-70, and ultimately attenuates IL-2 secretion. Our results suggest that INPP5E is a new player in phosphoinositide manipulation at the synapse, controlling the TCR signaling cascade.
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Grants
- National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan, NSTC 110-2326-B-A49A-503-MY3, 111-2628-B-A49A-016, and 112-2628-B-A49-009-MY3
- National Health Research Institutes (NHRI-EX109-10610BC) National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica Innovative Joint Program (109L104303)
- National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan, NSTC 109-2628-B-010-016 Cancer Progression Research Center NYCU, from the Higher Education Sprout Project by MOE
- National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan, NSTC 107-2313-B-001-009 National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan, NSTC 108-2313-B-001-003 National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica Innovative Joint Program Grant (NTU-SINICA- 108L104303)
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yuan Chiu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, 92037, USA
| | - Chien-Hui Lo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Di Lai
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Shan Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Tian Fang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Syun Huang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Yan Huang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yuan Tsai
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Hua Yang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan
| | - Weng Man Chong
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chieh Wu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Chen Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Liu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Hsu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chi Liao
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan.
- Syncell Inc., Taipei, 115202, Taiwan.
| | - Won-Jing Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan.
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16
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Kennewick KT, Bensinger SJ. Decoding the crosstalk between mevalonate metabolism and T cell function. Immunol Rev 2023; 317:71-94. [PMID: 36999733 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The mevalonate pathway is an essential metabolic pathway in T cells regulating development, proliferation, survival, differentiation, and effector functions. The mevalonate pathway is a complex, branched pathway composed of many enzymes that ultimately generate cholesterol and nonsterol isoprenoids. T cells must tightly control metabolic flux through the branches of the mevalonate pathway to ensure sufficient isoprenoids and cholesterol are available to meet cellular demands. Unbalanced metabolite flux through the sterol or the nonsterol isoprenoid branch is metabolically inefficient and can have deleterious consequences for T cell fate and function. Accordingly, there is tight regulatory control over metabolic flux through the branches of this essential lipid synthetic pathway. In this review we provide an overview of how the branches of the mevalonate pathway are regulated in T cells and discuss our current understanding of the relationship between mevalonate metabolism, cholesterol homeostasis and T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly T Kennewick
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Steven J Bensinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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17
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Hu Y, Duan Y, Salaita K. DNA Nanotechnology for Investigating Mechanical Signaling in the Immune System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202302967. [PMID: 37186502 PMCID: PMC11336604 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202302967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Immune recognition occurs at specialized cell-cell junctions when immune cells and target cells physically touch. In this junction, groups of receptor-ligand complexes assemble and experience molecular forces that are ultimately generated by the cellular cytoskeleton. These forces are in the range of piconewton (pN) but play crucial roles in immune cell activation and subsequent effector responses. In this minireview, we will review the development of DNA based molecular tension sensors and their applications in mapping and quantifying mechanical forces experienced by immunoreceptors including T-cell receptor (TCR), Lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA-1), and the B-cell receptor (BCR) among others. In addition, we will highlight the use of DNA as a mechanical gate to manipulate mechanotransduction and decipher how mechanical forces regulate antigen discrimination and receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuesong Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yuxin Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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18
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Tomisch J, Busse V, Rosato F, Makshakova ON, Salavei P, Kittel AS, Gillon E, Lataster L, Imberty A, Meléndez AV, Römer W. A Shiga Toxin B-Subunit-Based Lectibody Boosts T Cell Cytotoxicity towards Gb3-Positive Cancer Cells. Cells 2023; 12:1896. [PMID: 37508560 PMCID: PMC10378424 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation plays a crucial role in tumour progression and invasiveness. Tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) represent a valuable set of targets for immunotherapeutic approaches. The poor immunogenicity of glycan structures, however, requires a more effective and well-directed way of targeting TACAs on the surface of cancer cells than antibodies. The glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) is a well-established TACA present in a multitude of cancer types. Its overexpression has been linked to metastasis, invasiveness, and multidrug resistance. In the present study, we propose to use a dimeric fragment of the Shiga toxin B-subunit (StxB) to selectively target Gb3-positive cancer cells in a StxB-scFv UCHT1 lectibody. The lectibody, comprised of a lectin and the UCHT1 antibody fragment, was produced in E. coli and purified via Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Specificity of the lectibody towards Gb3-positive cancer cell lines and specificity towards the CD3 receptor on T cells, was assessed using flow cytometry. We evaluated the efficacy of the lectibody in redirecting T cell cytotoxicity towards Gb3-overexpressing cancer cells in luciferase-based cytotoxicity in vitro assays. The StxB-scFv UCHT1 lectibody has proven specific for Gb3 and could induce the killing of up to 80% of Gb3-overexpressing cancer cells in haemorrhagic and solid tumours. The lectibody developed in this study, therefore, highlights the potential that lectibodies and lectins in general have for usage in immunotherapeutic approaches to boost the efficacy of established cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Tomisch
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vincent Busse
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Francesca Rosato
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olga N Makshakova
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Kazan Institute for Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Pavel Salavei
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Core Facility Signalling Factory & Robotics, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Sophia Kittel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Emilie Gillon
- CNRS, CERMAV, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Levin Lataster
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Imberty
- CNRS, CERMAV, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ana Valeria Meléndez
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Chen J, Pan Z, Han L, Liu J, Yue Y, Xiao X, Zhang B, Wu M, Yuan Y, Bian Y, Jiang H, Xie Y, Zhu J. Binding domain on CD22 molecules contributing to the biological activity of T cell-engaging bispecific antibodies. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17960. [PMID: 37456045 PMCID: PMC10344817 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
CD22, as the B-cell malignancies antigen, has been targeted for immunotherapies through CAR-T cells, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and immunotoxins via interaction of antibodies with binding domains on the receptor. We hypothesized that avidity and binding domain of antibody to target cells may have significant impact on the biological function in tumor immunotherapy, and T cell-engaging bispecific antibody (TCB) targeting CD22 could be used in the therapy of hematologic malignancies. So, to address the question, we utilized the information of six previously reported CD22 mAbs to generate CD22-TCBs with different avidity to different domains on CD22 protein. We found that the avidity of CD22-TCBs to protein was not consistent with the avidity to target cells, indicating that TCBs had different binding mode to the protein and cells. In vitro results indicated that CD22-TCBs mediated cytotoxicity depended on the avidity of antibodies to target cells rather than to protein. Moreover, distal binding domain of the antigen contributed to the avidity and biological activity of IgG-[L]-scfv-like CD22-TCBs. The T cells' proliferation, activation, cytotoxicity as well as cytokine release were compared, and G5/44 BsAb was selected for further in vivo assessment in anti-tumor activity. In vivo results demonstrated that CD22-TCB (G5/44 BsAb) significantly inhibited the tumors growth in mice. All these data suggested that CD22-TCBs could be developed as a promising candidate for B-cell malignancies therapy through optimizing the design with avidity and binding domain to CD22 target in consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhidi Pan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lei Han
- Jecho Institute, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Junjun Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yali Yue
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | | | - Baohong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Mingyuan Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yunsheng Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yanlin Bian
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Jecho Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300450, China
- Jecho Laboratories, Inc., Frederick, MD21704, USA
| | - Yueqing Xie
- Jecho Laboratories, Inc., Frederick, MD21704, USA
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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20
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Campos Muñiz C, Fernández Perrino FJ. Evolution of the Concepts of Architecture and Supramolecular Dynamics of the Plasma Membrane. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:547. [PMID: 37367751 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13060547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM) has undergone important conceptual changes during the history of scientific research, although it is undoubtedly a cellular organelle that constitutes the first defining characteristic of cellular life. Throughout history, the contributions of countless scientists have been published, each one of them with an enriching contribution to the knowledge of the structure-location and function of each structural component of this organelle, as well as the interaction between these and other structures. The first published contributions on the plasmatic membrane were the transport through it followed by the description of the structure: lipid bilayer, associated proteins, carbohydrates bound to both macromolecules, association with the cytoskeleton and dynamics of these components.. The data obtained experimentally from each researcher were represented in graphic configurations, as a language that facilitates the understanding of cellular structures and processes. This paper presents a review of some of the concepts and models proposed about the plasma membrane, emphasizing the components, the structure, the interaction between them and the dynamics. The work is illustrated with resignified 3D diagrams to visualize the changes that occurred during the history of the study of this organelle. Schemes were redrawn in 3D from the original articles...
