1
|
Ambrus M, Fodor E, Berki T, Müller V, Uhlár Á, Hornyák I, Lacza Z. Professional Athletes Maintain High TNF-Alpha or IFN-Gamma Related Inflammatory Status after Recovering from COVID-19 Infection without Developing a Neutralizing Antibody Response. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11050097. [PMID: 37234053 DOI: 10.3390/sports11050097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Professional athletes are endangered by COVID-19 and belong to the high-risk population due to their lifestyle. To obtain information on the behavior of COVID-19 in professional athletes, serological, cytokine, and virus neutralization capacities were analyzed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hungarian national teams participated in international sports events during the early phases of the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020. Altogether, 29 professional athletes volunteered to donate plasma. Their serological status was evaluated by IgA, IgM, and IgG ELISAs and the highest virus neutralization titer in an in vitro live tissue assay. Plasma cytokine patterns were analyzed with a Bioplex multiplex ELISA system. RESULTS Surprisingly, only one athlete (3%) had anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, while IgA was more common (31%). Neither plasma showed direct virus neutralization in a titer over 1:10; hence, they were not suitable for reconvalescent treatment. The 'cytokine storm' markers IL-6 and IL-8 were at baseline levels. In contrast, either the TNF-alpha-related cytokines or the IFN-gamma-associated cytokines were elevated. There was a strong negative correlation between the TNF-alpha- or IFN-gamma-related cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Professional athletes are susceptible to the SARS-CoV-2 infection without developing long-term immunity through neutralizing immunoglobulins. Elevated secretory and cellular immunity markers indicate that these systems are probably responsible for virus elimination in this subpopulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mira Ambrus
- Research Center for Sport Physiology, Hungarian University of Sports Sciences, 1123 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Fodor
- Research Center for Sport Physiology, Hungarian University of Sports Sciences, 1123 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Timea Berki
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Veronika Müller
- Clinic of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Uhlár
- Research Center for Sport Physiology, Hungarian University of Sports Sciences, 1123 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Hornyák
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsombor Lacza
- Research Center for Sport Physiology, Hungarian University of Sports Sciences, 1123 Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Teng L, Song X, Zhang M, Han Y, Chang G, Chang W, Shen Z. The pattern of cytokines expression and dynamic changes of renal function at 6 months in patients with Omicron COVID-19. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28477. [PMID: 36609778 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To analyze the dynamic changes of renal function longitudinally and investigate the cytokine profiles at 6 months in patients with Omicron COVID-19. Forty-seven patients with a proven diagnosis of Omicron COVID-19 from January to February 2022 attended a 6-month follow-up after discharge at Tianjin First Central Hospital. The demographic parameters, clinical features, and laboratory indexes were collected during hospitalization and 6 months after discharge. The serum cytokine levels at 6 months were also assessed. Patients were grouped according to with or without kidney involvement at admission. The levels of serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were all normal both in the hospital and at follow-up. Whereas, compared with renal function in the hospital, serum creatinine levels at 6 months increased remarkably; meanwhile, eGFR decreased significantly in all patients. The serum levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α and IFN-γ significantly decreased and TGF-β remarkably increased in the kidney involvement group. The serum levels of IL-2 and IL-5 were positively correlated with age; contrarily, TGF-β showed a negative correlation with aging. The younger was an independent risk factor of the higher TGF-β levels. Omicron patients showed a decline in renal function at follow-up, reflecting the trend of CKD. Serum cytokine profiles were characterized with the majority of cytokines decreased and TGF-β increased in the kidney involvement group; the latter may be used as a sign of CKD. The tendency of CKD is one of the manifestations of long COVID and deserves attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanbo Teng
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyuan Song
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingying Han
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ge Chang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenxiu Chang
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongyang Shen
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Organ Transplant Center, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lei S, Chen X, Wu J, Duan X, Men K. Small molecules in the treatment of COVID-19. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:387. [PMID: 36464706 PMCID: PMC9719906 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 has become a global crisis, and brought severe disruptions to societies and economies. Until now, effective therapeutics against COVID-19 are in high demand. Along with our improved understanding of the structure, function, and pathogenic process of SARS-CoV-2, many small molecules with potential anti-COVID-19 effects have been developed. So far, several antiviral strategies were explored. Besides directly inhibition of viral proteins such as RdRp and Mpro, interference of host enzymes including ACE2 and proteases, and blocking relevant immunoregulatory pathways represented by JAK/STAT, BTK, NF-κB, and NLRP3 pathways, are regarded feasible in drug development. The development of small molecules to treat COVID-19 has been achieved by several strategies, including computer-aided lead compound design and screening, natural product discovery, drug repurposing, and combination therapy. Several small molecules representative by remdesivir and paxlovid have been proved or authorized emergency use in many countries. And many candidates have entered clinical-trial stage. Nevertheless, due to the epidemiological features and variability issues of SARS-CoV-2, it is necessary to continue exploring novel strategies against COVID-19. This review discusses the current findings in the development of small molecules for COVID-19 treatment. Moreover, their detailed mechanism of action, chemical structures, and preclinical and clinical efficacies are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sibei Lei
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072 China
| | - Jieping Wu
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingmei Duan
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072 China
| | - Ke Men
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The Safety Profile of COVID-19 Vaccines in Patients Diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis: A Retrospective Observational Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11226855. [PMID: 36431332 PMCID: PMC9692274 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11226855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current COVID-19 pandemic, patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) are considered to be one of the highest priority categories, being recognized as extremely vulnerable people. For this reason, mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines are strongly recommended for these patients. Despite encouraging results on the efficacy and safety profile of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines, to date, in frail populations, including patients diagnosed with MS, this information is rather limited. We carried out a retrospective observational study with the aim to evaluate the safety profile of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines by retrieving real-life data of MS patients who were treated and vaccinated at the Multiple Sclerosis Center of the Hospital A.O.R.N. A. Cardarelli. Three-hundred and ten medical records of MS patients who received the first dose of the mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine were retrieved (63% female; mean age: 45.9 years). Of these patients, 288 also received the second dose. All patients received the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRSM) was the most common form of MS. The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) values were <3.0 in 70% of patients. The majority of patients received a Disease Modifying Therapy (DMT) during the study period, mainly interferon beta 1-a, dimethyl fumarate, and natalizumab and fingolimod. Overall, 913 AEFIs were identified, of which 539 were after the first dose of the vaccine and 374 after the second dose. The majority of these AEFIs were classified as short-term since they occurred within the first 72 h. The most common identified adverse events were pain at injection site, flu-like symptoms, and headache. Fever was reported more frequently after the second dose than after the first dose. SARS-CoV-2 infection occurred in 3 patients after the first dose. Using historical data of previous years (2017−2020), the relapses’ rate during 2021 was found to be lower. Lastly, the results of the multivariable analysis that assessed factors associated with the occurrence of AEFIs revealed a statistical significance for age, sex, and therapy with ocrelizumab (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our results indicated that Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine was safe for MS patients, being associated with AEFIs already detected in the general population. Larger observational studies with longer follow-up and epidemiological studies are strongly needed.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kong J, Li W, Hu J, Zhao S, Yue T, Li Z, Xia Y. The Safety of Cold-Chain Food in Post-COVID-19 Pandemic: Precaution and Quarantine. Foods 2022; 11:foods11111540. [PMID: 35681292 PMCID: PMC9180738 DOI: 10.3390/foods11111540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), cold-chain food contamination caused by the pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has attracted huge concern. Cold-chain foods provide a congenial environment for SARS-CoV-2 survival, which presents a potential risk for public health. Strengthening the SARS-CoV-2 supervision of cold-chain foods has become the top priority in many countries. Methodologically, the potential safety risks and precaution measures of SARS-CoV-2 contamination on cold-chain food are analyzed. To ensure the safety of cold-chain foods, the advances in SARS-CoV-2 detection strategies are summarized based on technical principles and target biomarkers. In particular, the techniques suitable for SARS-CoV-2 detection in a cold-chain environment are discussed. Although many quarantine techniques are available, the field-based quarantine technique on cold-chain food with characteristics of real-time, sensitive, specific, portable, and large-scale application is urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Kong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.K.); (W.L.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (T.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Wenxin Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.K.); (W.L.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (T.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Jinyao Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.K.); (W.L.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (T.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Shixuan Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.K.); (W.L.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (T.Y.); (Z.L.)
