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Pacheco GA, Rao V, Yoo DK, Saghaei S, Tong P, Kumar S, Marini-Rapoport O, Allahyari Z, Moghaddam AS, Esbati R, Alirezaee A, Parnes A, Patil SU, Wesemann DR. Origins and diversity of pan-isotype human bone marrow plasma cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.08.592267. [PMID: 38766053 PMCID: PMC11100731 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.08.592267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Bone marrow plasma cells (BMPCs) produce durable, protective IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies, and in some cases, pro-allergic IgE antibodies, but their properties and sources are unclear. We charted single BMPC transcriptional and clonal heterogeneity in food-allergic and non-allergic individuals across CD19 protein expression given its inverse correlation to BMPC longevity. Transcriptional and clonal diversity revealed distinct functional profiles. Additionally, distribution of somatic hypermutation and intraclonal antibody sequence variance suggest that CD19low and CD19high BMPCs arise from recalled memory and germinal center B cells, respectively. Most IgE BMPCs were from peanut-allergic individuals; two out of 32 from independent donors bound peanut antigens in vitro and in vivo. These findings shed light on BMPC origins and highlight the bone marrow as a source of pathogenic IgE in peanut allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspar A. Pacheco
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02124, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vishal Rao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02124, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Duck Kyun Yoo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02124, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shahab Saghaei
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02124, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pei Tong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02124, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02124, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Orlee Marini-Rapoport
- Food Allergy Center and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zahra Allahyari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02124, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ali S. Moghaddam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02124, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Romina Esbati
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02124, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aida Alirezaee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02124, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aric Parnes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarita U. Patil
- Food Allergy Center and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Duane R. Wesemann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02124, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness; Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Tangye SG, Mackie J, Pathmanandavel K, Ma CS. The trajectory of human B-cell function, immune deficiency, and allergy revealed by inborn errors of immunity. Immunol Rev 2024; 322:212-232. [PMID: 37983844 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The essential role of B cells is to produce protective immunoglobulins (Ig) that recognize, neutralize, and clear invading pathogens. This results from the integration of signals provided by pathogens or vaccines and the stimulatory microenvironment within sites of immune activation, such as secondary lymphoid tissues, that drive mature B cells to differentiate into memory B cells and antibody (Ab)-secreting plasma cells. In this context, B cells undergo several molecular events including Ig class switching and somatic hypermutation that results in the production of high-affinity Ag-specific Abs of different classes, enabling effective pathogen neutralization and long-lived humoral immunity. However, perturbations to these key signaling pathways underpin immune dyscrasias including immune deficiency and autoimmunity or allergy. Inborn errors of immunity that disrupt critical immune pathways have identified non-redundant requirements for eliciting and maintaining humoral immune memory but concomitantly prevent immune dysregulation. Here, we will discuss our studies on human B cells, and how our investigation of cytokine signaling in B cells have identified fundamental requirements for memory B-cell formation, Ab production as well as regulating Ig class switching in the context of protective versus allergic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joseph Mackie
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karrnan Pathmanandavel
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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3
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Ota M, Hoehn KB, Fernandes-Braga W, Ota T, Aranda CJ, Friedman S, Miranda-Waldetario MG, Redes J, Suprun M, Grishina G, Sampson HA, Malbari A, Kleinstein SH, Sicherer SH, de Lafaille MAC. CD23 +IgG1 + memory B cells are poised to switch to pathogenic IgE production in food allergy. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadi0673. [PMID: 38324641 PMCID: PMC11008013 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adi0673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Food allergy is caused by allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies, but little is known about the B cell memory of persistent IgE responses. Here, we describe, in human pediatric peanut allergy, a population of CD23+IgG1+ memory B cells arising in type 2 immune responses that contain high-affinity peanut-specific clones and generate IgE-producing cells upon activation. The frequency of CD23+IgG1+ memory B cells correlated with circulating concentrations of IgE in children with peanut allergy. A corresponding population of "type 2-marked" IgG1+ memory B cells was identified in single-cell RNA sequencing experiments. These cells differentially expressed interleukin-4 (IL-4)- and IL-13-regulated genes, such as FCER2/CD23+, IL4R, and germline IGHE, and carried highly mutated B cell receptors (BCRs). In children with high concentrations of serum peanut-specific IgE, high-affinity B cells that bind the main peanut allergen Ara h 2 mapped to the population of "type 2-marked" IgG1+ memory B cells and included clones with convergent BCRs across different individuals. Our findings indicate that CD23+IgG1+ memory B cells transcribing germline IGHE are a unique memory population containing precursors of high-affinity pathogenic IgE-producing cells that are likely to be involved in the long-term persistence of peanut allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyo Ota
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS); New York, NY 10029, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute (PrIISM), and Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, ISMMS; New York, NY. 10029, USA
| | - Kenneth B. Hoehn
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Weslley Fernandes-Braga
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS); New York, NY 10029, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute (PrIISM), and Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, ISMMS; New York, NY. 10029, USA
| | - Takayuki Ota
- Department of Dermatology, Janssen Research & Development LLC; San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Carlos J. Aranda
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS); New York, NY 10029, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute (PrIISM), and Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, ISMMS; New York, NY. 10029, USA
| | - Sara Friedman
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS); New York, NY 10029, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute (PrIISM), and Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, ISMMS; New York, NY. 10029, USA
| | - Mariana G.C. Miranda-Waldetario
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS); New York, NY 10029, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute (PrIISM), and Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, ISMMS; New York, NY. 10029, USA
| | - Jamie Redes
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS); New York, NY 10029, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute (PrIISM), and Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, ISMMS; New York, NY. 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, ISMMS; New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Maria Suprun
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS); New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Galina Grishina
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS); New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hugh A. Sampson
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS); New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alefiyah Malbari
- Kravis Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, ISMMS; New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Steven H. Kleinstein
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Program in Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Yale University; New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Scott H. Sicherer
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS); New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Maria A. Curotto de Lafaille
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS); New York, NY 10029, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute (PrIISM), and Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, ISMMS; New York, NY. 10029, USA
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Limnander A, Kaur N, Asrat S, Tasker C, Boyapati A, Ben LH, Janczy J, Pedraza P, Abreu P, Chen WC, Godin S, Daniel BJ, Chin H, DeVeaux M, Rodriguez Lorenc K, Sirulnik A, Harari O, Stahl N, Sleeman MA, Murphy AJ, Yancopoulos GD, Orengo JM. A therapeutic strategy to target distinct sources of IgE and durably reverse allergy. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf9561. [PMID: 38091405 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf9561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a key driver of type 1 hypersensitivity reactions and allergic disorders, which are globally increasing in number and severity. Although eliminating pathogenic IgE may be a powerful way to treat allergy, no therapeutic strategy reported to date can fully ablate IgE production. Interleukin-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα) signaling is required for IgE class switching, and IL-4Rα blockade gradually reduces, but does not eliminate, IgE. The persistence of IgE after IL-4Rα blockade may be due to long-lived IgE+ plasma cells that maintain serological memory to allergens and thus may be susceptible to plasma cell-targeted therapeutics. We demonstrate that transient administration of a B cell maturation antigen x CD3 (BCMAxCD3) bispecific antibody markedly depletes IgE, as well as other immunoglobulins, by ablating long-lived plasma cells, although IgE and other immunoglobulins rapidly rebound after treatment. Concomitant IL-4Rα blockade specifically and durably prevents the reemergence of IgE by blocking IgE class switching while allowing the restoration of other immunoglobulins. Moreover, this combination treatment prevented anaphylaxis in mice. Together with additional cynomolgus monkey and human data, our studies demonstrate that allergic memory is primarily maintained by both non-IgE+ memory B cells that require class switching and long-lived IgE+ plasma cells. Our combination approach to durably eliminate pathogenic IgE has potential to benefit allergy in humans while preserving antibody-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, 10591, USA
| | | | - Carley Tasker
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, 10591, USA
| | - Anita Boyapati
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, 10591, USA
| | - Li-Hong Ben
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, 10591, USA
| | - John Janczy
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, 10591, USA
| | | | - Pablo Abreu
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, 10591, USA
| | - Wen-Chi Chen
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, 10591, USA
| | - Stephen Godin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, 10591, USA
| | | | - Harvey Chin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, 10591, USA
| | | | | | | | - Olivier Harari
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, 10591, USA
| | - Neil Stahl
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, 10591, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jamie M Orengo
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, 10591, USA
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Ding Z, Mulder J, Robinson MJ. The origins and longevity of IgE responses as indicated by serological and cellular studies in mice and humans. Allergy 2023; 78:3103-3117. [PMID: 37417548 PMCID: PMC10952832 DOI: 10.1111/all.15799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The existence of long-lived IgE antibody-secreting cells (ASC) is contentious, with the maintenance of sensitization by the continuous differentiation of short-lived IgE+ ASC a possibility. Here, we review the epidemiological profile of IgE production, and give an overview of recent discoveries made on the mechanisms regulating IgE production from mouse models. Together, these data suggest that for most individuals, in most IgE-associated diseases, IgE+ ASC are largely short-lived cells. A subpopulation of IgE+ ASC in humans is likely to survive for tens of months, although due to autonomous IgE B cell receptor (BCR) signaling and antigen-driven IgE+ ASC apoptosis, in general IgE+ ASC probably do not persist for the decades that other ASC are inferred to do. We also report on recently identified memory B cell transcriptional subtypes that are the likely source of IgE in ongoing responses, highlighting the probable importance of IL-4Rα in their regulation. We suggest the field should look at dupilumab and other drugs that prohibit IgE+ ASC production as being effective treatments for IgE-mediated aspects of disease in most individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoujie Ding
- Department of ImmunologyMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jesse Mulder
- Department of ImmunologyMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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Wang Y, Chen X, Zhou L, Chinn E, Yue J. The mechanism underlying the inverse proportion between serum IgE concentration and Stat3 transcriptional activity depends on Stat3 mutation type. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:111031. [PMID: 37827058 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities in the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway can sometimes result in extremely high levels of IgE concentration in serum, however, the regulatory role of STAT3 in IgE production is elusive. We used several genetically modified mice with distinctive germline Stat3 transcriptional activity to assess the influence of Stat3 on the biochemical characteristics of IgE and found that the IgE concentration in serum is inversely proportional to Stat3 transcriptional activity. Intriguingly, the serum IgE concentration is directly proportional to IgE-producing B cells in Stat3-GOF mice but inversely proportional in mice carrying Stat3 mutations with reduced transcriptional activity. For reduced Stat3 transcriptional activity induced high levels of IgE in the mice, IL-4/Stat6 signaling is indispensable for IgE production, but it was observed that an increased IgE concentration was accompanied by reduced IL-4/Stat6 signaling and lessened IgE-producing B cells, which implies that an increase in IgE concentration may result from an extended half-life of IgE but not an increasing number of IgE-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiangjie Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangnan University Medical Center (Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital), Wuxi, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Eugene Chinn
- Peninsula Cancer Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Jicheng Yue
- Peninsula Cancer Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.