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Campos Muñiz
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09340, Mexico
| | - Francisco José Fernández Perrino
- Department of Biotechnology, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09340, Mexico
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21
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Saotome K, Dudgeon D, Colotti K, Moore MJ, Jones J, Zhou Y, Rafique A, Yancopoulos GD, Murphy AJ, Lin JC, Olson WC, Franklin MC. Structural analysis of cancer-relevant TCR-CD3 and peptide-MHC complexes by cryoEM. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2401. [PMID: 37100770 PMCID: PMC10132440 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37532-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The recognition of antigenic peptide-MHC (pMHC) molecules by T-cell receptors (TCR) initiates the T-cell mediated immune response. Structural characterization is key for understanding the specificity of TCR-pMHC interactions and informing the development of therapeutics. Despite the rapid rise of single particle cryoelectron microscopy (cryoEM), x-ray crystallography has remained the preferred method for structure determination of TCR-pMHC complexes. Here, we report cryoEM structures of two distinct full-length α/β TCR-CD3 complexes bound to their pMHC ligand, the cancer-testis antigen HLA-A2/MAGEA4 (230-239). We also determined cryoEM structures of pMHCs containing MAGEA4 (230-239) peptide and the closely related MAGEA8 (232-241) peptide in the absence of TCR, which provided a structural explanation for the MAGEA4 preference displayed by the TCRs. These findings provide insights into the TCR recognition of a clinically relevant cancer antigen and demonstrate the utility of cryoEM for high-resolution structural analysis of TCR-pMHC interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Saotome
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA.
| | - Drew Dudgeon
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer Jones
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Yi Zhou
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | | | | | | | - John C Lin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
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22
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Menon AP, Moreno B, Meraviglia-Crivelli D, Nonatelli F, Villanueva H, Barainka M, Zheleva A, van Santen HM, Pastor F. Modulating T Cell Responses by Targeting CD3. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1189. [PMID: 36831533 PMCID: PMC9953819 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Harnessing the immune system to fight cancer has become a reality with the clinical success of immune-checkpoint blockade (ICB) antibodies against PD(L)-1 and CTLA-4. However, not all cancer patients respond to ICB. Thus, there is a need to modulate the immune system through alternative strategies for improving clinical responses to ICB. The CD3-T cell receptor (TCR) is the canonical receptor complex on T cells. It provides the "first signal" that initiates T cell activation and determines the specificity of the immune response. The TCR confers the binding specificity whilst the CD3 subunits facilitate signal transduction necessary for T cell activation. While the mechanisms through which antigen sensing and signal transduction occur in the CD3-TCR complex are still under debate, recent revelations regarding the intricate 3D structure of the CD3-TCR complex might open the possibility of modulating its activity by designing targeted drugs and tools, including aptamers. In this review, we summarize the basis of CD3-TCR complex assembly and survey the clinical and preclinical therapeutic tools available to modulate CD3-TCR function for potentiating cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwathi Puravankara Menon
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Moreno
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Daniel Meraviglia-Crivelli
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francesca Nonatelli
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Helena Villanueva
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Martin Barainka
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Angelina Zheleva
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Hisse M. van Santen
- Unidad Desarrollo y Función del Sistema Inmunitario, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Pastor
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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23
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Cui Z, Wang S, Hao Y, Chen Y. Higher serum β2-microglobulin is a predictive biomarker for cognitive impairment in spinal cord injury. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15372. [PMID: 37193029 PMCID: PMC10183166 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Recent studies have suggested that high levels of β2-microglobulin are linked to cognitive deterioration; however, it is unclear how this connects to spinal cord injury (SCI). This study sought to determine whether there was any association between cognitive decline and serum β2-microglobulin levels in patients with SCI. Methods A total of 96 patients with SCI and 56 healthy volunteers were enrolled as study participants. At the time of enrollment, specific baseline data including age, gender, triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), smoking, and alcohol use were recorded. Each participant was assessed by a qualified physician using the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) scale. Serum β2-microglobulin levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reagent for β2-microglobulin. Results A total of 152 participants were enrolled, with 56 in the control group and 96 in the SCI group. There were no significant baseline data differences between the two groups (p > 0.05). The control group had a MoCA score of 27.4 ± 1.1 and the SCI group had a score of 24.3 ± 1.5, with the difference being significant (p < 0.05). The serum ELISA results revealed that the levels of β2-microglobulin in the SCI group were considerably higher (p < 0.05) than those in the control group (2.08 ± 0.17 g/mL compared to 1.57 ± 0.11 g/mL). The serum β2-microglobulin level was used to categorize the patients with SCI into four groups. As serum β2-microglobulin levels increased, the MoCA score reduced (p < 0.05). After adjustment of baseline data, further regression analysis showed that serum β2-microglobulin level remained an independent risk factor for post-SCI cognitive impairment. Conclusions Patients with SCI had higher serum levels of β2-microglobulin, which may be a biomarker for cognitive decline following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghao Cui
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Bone Biomechanics Engineering Laboratory of Shandong Province, Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center (School of Biomedical Sciences), Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanke Hao
- Orthopedics Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuanzhen Chen
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Bone Biomechanics Engineering Laboratory of Shandong Province, Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center (School of Biomedical Sciences), Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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24