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.K.); (W.L.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (T.Y.); (Z.L.)
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Zhonghong Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.K.); (W.L.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (T.Y.); (Z.L.)
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yinqiang Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.K.); (W.L.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (T.Y.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-151-2222-5493
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Menter DG, Afshar-Kharghan V, Shen JP, Martch SL, Maitra A, Kopetz S, Honn KV, Sood AK. Of vascular defense, hemostasis, cancer, and platelet biology: an evolutionary perspective. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:147-172. [PMID: 35022962 PMCID: PMC8754476 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have established considerable expertise in studying the role of platelets in cancer biology. From this expertise, we were keen to recognize the numerous venous-, arterial-, microvascular-, and macrovascular thrombotic events and immunologic disorders are caused by severe, acute-respiratory-syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. With this offering, we explore the evolutionary connections that place platelets at the center of hemostasis, immunity, and adaptive phylogeny. Coevolutionary changes have also occurred in vertebrate viruses and their vertebrate hosts that reflect their respective evolutionary interactions. As mammals adapted from aquatic to terrestrial life and the heavy blood loss associated with placentalization-based live birth, platelets evolved phylogenetically from thrombocytes toward higher megakaryocyte-blebbing-based production rates and the lack of nuclei. With no nuclei and robust RNA synthesis, this adaptation may have influenced viral replication to become less efficient after virus particles are engulfed. Human platelets express numerous receptors that bind viral particles, which developed from archetypal origins to initiate aggregation and exocytic-release of thrombo-, immuno-, angiogenic-, growth-, and repair-stimulatory granule contents. Whether by direct, evolutionary, selective pressure, or not, these responses may help to contain virus spread, attract immune cells for eradication, and stimulate angiogenesis, growth, and wound repair after viral damage. Because mammalian and marsupial platelets became smaller and more plate-like their biophysical properties improved in function, which facilitated distribution near vessel walls in fluid-shear fields. This adaptation increased the probability that platelets could then interact with and engulf shedding virus particles. Platelets also generate circulating microvesicles that increase membrane surface-area encounters and mark viral targets. In order to match virus-production rates, billions of platelets are generated and turned over per day to continually provide active defenses and adaptation to suppress the spectrum of evolving threats like SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G Menter
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Vahid Afshar-Kharghan
- Division of Internal Medicine, Benign Hematology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John Paul Shen
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie L Martch
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth V Honn
- Department of Pathology, Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave. 430 Chemistry, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 431 Chemistry Bldg, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
- Cancer Biology Division, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 431 Chemistry Bldg, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khalil BA, Shakartalla SB, Goel S, Madkhana B, Halwani R, Maghazachi AA, AlSafar H, Al-Omari B, Al Bataineh MT. Immune Profiling of COVID-19 in Correlation with SARS and MERS. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010164. [PMID: 35062368 PMCID: PMC8778004 DOI: 10.3390/v14010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major complication of the respiratory illness coronavirus disease 2019, with a death rate reaching up to 40%. The main underlying cause of ARDS is a cytokine storm that results in a dysregulated immune response. This review discusses the role of cytokines and chemokines in SARS-CoV-2 and its predecessors SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, with particular emphasis on the elevated levels of inflammatory mediators that are shown to be correlated with disease severity. For this purpose, we reviewed and analyzed clinical studies, research articles, and reviews published on PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science. This review illustrates the role of the innate and adaptive immune responses in SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 and identifies the general cytokine and chemokine profile in each of the three infections, focusing on the most prominent inflammatory mediators primarily responsible for the COVID-19 pathogenesis. The current treatment protocols or medications in clinical trials were reviewed while focusing on those targeting cytokines and chemokines. Altogether, the identified cytokines and chemokines profiles in SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 provide important information to better understand SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and highlight the importance of using prominent inflammatory mediators as markers for disease diagnosis and management. Our findings recommend that the use of immunosuppression cocktails provided to patients should be closely monitored and continuously assessed to maintain the desirable effects of cytokines and chemokines needed to fight the SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. The current gap in evidence is the lack of large clinical trials to determine the optimal and effective dosage and timing for a therapeutic regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bariaa A. Khalil
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.K.); (S.B.S.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (R.H.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Sarra B. Shakartalla
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.K.); (S.B.S.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (R.H.); (A.A.M.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Medani 2667, Sudan
| | - Swati Goel
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.K.); (S.B.S.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (R.H.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Bushra Madkhana
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.K.); (S.B.S.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (R.H.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.K.); (S.B.S.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (R.H.); (A.A.M.)
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Azzam A. Maghazachi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.K.); (S.B.S.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (R.H.); (A.A.M.)
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Habiba AlSafar
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; or
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Emirates Bio-Research Center, Ministry of Interior, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 389, United Arab Emirates
| | - Basem Al-Omari
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; or
- KU Research and Data Intelligence Support Center (RDISC) AW 8474000331, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (B.A.-O.); (M.T.A.B.)