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Figueiredo Galvao HB, Dinh QN, Thomas JM, Wassef F, Diep H, Bobik A, Sobey CG, Drummond GR, Vinh A. Proteasome inhibition reduces plasma cell and antibody secretion, but not angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1184982. [PMID: 37332591 PMCID: PMC10272792 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1184982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Depletion of mature B cells affords protection against experimental hypertension. However, whether B cell-mediated hypertension is dependent on differentiation into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) remains unclear. Using the proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, the present study tested the effect of ASC reduction on angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Methods Male C57BL6/J mice were infused with angiotensin II (0.7 mg/kg/day; s.c.) for 28 days via osmotic minipump to induce hypertension. Normotensive control mice received saline infusion. Bortezomib (750 μg/kg) or vehicle (0.1% DMSO) was administered (i.v.) 3 days prior to minipump implantation, and twice weekly thereafter. Systolic blood pressure was measured weekly using tail-cuff plethysmography. Spleen and bone marrow B1 (CD19+B220-), B2 (B220+CD19+) and ASCs (CD138hiSca-1+Blimp-1+) were enumerated by flow cytometry. Serum immunoglobulins were quantified using a bead-based immunoassay. Results Bortezomib treatment reduced splenic ASCs by ∼68% and ∼64% compared to vehicle treatment in normotensive (2.00 ± 0.30 vs. 0.64 ± 0.15 × 105 cells; n = 10-11) and hypertensive mice (0.52 ± 0.11 vs. 0.14 ± 0.02 × 105 cells; n = 9-11), respectively. Bone marrow ASCs were also reduced by bortezomib in both normotensive (4.75 ± 1.53 vs. 1.71 ± 0.41 × 103 cells; n = 9-11) and hypertensive mice (4.12 ± 0.82 vs. 0.89 ± 0.18 × 103 cells; n = 9-11). Consistent with ASC reductions, bortezomib reduced serum IgM and IgG2a in all mice. Despite these reductions in ASCs and antibody levels, bortezomib did not affect angiotensin II-induced hypertension over 28 days (vehicle: 182 ± 4 mmHg vs. bortezomib: 177 ± 7 mmHg; n = 9-11). Conclusion Reductions in ASCs and circulating IgG2a and IgM did not ameliorate experimental hypertension, suggesting other immunoglobulin isotypes or B cell effector functions may promote angiotensin II-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hericka Bruna Figueiredo Galvao
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Quynh Nhu Dinh
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jordyn M. Thomas
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Flavia Wassef
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Henry Diep
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alex Bobik
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Prahran, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher G. Sobey
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Prahran, Australia
| | - Grant R. Drummond
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Prahran, Australia
| | - Antony Vinh
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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8
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Wade-Vallance AK, Yang Z, Libang JB, Robinson MJ, Tarlinton DM, Allen CD. B cell receptor ligation induces IgE plasma cell elimination. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20220964. [PMID: 36880536 PMCID: PMC9997509 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The proper regulation of IgE production safeguards against allergic disease, highlighting the importance of mechanisms that restrict IgE plasma cell (PC) survival. IgE PCs have unusually high surface B cell receptor (BCR) expression, yet the functional consequences of ligating this receptor are unknown. Here, we found that BCR ligation induced BCR signaling in IgE PCs followed by their elimination. In cell culture, exposure of IgE PCs to cognate antigen or anti-BCR antibodies induced apoptosis. IgE PC depletion correlated with the affinity, avidity, amount, and duration of antigen exposure and required the BCR signalosome components Syk, BLNK, and PLCγ2. In mice with a PC-specific impairment of BCR signaling, the abundance of IgE PCs was selectively increased. Conversely, BCR ligation by injection of cognate antigen or anti-IgE depleted IgE PCs. These findings establish a mechanism for the elimination of IgE PCs through BCR ligation. This has important implications for allergen tolerance and immunotherapy as well as anti-IgE monoclonal antibody treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam K. Wade-Vallance
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhiyong Yang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy B. Libang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcus J. Robinson
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David M. Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christopher D.C. Allen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Berin MC. Targeting type 2 immunity and the future of food allergy treatment. J Exp Med 2023; 220:213917. [PMID: 36880703 PMCID: PMC9997511 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IgE-mediated food allergy affects 6-8% of the population in the United States. Type 2 immune responses are central to the pathogenesis of food allergy, but type 2 CD4+ T cell responses have been found to be heterogeneous in food allergy suggesting a division of labor between Tfh13 and peTH2 cells in promotion of IgE class switching, modulation of intestinal barrier function, and regulation of mast cell expansion. Oral immunotherapy for the treatment of food allergy incompletely targets subsets of type 2 immunity in a transient manner, but new therapeutics targeting different levels of type 2 immunity are in current or planned trials for food allergy. These new treatments and the basis for their use are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cecilia Berin
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL, USA
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10
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Chen Q, Liu H, Luling N, Reinke J, Dent AL. Evidence that High-Affinity IgE Can Develop in the Germinal Center in the Absence of an IgG1-Switched Intermediate. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:905-915. [PMID: 36779803 PMCID: PMC10038918 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
High-affinity allergen-specific IgE is essential for the severe allergic anaphylaxis response. High-affinity Abs are formed by successive rounds of selection of Ag-specific B cells in the germinal center (GC); however, several studies have shown that IgE+ GC B cells are impaired in their ability to undergo selection in the GC. A pathway, known as the "indirect switching pathway" for IgE, has been described whereby Ag-specific B cells initially switch to the IgG1 isotype and undergo affinity selection in the GC, with a secondary switch to the IgE isotype after affinity selection. In previous work, using a food allergy model in mice, we investigated how high-affinity IgE develops in the GC, but we did not test the indirect switching model. In this study, we analyzed the importance of the indirect switching pathway by constructing IgG1-cre Bcl6-fl/fl mice. In these mice, once B cells switch to IgG1, they delete Bcl6 and thus cannot enter or persist in the GC. When we tested IgG1-cre Bcl6-fl/fl mice with our food allergy model, we found that, as expected, IgG1 Abs had decreased affinity, but unexpectedly, the affinity of IgE for allergen was unchanged. IgG1-cre Bcl6-fl/fl mice underwent anaphylaxis in response to allergen, consistent with the formation of high-affinity IgE. Thus, in a food allergy response, high-affinity IgE can be efficiently formed in the absence of indirect switching to IgG1, either by direct selection of IgE+ GC B cells or indirect selection of IgM+ GC B cells that later switch to IgE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Noelle Luling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Julia Reinke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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11
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Ikai M, Murakami M, Kanei T, Asahina R, Iwata M, Kamishina H, Maeda S. Phosphorylation of Janus kinase 1 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and 6 in keratinocytes of canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2023. [PMID: 36929106 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a disease associated with Type 2 helper T (Th2) immune responses in the acute phase of the disease. In humans, keratinocytes are activated by Th2 cytokines via the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway. However, the activation of keratinocytes by Th2 cytokines in cAD has not yet been demonstrated. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To evaluate keratinocyte activation based on the phosphorylation (p) of JAK1, STAT3 and STAT6. ANIMALS Seven dogs with cAD and three healthy dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to detect pJAK1, pSTAT3 and pSTAT6 in keratinocytes in normal canine skin, and the skin of atopic dogs. In the latter group samples were collected from both primary and secondary lesions, and nonaffected skin. RESULTS The percentage of pJAK1-positive keratinocytes was significantly higher in primary cAD lesions than in healthy skin (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in pSTAT3-positive keratinocytes among the groups. The percentage of pSTAT6-positive keratinocytes was significantly higher in primary and secondary lesions than in healthy skin (p < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The novel finding in this study was the activation of keratinocytes as demonstrated by the phosphorylation of JAK1/STATs in lesional and nonlesional cAD skin. These results suggest the potential of not only JAK1, but also of STAT6 as therapeutic targets for cAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Ikai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Mami Murakami
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Kanei
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ryota Asahina
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Munetaka Iwata
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kamishina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Sadatoshi Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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12
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Aranda CJ, Gonzalez-Kozlova E, Saunders SP, Fernandes-Braga W, Ota M, Narayanan S, He JS, Del Duca E, Swaroop B, Gnjatic S, Shattner G, Reibman J, Soter NA, Guttman-Yassky E, Curotto de Lafaille MA. IgG memory B cells expressing IL4R and FCER2 are associated with atopic diseases. Allergy 2023; 78:752-766. [PMID: 36445014 PMCID: PMC9991991 DOI: 10.1111/all.15601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic diseases are characterized by IgE antibody responses that are dependent on cognate CD4 T cell help and T cell-produced IL-4 and IL-13. Current models of IgE cell differentiation point to the role of IgG memory B cells as precursors of pathogenic IgE plasma cells. The goal of this work was to identify intrinsic features of memory B cells that are associated with IgE production in atopic diseases. METHODS Peripheral blood B lymphocytes were collected from individuals with physician diagnosed asthma or atopic dermatitis (AD) and from non-atopic individuals. These samples were analyzed by spectral flow cytometry, single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq), and in vitro activation assays. RESULTS We identified a novel population of IgG memory B cells characterized by the expression of IL-4/IL-13 regulated genes FCER2/CD23, IL4R, IL13RA1, and IGHE, denoting a history of differentiation during type 2 immune responses. CD23+ IL4R+ IgG+ memory B cells had increased occurrence in individuals with atopic disease. Importantly, the frequency of CD23+ IL4R+ IgG+ memory B cells correlated with levels of circulating IgE. Consistently, in vitro stimulated B cells from atopic individuals generated more IgE+ cells than B cells from non-atopic subjects. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that CD23+ IL4R+ IgG+ memory B cells transcribing IGHE are potential precursors of IgE plasma cells and are linked to pathogenic IgE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Aranda