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Russ M, Ehret AK, Hörner M, Peschkov D, Bohnert R, Idstein V, Minguet S, Weber W, Lillemeier BF, Yousefi OS, Schamel WW. Opto-APC: Engineering of cells that display phytochrome B on their surface for optogenetic studies of cell-cell interactions. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1143274. [PMID: 36936981 PMCID: PMC10016228 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1143274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of a ligand-receptor interaction determine the responses of the receptor-expressing cell. One approach to experimentally and reversibly change this kinetics on demand is optogenetics. We have previously developed a system in which the interaction of a modified receptor with an engineered ligand can be controlled by light. In this system the ligand is a soluble Phytochrome B (PhyB) tetramer and the receptor is fused to a mutated PhyB-interacting factor (PIFS). However, often the natural ligand is not soluble, but expressed as a membrane protein on another cell. This allows ligand-receptor interactions in two dimensions. Here, we developed a strategy to generate cells that display PhyB as a membrane-bound protein by expressing the SpyCatcher fused to a transmembrane domain in HEK-293T cells and covalently coupling purified PhyB-SpyTag to these cells. As proof-of-principle, we use Jurkat T cells that express a GFP-PIFS-T cell receptor and show that these cells can be stimulated by the PhyB-coupled HEK-293T cells in a light dependent manner. Thus, we call the PhyB-coupled cells opto-antigen presenting cells (opto-APCs). Our work expands the toolbox of optogenetic technologies, allowing two-dimensional ligand-receptor interactions to be controlled by light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Russ
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna K. Ehret
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Hörner
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Peschkov
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Bohnert
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vincent Idstein
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susana Minguet
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wilfried Weber
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Björn F. Lillemeier
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - O. Sascha Yousefi
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W. Schamel
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Wolfgang W. Schamel,
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25
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Tumor immunology. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818006-8.00003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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26
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Han F, Chen Y, Zhu Y, Huang Z. Antigen receptor structure and signaling. Adv Immunol 2023; 157:1-28. [PMID: 37061286 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The key to mounting an immune response is that the host cells must be coordinated to generate an appropriate immune response against the pathogenic invaders. Antigen receptors recognize specific molecular structures and recruit adaptors through their effector domains, triggering trans-membrane transduction signaling pathway to exert immune response. The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and B cell antigen receptor (BCR) are the primary determinant of immune responses to antigens. Their structure determines the mode of signaling and signal transduction determines cell fate, leading to changes at the molecular and cellular level. Studies of antigen receptor structure and signaling revealed the basis of immune response triggering, providing clues to antigen receptor priming and a foundation for the rational design of immunotherapies. In recent years, the increased research on the structure of antigen receptors has greatly contributed to the understanding of immune response, different immune-related diseases and even tumors. In this review, we describe in detail the current view and advances of the antigen structure and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Han
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Chen
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yuwei Zhu
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
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Alatoom A, ElGindi M, Sapudom J, Teo JCM. The T Cell Journey: A Tour de Force. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200173. [PMID: 36190140 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
T cells act as the puppeteers in the adaptive immune response, and their dysfunction leads to the initiation and progression of pathological conditions. During their lifetime, T cells experience myriad forces that modulate their effector functions. These forces are imposed by interacting cells, surrounding tissues, and shear forces from fluid movement. In this review, a journey with T cells is made, from their development to their unique characteristics, including the early studies that uncovered their mechanosensitivity. Then the studies pertaining to the responses of T cell activation to changes in antigen-presenting cells' physical properties, to their immediate surrounding extracellular matrix microenvironment, and flow conditions are highlighted. In addition, it is explored how pathological conditions like the tumor microenvironment can hinder T cells and allow cancer cells to escape elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseel Alatoom
- Laboratory for Immuno Bioengineering Research and Applications Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Campus, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Department of Mechanical Engineering Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Mei ElGindi
- Laboratory for Immuno Bioengineering Research and Applications Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Campus, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Jiranuwat Sapudom
- Laboratory for Immuno Bioengineering Research and Applications Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Campus, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Jeremy C M Teo
- Laboratory for Immuno Bioengineering Research and Applications Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Campus, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Department of Mechanical Engineering Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
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28
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Tetraspanin-5-mediated MHC class I clustering is required for optimal CD8 T cell activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122188119. [PMID: 36215490 PMCID: PMC9586303 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122188119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
MHC molecules are not randomly distributed on the plasma membrane but instead are present in discrete nanoclusters. The mechanisms that control formation of MHC I nanoclusters and the importance of such structures are incompletely understood. Here, we report a molecular association between tetraspanin-5 (Tspan5) and MHC I molecules that started in the endoplasmic reticulum and was maintained on the plasma membrane. This association was observed both in mouse dendritic cells and in human cancer cell lines. Loss of Tspan5 reduced the size of MHC I clusters without affecting MHC I peptide loading, delivery of complexes to the plasma membrane, or overall surface MHC I levels. Functionally, CD8 T cell responses to antigen presented by Tspan5-deficient dendritic cells were impaired but were restored by antibody-induced reclustering of MHC I molecules. In contrast, Tspan5 did not associate with two other plasma membrane proteins, Flotillin1 and CD55, with or the endoplasmic reticulum proteins Tapasin and TAP. Thus, our findings identify a mechanism underlying the clustering of MHC I molecules that is important for optimal T cell responses.