| | - Mohammad T. Al Bataineh
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; or
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (B.A.-O.); (M.T.A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bakkari MA, Moni SS, Sultan MH, Madkhali OA. Monoclonal antibodies and their target specificity against SARS-CoV-2 infections: Perspectives and challenges Short title: Monoclonal antibodies and SARS-CoV-2 infections. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2022; 16:64-78. [PMID: 34994337 DOI: 10.2174/1872208316666220106110014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The world continues to be in the midst of a distressing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel virus with multiple antigenic systems. The virus enters via nasopharynx, oral and infects cells by the expression of the spike protein, and enters the lungs using the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptor. The spectrum of specific immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 virus infection is increasingly challenging as frequent mutations have been reported and their antigen specificity varies accordingly. The development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) will have a more significant advantage in suppressing SARS-CoV-2 virus infectivity. Recently, mAbs have been developed to target specific neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The use of the therapeutic index of mAbs that can elicit neutralization by binding to the viral spike protein and suppress the cytokine network is a classic therapeutic approach for a potential cure. The development of mAbs against B-cell function as well as inhibition of the cytokine network has also been a focus in recent research. Recent studies have demonstrated the efficacy of mAbs as antibody cocktail preparations against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Target specific therapeutic accomplishment with mAbs, a milestone in the modern therapeutic age, can be used to achieve a specific therapeutic strategy to suppress SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. This review focuses on the molecular aspects of the cytokine network and antibody formation to better understand the development of mAbs against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ali Bakkari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Muhammad Hadi Sultan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama A Madkhali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
KÜÇÜK BEYZANUR, ŞİMŞEK RAHİME, ERDEMLİ KÖSE SELİNAYBAŞAK, YİRÜN ANIL, Erkekoglu P. Adverse Effects of COVID-19 Treatments: A Special Focus on Susceptible Populations. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 2022; 41:45-64. [DOI: 10.1615/jenvironpatholtoxicoloncol.2022039271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
10
|
Antibody Response of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac Platforms in Recovered Individuals Previously Infected by COVID-19 against SARS-CoV-2 Wild Type and Delta Variant. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121442. [PMID: 34960189 PMCID: PMC8705363 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinating recovered patients previously infected by COVID-19 with mRNA vaccines to boost their immune response against wild-type viruses (WT), we aimed to investigate whether vaccine platform and time of vaccination affect immunogenicity against the SARS-CoV-2 WT and Delta variant (DV). Convalescent patients infected by COVID-19 were recruited and received one booster dose of the BNT162b2 (PC-B) or CoronaVac (PC-C) vaccines, while SARS-CoV-2 naïve subjects received two doses of the BNT162b2 (CN-B) or CoronaVac (CN-C) vaccines. The neutralizing antibody in sera against the WT and DV was determined with live virus neutralization assay (vMN). The vMN geometric mean titre (GMT) against WT in recovered individuals previously infected by COVID-19 reduced significantly from 60.0 (95% confidence interval (CI), 46.5-77.4) to 33.9 (95% CI, 26.3-43.7) at 6 months post recovery. In the PC-B group, the BNT162b2 vaccine enhanced antibody response against WT and DV, with 22.3-fold and 20.4-fold increases, respectively. The PC-C group also showed 1.8-fold and 2.2-fold increases for WT and DV, respectively, after receiving the CoronaVac vaccine. There was a 10.6-fold increase in GMT in the CN-B group and a 1.3-fold increase in the CN-C group against DV after full vaccination. In both the PC-B and PC-C groups, there was no difference between GMT against WT and DV after vaccination. Subjects in the CN-B and CN-C groups showed inferior GMT against DV compared with GMT against WT after vaccination. In this study, one booster shot effectively enhanced the pre-existing neutralizing activity against WT and DV in recovered subjects.
Collapse
|
11
|
Shen Y, Anwar TB, Mulchandani A. Current status, advances, challenges and perspectives on biosensors for COVID-19 diagnosis in resource-limited settings. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS REPORTS 2021; 3:100025. [PMID: 35047829 PMCID: PMC7831652 DOI: 10.1016/j.snr.2021.100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted human life, prompt diagnostic tests are becoming an essential part of the social activities. However, the expensive and time-consuming laboratory-based traditional methods do not suffice the enormous needs for massive number of tests, especially in resource-limited settings. Therefore, more affordable, rapid, sensitive and specific field-practical diagnostic devices play an important role in the fight against the disease. In this review, we present the current status and advances in the biosensing technologies for diagnosing COVID-19, ranging from commercial achievements to research developments. Starting from a brief introduction to the disease biomarkers, this review summarizes the working principles of the biosensing technologies, followed by a review of the commercial products and research advances in academia. We recapitulate the literatures with a wide scope of bio/marker detections, embracing nucleic acids, viral proteins, human immune responses, and other potential bio/markers. Further, the challenges and perspectives for their employment in future point-of-care applications are discussed, with an extended appraisal on the practical strategies to enlarge the testing capability without high cost. This critical review provides a comprehensive insight into the diagnostic tools for COVID-19 and will encourage the industry and academia in the field of diagnostic biosensing for future evolvement to large-scale point-of-care screening of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shen
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521 USA
| | - Touhid Bin Anwar
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521 USA
| | - Ashok Mulchandani
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521 USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92507 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shoaib F, Ashraf M, Ghafoor H, Ahmad IN, Abbas G. The Long-Term Characteristics of Immunity Conferred by COVID-19 Using Antibody Tests. Cureus 2021; 13:e17731. [PMID: 34659945 PMCID: PMC8491588 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Since December 2019, more than 184 Million cases and 3.97 Million COVID-19 related deaths have been reported around the world. Since these statistics are laboratory-based confirmed cases, the true burden of disease may be underestimated. Many populations like those who are regularly visiting health care facilities and those with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) for visiting dialysis units, patients with malignancies, on regular chemo and radiotherapy, and healthcare workers (HCW) are considered high risk for nosocomial COVID-19 re-infections. Objective To understand the long-term behaviour and protective efficacy of already formed anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody against spike-S protein and nucleocapsid antigen in different populations keeping in view their risk of re-exposure and re-infection is high. To delineate seropositivity with respect to age, gender, and other co-morbidities like diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), and chronic kidney disease (CKD)/ESRD as well as the general population. Methodology During the study, 480 cases of COVID-19 with a post-exposure antibody reactive were followed. These patients were followed on telemedicine for the development of reinfection symptoms and persistence of antibody response. Around 115 patients agreed for regular monitoring of their immunity against the COVID-19 virus through testing through the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody test. The rest of the patients were followed on telemedicine until the date of development of any re-infection, but none reported to have typical symptoms of COVID-19 along with positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results Among 115 patients, the mean age was 42.44 + 15.755 years. 61.7% of patients were males and 66.1% were non-health workers while 26.1% of patients had DM/HTN or both. Among these patients, 76.5% had mild/no symptoms and antibodies were found present among 51.3% patients for 3-6 months. Only 2.6% of patients were re-infected. Significant association (p<0.05) of age was found with re-infection while insignificant association (p>0.05) of sex, co-morbidities, profession, symptoms, and persistence of antibodies with re-infection. Conclusion The study concluded that natural immune response was adequate to protect against reinfection as long as more than 9 months. It was more pronounced among patients with ESRD and those with severe disease. Surprisingly, among patients with haematological malignancies, either there was no seropositivity or a very weak positive antibody response. All other malignancies had similar seropositivity behaviour compared to the general population or other co-morbidity like DM, HTN, and coronary artery disease (CAD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faryal Shoaib
- Internal Medicine, Shifa International Hospital Islamabad, Islamabad, PAK
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Internal Medicine, Shifa International Hospital Islamabad, Islamabad, PAK
| | | | - Imran N Ahmad
- Pathology, Shifa International Hospital Islamabad, Islamabad, PAK
| | - Ghazanfar Abbas
- Chemical Pathology, Shifa International Hospital Islamabad, Islamabad, PAK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Polyiam K, Phoolcharoen W, Butkhot N, Srisaowakarn C, Thitithanyanont A, Auewarakul P, Hoonsuwan T, Ruengjitchatchawalya M, Mekvichitsaeng P, Roshorm YM. Immunodominant linear B cell epitopes in the spike and membrane proteins of SARS-CoV-2 identified by immunoinformatics prediction and immunoassay. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20383. [PMID: 34650130 PMCID: PMC8516869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99642-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 continues to infect an ever-expanding number of people, resulting in an increase in the number of deaths globally. With the emergence of new variants, there is a corresponding decrease in the currently available vaccine efficacy, highlighting the need for greater insights into the viral epitope profile for both vaccine design and assessment. In this study, three immunodominant linear B cell epitopes in the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) were identified by immunoinformatics prediction, and confirmed by ELISA with sera from Macaca fascicularis vaccinated with a SARS-CoV-2 RBD subunit vaccine. Further immunoinformatics analyses of these three epitopes gave rise to a method of linear B cell epitope prediction and selection. B cell epitopes in the spike (S), membrane (M), and envelope (E) proteins were subsequently predicted and confirmed using convalescent sera from COVID-19 infected patients. Immunodominant epitopes were identified in three regions of the S2 domain, one region at the S1/S2 cleavage site and one region at the C-terminus of the M protein. Epitope mapping revealed that most of the amino acid changes found in variants of concern are located within B cell epitopes in the NTD, RBD, and S1/S2 cleavage site. This work provides insights into B cell epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 as well as immunoinformatics methods for B cell epitope prediction, which will improve and enhance SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development against emergent variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanokporn Polyiam
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals and Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Namphueng Butkhot
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanya Srisaowakarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Prasert Auewarakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tawatchai Hoonsuwan
- B.F. Feed Company Limited, Prachachuen Road, Thung Song Hong, Lak Si, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Marasri Ruengjitchatchawalya
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phenjun Mekvichitsaeng