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute (PrIISM), ISMMS, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Sean P Saunders
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, New York University School of Medicine (NYUSM), New York, New York, USA
| | - Weslley Fernandes-Braga
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute (PrIISM), ISMMS, New York, New York, USA
| | - Miyo Ota
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute (PrIISM), ISMMS, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sriram Narayanan
- Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jin-Shu He
- Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ester Del Duca
- Department of Dermatology, ISMMS, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bose Swaroop
- Department of Dermatology, ISMMS, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Precision Immunology Institute (PrIISM), ISMMS, New York, New York, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, ISMMS, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gail Shattner
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, New York University School of Medicine (NYUSM), New York, New York, USA
| | - Joan Reibman
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, New York University School of Medicine (NYUSM), New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Maria A Curotto de Lafaille
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute (PrIISM), ISMMS, New York, New York, USA
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13
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Simonin EM, Babasyan S, Tarsillo J, Wagner B. IgE+ plasmablasts predict the onset of clinical allergy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1104609. [PMID: 36817463 PMCID: PMC9932261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1104609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction IgE+ plasmablasts develop following allergen exposure and B cell activation. They secrete IgE and therefore are directly linked to maintain the mechanisms of IgE-mediated allergies. Here, we show that the presence of IgE+ plasmablasts in peripheral blood not only coincides with clinical allergy, but also predicts the upcoming development of clinical disease. Methods Using an equine model of naturally occurring allergy, we compared the timing of allergen exposure, arrival of IgE+ plasmablasts in peripheral blood, and onset of clinical disease. Results We found that IgE+ plasmablasts predict the development of clinical allergy by at least 3 weeks and can be measured directly by flow cytometry or by IgE secretion following in vitro culture. We also compared the IgE secretion by IgE+ plasmablasts with total plasma IgE concentrations and found that while IgE secretion consistently correlates with clinical allergy, total plasma IgE does not. Discussion Together, we describe IgE+ plasmablasts as a reliable and sensitive predictive biomarker of allergic disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justine Tarsillo
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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14
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Ota M, Hoehn KB, Ota T, Aranda CJ, Friedman S, Braga WF, Malbari A, Kleinstein SH, Sicherer SH, Curotto de Lafaille MA. The memory of pathogenic IgE is contained within CD23 + IgG1 + memory B cells poised to switch to IgE in food allergy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.25.525506. [PMID: 36747707 PMCID: PMC9900782 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.25.525506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Food allergy is caused by allergen-specific IgE antibodies but little is known about the B cell memory of persistent IgE responses. Here we describe in human pediatric peanut allergy CD23 + IgG1 + memory B cells arising in type 2 responses that contain peanut specific clones and generate IgE cells on activation. These 'type2-marked' IgG1 + memory B cells differentially express IL-4/IL-13 regulated genes FCER2 / CD23, IL4R , and germline IGHE and carry highly mutated B cell receptors (BCRs). Further, high affinity memory B cells specific for the main peanut allergen Ara h 2 mapped to the population of 'type2-marked' IgG1 + memory B cells and included convergent BCRs across different individuals. Our findings indicate that CD23 + IgG1 + memory B cells transcribing germline IGHE are a unique memory population containing precursors of pathogenic IgE. One-Sentence Summary We describe a unique population of IgG + memory B cells poised to switch to IgE that contains high affinity allergen-specific clones in peanut allergy.
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15
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Strobl MR, Demir H, Sánchez Acosta G, Drescher A, Kitzmüller C, Möbs C, Pfützner W, Bohle B. The role of IgG 1 and IgG 4 as dominant IgE-blocking antibodies shifts during allergen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:1371-1378.e5. [PMID: 36657603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The induction of allergen-specific IgE-blocking antibodies is a hallmark of allergen immunotherapy (AIT). The inhibitory bioactivity has largely been attributed to IgG4; however, our recent studies indicated the dominance of IgG1 early in AIT. OBJECTIVES Here, the IgE-blocking activity and avidity of allergen-specific IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies were monitored throughout 3 years of treatment. METHODS Serum samples from 24 patients were collected before and regularly during AIT with birch pollen. Bet v 1-specific IgG1 and IgG4 levels were determined by ELISA and ImmunoCAP, respectively. Unmodified and IgG1- or IgG4-depleted samples were compared for their inhibition of Bet v 1-induced basophil activation. The stability of Bet v 1-antibody complexes was compared by ELISA and by surface plasmon resonance. RESULTS Bet v 1-specific IgG1 and IgG4 levels peaked at 12 and 24 months of AIT, respectively. Serological IgE-blocking peaked at 6 months and remained high thereafter. In the first year of therapy, depletion of IgG1 clearly diminished the inhibition of basophil activation while the absence of IgG4 hardly reduced IgE-blocking. Then, IgG4 became the main inhibitory isotype in most individuals. Both isotypes displayed high avidity to Bet v 1 ab initio of AIT, which did not increase during treatment. Bet v 1-IgG1 complexes were enduringly more stable than Bet v 1-IgG4 complexes were. CONCLUSIONS In spite of the constant avidity of AIT-induced allergen-specific IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies, their dominance in IgE-blocking shifted in the course of treatment. The blocking activity of allergen-specific IgG1 should not be underestimated, particularly early in AIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Strobl
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hilal Demir
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriela Sánchez Acosta
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Drescher
- Cytiva Europe GmbH, Freiburg, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Freiburg and Marburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Kitzmüller
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Möbs
- Clinical and Experimental Allergology, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Pfützner
- Clinical and Experimental Allergology, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Bohle
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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16
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ALLERGY IS AN IMMUNE DISORDER RELATED TO A LACK OF REGULATION: THE GLUING ROLE OF IL-2. Immunol Lett 2022; 251-252:103-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Chen Q, Xie M, Liu H, Dent AL. Development of allergen-specific IgE in a food-allergy model requires precisely timed B cell stimulation and is inhibited by Fgl2. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110990. [PMID: 35767958 PMCID: PMC9271337 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) responses are a central feature of allergic disease. Using a well-established food-allergy model in mice, we show that two sensitizations with cognate B cell antigen (Ag) and adjuvant 7 days apart promotes optimal development of IgE+ germinal center (GC) B cells and high-affinity IgE production. Intervals of 3 or 14 days between Ag sensitizations lead to loss of IgE+ GC B cells and an undetectable IgE response. The immunosuppressive factors Fgl2 and CD39 are down-regulated in T follicular helper (TFH) cells under optimal IgE-sensitization conditions. Deletion of Fgl2 in TFH and T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells, but not from TFR cells alone, increase Ag-specific IgE levels and IgE-mediated anaphylactic responses. Overall, we find that Ag-specific IgE responses require precisely timed stimulation of IgE+ GC B cells by Ag. Furthermore, we show that Fgl2 is expressed by TFH cells and represses IgE. This work has implications for the development and treatment of food allergies. Using a mouse food-allergy model, Chen et al. find that allergen-specific IgE responses require precisely timed stimulation of IgE+ germinal center B cells. The authors further show that Fgl2 expressed by T follicular helper cells represses IgE. This work has implications for the development and treatment of food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Markus Xie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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18
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Homeostatic serum IgE is secreted by plasma cells in the thymus and enhances mast cell survival. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1418. [PMID: 35301301 PMCID: PMC8930980 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased serum levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a risk factor for various diseases, including allergy and anaphylaxis. However, the source and ontogeny of B cells producing IgE under steady state conditions are not well defined. Here, we show plasma cells that develop in the thymus and potently secrete IgE and other immunoglobulins, including IgM, IgA, and IgG. The development of these IgE-secreting plasma cells are induced by IL-4 produced by invariant Natural Killer T cells, independent of CD1d-mediated interaction. Single-cell transcriptomics suggest the developmental landscape of thymic B cells, and the thymus supports development of transitional, mature, and memory B cells in addition to plasma cells. Furthermore, thymic plasma cells produce polyclonal antibodies without somatic hypermutation, indicating they develop via the extra-follicular pathway. Physiologically, thymic-derived IgEs increase the number of mast cells in the gut and skin, which correlates with the severity of anaphylaxis. Collectively, we define the ontogeny of thymic plasma cells and show that steady state thymus-derived IgEs regulate mast cell homeostasis, opening up new avenues for studying the genetic causes of allergic disorders. Elevated levels of IgE is associated with a range of allergic pathology but the source of such IgE producing B cells during the steady state is poorly understood. Here, Kwon et al. show that homeostatic IgE is secreted by plasma cells in the thymus and link this to mast cell survival.