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Garcillán B, Megino RF, Herrero-Alonso M, Guardo AC, Perez-Flores V, Juraske C, Idstein V, Martin-Fernandez JM, Geisler C, Schamel WWA, Marin AV, Regueiro JR. The role of the different CD3γ domains in TCR expression and signaling. Front Immunol 2022; 13:978658. [PMID: 36119034 PMCID: PMC9478619 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.978658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD3 subunits of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) play a central role in regulation of surface TCR expression levels. Humans who lack CD3γ (γ—) show reduced surface TCR expression levels and abolished phorbol ester (PMA)-induced TCR down-regulation. The response to PMA is mediated by a double leucine motif in the intracellular (IC) domain of CD3γ. However, the molecular cause of the reduced TCR surface expression in γ— lymphocytes is still not known. We used retroviral vectors carrying wild type CD3γ or CD3δ or the following chimeras (EC-extracellular, TM-transmembrane and IC): δECγTMγIC (δγγ for short), γγδ, γδδ and γγ-. Expression of γγγ, γγδ, γδδ or γγ- in the γ— T cell line JGN, which lacks surface TCR, demonstrated that cell surface TCR levels in JGN were dependent on the EC domain of CD3γ and could not be replaced by the one of CD3δ. In JGN and primary γ— patient T cells, the tested chimeras confirmed that the response to PMA maps to the IC domain of CD3γ. Since protein homology explains these results better than domain structure, we conclude that CD3γ contributes conformational cues that improve surface TCR expression, likely at the assembly or membrane transport steps. In JGN cells all chimeric TCRs were signalling competent. However, an IC domain at CD3γ was required for TCR-induced IL-2 and TNF-α production and CD69 expression, indicating that a TCR without a CD3γ IC domain has altered signalling capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Garcillán
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT), Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca F. Megino
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT), Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Herrero-Alonso
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT), Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto C. Guardo
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT), Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronica Perez-Flores
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT), Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Juraske
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vincent Idstein
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jose M. Martin-Fernandez
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT), Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carsten Geisler
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang W. A. Schamel
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ana V. Marin
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT), Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose R. Regueiro
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT), Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jose R. Regueiro,
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Mews EA, Beckmann P, Patchava M, Wang Y, Largaespada DA, Wagner CR. Multivalent, Bispecific αB7-H3-αCD3 Chemically Self-Assembled Nanorings Direct Potent T Cell Responses against Medulloblastoma. ACS NANO 2022; 16:12185-12201. [PMID: 35876221 PMCID: PMC9885520 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Few therapeutic options have been made available for treating central nervous system tumors, especially upon recurrence. Recurrent medulloblastoma is uniformly lethal with no approved therapies. Recent preclinical studies have shown promising results for eradicating various solid tumors by targeting the overexpressed immune checkpoint molecule, B7-H3. However, due to several therapy-related toxicities and reports of tumor escape, the full potential of targeting this pan-cancer antigen has yet to be realized. Here, we designed and characterized bispecific chemically self-assembling nanorings (CSANs) that target the T cell receptor, CD3ε, and tumor associated antigen, B7-H3, derived from the humanized 8H9 single chain variable fragment. We show that the αB7-H3-αCD3 CSANs increase T cell infiltration and facilitate selective cytotoxicity of B7-H3+ medulloblastoma spheroids and that activity is independent of target cell MHC class I expression. Importantly, nonspecific T cell activation against the ONS 2303 medulloblastoma cell line can be reduced by tuning the valency of the αCD3 targeted monomer in the oligomerized CSAN. Intraperitoneal injections of αB7-H3-αCD3 bispecific CSANs were found to effectively cross the blood-tumor barrier into the brain and elicit significant antitumor T cell activity intracranially as well as systemically in an orthotopic medulloblastoma model. Moreover, following treatment with αB7-H3-αCD3 CSANs, intratumoral T cells were found to primarily have a central memory phenotype that displayed significant levels of characteristic activation markers. Collectively, these results demonstrate the ability of our multivalent, bispecific CSANs to direct potent antitumor T cell responses and indicate its potential utility as an alternative or complementary therapy for immune cell targeting of B7-H3+ brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie A. Mews
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6 St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 United States
| | - Pauline Beckmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Genome Engineering, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Malcolm Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 United States
| | - Mahathi Patchava
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Genome Engineering, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Malcolm Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 United States
| | - Yiao Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6 St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 United States
| | - David A. Largaespada
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Genome Engineering, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Malcolm Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 United States
| | - Carston R. Wagner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6 St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 United States
- Corresponding Author: Carston R Wagner: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 United States;
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Birtel M, Voss RH, Reinhard K, Rengstl B, Ouchan Y, Michel K, Hayduk N, Tillmann B, Becker R, Suchan M, Theobald M, Oehm P, Türeci Ö, Sahin U. A TCR-like CAR Promotes Sensitive Antigen Recognition and Controlled T-cell Expansion Upon mRNA Vaccination. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:827-841. [PMID: 36923303 PMCID: PMC10010320 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-21-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are efficacious in patients with B-cell malignancies, while their activity is limited in patients with solid tumors. We developed a novel heterodimeric TCR-like CAR (TCAR) designed to achieve optimal chain pairing and integration into the T-cell CD3 signaling complex. The TCAR mediated high antigen sensitivity and potent antigen-specific T-cell effector functions in short-term in vitro assays. Both persistence and functionality of TCAR T cells were augmented by provision of costimulatory signals, which improved proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Combination with a nanoparticulate RNA vaccine, developed for in vivo expansion of CAR T cells, promoted tightly controlled expansion, survival, and antitumor efficacy of TCAR T cells in vivo. Significance A novel TCAR is tightly controlled by RNA vaccine-mediated costimulation and may provide an alternative to second-generation CARs for the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Birtel
- TRON – Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH (non-profit), Mainz, Germany
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, BioNTech Cell & Gene Therapies GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ralf-Holger Voss
- TRON – Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH (non-profit), Mainz, Germany
- Department of Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center (UMC) of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Reinhard
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, BioNTech Cell & Gene Therapies GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Benjamin Rengstl
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, BioNTech Cell & Gene Therapies GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yasmina Ouchan
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, BioNTech Cell & Gene Therapies GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristina Michel
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, BioNTech Cell & Gene Therapies GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nina Hayduk
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, BioNTech Cell & Gene Therapies GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bodo Tillmann
- TRON – Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH (non-profit), Mainz, Germany
| | - René Becker
- TRON – Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH (non-profit), Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Suchan
- TRON – Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH (non-profit), Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Theobald
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center (UMC) of Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Petra Oehm
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, BioNTech Cell & Gene Therapies GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Özlem Türeci
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, BioNTech Cell & Gene Therapies GmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ugur Sahin
- TRON – Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH (non-profit), Mainz, Germany
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, BioNTech Cell & Gene Therapies GmbH, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center (UMC) of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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32
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Vo DHT, McGleave G, Overton IM. Immune Cell Networks Uncover Candidate Biomarkers of Melanoma Immunotherapy Response. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12060958. [PMID: 35743743 PMCID: PMC9225330 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12060958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic activation of antitumour immunity by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is a significant advance in cancer medicine, not least due to the prospect of long-term remission. However, many patients are unresponsive to ICI therapy and may experience serious side effects; companion biomarkers are urgently needed to help inform ICI prescribing decisions. We present the IMMUNETS networks of gene coregulation in five key immune cell types and their application to interrogate control of nivolumab response in advanced melanoma cohorts. The results evidence a role for each of the IMMUNETS cell types in ICI response and in driving tumour clearance with independent cohorts from TCGA. As expected, ‘immune hot’ status, including T cell proliferation, correlates with response to first-line ICI therapy. Genes regulated in NK, dendritic, and B cells are the most prominent discriminators of nivolumab response in patients that had previously progressed on another ICI. Multivariate analysis controlling for tumour stage and age highlights CIITA and IKZF3 as candidate prognostic biomarkers. IMMUNETS provide a resource for network biology, enabling context-specific analysis of immune components in orthogonal datasets. Overall, our results illuminate the relationship between the tumour microenvironment and clinical trajectories, with potential implications for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong H. T. Vo
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK; (D.H.T.V.); (G.M.)