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yaowaluck Maprang Roshorm
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Leão Batista Simões J, Fornari Basso H, Cristine Kosvoski G, Gavioli J, Marafon F, Elias Assmann C, Barbosa Carvalho F, Dulce Bagatini M. Targeting purinergic receptors to suppress the cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in pulmonary tissue. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 100:108150. [PMID: 34537482 PMCID: PMC8435372 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The etiological agent of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is the new member of the Coronaviridae family, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the pandemic that is plaguing the world. The single-stranded RNA virus is capable of infecting the respiratory tract, by binding the spike (S) protein on its viral surface to receptors for the angiotensin II-converting enzyme (ACE2), highly expressed in the pulmonary tissue, enabling the interaction of the virus with alveolar epithelial cells promoting endocytosis and replication of viral material. The infection triggers the activation of the immune system, increased purinergic signaling, and the release of cytokines as a defense mechanism, but the response can become exaggerated and prompt the so-called “cytokine storm”, developing cases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). This is characterized by fever, cough, and difficulty breathing, which can progress to pneumonia, failure of different organs and death. Thus, the present review aims to compile and correlate the mechanisms involved between the immune and purinergic systems with COVID-19, since the modulation of purinergic receptors, such as A2A, A2B, and P2X7 expressed by immune cells, seems to be effective as a promising therapy, to reduce the severity of the disease, as well as aid in the treatment of acute lung diseases and other cases of generalized inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jullye Gavioli
- Medical School, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Filomena Marafon
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Charles Elias Assmann
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mba IE, Sharndama HC, Osondu-chuka GO, Okeke OP. Immunobiology and nanotherapeutics of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2): a current update. Infect Dis (Lond) 2021; 53:559-580. [PMID: 33905282 PMCID: PMC8095391 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2021.1916071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) constitutes the most significant global public health challenge in a century. It has reignited research interest in coronavirus. While little information is available, research is currently in progress to comprehensively understand the general biology and immune response mechanism against SARS-CoV-2. The spike proteins (S protein) of SARS-CoV-2 perform a crucial function in viral infection establishment. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 play a pivotal role in viral entry. Upon viral entry, the released pro-inflammatory proteins (cytokines and chemokines) cause the migration of the T cells, monocytes, and macrophages to the infection site. IFNϒ released by T cells initiates a loop of pro-inflammatory feedback. The inflammatory state may further enhance with an increase in immune dysfunction responsible for the infection's progression. A treatment approach that prevents ACE2-mediated viral entry and reduces inflammatory response is a crucial therapeutic intervention strategy, and nanomaterials and their conjugates are promising candidates. Nanoparticles can inhibit viral entry and replication. Nanomaterials have also found application in targeted drug delivery and also in developing a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we briefly summarize the origin, transmission, and clinical features of SARS-CoV-2. We then discussed the immune response mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we further discussed nanotechnology's potentials as an intervention strategy against SARS-CoV-2 infection. All these understandings will be crucial in developing therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kuperberg SJ, Navetta-Modrov B. The Role of Obesity in the Immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 Respiratory Disease and Critical Illness. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:13-21. [PMID: 33797351 PMCID: PMC8320126 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0236tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the clinical syndrome caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is currently a global health pandemic with substantial morbidity and mortality. COVID-19 has cast a shadow on nearly every aspect of society, straining health systems and economies across the world. Although it is widely accepted that a close relationship exists between obesity, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders on infection, we are only beginning to understand ways in which the immunological sequelae of obesity functions as a predisposing factor related to poor clinical outcomes in COVID-19. As both the innate and adaptive immune systems are each primed by obesity, the alteration of key pathways results in both an immunosuppressed and hyperinflammatory state. The present review will discuss the cellular and molecular immunology of obesity in the context of its role as a risk factor for severe COVID-19, discuss the role of cytokine storm, and draw parallels to prior viral epidemics such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and 2009 H1N1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Kuperberg
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Brianne Navetta-Modrov
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University Hospital/Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Improta-Caria AC, Soci ÚPR, Pinho CS, Aras Júnior R, De Sousa RAL, Bessa TCB. Physical Exercise and Immune System: Perspectives on the COVID-19 pandemic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 67Suppl 1:102-107. [PMID: 34259761 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.67.suppl1.20200673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise training (PET) has been considered an excellent non-pharmacological strategy to prevent and treat several diseases. There are various benefits offered by PET, especially on the immune system, promoting changes in the morphology and function of cells, inducing changes in the expression pattern of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. However, these changes depend on the type, volume and intensity of PET and whether it is being evaluated acutely or chronically. In this context, PET can be a tool to improve the immune system and fight various infections. However, the current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, which produces cytokine storm, inducing inflammation in several organs, with high infection rates in both sedentary and physically active individuals, the role of PET on immune cells has not yet been elucidated. Thus, this review focused on the role of PET on immune system cells and the possible effects of PET-induced adaptive responses on SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Cleber Improta-Caria
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde - Salvador (BA), Brazil.,Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Departamento de Educação Física em Cardiologia - Salvador (BA), Brazil
| | - Úrsula Paula Renó Soci
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular do Exercício - São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Cristiano Silva Pinho
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde - Salvador (BA), Brazil.,União de Faculdades de Alagoas e Faculdade Figueiredo Costa - Maceió (AL), Brazil
| | - Roque Aras Júnior
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde - Salvador (BA), Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto Leoni De Sousa
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - Diamantina (MG), Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhou F, Xia J, Yuan HX, Sun Y, Zhang Y. Liver injury in COVID-19: Known and unknown. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:4980-4989. [PMID: 34307548 PMCID: PMC8283595 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i19.4980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first report of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, the outbreak of the disease is currently continuously evolving. Previous studies have shown varying degrees of liver damage in patients with COVID-19. However, the exact causes of liver injury and the relationship between COVID-19 and liver injury is unclear. This article describes liver injury induced by COVID-19, analyzes its causes, and discusses the treatment and prognosis of liver damage in patients with COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Puren Hospital of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430080, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jian Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, Puren Hospital of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430080, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hai-Xia Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Puren Hospital of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430080, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Puren Hospital of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430080, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu L, Chen HG, Li Y, Li H, Li J, Wang Y, Yao S, Qin C, Tong S, Yuan X, Luo X, Miao X, Pan A, Liu Z, Cheng L. Temporal Profiles of Antibody Responses, Cytokines, and Survival of COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort. ENGINEERING (BEIJING, CHINA) 2021; 7:958-965. [PMID: 34026297 PMCID: PMC8129785 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The longitudinal immunologic status of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected patients and its association with the clinical outcome are barely known. Thus, we sought to analyze the temporal profiles of specific antibodies, as well as the associations between the antibodies, proinflammatory cytokines, and survival of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A total of 1830 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases were recruited. The temporal profiles of the virus, antibodies, and cytokines of the patients until 12 weeks since illness onset were fitted by the locally weighted scatter plot smoothing method. The mediation effect of cytokines on the associations between antibody responses and survival were explored by mediation analysis. Of the 1830 patients, 1435 were detectable for SARS-CoV-2, while 395 were positive in specific antibodies only. Of the 1435 patients, 2.4% presented seroconversion for neither immunoglobulin G (IgG) nor immunoglobulin M (IgM) during hospitalization. The seropositive rates of IgG and IgM were 29.6% and 48.1%, respectively, in the first week, and plateaued within five weeks. For the patients discharged from the hospital, the IgM decreased slowly, while high levels of IgG were maintained at around 188 AU·mL-1 for the 12 weeks since illness onset. In contrast, in the patients who subsequently died, IgM declined rapidly and IgG dropped to 87 AU·mL-1 at the twelfth week. Elevated interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, interleukin-1β, interleukin-2R, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels were observed in the deceased patients in comparison with the discharged patients, and 12.5% of the association between IgG level and mortality risk was mediated by these cytokines. Our study deciphers the temporal profiles of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies within the 12 weeks since illness onset and indicates the protective effect of antibody response on survival, which may help to guide prognosis estimation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Heng-Gui Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Huijun Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jiaoyuan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shuang Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shutao Tong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xu Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xia Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaoping Miao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - An Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Alexandra VU, Sebastian W, Nathalie M, Angela L, Jean‐Corentin S, Chloé S. SARS-CoV-2 infection in hematological patients during allogenic stem cell transplantation: A double case report. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:e04439. [PMID: 34295477 PMCID: PMC8287311 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite severe immunosuppression due to conditioning chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia, COVID-19 did not lead to clinical deterioration or death, thus raising the question of the impact of immunosuppressive treatment on clinical course evolution.