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19
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Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are microanatomical sites of B cell clonal expansion and antibody affinity maturation. Therein, B cells undergo the Darwinian process of somatic diversification and affinity-driven selection of immunoglobulins that produces the high-affinity antibodies essential for effective humoral immunity. Here, we review recent developments in the field of GC biology, primarily as it pertains to GCs induced by infection or immunization. First, we summarize the phenotype and function of the different cell types that compose the GC, focusing on GC B cells. Then, we review the cellular and molecular bases of affinity-dependent selection within the GC and the export of memory and plasma cells. Finally, we present an overview of the emerging field of GC clonal dynamics, focusing on how GC and post-GC selection shapes the diversity of antibodies secreted into serum. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA;
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA;
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20
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Allen CDC. Features of B Cell Responses Relevant to Allergic Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 208:257-266. [PMID: 35017215 PMCID: PMC10054180 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This Brief Review delves into B cell responses in the context of allergy. The primary contribution of B cells to allergy is the production of IgE, the Ab isotype that triggers immediate hypersensitivity reactions through the release of mediators from mast cells and basophils. B cells may also have protective roles in allergy, such as through the production of IgG or as regulatory B cells. In this review, I focus on the basic principles of B cell differentiation and discuss features relevant to allergic immune responses. In particular, I discuss: (1) class-switch recombination; (2) plasma cell differentiation; (3) germinal centers and affinity maturation; and (4) memory B cells and recall responses, with an emphasis on IgE, IgG1, and IgG4. I also consider how B cells may contribute to allergic responses independent of Ab production-for example, by serving as APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D C Allen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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21
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Zghaebi M, Byazrova M, Flicker S, Villazala-Merino S, Campion NJ, Stanek V, Tu A, Breiteneder H, Filatov A, Khaitov M, Niederberger-Leppin V, Eckl-Dorna J, Valenta R. Tracing Human IgE B Cell Antigen Receptor-Bearing Cells With a Monoclonal Anti-Human IgE Antibody That Specifically Recognizes Non-Receptor-Bound IgE. Front Immunol 2021; 12:803236. [PMID: 34987522 PMCID: PMC8721004 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.803236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to 30% of the population suffers from immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergies. Despite current stepwise gating approaches, the unambiguous identification of human IgE-producing cells by flow cytometry and immunohistology remains challenging. This is mainly due to the scarcity of these cells and the fact that IgE is not only expressed in a membrane-bound form on the surface of IgE-producing cells in form of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR), but is more frequently found on various cell types bound to the low and high affinity receptors, CD23 and FcϵRI, respectively. Here we sought to develop a sequential gating strategy for unambiguous detection of cells bearing the IgE BCR on their surface. To that aim we first tested the monoclonal anti-IgE antibody omalizumab for its ability to discriminate between IgE BCR and receptor-bound IgE using cells producing IgE or bearing IgE bound to CD23 as well as basophils exhibiting FcϵRI receptor-bound IgE. Using flow cytometry, we demonstrated that omalizumab recognized IgE producing cells with a high sensitivity of up to 1 IgE+ cell in 1000 human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). These results were confirmed by confocal microscopy both in cell suspensions as well as in nasal polyp tissue sections. Finally, we established a consecutive gating strategy allowing the clear identification of class-switched, allergen-specific IgE+ memory B cells and plasmablasts/plasma cells in human PBMCs. Birch pollen specific IgE+ memory B cells represented on average 0.734% of total CD19+ B cells in allergic patients after allergen exposure. Thus, we developed a new protocol for exclusive staining of non-receptor bound allergen-specific IgE+ B cell subsets in human samples.
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MESH Headings
- Allergens/immunology
- Anti-Allergic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigens, CD19/metabolism
- Antigens, Plant/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Betula/immunology
- Cell Separation
- Epitopes
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Class Switching
- Immunoglobulin E/metabolism
- Immunologic Memory
- Omalizumab/therapeutic use
- Pollen/immunology
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, IgE/metabolism
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/drug therapy
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Zghaebi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Byazrova
- National Research Centre (NRC) Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sabine Flicker
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Nicholas J. Campion
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victoria Stanek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aldine Tu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heimo Breiteneder
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Filatov
- National Research Centre (NRC) Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Musa Khaitov
- National Research Centre (NRC) Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia, Moscow, Russia
- Immunology Department, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Julia Eckl-Dorna
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Julia Eckl-Dorna,
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- National Research Centre (NRC) Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency (FMBA) of Russia, Moscow, Russia
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
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22
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Newman R, Tolar P. Chronic calcium signaling in IgE + B cells limits plasma cell differentiation and survival. Immunity 2021; 54:2756-2771.e10. [PMID: 34879220 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to other antibody isotypes, B cells switched to IgE respond transiently and do not give rise to long-lived plasma cells (PCs) or memory B cells. To better understand IgE-BCR-mediated control of IgE responses, we developed whole-genome CRISPR screening that enabled comparison of IgE+ and IgG1+ B cell requirements for proliferation, survival, and differentiation into PCs. IgE+ PCs exhibited dependency on the PI3K-mTOR axis that increased protein amounts of the transcription factor IRF4. In contrast, loss of components of the calcium-calcineurin-NFAT pathway promoted IgE+ PC differentiation. Mice bearing a B cell-specific deletion of calcineurin B1 exhibited increased production of IgE+ PCs. Mechanistically, sustained elevation of intracellular calcium in IgE+ PCs downstream of the IgE-BCR promoted BCL2L11-dependent apoptosis. Thus, chronic calcium signaling downstream of the IgE-BCR controls the self-limiting character of IgE responses and may be relevant to the accumulation of IgE-producing cells in allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Newman
- Immune Receptor Activation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Pavel Tolar
- Immune Receptor Activation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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23
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Corrado A, Ramonell RP, Woodruff MC, Tipton C, Wise S, Levy J, DelGaudio J, Kuruvilla ME, Magliocca KR, Tomar D, Garimalla S, Scharer CD, Boss JM, Wu H, Gumber S, Fucile C, Gibson G, Rosenberg A, Sanz I, Lee FEH. Extrafollicular IgD+ B cells generate IgE antibody secreting cells in the nasal mucosa. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:1144-1159. [PMID: 34050324 PMCID: PMC8160425 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00410-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Increased IgE is a typical feature of allergic rhinitis. Local class-switch recombination has been intimated but B cell precursors and mechanisms remain elusive. Here we describe the dynamics underlying the generation of IgE-antibody secreting cells (ASC) in human nasal polyps (NP), mucosal tissues rich in ASC without germinal centers (GC). Using VH next generation sequencing, we identified an extrafollicular (EF) mucosal IgD+ naïve-like intermediate B cell population with high connectivity to the mucosal IgE ASC. Mucosal IgD+ B cells, express germline epsilon transcripts and predominantly co-express IgM. However, a small but significant fraction co-express IgG or IgA instead which also show connectivity to ASC IgE. Phenotypically, NP IgD+ B cells display an activated profile and molecular evidence of BCR engagement. Transcriptionally, mucosal IgD+ B cells reveal an intermediate profile between naïve B cells and ASC. Single cell IgE ASC analysis demonstrates lower mutational frequencies relative to IgG, IgA, and IgD ASC consistent with IgE ASC derivation from mucosal IgD+ B cell with low mutational load. In conclusion, we describe a novel mechanism of GC-independent, extrafollicular IgE ASC formation at the nasal mucosa whereby activated IgD+ naïve B cells locally undergo direct and indirect (through IgG and IgA), IgE class switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Corrado
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard P Ramonell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew C Woodruff
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher Tipton
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sarah Wise
- Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joshua Levy
- Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John DelGaudio
- Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Merin E Kuruvilla
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kelly R Magliocca
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Deepak Tomar
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Swetha Garimalla
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chris Fucile
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Informatics Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Greg Gibson
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexander Rosenberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Informatics Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Iñaki Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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24