- Health Data Research Wales and Northern Ireland, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Gerard McGleave
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK; (D.H.T.V.); (G.M.)
- Health Data Research Wales and Northern Ireland, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Ian M. Overton
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK; (D.H.T.V.); (G.M.)
- Health Data Research Wales and Northern Ireland, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
- Correspondence:
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A set point in the selection of the αβTCR T cell repertoire imposed by pre-TCR signaling strength. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201907119. [PMID: 35617435 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201907119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
SignificanceThe ability of the T cell receptor (TCR) to convey signals of different intensity is essential for the generation of a diverse, protecting, and self-tolerant T cell repertoire. We provide evidence that pre-TCR signaling during the first stage of T cell differentiation, thought to only check for in-frame rearrangement of TCRβ gene segments, determines the degree of diversity in a signaling intensity-dependent manner and controls the diversity of the TCR repertoire available for subsequent thymic positive and negative selection. Pre-TCR signaling intensity is regulated by the transmembrane region of its associated CD3ζ chains, possibly by organizing pre-TCRs into nanoclusters. Our data provide insights into immune receptor signaling mechanisms and reveal an additional checkpoint of T cell repertoire diversity.
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34
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Dong R, Zhang Y, Xiao H, Zeng X. Engineering γδ T Cells: Recognizing and Activating on Their Own Way. Front Immunol 2022; 13:889051. [PMID: 35603176 PMCID: PMC9120431 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.889051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with engineered T cells has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of malignant tumors. Among them, there is great interest in engineered γδ T cells for ACT. With both adaptive and innate immune characteristics, γδ T cells can be activated by γδ TCRs to recognize antigens in a MHC-independent manner, or by NK receptors to recognize stress-induced molecules. The dual recognition system enables γδ T cells with unique activation and cytotoxicity profiles, which should be considered for the design of engineered γδ T cells. However, the current designs of engineered γδ T cells mostly follow the strategies that used in αβ T cells, but not making good use of the specific characteristics of γδ T cells. Therefore, it is no surprising that current engineered γδ T cells in preclinical or clinical trials have limited efficacy. In this review, we summarized the patterns of antigen recognition of γδ T cells and the features of signaling pathways for the functions of γδ T cells. This review will additionally discuss current progress in engineered γδ T cells and provide insights in the design of engineered γδ T cells based on their specific characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Dong
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yixi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haowen Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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35
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Nieves DJ, Pandzic E, Gunasinghe SD, Goyette J, Owen DM, Justin Gooding J, Gaus K. The T cell receptor displays lateral signal propagation involving non-engaged receptors. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:3513-3526. [PMID: 35171177 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05855j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
T cells are highly sensitive to low levels of antigen, but how this sensitivity is achieved is currently unknown. Here, we imaged proximal TCR-CD3 signal propagation with single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) in T cells activated with nanoscale clusters of TCR stimuli. We observed the formation of large TCR-CD3 clusters that exceeded the area of the ligand clusters, and required multivalent interactions facilitated by TCR-CD3 phosphorylation for assembly. Within these clustered TCR-CD3 domains, TCR-CD3 signaling spread laterally for ∼500 nm, far beyond the activating site, via non-engaged receptors. Local receptor density determined the functional cooperativity between engaged and non-engaged receptors, but lateral signal propagation was not influenced by the genetic deletion of ZAP70. Taken together, our data demonstrates that clustered ligands induced the clustering of non-ligated TCR-CD3 into domains that cooperatively facilitate lateral signal propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Nieves
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, School of Mathematics, and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Elvis Pandzic
- Katharina Gaus Light Microscopy Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sachith D Gunasinghe
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jesse Goyette
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dylan M Owen
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, School of Mathematics, and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - J Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Humanization of a strategic CD3 epitope enables evaluation of clinical T-cell engagers in a fully immunocompetent in vivo model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3530. [PMID: 35241687 PMCID: PMC8894342 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06953-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell engagers (TCEs) are a growing class of biotherapeutics being investigated in the clinic for treatment of a variety of hematological and solid tumor indications. However, preclinical evaluation of TCEs in vivo has been mostly limited to xenograft tumor models in human T-cell reconstituted immunodeficient mice, which have a number of limitations. To explore the efficacy of human TCEs in fully immunocompetent hosts, we developed a knock-in mouse model (hCD3E-epi) in which a 5-residue N-terminal fragment of murine CD3-epsilon was replaced with an 11-residue stretch from the human sequence that encodes for a common epitope recognized by anti-human CD3E antibodies in the clinic. T cells from hCD3E-epi mice underwent normal thymic development and could be efficiently activated upon crosslinking of the T-cell receptor with anti-human CD3E antibodies in vitro. Furthermore, a TCE targeting human CD3E and murine CD20 induced robust T-cell redirected killing of murine CD20-positive B cells in ex vivo hCD3E-epi splenocyte cultures, and also depleted nearly 100% of peripheral B cells for up to 7 days following in vivo administration. These results highlight the utility of this novel mouse model for exploring the efficacy of human TCEs in vivo, and suggest a useful tool for evaluating TCEs in combination with immuno-oncology/non-immuno-oncology agents against heme and solid tumor targets in hosts with a fully intact immune system.