Collapse
|
21
|
Krishnan S, Krishnan GP. N-Glycosylation Network Construction and Analysis to Modify Glycans on the Spike (S) Glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. FRONTIERS IN BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 1:667012. [PMID: 36303733 PMCID: PMC9581045 DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2021.667012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The N-glycan structure and composition of the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 are pertinent to vaccine development and efficacy. Methods: We reconstructed the glycosylation network based on previously published mass spectrometry data using GNAT, a glycosylation network analysis tool. Our compilation of the network tool had 26 glycosyltransferase and glucosidase enzymes and could infer the pathway of glycosylation machinery based on glycans in the virus spike protein. Once the glycan biosynthesis pathway was generated, we simulated the effect of blocking specific enzymes—swainsonine or deoxynojirimycin for blocking mannosidase-II and indolizidine for blocking alpha-1,6-fucosyltransferase—to see how they would affect the biosynthesis network and the glycans that were synthesized. Results: The N-glycan biosynthesis network of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein shows an elaborate enzymatic pathway with several intermediate glycans, along with the ones identified by mass spectrometric studies. Of the 26 enzymes, the following were involved—Man-Ia, MGAT1, MGAT2, MGAT4, MGAT5, B3GalT, B4GalT, Man-II, SiaT, ST3GalI, ST3GalVI, and FucT8. Blocking specific enzymes resulted in a substantially modified glycan profile of SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion: Variations in the final N-glycan profile of the virus, given its site-specific microheterogeneity, are factors in the host response to the infection, vaccines, and antibodies. Heterogeneity in the N-glycan profile of the spike (S) protein and its potential effect on vaccine efficacy or adverse reactions to the vaccines remain unexplored. Here, we provide all the resources we generated—the glycans in the glycoCT xml format and the biosynthesis network for future work.
Collapse
|
22
|
Alhazmi HA, Najmi A, Javed SA, Sultana S, Al Bratty M, Makeen HA, Meraya AM, Ahsan W, Mohan S, Taha MME, Khalid A. Medicinal Plants and Isolated Molecules Demonstrating Immunomodulation Activity as Potential Alternative Therapies for Viral Diseases Including COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:637553. [PMID: 34054806 PMCID: PMC8155592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.637553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have been extensively studied since ancient times and numerous important chemical constituents with tremendous therapeutic potential are identified. Attacks of microorganisms including viruses and bacteria can be counteracted with an efficient immune system and therefore, stimulation of body’s defense mechanism against infections has been proven to be an effective approach. Polysaccharides, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, and lactones are the important phytochemicals, reported to be primarily responsible for immunomodulation activity of the plants. These phytochemicals may act as lead molecules for the development of safe and effective immunomodulators as potential remedies for the prevention and cure of viral diseases. Natural products are known to primarily modulate the immune system in nonspecific ways. A number of plant-based principles have been identified and isolated with potential immunomodulation activity which justify their use in traditional folklore medicine and can form the basis of further specified research. The aim of the current review is to describe and highlight the immunomodulation potential of certain plants along with their bioactive chemical constituents. Relevant literatures of recent years were searched from commonly employed scientific databases on the basis of their ethnopharmacological use. Most of the plants displaying considerable immunomodulation activity are summarized along with their possible mechanisms. These discussions shall hopefully elicit the attention of researchers and encourage further studies on these plant-based immunomodulation products as potential therapy for the management of infectious diseases, including viral ones such as COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.,Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadique A Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahnaz Sultana
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al Bratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz A Makeen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkarim M Meraya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waquar Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal M E Taha
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
High triglyceride to HDL-cholesterol ratio as a biochemical marker of severe outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 44:437-444. [PMID: 34330502 PMCID: PMC8103772 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background & aims Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with severe complications have shown comorbidities with cardiovascular-disease, hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus; clinical disorders that share the common metabolic alterations of insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. A high triglyceride to high density lipoprotein cholesterol (Tg/HDL c) ratio has been associated with reduced insulin sensitivity, metabolic syndrome and adverse cardiovascular events. Our aim in this study was to determine the association between different components of the lipid profile and particularly the Tg/HDL c ratio with severe complications like the requirement of invasive mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 patients. Methods We collected demographic, clinical and biochemical data to conduct a cohort study in 43 adult patients with confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) at baseline and in the subsequent 15 days. Patients were subjected to a very similar treatment scheme with the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib. Descriptive statistics, variable association and logistic regression were applied to identify predictors of disease severity among elements and calculations from the lipid profile. Results Patients were aged 57 ± 14 years; 55.8% were male from which 75% required hospitalization and 44.2% were female who 58% were hospitalized. The most common comorbidities were type 2 diabetes mellitus (58%) and hypertension (40%). Hospitalized and critical care patients showed lower HDL c blood levels and increased Tg/HDL c ratio than those with outpatient management and mild/asymptomatic COVID-19. Tg/HDL c ratio correlated with variables of disease severity such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (r = 0.356; p < 0.05); National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS 2) (r = 0.495; p < 0.01); quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) (r = 0.538; p < 0.001); increased need of oxygen support (r = 0.447; p < 0.01) and requirement of mechanical ventilation (r = 0.378; p < 0.05). Tg/HDL c ratio had a negative correlation with partial oxygen saturation/fraction of inspired oxygen (SaO 2/FiO2) ratio (r = −0.332;p < 0.05). Linear regression analysis showed that Tg/HDL c ratio can predict increases in inflammatory factors like LDH (p < 0.01); ferritin (p < 0.01) and D-dimer (p < 0.001). Logistic regression model indicated that ≥7.45 Tg/HDL c ratio predicts requirement of invasive mechanical ventilation (OR 11.815, CI 1.832–76.186, p < 0.01). Conclusions The Tg/HDLc ratio can be used as an early biochemical marker of COVID-19 severe prognosis with requirement of invasive mechanical ventilation.