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Li Y, Chen Q, Ji W, Fan Y, Huang L, Chu C, Zhou W. TLR2 deficiency promotes IgE and inhibits IgG1 class-switching following ovalbumin sensitization. Ital J Pediatr 2021; 47:162. [PMID: 34315511 PMCID: PMC8314519 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-021-01088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the roles of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 in Th2 cytokine production and immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching following ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization. METHODS TLR2-/- and wild-type C57BL/6 mice were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection with OVA. Lung pathology was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Abundance of interleukin (IL)4, IL5, IL13, and IL21 transcripts in the lungs was quantified by RT-PCR. OVA-specific IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgE and IgM were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 in lung tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry staining and nuclear factor (NF) κB activation was measured by immunofluorescence staining. STAT3 activation was inhibited using cryptotanshinone (CPT) treatment. Germline transcripts (Iμ-Cμ, Iγ-Cγ, Iα-Cα or Iε-Cε), post-recombination transcripts (Iμ-Cγ, Iμ-Cα or Iμ- Cε) and mature transcripts (VHDJH-Cγ, VHDJH-Cα or VHDJH-Cε) were analyzed from splenic B cells of OVA-sensitized wild-type mice (with or without CPT treatment) and TLR2-/- mice (with or without IL21 treatment). RESULTS The lungs of TLR2-/- mice showed a lesser degree of inflammation than wild-type mice after OVA sensitization. Following OVA sensitization, levels of IL4, IL13, and IL21, but not IL5, were significantly lower in TLR2-/- compared with wild-type mice. Moreover, OVA-specific IgG1 and IgE titers were markedly lower and higher, respectively, in TLR2-/- mice. TLR2 deficiency inhibited STAT3 activation but not NF-κB p65 activation. CPT treatment reduced IgG1 titers via inhibition of Stat3 phosphorylation. Both TLR2 knockout and CPT treatment reduced the frequencies of Iγ1-Cγ1, Iγ3-Cγ3 and Iα-Cα transcripts, but IL21 treatment compensated for the effects of TLR2 deficiency. CONCLUSION These results suggest a role of TLR2 in restricting OVA-sensitized lung inflammation via promotion of IgG1 and inhibition of IgE class switching regulated by IL21 and STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Li
- Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215003 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiu Chen
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Wei Ji
- Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215003 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujie Fan
- Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215003 People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Huang
- Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215003 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chu Chu
- Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215003 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weifang Zhou
- Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215003 People’s Republic of China
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25
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Pointner LN, Ferreira F, Aglas L. B Cell Functions in the Development of Type I Allergy and Induction of Immune Tolerance. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 268:249-264. [PMID: 34196808 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
B cells are key players in the mechanisms underlying allergic sensitization, allergic reactions, and tolerance to allergens. Allergen-specific immune responses are initiated when peptide:MHCII complexes on dendritic cells are recognized by antigen-specific receptors on T cells followed by interactions between costimulatory molecules on the surfaces of B and T cells. In the presence of IL-4, such T-B cell interactions result in clonal expansion and isotype class-switching to IgE in B cells, which will further differentiate into either memory B cells or PCs. Allergic reactions are then triggered upon cross-linking of IgE-FcɛRI complexes on basophils and mast cells, leading to cell degranulation and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators.Mechanisms underlying effective allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) involve the induction of Tregs and the secretion of blocking IgG4 antibodies, which together mediate the onset and maintenance of immune tolerance towards non-hazardous environmental antigens. However, the importance of regulatory B cells (Breg) for tolerance induction during AIT has gained more attention lately. Studies in grass pollen- and house dust mite-allergic patients undergoing SCIT reported increased frequencies of IL-10+ Breg cells and a positive correlation between their number and the improvement of clinical symptoms. Thus, Breg are emerging as biomarkers for monitoring tolerance to allergens under natural exposure conditions and during AIT. Further research on the role of other anti-inflammatory cytokines secreted by Breg will help to understand their role in disease development and tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatima Ferreira
- Biosciences Department, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Lorenz Aglas
- Biosciences Department, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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26
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Wade-Vallance AK, Allen CDC. Intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of IgE B cell responses. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 72:221-229. [PMID: 34216934 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Stringent regulation of IgE antibody production is critical for constraining allergic responses. This review discusses recent advances in understanding cell-intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that regulate the genesis and fate of IgE B cells. B cell-intrinsic regulation of IgE is orchestrated by the IgE B Cell Receptor (BCR). Through its antigen-independent signaling and low surface expression, the IgE BCR drives IgE B cells to differentiate into short-lived plasma cells and/or undergo apoptosis, restricting IgE-expressing cells from entering long-lived compartments. The pivotal extrinsic regulators of IgE responses are T follicular helper cells (TFH). TFH produce IL-4 and IL-21, which, respectively, are the major activating and inhibitory cytokines for IgE class-switching. Other newly identified T follicular subsets also contribute to IgE regulation. Although IgE responses are normally constrained, recent studies suggest that specific conditions can induce the formation of IgE responses with enhanced affinity or longevity, effectively 'breaking the rules' of IgE regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam K Wade-Vallance
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Christopher D C Allen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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27
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Semaphorin3E/plexinD1 Axis in Asthma: What We Know So Far! ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1304:205-213. [PMID: 34019271 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68748-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorin3E belongs to the large family of semaphorin proteins. Semaphorin3E was initially identified as axon guidance cues in the neural system. It is universally expressed beyond the nervous system and contributes to regulating essential cell functions such as cell migration, proliferation, and adhesion. Binding of semaphorin3E to its receptor, plexinD1, triggers diverse signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases from cancer to autoimmune and allergic disorders. Here, we highlight the novel findings on the role of semaphorin3E in airway biology. In particular, we highlight our recent findings on the function and potential mechanisms by which semaphorin3E and its receptor, plexinD1, impact airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and remodeling in the context of asthma.
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28
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SoRelle JA, Chen Z, Wang J, Yue T, Choi JH, Wang K, Zhong X, Hildebrand S, Russell J, Scott L, Xu D, Zhan X, Bu CH, Wang T, Choi M, Tang M, Ludwig S, Zhan X, Li X, Moresco EMY, Beutler B. Dominant atopy risk mutations identified by mouse forward genetic analysis. Allergy 2021; 76:1095-1108. [PMID: 32810290 DOI: 10.1111/all.14564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopy, the overall tendency to become sensitized to an allergen, is heritable but seldom ascribed to mutations within specific genes. Atopic individuals develop abnormally elevated IgE responses to immunization with potential allergens. To gain insight into the genetic causes of atopy, we carried out a forward genetic screen for atopy in mice. METHODS We screened mice carrying homozygous and heterozygous N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced germline mutations for aberrant antigen-specific IgE and IgG1 production in response to immunization with the model allergen papain. Candidate genes were validated by independent gene mutation. RESULTS Of 31 candidate genes selected for investigation, the effects of mutations in 23 genes on papain-specific IgE or IgG1 were verified. Among the 20 verified genes influencing the IgE response, eight were necessary for the response, while 12 repressed IgE. Nine genes were not previously implicated in the IgE response. Fifteen genes encoded proteins contributing to IgE class switch recombination or B-cell receptor signaling. The precise roles of the five remaining genes (Flcn, Map1lc3b, Me2, Prkd2, and Scarb2) remain to be determined. Loss-of-function mutations in nine of the 12 genes limiting the IgE response were dominant or semi-dominant for the IgE phenotype but did not cause immunodeficiency in the heterozygous state. Using damaging allele frequencies for the corresponding human genes and in silico simulations (Monte Carlo) of undiscovered atopy mutations, we estimated the percentage of humans with heterozygous atopy risk mutations. CONCLUSIONS Up to 37% of individuals may be heterozygous carriers for at least one dominant atopy risk mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. SoRelle
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
- Department of Pathology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Zhe Chen
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Jianhui Wang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Tao Yue
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Jin Huk Choi
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
- Department of Immunology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Kuan‐wen Wang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Xue Zhong
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Sara Hildebrand
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Jamie Russell
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Lindsay Scott
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Darui Xu
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhan
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Chun Hui Bu
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
- Department of Population and Data Sciences Quantitative Biomedical Research Center University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Mihwa Choi
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Miao Tang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Sara Ludwig
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Xiaoming Zhan
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Eva Marie Y. Moresco
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
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29
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Haniuda K, Kitamura D. Multi-faceted regulation of IgE production and humoral memory formation. Allergol Int 2021; 70:163-168. [PMID: 33288436 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IgE antibodies play a protective role against parasites and environmental toxins by its strong effector functions. However, aberrant IgE production can contribute to the development of allergic disorders, and thus is tightly regulated. Beside its very short half-life, IgE is normally produced only transiently and its affinity maturation is limited under physiological immune responses. Although such distinct characteristics of IgE among Ig classes are well-known, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been understood until recently. Somatic or genetic defects of such mechanisms can lead to pathogenesis of allergic diseases. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms that control the production of IgE and formation of IgE-type humoral memory, focusing on the B cell immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Haniuda
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Kitamura
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
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30