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37
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Chen Y, Zhu Y, Li X, Gao W, Zhen Z, Dong D, Huang B, Ma Z, Zhang A, Song X, Ma Y, Guo C, Zhang F, Huang Z. Cholesterol inhibits TCR signaling by directly restricting TCR-CD3 core tunnel motility. Mol Cell 2022; 82:1278-1287.e5. [PMID: 35271814 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol molecules specifically bind to the resting αβTCR to inhibit cytoplasmic CD3ζ ITAM phosphorylation through sequestering the TCR-CD3 complex in an inactive conformation. The mechanisms of cholesterol-mediated inhibition of TCR-CD3 and its activation remain unclear. Here, we present cryoelectron microscopy structures of cholesterol- and cholesterol sulfate (CS)-inhibited TCR-CD3 complexes and an auto-active TCR-CD3 variant. The structures reveal that cholesterol molecules act like a latch to lock CD3ζ into an inactive conformation in the membrane. Mutations impairing binding of cholesterol molecules to the tunnel result in the movement of the proximal C terminus of the CD3ζ transmembrane helix, thereby activating the TCR-CD3 complex in human cells. Together, our data reveal the structural basis of TCR inhibition by cholesterol, illustrate how the cholesterol-binding tunnel is allosterically coupled to TCR triggering, and lay a foundation for the development of immunotherapies through directly targeting the TCR-CD3 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yuwei Zhu
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Xiang Li
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Wenbo Gao
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Ziqi Zhen
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - De Dong
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Buliao Huang
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Zhuo Ma
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Anqi Zhang
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Xiaocui Song
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yan Ma
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 102206, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Changyou Guo
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
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38
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Egan JR, Abu-Shah E, Dushek O, Elliott T, MacArthur BD. Fluctuations in T cell receptor and pMHC interactions regulate T cell activation. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20210589. [PMID: 35135295 PMCID: PMC8833104 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses depend on interactions between T cell receptors (TCRs) and peptide major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) ligands located on the surface of T cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs), respectively. As TCRs and pMHCs are often only present at low copy numbers their interactions are inherently stochastic, yet the role of stochastic fluctuations on T cell function is unclear. Here, we introduce a minimal stochastic model of T cell activation that accounts for serial TCR-pMHC engagement, reversible TCR conformational change and TCR aggregation. Analysis of this model indicates that it is not the strength of binding between the T cell and the APC cell per se that elicits an immune response, but rather the information imparted to the T cell from the encounter, as assessed by the entropy rate of the TCR-pMHC binding dynamics. This view provides an information-theoretic interpretation of T cell activation that explains a range of experimental observations. Based on this analysis, we propose that effective T cell therapeutics may be enhanced by optimizing the inherent stochasticity of TCR-pMHC binding dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Egan
- Mathematical Sciences, Stem Cells and Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, Stem Cells and Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.,Centre for Cancer Immunology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Enas Abu-Shah
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Tim Elliott
- Institute for Life Sciences, Stem Cells and Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.,Centre for Cancer Immunology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Ben D MacArthur
- Mathematical Sciences, Stem Cells and Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, Stem Cells and Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.,Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.,Alan Turing Institute, London NW1 2DB, UK
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39
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Bagheri Y, Ali AA, Keshri P, Chambers J, Gershenson A, You M. Imaging Membrane Order and Dynamic Interactions in Living Cells with a DNA Zipper Probe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Bagheri
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Ahsan Ausaf Ali
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Puspam Keshri
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - James Chambers
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Anne Gershenson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Mingxu You
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
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40
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Bagheri Y, Ali AA, Keshri P, Chambers J, Gershenson A, You M. Imaging Membrane Order and Dynamic Interactions in Living Cells with a DNA Zipper Probe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202112033. [PMID: 34767659 PMCID: PMC8792286 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The cell membrane is a dynamic and heterogeneous structure composed of distinct sub-compartments. Within these compartments, preferential interactions occur among various lipids and proteins. Currently, it is still challenging to image these short-lived membrane complexes, especially in living cells. In this work, we present a DNA-based probe, termed "DNA Zipper", which allows the membrane order and pattern of transient interactions to be imaged in living cells using standard fluorescence microscopes. By fine-tuning the length and binding affinity of DNA duplex, these probes can precisely extend the duration of membrane lipid interactions via dynamic DNA hybridization. The correlation between membrane order and the activation of T-cell receptor signaling has also been studied. These programmable DNA probes function after a brief cell incubation, which can be easily adapted to study lipid interactions and membrane order during different membrane signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Bagheri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 (USA)
| | - Ahsan Ausaf Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 (USA)
| | - Puspam Keshri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 (USA)
| | - James Chambers
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 (USA)
| | - Anne Gershenson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003 (USA)
| | - Mingxu You
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 (USA)
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41
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Atitey K, Anchang B. Mathematical Modeling of Proliferative Immune Response Initiated by Interactions Between Classical Antigen-Presenting Cells Under Joint Antagonistic IL-2 and IL-4 Signaling. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:777390. [PMID: 35155574 PMCID: PMC8831889 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.777390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During an adaptive immune response from pathogen invasion, multiple cytokines are produced by various immune cells interacting jointly at the cellular level to mediate several processes. For example, studies have shown that regulation of interleukin-4 (IL-4) correlates with interleukin-2 (IL-2) induced lymphocyte proliferation. This motivates the need to better understand and model the mechanisms driving the dynamic interplay of proliferation of lymphocytes with the complex interaction effects of cytokines during an immune response. To address this challenge, we adopt a hybrid computational approach comprising of continuous, discrete and stochastic non-linear model formulations to predict a system-level immune response as a function of multiple dependent signals and interacting agents including cytokines and targeted immune cells. We propose a hybrid ordinary differential equation-based (ODE) multicellular model system with a stochastic component of antigen microscopic states denoted as Multiscale Multicellular Quantitative Evaluator (MMQE) implemented using MATLAB. MMQE combines well-defined immune response network-based rules and ODE models to capture the complex dynamic interactions between the proliferation levels of different types of communicating lymphocyte agents mediated by joint regulation of IL-2 and IL-4 to predict the emergent global behavior of the system during an immune response. We model the activation of the immune system in terms of different activation protocols of helper T cells by the interplay of independent biological agents of classic antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and their joint activation which is confounded by the exposure time to external pathogens. MMQE quantifies the dynamics of lymphocyte proliferation during pathogen invasion as bivariate distributions of IL-2 and IL-4 concentration levels. Specifically, by varying activation agents such as dendritic cells (DC), B cells and their joint mechanism of activation, we quantify how lymphocyte activation and differentiation protocols boost the immune response against pathogen invasion mediated by a joint downregulation of IL-4 and upregulation of IL-2. We further compare our in-silico results to in-vivo and in-vitro experimental studies for validation. In general, MMQE combines intracellular and extracellular effects from multiple interacting systems into simpler dynamic behaviors for better interpretability. It can be used to aid engineering of anti-infection drugs or optimizing drug combination therapies against several diseases.