Collapse
|
24
|
Wehbe Z, Hammoud SH, Yassine HM, Fardoun M, El-Yazbi AF, Eid AH. Molecular and Biological Mechanisms Underlying Gender Differences in COVID-19 Severity and Mortality. Front Immunol 2021; 12:659339. [PMID: 34025658 PMCID: PMC8138433 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.659339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, over two million people have perished due to the recent pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. The available epidemiological global data for SARS-CoV-2 portrays a higher rate of severity and mortality in males. Analyzing gender differences in the host mechanisms involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection and progression may offer insight into the more detrimental disease prognosis and clinical outcome in males. Therefore, we outline sexual dimorphisms which exist in particular host factors and elaborate on how they may contribute to the pronounced severity in male COVID-19 patients. This includes disparities detected in comorbidities, the ACE2 receptor, renin-angiotensin system (RAS), signaling molecules involved in SARS-CoV-2 replication, proteases which prime viral S protein, the immune response, and behavioral considerations. Moreover, we discuss sexual disparities associated with other viruses and a possible gender-dependent response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. By specifically highlighting these immune-endocrine processes as well as behavioral factors that differentially exist between the genders, we aim to offer a better understanding in the variations of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zena Wehbe
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Safaa Hisham Hammoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Manal Fardoun
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmed F. El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ali H. Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Qatar University Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, Qatar University Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shaffaf T, Ghafar-Zadeh E. COVID-19 Diagnostic Strategies Part II: Protein-Based Technologies. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:54. [PMID: 33925032 PMCID: PMC8145709 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8050054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
After the initiation of the current outbreak, humans' lives have been profoundly impacted by COVID-19. During the first months, no rapid and reliable detecting tool was readily available to sufficiently respond to the requirement of massive testing. In this situation, when the development of an effective vaccine requires at least a few months, it is crucial to be prepared by developing and commercializing affordable, accurate, rapid and adaptable biosensors not only to fight Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) but also to be armed to avoid the pandemic in the earliest stages in the future. The COVID-19 diagnostic tools are categorized into two main groups of Nucleic Acid (NA)-based and protein-based tests. To date, nucleic acid-based detection has been announced as the gold-standard strategy for coronavirus detection; however, protein-based tests are promising alternatives for rapid and large-scale screening of susceptible groups. In this review, we discuss the current protein-based biosensing tools, the research advances and the potential protein-detecting strategies for COVID-19 detection. This narrative review aims to highlight the importance of the diagnostic tests, encourage the academic research groups and the companies to eliminate the shortcomings of the current techniques and step forward to mass-producing reliable point-of-care (POC) and point-of-need (PON) adaptable diagnostic tools for large-scale screening in the future outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Shaffaf
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (BioSA), York University, Toronto, ON M3J1P3, Canada;
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J1P3, Canada
| | - Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (BioSA), York University, Toronto, ON M3J1P3, Canada;
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J1P3, Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J1P3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Peng HT, Rhind SG, Beckett A. Convalescent Plasma for the Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Quantitative Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2021; 7:e25500. [PMID: 33825689 PMCID: PMC8245055 DOI: 10.2196/25500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by a novel coronavirus termed SARS-CoV-2, has spread quickly worldwide. Convalescent plasma (CP) obtained from patients following recovery from COVID-19 infection and development of antibodies against the virus is an attractive option for either prophylactic or therapeutic treatment, since antibodies may have direct or indirect antiviral activities and immunotherapy has proven effective in principle and in many clinical reports. OBJECTIVE We seek to characterize the latest advances and evidence in the use of CP for COVID-19 through a systematic review and quantitative analysis, identify knowledge gaps in this setting, and offer recommendations and directives for future research. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were continuously searched for studies assessing the use of CP for COVID-19, including clinical studies, commentaries, reviews, guidelines or protocols, and in vitro testing of CP antibodies. The screening process and data extraction were performed according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Quality appraisal of all clinical studies was conducted using a universal tool independent of study designs. A meta-analysis of case-control and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted using a random-effects model. RESULTS Substantial literature has been published covering various aspects of CP therapy for COVID-19. Of the references included in this review, a total of 243 eligible studies including 64 clinical studies, 79 commentary articles, 46 reviews, 19 guidance and protocols, and 35 in vitro testing of CP antibodies matched the criteria. Positive results have been mostly observed so far when using CP for the treatment of COVID-19. There were remarkable heterogeneities in the CP therapy with respect to patient demographics, donor antibody titers, and time and dose of CP administration. The studies assessing the safety of CP treatment reported low incidence of adverse events. Most clinical studies, in particular case reports and case series, had poor quality. Only 1 RCT was of high quality. Randomized and nonrandomized data were found in 2 and 11 studies, respectively, and were included for meta-analysis, suggesting that CP could reduce mortality and increase viral clearance. Despite promising pilot studies, the benefits of CP treatment can only be clearly established through carefully designed RCTs. CONCLUSIONS There is developing support for CP therapy, particularly for patients who are critically ill or mechanically ventilated and resistant to antivirals and supportive care. These studies provide important lessons that should inform the planning of well-designed RCTs to generate more robust knowledge for the efficacy of CP in patients with COVID-19. Future research is necessary to fill the knowledge gap regarding prevention and treatment for patients with COVID-19 with CP while other therapeutics are being developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry T Peng
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn G Rhind
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Beckett
- St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Royal Canadian Medical Services, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yu Z, Sohail A, Nutini A, Arif R. Delayed Modeling Approach to Forecast the Periodic Behavior of SARS-2. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:585245. [PMID: 33869271 PMCID: PMC8047460 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.585245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing threat of Coronavirus is alarming. The key players of this virus are modeled mathematically during this research. The transmission rates are hypothesized, with the aid of epidemiological concepts and recent findings. The model reported is extended, by taking into account the delayed dynamics. Time delay reflects the fact that the dynamic behavior of transmission of the disease, at time t depends not only on the state at time t but also on the state in some period τ before time t. The research presented in this manuscript will not only help in understanding the current threat of pandemic (SARS-2), but will also contribute in making precautionary measures and developing control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Yu
- Institute of Systems Security and Control, College of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Ayesha Sohail
- Department of Mathematics, Comsats University Islamabad, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Alessandro Nutini
- Centro Studi Attività Motorie, Biology and Biomechanics Department, Lucca, Italy
| | - Robia Arif
- Department of Mathematics, Comsats University Islamabad, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Donato ML, Park S, Baker M, Korngold R, Morawski A, Geng X, Tan M, Ip A, Goldberg S, Rowley S, Chow K, Brown E, Zenreich J, McKiernan P, Buttner K, Ullrich A, Long L, Feinman R, Ricourt A, Kemp M, Vendivil M, Suh H, Balani B, Cicogna C, Sebti R, Al-Khan A, Sperber S, Desai S, Fanning S, Arad D, Go R, Tam E, Rose K, Sadikot S, Siegel D, Gutierrez M, Feldman T, Goy A, Pecora A, Biran N, Leslie L, Gillio A, Timmapuri S, Boonstra M, Singer S, Kaur S, Richards E, Perlin DS. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia treated with high-titer convalescent plasma. JCI Insight 2021; 6:143196. [PMID: 33571168 PMCID: PMC8026191 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.143196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report on a phase IIa study to determine the intubation rate, survival, viral clearance, and development of endogenous Abs in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia treated with convalescent plasma (CCP) containing high levels of neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 Abs. Radiographic and laboratory evaluation confirmed all 51 treated patients had COVID-19 pneumonia. Fresh or frozen CCP from donors with high titers of neutralizing Abs was administered. The nonmechanically ventilated patients (n = 36) had an intubation rate of 13.9% and a 30-day survival rate of 88.9%, and the overall survival rate for a comparative group based on network data was 72.5% (1625/2241). Patients had negative nasopharyngeal swab rates of 43.8% and 73.0% on days 10 and 30, respectively. Patients mechanically ventilated had a day-30 mortality rate of 46.7%; the mortality rate for a comparative group based on network data was 71.0% (369/520). All evaluable patients were found to have neutralizing Abs on day 3 (n = 47), and all but 1 patient had Abs on days 30 and 60. The only adverse event was a mild rash. In this study on patients with COVID-19 disease, we show therapeutic use of CCP was safe and conferred transfer of Abs, while preserving endogenous immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele L Donato