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Florsheim EB, Sullivan ZA, Khoury-Hanold W, Medzhitov R. Food allergy as a biological food quality control system. Cell 2021; 184:1440-1454. [PMID: 33450204 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Food is simultaneously a source of essential nutrients and a potential source of lethal toxins and pathogens. Consequently, multiple sensory mechanisms evolved to monitor the quality of food based on the presence and relative abundance of beneficial and harmful food substances. These include the olfactory, gustatory, and gut chemosensory systems. Here we argue that, in addition to these systems, allergic immunity plays a role in food quality control by mounting allergic defenses against food antigens associated with noxious substances. Exaggeration of these defenses can result in pathological food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther B Florsheim
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Zuri A Sullivan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - William Khoury-Hanold
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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31
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Campbell E, Hesser LA, Nagler CR. B cells and the microbiota: a missing connection in food allergy. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:4-13. [PMID: 33106585 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Food allergies are a major public health concern due to their widespread and rising prevalence. The increase in food allergy is partially due to Western lifestyle habits which deplete protective commensal microbiota. These microbial perturbations can result in adverse host-microbe interactions, altering the phenotype of various immune cells and instigating allergic sensitization. Although B cells are critical to allergic pathology, microbial influences on B cells have been somewhat overlooked. Here, we focus on direct and indirect interactions between bacteria and B cells and how such interactions regulate B-cell phenotype, namely antibody production (IgA, IgE, IgG1, and IgG4) and regulatory B-cell (Breg) function. Understanding how microbes modulate B-cell activity in the context of food allergies is critical to both tracing the development of disease and assessing future treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Campbell
- Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lauren A Hesser
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cathryn R Nagler
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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32
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Yang Z, Wu CAM, Targ S, Allen CDC. IL-21 is a broad negative regulator of IgE class switch recombination in mouse and human B cells. J Exp Med 2020; 217:133860. [PMID: 32130409 PMCID: PMC7201927 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IgE antibodies may elicit potent allergic reactions, and their production is tightly controlled. The tendency to generate IgE has been thought to reflect the balance between type 1 and type 2 cytokines, with the latter promoting IgE. Here, we reevaluated this paradigm by a direct cellular analysis, demonstrating that IgE production was not limited to type 2 immune responses yet was generally constrained in vivo. IL-21 was a critical negative regulator of IgE responses, whereas IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-10 were dispensable. Follicular helper T cells were the primary source of IL-21 that inhibited IgE responses by directly engaging the IL-21 receptor on B cells and triggering STAT3-dependent signaling. We reconciled previous discordant results between mouse and human B cells and revealed that the inhibition of IgE class switch recombination by IL-21 was attenuated by CD40 signaling, whereas IgG1 class switch recombination was potentiated by IL-21 in the context of limited IL-4. These findings establish key features of the extrinsic regulation of IgE production by cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Chung-An M Wu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sasha Targ
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Christopher D C Allen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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33
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Hils M, Wölbing F, Hilger C, Fischer J, Hoffard N, Biedermann T. The History of Carbohydrates in Type I Allergy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:586924. [PMID: 33163001 PMCID: PMC7583601 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.586924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although first described decades ago, the relevance of carbohydrate specific antibodies as mediators of type I allergy had not been recognized until recently. Previously, allergen specific IgE antibodies binding to carbohydrate epitopes were considered to demonstrate a clinically irrelevant cross-reactivity. However, this changed following the discovery of type I allergies specifically mediated by oligosaccharide structures. Especially the emerging understanding of red meat allergy characterized by IgE directed to the oligosaccharide alpha-gal showed that carbohydrate-mediated reactions can result in life threatening systemic anaphylaxis which in contrast to former assumptions proves a high clinical relevance of some carbohydrate allergens. Within the scope of this review article, we illustrate the historical development of carbohydrate-allergen-research, reaching from only diagnostically relevant crossreactive-carbohydrate-determinants to clinically important antigens mediating type I allergy. Focusing on clinical and immunological features of the alpha-gal syndrome, we highlight the discovery of oligosaccharides as potentially highly immunogenic antigens and mediators of type I allergy, report what is known about the route of sensitization and the immunological mechanisms involved in sensitization and elicitation phase of allergic responses as well as currently available diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Finally, we briefly report on carbohydrates being involved in type I allergies different from alpha-gal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hils
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Wölbing
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christiane Hilger
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jörg Fischer
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nils Hoffard
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Clinical Unit Allergology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental 10 Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
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34
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Schmitt ME, Lutz J, Haase P, Bösl MR, Wienands J, Engels N, Voehringer D. The B-cell antigen receptor of IgE-switched plasma cells regulates memory IgE responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 146:642-651.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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35
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Detection of allergen-specific antibody-secreting cells in dogs by ELISPOT. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 228:110101. [PMID: 32861056 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Current laboratory tests are unable to distinguish healthy from allergic dogs. Unlike serum antibody responses, circulating antibody-secreting cells (ASC) are temporarily induced after each contact with the antigen. These ASC can be identified using ELISPOT and the observation of allergen-specific ASC might correlate with the causative allergens in dogs with an allergic dermatitis. In this study, blood was sampled from six privately-owned allergic dogs and six non-allergic laboratory beagles to determine the frequency of circulating allergen-specific ASC for common allergens. Blood IgE+, IgA + and IgG + cells were magnetically isolated to determine the number of allergen-specific ASC with ELISPOT for Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Alternaria alternata, birch, timothy grass, wheat, cow's milk, bovine, chicken and lamb meat. For IgA and IgG, allergen-specific spots were observed, however for IgE, no spots were detected for any of the allergens. ELISPOT could not differentiate allergic from non-allergic dogs. When the responses to the different allergens were compared, more IgA ASC for D. pteronyssinus were observed compared to some of the other allergens which was statistically significant for the non-allergic dogs and approached significance in the allergic dogs. These findings indicate that ELISPOT can be used to identify circulating allergen-specific IgA- and IgG-secreting cells. The technique did however not detect allergen-specific IgE ASC and was unable to distinguish allergic from non-allergic dogs. Only a small number of studies have studied allergen-specific IgA in dogs. The finding that dogs have higher numbers of D. pteronyssinus-specific IgA ASC points out that apart from IgE and IgG, it might be interesting to include IgA measurements for certain allergens to analyse the complete spectrum of both the protective and pro-allergic antibody responses.
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Chandrasekhar JL, Cox KM, Erickson LD. B Cell Responses in the Development of Mammalian Meat Allergy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1532. [PMID: 32765532 PMCID: PMC7379154 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of meat allergic patients have shown that eating meat poses a serious acute health risk that can induce severe cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and respiratory reactions. Allergic reactions in affected individuals following meat consumption are mediated predominantly by IgE antibodies specific for galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-gal), a blood group antigen of non-primate mammals and therefore present in dietary meat. α-gal is also found within certain tick species and tick bites are strongly linked to meat allergy. Thus, it is thought that exposure to tick bites promotes cutaneous sensitization to tick antigens such as α-gal, leading to the development of IgE-mediated meat allergy. The underlying immune mechanisms by which skin exposure to ticks leads to the production of α-gal-specific IgE are poorly understood and are key to identifying novel treatments for this disease. In this review, we summarize the evidence of cutaneous exposure to tick bites and the development of mammalian meat allergy. We then provide recent insights into the role of B cells in IgE production in human patients with mammalian meat allergy and in a novel mouse model of meat allergy. Finally, we discuss existing data more generally focused on tick-mediated immunomodulation, and highlight possible mechanisms for how cutaneous exposure to tick bites might affect B cell responses in the skin and gut that contribute to loss of oral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Chandrasekhar
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Kelly M Cox
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Loren D Erickson
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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37