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42
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Al-Aghbar MA, Jainarayanan AK, Dustin ML, Roffler SR. The interplay between membrane topology and mechanical forces in regulating T cell receptor activity. Commun Biol 2022; 5:40. [PMID: 35017678 PMCID: PMC8752658 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02995-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are critically important for host defense against infections. T cell activation is specific because signal initiation requires T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of foreign antigen peptides presented by major histocompatibility complexes (pMHC) on antigen presenting cells (APCs). Recent advances reveal that the TCR acts as a mechanoreceptor, but it remains unclear how pMHC/TCR engagement generates mechanical forces that are converted to intracellular signals. Here we propose a TCR Bending Mechanosignal (TBM) model, in which local bending of the T cell membrane on the nanometer scale allows sustained contact of relatively small pMHC/TCR complexes interspersed among large surface receptors and adhesion molecules on the opposing surfaces of T cells and APCs. Localized T cell membrane bending is suggested to increase accessibility of TCR signaling domains to phosphorylation, facilitate selective recognition of agonists that form catch bonds, and reduce noise signals associated with slip bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ameen Al-Aghbar
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ashwin K Jainarayanan
- Interdisciplinary Bioscience Doctoral Training Program and Exeter College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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43
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Wu H, Cao R, Wei S, Pathan-Chhatbar S, Wen M, Wu B, Schamel WW, Wang S, OuYang B. Cholesterol Binds in a Reversed Orientation to TCRβ-TM in Which Its OH Group is Localized to the Center of the Lipid Bilayer. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:167328. [PMID: 34688686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) signaling in response to antigen recognition is essential for the adaptive immune response. Cholesterol keeps TCRs in the resting conformation and mediates TCR clustering by directly binding to the transmembrane domain of the TCRβ subunit (TCRβ-TM), while cholesterol sulfate (CS) displaces cholesterol from TCRβ. However, the atomic interaction of cholesterol or CS with TCRβ remains elusive. Here, we determined the cholesterol and CS binding site of TCRβ-TM in phospholipid bilayers using solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Cholesterol binds to the transmembrane residues within a CARC-like cholesterol recognition motif. Surprisingly, the polar OH group of cholesterol is placed in the hydrophobic center of the lipid bilayer stabilized by its polar interaction with K154 of TCRβ-TM. An aromatic interaction with Y158 and hydrophobic interactions with V160 and L161 stabilize this reverse orientation. CS binds to the same site, explaining how it competes with cholesterol. Site-directed mutagenesis of the CARC-like motif disrupted the cholesterol/CS binding to TCRβ-TM, validating the NMR and MD results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruiyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shukun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Salma Pathan-Chhatbar
- Signalling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Clinics and University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maorong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bin Wu
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, ZhangJiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Signalling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Clinics and University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Shuqing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Bo OuYang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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44
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Siokis A, Robert PA, Demetriou P, Kvalvaag A, Valvo S, Mayya V, Dustin ML, Meyer-Hermann M. Characterization of mechanisms positioning costimulatory complexes in immune synapses. iScience 2021; 24:103100. [PMID: 34622155 PMCID: PMC8479700 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Small immunoglobulin superfamily (sIGSF) adhesion complexes form a corolla of microdomains around an integrin ring and secretory core during immunological synapse (IS) formation. The corolla recruits and retains major costimulatory/checkpoint complexes, such as CD28, making forces that govern corolla formation of particular interest. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying molecular reorganization of CD2, an adhesion and costimulatory molecule of the sIGSF family during IS formation. Computer simulations showed passive distal exclusion of CD2 complexes under weak interactions with the ramified F-actin transport network. Attractive forces between CD2 and CD28 complexes relocate CD28 from the IS center to the corolla. Size-based sorting interactions with large glycocalyx components, such as CD45, or short-range CD2 self-attraction successfully explain the corolla 'petals.' This establishes a general simulation framework for complex pattern formation observed in cell-bilayer and cell-cell interfaces, and the suggestion of new therapeutic targets, where boosting or impairing characteristic pattern formation can be pivotal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Siokis
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Philippe A. Robert
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Philippos Demetriou
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Audun Kvalvaag
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Salvatore Valvo
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Viveka Mayya
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
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45
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Urbančič I, Schiffelers L, Jenkins E, Gong W, Santos AM, Schneider F, O'Brien-Ball C, Vuong MT, Ashman N, Sezgin E, Eggeling C. Aggregation and mobility of membrane proteins interplay with local lipid order in the plasma membrane of T cells. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:2127-2146. [PMID: 34160065 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To disentangle the elusive lipid-protein interactions in T-cell activation, we investigate how externally imposed variations in mobility of key membrane proteins (T-cell receptor [TCR], kinase Lck, and phosphatase CD45) affect the local lipid order and protein colocalisation. Using spectral imaging with polarity-sensitive membrane probes in model membranes and live Jurkat T cells, we find that partial immobilisation of proteins (including TCR) by aggregation or ligand binding changes their preference towards a more ordered lipid environment, which can recruit Lck. Our data suggest that the cellular membrane is poised to modulate the frequency of protein encounters upon alterations of their mobility, for example in ligand binding, which offers new mechanistic insight into the involvement of lipid-mediated interactions in membrane-hosted signalling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iztok Urbančič
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lisa Schiffelers
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Edward Jenkins
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Weijian Gong
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Falk Schneider
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - Mai Tuyet Vuong
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Nicole Ashman
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Erdinc Sezgin
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
- Institute of Applied Optics and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Jena, Germany
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46