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Steven Park
- Hackensack Meridian Health Center for Discovery and Innovation, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Melissa Baker
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Robert Korngold
- Hackensack Meridian Health Center for Discovery and Innovation, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alison Morawski
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Xue Geng
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrew Ip
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Stuart Goldberg
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Scott Rowley
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kar Chow
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Emily Brown
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joshua Zenreich
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Phyllis McKiernan
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kathryn Buttner
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Anna Ullrich
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Laura Long
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rena Feinman
- Hackensack Meridian Health Center for Discovery and Innovation, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andrea Ricourt
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Marlo Kemp
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mariefel Vendivil
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hyung Suh
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bindu Balani
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Cristina Cicogna
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rani Sebti
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Abdulla Al-Khan
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Steven Sperber
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Samit Desai
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Stacey Fanning
- Hackensack Meridian Health Center for Discovery and Innovation, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Danit Arad
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ronaldo Go
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Elizabeth Tam
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Keith Rose
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sean Sadikot
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - David Siegel
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Martin Gutierrez
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Tatyana Feldman
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andre Goy
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andrew Pecora
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Noa Biran
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lori Leslie
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alfred Gillio
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sarah Timmapuri
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michele Boonstra
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sam Singer
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sukhdeep Kaur
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ernest Richards
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - David S Perlin
- Hackensack Meridian Health Center for Discovery and Innovation, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Impact of Corticosteroids in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Chest 2021; 159:1019-1040. [PMID: 33129791 PMCID: PMC7598533 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since its appearance in late 2019, infections caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 have created unprecedented challenges for health systems worldwide. Multiple therapeutic options have been explored, including corticosteroids. Preliminary results of corticosteroids in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are encouraging; however, the role of corticosteroids remains controversial. RESEARCH QUESTION What is the impact of corticosteroids in mortality, ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, and viral shedding in COVID-19 patients? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a systematic review of literature on corticosteroids and COVID-19 in major databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, and EMBASE) of published literature through July 22, 2020, that report outcomes of interest in COVID-19 patients receiving corticosteroids with a comparative group. RESULTS A total of 73 studies with 21,350 COVID-19 patients were identified. Corticosteroid use was reported widely in mechanically ventilated patients (35.3%), ICU patients (51.3%), and severe COVID-19 patients (40%). Corticosteroids showed mortality benefit in severelly ill COVID-19 patients (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.51-0.83; P = .0006); however, no beneficial or harmful effects were noted among high-dose or low-dose corticosteroid regimens. Emerging evidence shows that low-dose corticosteroids do not have a significant impact in the duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding. The analysis was limited by highly heterogeneous literature for high-dose and low-dose corticosteroids regimens. INTERPRETATION Our results showed evidence of mortality benefit in severely ill COVID-19 patients treated with corticosteroids. Corticosteroids are used widely in COVID-19 patients worldwide, and a rapidly developing global pandemic warrants further high-quality clinical trials to define the most beneficial timing and dosing for corticosteroids.
Collapse
|
30
|
Carvalho KM, Gaunkar RB, Nagarsekar A. Oral cancer management in the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic-Indian scenario. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:1090-1094. [PMID: 34041135 PMCID: PMC8140224 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1948_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The global burden of oral cancer rests on India's shoulders. Distant metastasis and extensive loco-regional spread result in a dismal 5-year prognosis. Tobacco chewing is the leading etiological factor. A lack of education among the masses combined with an inundated cancer care system account for high morbidity and mortality rates. The SARS-CoV-2 shows tropism for the oral mucosa. This viral tropism is thought to get augmented in oral cancer because of the upregulation of oral mucosal receptors and enzymes which enhance viral attachment and entry. The COVID-19 disease has caused a heavy blow to the cancer care sector in India because of paucity of COVID-19 centred health care regulations. This review highlights the need for the prompt creation of a national health policy which would prioritize and allow for the resumption of oral onco-surgical in light of COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla M. Carvalho
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Goa, India
| | - Ridhima B. Gaunkar
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Goa, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dowlatshahi S, Shabani E, Abdekhodaie MJ. Serological assays and host antibody detection in coronavirus-related disease diagnosis. Arch Virol 2021; 166:715-731. [PMID: 33492524 PMCID: PMC7830048 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoV) are a family of viral pathogens that infect both birds and mammals, including humans. Seven human coronaviruses (HCoV) have been recognized so far. HCoV-229E, -OC43, -NL63, and -HKU1 account for one-third of common colds with mild symptoms. The other three members are severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. These viruses are responsible for SARS, MERS, and CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19), respectively. A variety of diagnostic techniques, including chest X-rays, computer tomography (CT) scans, analysis of viral nucleic acids, proteins, or whole virions, and host antibody detection using serological assays have been developed for the detection of these viruses. In this review, we discuss conventional serological tests, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blot (WB), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), and chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), as well as biosensor-based assays that have been developed for diagnosing HCoV-associated diseases since 2003, with an in-depth focus on COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayeh Dowlatshahi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Shabani
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad J Abdekhodaie
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