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IgG + memory B cells: Friends or foes in allergic disease? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 146:77-79. [PMID: 32413375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Stunnenberg M, Sprokholt JK, van Hamme JL, Kaptein TM, Zijlstra-Willems EM, Gringhuis SI, Geijtenbeek TBH. Synthetic Abortive HIV-1 RNAs Induce Potent Antiviral Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:8. [PMID: 32038656 PMCID: PMC6990453 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong innate and adaptive immune responses are paramount in combating viral infections. Dendritic cells (DCs) detect viral infections via cytosolic RIG-I like receptors (RLRs) RIG-I and MDA5 leading to MAVS-induced immunity. The DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX3 senses abortive human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) transcripts and induces MAVS-dependent type I interferon (IFN) responses, suggesting that abortive HIV-1 RNA transcripts induce antiviral immunity. Little is known about the induction of antiviral immunity by DDX3-ligand abortive HIV-1 RNA. Here we synthesized a 58 nucleotide-long capped RNA (HIV-1 Cap-RNA58) that mimics abortive HIV-1 RNA transcripts. HIV-1 Cap-RNA58 induced potent type I IFN responses in monocyte-derived DCs, monocytes, macrophages and primary CD1c+ DCs. Compared with RLR agonist poly-I:C, HIV-1 Cap-RNA58 induced comparable levels of type I IFN responses, identifying HIV-1 Cap-RNA58 as a potent trigger of antiviral immunity. In monocyte-derived DCs, HIV-1 Cap-RNA58 activated the transcription factors IRF3 and NF-κB. Moreover, HIV-1 Cap-RNA58 induced DC maturation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. HIV-1 Cap-RNA58-stimulated DCs induced proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and differentiated naïve T helper (TH) cells toward a TH2 phenotype. Importantly, treatment of DCs with HIV-1 Cap-RNA58 resulted in an efficient antiviral innate immune response that reduced ongoing HIV-1 replication in DCs. Our data strongly suggest that HIV-1 Cap-RNA58 induces potent innate and adaptive immune responses, making it an interesting addition in vaccine design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Stunnenberg
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joris K Sprokholt
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - John L van Hamme
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tanja M Kaptein
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther M Zijlstra-Willems
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sonja I Gringhuis
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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39
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Gowthaman U, Chen JS, Eisenbarth SC. Regulation of IgE by T follicular helper cells. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:409-418. [PMID: 31965637 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ri1219-425r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergies to food and environmental antigens have steeply grown to epidemic proportions. IgE antibodies are key mediators of allergic disease, including life-threatening anaphylaxis. There is now compelling evidence that one of the hallmarks of anaphylaxis-inducing IgE molecules is their high affinity for allergen, and the cellular pathway to high-affinity IgE is typically through sequential switching of IgG B cells. Further, in contrast to the previously held paradigm that a subset of CD4+ T cells called Th2 cells promotes IgE responses, recent studies suggest that T follicular helper cells are crucial for inducing anaphylactic IgE. Here we discuss recent studies that have enabled us to understand the nature, induction, and regulation of this enigmatic antibody isotype in allergic sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uthaman Gowthaman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jennifer S Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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40
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Allergen-specific IgG + memory B cells are temporally linked to IgE memory responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 146:180-191. [PMID: 31883847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgE is the least abundant immunoglobulin and tightly regulated, and IgE-producing B cells are rare. The cellular origin and evolution of IgE responses are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE The cellular and clonal origin of IgE memory responses following mucosal allergen exposure by sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) were investigated. METHODS In a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, time course SLIT study, PBMCs and nasal biopsy samples were collected from 40 adults with seasonal allergic rhinitis at baseline and at 4, 8, 16, 28, and 52 weeks. RNA was extracted from PBMCs, sorted B cells, and nasal biopsy samples for heavy chain variable gene repertoire sequencing. Moreover, mAbs were derived from single B-cell transcriptomes. RESULTS Combining heavy chain variable gene repertoire sequencing and single-cell transcriptomics yielded direct evidence of a parallel boost of 2 clonally and functionally related B-cell subsets of short-lived IgE+ plasmablasts and IgG+ memory B cells. Mucosal grass pollen allergen exposure by SLIT resulted in highly diverse IgE and IgGE repertoires. These were extensively mutated and appeared relatively stable as per heavy chain isotype, somatic hypermutations, and clonal composition. Single IgGE+ memory B-cell and IgE+ preplasmablast transcriptomes encoded antibodies that were specific for major grass pollen allergens and able to elicit basophil activation at very low allergen concentrations. CONCLUSION For the first time, we have shown that on mucosal allergen exposure, human IgE memory resides in allergen-specific IgG+ memory B cells. These cells rapidly switch isotype, expand into short-lived IgE+ plasmablasts, and serve as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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41
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Veen W, Krätz CE, McKenzie CI, Aui PM, Neumann J, Noesel CJM, Wirz OF, Hagl B, Kröner C, Spielberger BD, Akdis CA, Zelm MC, Akdis M, Renner ED. Impaired memory B-cell development and antibody maturation with a skewing toward IgE in patients with STAT3 hyper-IgE syndrome. Allergy 2019; 74:2394-2405. [PMID: 31269238 DOI: 10.1111/all.13969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 hyper-IgE syndrome (STAT3-HIES) is caused by heterozygous mutations in the STAT3 gene and is associated with eczema, elevated serum IgE, and recurrent infections resembling severe atopic dermatitis, while clinically relevant specific IgE is almost absent. METHODS To investigate the impact of STAT3 signaling on B-cell responses, we assessed lymph node and bone marrow, blood B and plasma cell subsets, somatic hypermutations in Ig genes, and in vitro proliferation and antibody production in STAT3-HIES patients and healthy controls. RESULTS Lymph nodes of STAT3-HIES patients showed normal germinal center architecture and CD138+ plasma cells residing in the paracortex, which expressed IgE, IgG, and IgM but not IgA. IgE+ plasma cells were abundantly present in STAT3-HIES bone marrow. Proliferation of naive B cells upon stimulation with CD40L and IL-4 was similar in patients and controls, while patient cells showed reduced responses to IL-21. IgE, IgG1, IgG3 and IgA1 transcripts showed reduced somatic hypermutations. Peripheral blood IgE+ memory B-cell frequencies were increased in STAT3-HIES, while other memory B-cell frequencies except for IgG4+ cells were decreased. CONCLUSIONS Despite impaired STAT3 signaling, STAT3-HIES patients can mount in vivo T-cell-dependent B-cell responses, while circulating memory B cells, except for those expressing IgG4 and IgE, were reduced. Reduced molecular maturation demonstrated the critical need of STAT3 signaling for optimal affinity maturation and B-cell differentiation, supporting the need for immunoglobulin substitution therapy and explaining the high IgE serum level in the majority with absent allergic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE) Davos Switzerland
| | - Carolin E. Krätz
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE) Davos Switzerland
- University Children's Hospital at Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Germany
| | - Craig I. McKenzie
- Department of Immunology and Pathology Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- The Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies in Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Pei M. Aui
- Department of Immunology and Pathology Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- The Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies in Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Jens Neumann
- Pathology Department Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Germany
| | - Carel J. M. Noesel
- Department of Pathology Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Oliver F. Wirz
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
| | - Beate Hagl
- University Children's Hospital at Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Germany
- Environmental Medicine, UNIKA‐T Augsburg Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München Germany
| | - Carolin Kröner
- University Children's Hospital at Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Germany
| | - Benedikt D. Spielberger
- University Children's Hospital at Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Germany
- Environmental Medicine, UNIKA‐T Augsburg Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München Germany
| | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE) Davos Switzerland
| | - Menno C. Zelm
- Department of Immunology and Pathology Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- The Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies in Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine Alfred Hospital Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
| | - Ellen D. Renner
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE) Davos Switzerland
- Environmental Medicine, UNIKA‐T Augsburg Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München Germany
- Hochgebirgsklinik Davos Davos Switzerland
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42
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Abstract
IgE are absolutely required for initiation of allergy reactions, which affect over 20% of the world's population. IgE are the least prevalent immunoglobulins in circulation with 12-h and 2-day half-lives in mouse and human serum, respectively, but an extended tissue half-life of 3-weeks bound to the surface of mast cells by the high affinity IgE receptor, FcεRI (Gould and Sutton 2008). Although the importance of glycosylation to IgG biology is well established, less is known regarding the contribution of IgE glycosylation to allergic inflammation. IgE has seven and nine N-linked glycosylation sites distributed across human and murine constant chains, respectively. Here we discuss studies that have analyzed IgE glycosylation and its function, and how IgE glycosylation contributions to health and disease.
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43
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Tracing IgE-Producing Cells in Allergic Patients. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090994. [PMID: 31466324 PMCID: PMC6769703 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is the key immunoglobulin in the pathogenesis of IgE associated allergic diseases affecting 30% of the world population. Recent data suggest that allergen-specific IgE levels in serum of allergic patients are sustained by two different mechanisms: inducible IgE production through allergen exposure, and continuous IgE production occurring even in the absence of allergen stimulus that maintains IgE levels. This assumption is supported by two observations. First, allergen exposure induces transient increases of systemic IgE production. Second, reduction in IgE levels upon depletion of IgE from the blood of allergic patients using immunoapheresis is only temporary and IgE levels quickly return to pre-treatment levels even in the absence of allergen exposure. Though IgE production has been observed in the peripheral blood and locally in various human tissues (e.g., nose, lung, spleen, bone marrow), the origin and main sites of IgE production in humans remain unknown. Furthermore, IgE-producing cells in humans have yet to be fully characterized. Capturing IgE-producing cells is challenging not only because current staining technologies are inadequate, but also because the cells are rare, they are difficult to discriminate from cells bearing IgE bound to IgE-receptors, and plasma cells express little IgE on their surface. However, due to the central role in mediating both the early and late phases of allergy, free IgE, IgE-bearing effector cells and IgE-producing cells are important therapeutic targets. Here, we discuss current knowledge and unanswered questions regarding IgE production in allergic patients as well as possible therapeutic approaches targeting IgE.