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Gillespie A, Gervasi MG, Sathiyaseelan T, Connelley T, Telfer JC, Baldwin CL. Gamma Delta TCR and the WC1 Co-Receptor Interactions in Response to Leptospira Using Imaging Flow Cytometry and STORM. Front Immunol 2021; 12:712123. [PMID: 34394114 PMCID: PMC8356672 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.712123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The WC1 cell surface family of molecules function as hybrid gamma delta (γδ) TCR co-receptors, augmenting cellular responses when cross-linked with the TCR, and as pattern recognition receptors, binding pathogens. It is known that following activation, key tyrosines are phosphorylated in the intracytoplasmic domains of WC1 molecules and that the cells fail to respond when WC1 is knocked down or, as shown here, when physically separated from the TCR. Based on these results we hypothesized that the colocalization of WC1 and TCR will occur following cellular activation thereby allowing signaling to ensue. We evaluated the spatio-temporal dynamics of their interaction using imaging flow cytometry and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy. We found that in quiescent γδ T cells both WC1 and TCR existed in separate and spatially stable protein domains (protein islands) but after activation using Leptospira, our model system, that they concatenated. The association between WC1 and TCR was close enough for fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Prior to concatenating with the WC1 co-receptor, γδ T cells had clustering of TCR-CD3 complexes and exclusion of CD45. γδ T cells may individually express more than one variant of the WC1 family of molecules and we found that individual WC1 variants are clustered in separate protein islands in quiescent cells. However, the islands containing different variants merged following cell activation and before merging with the TCR islands. While WC1 was previously shown to bind Leptospira in solution, here we showed that Leptospira bound WC1 proteins on the surface of γδ T cells and that this could be blocked by anti-WC1 antibodies. In conclusion, γδ TCR, WC1 and Leptospira interact directly on the γδ T cell surface, further supporting the role of WC1 in γδ T cell pathogen recognition and cellular activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Gillespie
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Maria Gracia Gervasi
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Janice C Telfer
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States.,Program in Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States.,Program in Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
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47
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ACT Up TIL Now: The Evolution of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Adoptive Cell Therapy for the Treatment of Solid Tumors. IMMUNO 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno1030012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decades of cancer immunotherapy research have provided profound evidence that the immune system is capable of inducing durable tumor regression. Although many commercialized anti-cancer immunotherapies are available to patients, these treatment options only scrape the surface of the potential immune-related treatment possibilities for cancer. Additionally, many individuals are ineligible for established immunotherapies due to their cancer type. The adoptive cell transfer of autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes has been used in humans for over 30 years to treat metastatic melanoma, and continued modifications are making it increasingly more effective against other types of cancer. This comprehensive review outlines this therapy from its infancy through to the present day, bringing to light modifications and optimizations to the traditional workflow, as well as highlighting the influence of new methods and technologies.
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48
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Lanz AL, Masi G, Porciello N, Cohnen A, Cipria D, Prakaash D, Bálint Š, Raggiaschi R, Galgano D, Cole DK, Lepore M, Dushek O, Dustin ML, Sansom MSP, Kalli AC, Acuto O. Allosteric activation of T cell antigen receptor signaling by quaternary structure relaxation. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109375. [PMID: 34260912 PMCID: PMC8293630 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of T cell antigen receptor (TCR-CD3) signaling remains elusive. Here, we identify mutations in the transmembrane region of TCRβ or CD3ζ that augment peptide T cell antigen receptor (pMHC)-induced signaling not explicable by enhanced ligand binding, lateral diffusion, clustering, or co-receptor function. Using a biochemical assay and molecular dynamics simulation, we demonstrate that the gain-of-function mutations loosen the interaction between TCRαβ and CD3ζ. Similar to the activating mutations, pMHC binding reduces TCRαβ cohesion with CD3ζ. This event occurs prior to CD3ζ phosphorylation and at 0°C. Moreover, we demonstrate that soluble monovalent pMHC alone induces signaling and reduces TCRαβ cohesion with CD3ζ in membrane-bound or solubilised TCR-CD3. Our data provide compelling evidence that pMHC binding suffices to activate allosteric changes propagating from TCRαβ to the CD3 subunits, reconfiguring interchain transmembrane region interactions. These dynamic modifications could change the arrangement of TCR-CD3 boundary lipids to license CD3ζ phosphorylation and initiate signal propagation. Mutations in TCRβ and CD3ζ TMRs that reduce their interaction augment signaling pMHC and anti-CD3 binding to TCR-CD3 induce similar quaternary structure relaxation Soluble monovalent pMHC alone signals and reduces TCRαβ cohesion with CD3ζ Allosteric changes in TCR-CD3 dynamics instigate T cell activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lisa Lanz
- T-cell signalling laboratory, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Giulia Masi
- T-cell signalling laboratory, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Nicla Porciello
- T-cell signalling laboratory, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - André Cohnen
- T-cell signalling laboratory, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Deborah Cipria
- T-cell signalling laboratory, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Dheeraj Prakaash
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Štefan Bálint
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Roberto Raggiaschi
- T-cell signalling laboratory, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Donatella Galgano
- T-cell signalling laboratory, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - David K Cole
- Division Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Immunocore Ltd., Abingdon OX14 4RY, UK
| | | | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Mark S P Sansom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Antreas C Kalli
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Oreste Acuto
- T-cell signalling laboratory, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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Ngoenkam J, Paensuwan P, Wipa P, Schamel WWA, Pongcharoen S. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein: Roles in Signal Transduction in T Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:674572. [PMID: 34169073 PMCID: PMC8217661 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.674572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction regulates the proper function of T cells in an immune response. Upon binding to its specific ligand associated with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on an antigen presenting cell, the T cell receptor (TCR) initiates intracellular signaling that leads to extensive actin polymerization. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) is one of the actin nucleation factors that is recruited to TCR microclusters, where it is activated and regulates actin network formation. Here we highlight the research that has focused on WASp-deficient T cells from both human and mice in TCR-mediated signal transduction. We discuss the role of WASp in proximal TCR signaling as well as in the Ras/Rac-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), PKC (protein kinase C) and Ca2+-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatuporn Ngoenkam
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Pussadee Paensuwan
- Department of Optometry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Piyamaporn Wipa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Wolfgang W. A. Schamel
- Signalling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Freiburg University Clinics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sutatip Pongcharoen
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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50
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Cross-TCR Antagonism Revealed by Optogenetically Tuning the Half-Life of the TCR Ligand Binding. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094920. [PMID: 34066527 PMCID: PMC8124730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of T cells by agonistic peptide-MHC can be inhibited by antagonistic ones. However, the exact mechanism remains elusive. We used Jurkat cells expressing two different TCRs and tested whether stimulation of the endogenous TCR by agonistic anti-Vβ8 antibodies can be modulated by ligand-binding to the second, optogenetic TCR. The latter TCR uses phytochrome B tetramers (PhyBt) as ligand, the binding half-life of which can be altered by light. We show that this half-life determined whether the PhyBt acted as a second agonist (long half-life), an antagonist (short half-life) or did not have any influence (very short half-life) on calcium influx. A mathematical model of this cross-antagonism shows that a mechanism based on an inhibitory signal generated by early recruitment of a phosphatase and an activating signal by later recruitment of a kinase explains the data.
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