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44
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Ishida M, Matsune S, Wakayama N, Ohashi R, Okubo K. Possibility of Local Allergic Rhinitis in Japan. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2019; 34:26-34. [PMID: 31409100 DOI: 10.1177/1945892419868441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background The concept of local allergic rhinitis (LAR) has been advocated recently. Allergic rhinitis in Japan is characterized by house dust mites (HDMs) and Japanese cedar pollen (JCP). To investigate LAR in Japan, total IgE and antigen-specific IgE (sIgE) were measured in inferior turbinate mucosa and their relationships with skin test (ST) and nasal allergen provocation test (NAPT) and as well as serum IgE levels were examined. Methods Subjects were 50 rhinosinusitis patients for surgery. ST was performed and serum total IgE and sIgE levels were measured preoperatively. Patients with class-0 serum anti-HDM or anti-JCP sIgE levels were subjected to NAPT with HDM or JCP, respectively, or both. In all patients, inferior turbinate mucosa was weighed and mashed, and total IgE and sIgE levels were then measured as local mucosal date per gram and per milligram. Because there is no clinical consensus how to evaluate nasal sIgE yet, both positive NAPT and detectable sIgE in obtained nasal mucosa were adopted as the diagnostic criteria of LAR in order to strictly elucidate the possibility of presence of LAR in Japan. Results JCP LAR was definitely diagnosed in 2 of 14 patients (14.3%) and HDM LAR in 5 of 21 (23.8%) in cases with rhinosinusitis symptoms in the absence of positive ST nor serum sIgE. Conclusion The present results positively support LAR by HDM or JCP being present in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Ishida
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nippon Medical School Musashikosugi Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shoji Matsune
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nippon Medical School Musashikosugi Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nozomu Wakayama
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nippon Medical School Musashikosugi Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ohashi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nippon Medical School Musashikosugi Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Okubo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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45
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Gould HJ, Wu YCB. IgE repertoire and immunological memory: compartmental regulation and antibody function. Int Immunol 2019; 30:403-412. [PMID: 30053010 PMCID: PMC6116883 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now generally recognized that bone marrow is the survival niche for antigen-specific plasma cells with long-term immunological memory. These cells release antibodies into the circulation, needed to prime effector cells in the secondary immune response. These antibodies participate in the surveillance for antigen and afford immune defence against pathogens and toxins previously encountered in the primary immune response. IgE antibodies function together with their effector cells, mast cells, to exert 'immediate hypersensitivity' in mucosal tissues at the front line of immune defence. The constant supply of IgE antibodies from bone marrow plasma cells allows the rapid 'recall response' by mast cells upon re-exposure to antigen even after periods of antigen absence. The speed and sensitivity of the IgE recall response and potency of the effector cell functions are advantageous in the early detection and elimination of pathogens and toxins at the sites of attack. Local antigen provocation also stimulates de novo synthesis of IgE or its precursors of other isotypes that undergo IgE switching in the mucosa. This process, however, introduces a delay before mast cells can be sensitized and resume activity; this is terminated shortly after the antigen is eliminated. Recent results from adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing of immunoglobulin genes suggest that the mucosal IgE+ plasmablasts, which have undergone affinity maturation in the course of their evolution in vivo, are a source of long-lived IgE+ plasma cells in the bone marrow that are already fully functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Gould
- Randall Centre in Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.,MRC Asthma UK Center in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Yu-Chang Bryan Wu
- Randall Centre in Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.,MRC Asthma UK Center in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
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46
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Gowthaman U, Chen JS, Zhang B, Flynn WF, Lu Y, Song W, Joseph J, Gertie JA, Xu L, Collet MA, Grassmann JDS, Simoneau T, Chiang D, Berin MC, Craft JE, Weinstein JS, Williams A, Eisenbarth SC. Identification of a T follicular helper cell subset that drives anaphylactic IgE. Science 2019; 365:science.aaw6433. [PMID: 31371561 PMCID: PMC6901029 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw6433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cross-linking of high-affinity immunoglobulin E (IgE) results in the life-threatening allergic reaction anaphylaxis. Yet the cellular mechanisms that induce B cells to produce IgE in response to allergens remain poorly understood. T follicular helper (TFH) cells direct the affinity and isotype of antibodies produced by B cells. Although TFH cell-derived interleukin-4 (IL-4) is necessary for IgE production, it is not sufficient. We report a rare population of IL-13-producing TFH cells present in mice and humans with IgE to allergens, but not when allergen-specific IgE was absent or only low-affinity. These "TFH13" cells have an unusual cytokine profile (IL-13hiIL-4hiIL-5hiIL-21lo) and coexpress the transcription factors BCL6 and GATA3. TFH13 cells are required for production of high- but not low-affinity IgE and subsequent allergen-induced anaphylaxis. Blocking TFH13 cells may represent an alternative therapeutic target to ameliorate anaphylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uthaman Gowthaman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jennifer S Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Biyan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - William F Flynn
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Yisi Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Wenzhi Song
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Julie Joseph
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jake A Gertie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lan Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Magalie A Collet
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | | | - Tregony Simoneau
- The Asthma Center, CT Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
| | - David Chiang
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute and Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - M Cecilia Berin
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute and Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Joseph E Craft
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jason S Weinstein
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Adam Williams
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA. .,The Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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47
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Palm AKE, Henry C. Remembrance of Things Past: Long-Term B Cell Memory After Infection and Vaccination. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1787. [PMID: 31417562 PMCID: PMC6685390 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of vaccines is dependent on the generation and maintenance of immunological memory. The immune system can remember previously encountered pathogens, and memory B and T cells are critical in secondary responses to infection. Studies in mice have helped to understand how different memory B cell populations are generated following antigen exposure and how affinity for the antigen is determinant to B cell fate. Additionally, such studies were fundamental in defining memory B cell niches and how B cells respond following subsequent exposure with the same antigen. On the other hand, human studies are essential to the development of better, newer vaccines but sometimes limited by the difficulty to access primary and secondary lymphoid organs. However, work using human influenza and HIV virus infection and/or immunization in particular has significantly advanced today's understanding of memory B cells. This review will focus on the generation, function, and longevity of B-cell mediated immunological memory (memory B cells and plasma cells) in response to infection and vaccination both in mice and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Karin E Palm
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Carole Henry
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Chandrasekhar JL, Cox KM, Loo WM, Qiao H, Tung KS, Erickson LD. Cutaneous Exposure to Clinically Relevant Lone Star Ticks Promotes IgE Production and Hypersensitivity through CD4 + T Cell- and MyD88-Dependent Pathways in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:813-824. [PMID: 31270149 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne allergies are a growing public health concern and have been associated with the induction of IgE-mediated food allergy to red meat. However, despite the increasing prevalence of tick bite-induced allergies, the mechanisms by which cutaneous exposure to ticks leads to sensitization and the production of IgE Abs are poorly understood. To address this question, an in vivo approach was used to characterize the IgE response to lone star tick proteins administered through the skin of mice. The results demonstrated that tick sensitization and challenge induced a robust production of IgE Abs and supported a role for IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions in sensitized animals following oral administration of meat. The induction of IgE responses was dependent on cognate CD4+ T cell help during both the sensitization phase and challenge phase with cutaneous tick exposure. In addition, IgE production was dependent on B cell-intrinsic MyD88 expression, suggesting an important role for TLR signaling in B cells to induce IgE responses to tick proteins. This model of tick-induced IgE responses could be used to study the factors within tick bites that cause allergies and to investigate how sensitization to food Ags occurs through the skin that leads to IgE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Chandrasekhar
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Kelly M Cox
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - William M Loo
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Hui Qiao
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Kenneth S Tung
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908.,Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Loren D Erickson
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908; .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
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Koning MT, Trollmann IJM, van Bergen CAM, Alvarez Saravia D, Navarrete MA, Kiełbasa SM, Veelken H. Peripheral IgE Repertoires of Healthy Donors Carry Moderate Mutation Loads and Do Not Overlap With Other Isotypes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1543. [PMID: 31333671 PMCID: PMC6617986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IgE-mediated allergic disease represents an increasing health problem. Although numerous studies have investigated IgE sequences in allergic patients, little information is available on the healthy IgE repertoire. IgM, IgG, IgA, and IgE transcripts from peripheral blood B cells of five healthy, non-atopic individuals were amplified by unbiased, template-switching, isotype-specific PCR. Complete VDJ regions were sequenced to near-exhaustion on the PacBio platform. Sequences were analyzed for clonal relationships, degree of somatic hypermutation, IGHV gene usage, evidence of antigenic selection, and N-linked glycosylation motifs. IgE repertoires appeared to be highly oligoclonal with preferential usage of certain IGHV genes compared to the other isotypes. IgE sequences carried more somatic mutations than IgM, yet fewer than IgG and IgA. Many IgE sequences contained N-linked glycosylation motifs. IgE sequences had no clonal relationship with the other isotypes. The IgE repertoire in healthy individuals is derived from relatively few clonal expansions without apparent relations to immune reactions that give rise to IgG or IgA. The mutational burden of normal IgE suggests an origin through direct class-switching from the IgM repertoire with little evidence of antigenic drive, and hence presumably low affinity for specific antigens. These findings are compatible with a primary function of the healthy IgE repertoire to occupy Fcε receptors for competitive protection against mast cell degranulation induced by allergen-specific, high-affinity IgE. This background knowledge may help to elucidate pathogenic mechanisms in allergic disease and to design improved desensitization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvyn T Koning
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ignis J M Trollmann
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Szymon M Kiełbasa
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Veelken
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Li E, Knight JM, Wu Y, Luong A, Rodriguez A, Kheradmand F, Corry DB. Airway mycosis in allergic airway disease. Adv Immunol 2019; 142:85-140. [PMID: 31296304 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The allergic airway diseases, including chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), asthma, allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis (ABPM) and many others, comprise a heterogeneous collection of inflammatory disorders affecting the upper and lower airways and lung parenchyma that represent the most common chronic diseases of humanity. In addition to their shared tissue tropism, the allergic airway diseases are characterized by a distinct pattern of inflammation involving the accumulation of eosinophils, type 2 macrophages, innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2), IgE-secreting B cells, and T helper type 2 (Th2) cells in airway tissues, and the prominent production of type 2 cytokines including interleukin (IL-) 33, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and many others. These factors and related inflammatory molecules induce characteristic remodeling and other changes of the airways that include goblet cell metaplasia, enhanced mucus secretion, smooth muscle hypertrophy, tissue swelling and polyp formation that account for the major clinical manifestations of nasal obstruction, headache, hyposmia, cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, wheezing, and, in the most severe cases of lower airway disease, death due to respiratory failure or disseminated, systemic disease. The syndromic nature of the allergic airway diseases that now include many physiological variants or endotypes suggests that distinct endogenous or environmental factors underlie their expression. However, findings from different perspectives now collectively link these disorders to a single infectious source, the fungi, and a molecular pathogenesis that involves the local production of airway proteinases by these organisms. In this review, we discuss the evidence linking fungi and their proteinases to the surprisingly wide variety of chronic airway and systemic disorders and the immune pathogenesis of these conditions as they relate to environmental fungi. We further discuss the important implications these new findings have for the diagnosis and future therapy of these common conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Li
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - J Morgan Knight
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Amber Luong
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Health Science at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Antony Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, TX, United States
| | - David B Corry
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, TX, United States.
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