- Yeates School of Graduate Studies, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hossain A, Nasrullah SM, Tasnim Z, Hasan M, Hasan M. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies among health care workers prior to vaccine administration in Europe, the USA and East Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 33:100770. [PMID: 33718853 PMCID: PMC7938754 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowing the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies across geographic regions before vaccine administration is one key piece of knowledge to achieve herd immunity. While people of all ages, occupations, and communities are at risk of getting infected with SARS-CoV-2, the health care workers (HCWs) are possibly at the highest risk. Most seroprevalence surveys with HCWs conducted worldwide have been limited to Europe, North America, and East Asia. We aimed to understand how the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies varied across these geographic regions among HCWs based on the available evidences. METHODS By searching through PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases, eligible studies published from January 1, 2020 to January 15, 2021 were included for the systematic review and meta-analysis. The random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled proportion of IgG seropositive HCWs. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plot and confirmed by Egger's test. Heterogeneity was quantified using I2 statistics. We performed sensitivity analyses based on sample size, diagnostic method and publication status. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020219086). FINDINGS A total of 53 peer-reviewed articles were selected, including 173,353 HCWs (32.7% male) from the United States, ten European, and three East Asian countries. The overall seropositive prevalence rate of IgG antibodies was 8.6% in these regions (95% CI= 7.2-9.9%). Pooled seroprevalence of IgG antibodies was higher in studies conducted in the USA (12.4%, 95% CI= 7.8-17%) than in Europe (7.7%, 95% CI=6.3-9.2%) and East Asia (4.8%, 95% CI=2.9-6.7%). The subgroup study also estimated that male HCWs had 9.4% (95% CI= 7.2-11.6%) IgG seroconversion, and female HCWs had 7.8% (95% CI=5.9-9.7%). The study exhibits a high prevalence of IgG antibodies among HCWs under 40 years in the USA, conversely, it was high in older HCWs (≥40 years of age) in Europe and East Asia. In the months February-April 2020, the estimated pooled seroprevalence was 5.7% (4.0-7.4%) that increased to 8·2% (6.2-10%) in April-May and further to 9.9% (6.9-12.9%) in the May-September time-period. INTERPRETATION In the view of all evidence to date, a significant variation in the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in HCWs is observed in regions of Europe, the United States, and East Asia. The patterns of IgG antibodies by time, age, and gender suggest noticeable regional differences in transmission of the virus. Based on the insights driven from the analysis, priority is required for effective vaccination for older HCWs from Europe and East Asia. A considerable high seroprevalence of IgG among HCWs from the USA suggests a high rate of past infection that indicates the need to take adequate measures to prevent hospital spread. Moreover, the seroprevalence trend was not substantially changed after May 2020, suggesting a slow progression of long-term SARS-CoV-2 immunity. Routine testing of HCWs for SARS-CoV-2 should be considered even after the rollout of vaccination to identify the areas of increased transmission. FUNDING None.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hossain
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Global Health Institute, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Health Management BD Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Zarrin Tasnim
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md.Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sagnelli C, Celia B, Monari C, Cirillo S, De Angelis G, Bianco A, Coppola N. Management of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. J Med Virol 2021; 93:1276-1287. [PMID: 32856728 PMCID: PMC7461283 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has rapidly spread throughout the world since December 2019 to become a global public health emergency for the elevated deaths and hospitalizations in Intensive Care Units. The severity spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia ranges from mild to severe clinical conditions. The clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 disease is correlated with multiple factors including host characteristics (genetics, immune status, age, and general health), viral load and, above all, the host distribution of the airways and lungs of the viral receptor cells. In this review, we will briefly summarize the current knowledge of the characteristics and management of coronavirus disease 2019-pneumonia. However, other studies are needed to better understand the pathogenetic mechanisms induced by SARS-Cov-2 infection, and to evaluate the long-term consequences of the virus on the lungs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Sagnelli
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Mental health and Public MedicineUniversity of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”NaplesItaly
| | - Benito Celia
- Department of Translational Medical SciencesUniversity of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”NaplesItaly
| | - Caterina Monari
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Mental health and Public MedicineUniversity of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”NaplesItaly
| | - Salvatore Cirillo
- Department of Translational Medical SciencesUniversity of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”NaplesItaly
| | - Giulia De Angelis
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Mental health and Public MedicineUniversity of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”NaplesItaly
| | - Andrea Bianco
- Department of Translational Medical SciencesUniversity of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”NaplesItaly
| | - Nicola Coppola
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Mental health and Public MedicineUniversity of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”NaplesItaly
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang C, Zhou X, Wang M, Chen X. The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the Human Immune System and Microbiome. INFECTIOUS MICROBES & DISEASES 2021; 3:14-21. [PMID: 38630064 PMCID: PMC8011344 DOI: 10.1097/im9.0000000000000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the single-stranded enveloped RNA virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has developed into a global pandemic, after it was first reported in Wuhan in December 2019. SARS-CoV-2 is an emerging virus, and little is known about the basic characteristics of this pathogen, the underlying mechanism of infection, and the potential treatments. The immune system has been known to be actively involved in viral infections. To facilitate the development of COVID-19 treatments, the understanding of immune regulation by this viral infection is urgently needed. This review describes the mechanisms of immune system involvement in viral infections and provides an overview of the dysregulation of immune responses in COVID-19 patients in recent studies. Furthermore, we emphasize the role of gut microbiota in regulating immunity and summarized the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the composition of the microbiome. Overall, this review provides insights for understanding and developing preventive and therapeutic strategies by regulating the immune system and microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuxi Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Da BL, Kushner T, El Halabi M, Paka P, Khalid M, Uberoi A, Lee BT, Perumalswami PV, Rutledge SM, Schiano TD, Friedman SL, Saberi B. Liver Injury in Patients Hospitalized with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Correlates with Hyperinflammatory Response and Elevated Interleukin-6. Hepatol Commun 2021; 5:177-188. [PMID: 33230491 PMCID: PMC7675519 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver injury is commonly seen in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); however, the mechanism behind liver injury, particularly in patients with severe and critical COVID-19, remains unclear, and the clinical course is poorly described. We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients hospitalized with severe and critical COVID-19 with or without liver injury and who underwent immunologic testing (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], and IL-1β). Liver injury was defined as peak aminotransferases ≥3 times the upper limit of normal (40 U/L) or ≥120 U/L. Patients with liver injury were compared to those who had normal aminotransferases throughout the hospital course. We studied 176 patients: 109 with liver injury and 67 controls. Patients with liver injury were more likely to be men (71.6% vs. 37.3%, P < 0.001). Peak inflammatory markers and IL-6 were higher in the liver injury group: C-reactive protein (CRP), 247 vs. 168 mg/L, P < 0.001; lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 706 vs. 421 U/L; ferritin, 2,973 vs. 751 ng/mL, P < 0.001; IL-6, 121.0 vs. 71.8 pg/mL, P < 0.001. There was no difference in the levels of IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-1β. The liver injury group had a longer length of stay in the hospital and more severe COVID-19 despite having less diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Conclusion: An exaggerated hyperinflammatory response (cytokine storm) characterized by significantly elevated CRP, LDH, ferritin, and IL-6 levels and increasing severity of COVID-19 appears to be associated with the occurrence of liver injury in patients with severe/critical COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben L Da
- Division of Liver DiseasesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA.,Sandra Atlas Bass Center for Liver Diseases & Transplantation, Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal MedicineDonald and Barabara Zucker School of Medicine for Hofstra/Northwell HealthManhasset, New YorkNYUSA
| | - Tatyana Kushner
- Division of Liver DiseasesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Maan El Halabi
- Department of Internal MedicineMount Sinai Saint Luke's and Mount Sinai WestNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Pavan Paka
- Department of Internal MedicineMount Sinai Saint Luke's and Mount Sinai WestNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Mian Khalid
- Department of Internal MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Angad Uberoi
- Department of Internal MedicineMount Sinai Saint Luke's and Mount Sinai WestNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Brian T Lee
- Division of Liver DiseasesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | | | - Stephanie M Rutledge
- Division of GastroenterologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Thomas D Schiano
- Division of Liver DiseasesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver DiseasesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Behnam Saberi
- Division of Liver DiseasesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA.,Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Black MA, Shen G, Feng X, Garcia Beltran WF, Feng Y, Vasudevaraja V, Allison D, Lin LH, Gindin T, Astudillo M, Yang D, Murali M, Iafrate AJ, Jour G, Cotzia P, Snuderl M. Analytical performance of lateral flow immunoassay for SARS-CoV-2 exposure screening on venous and capillary blood samples. J Immunol Methods 2021; 489:112909. [PMID: 33166549 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.13.20098426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We validate the use of a lateral flow immunoassay (LFI) intended for rapid screening and qualitative detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG in serum, plasma, and whole blood, and compare results with ELISA. We also seek to establish the value of LFI testing on blood obtained from a capillary blood sample. METHODS Samples collected by venous blood draw and finger stick were obtained from patients with SARS-CoV-2 detected by RT-qPCR and control patients. Samples were tested with Biolidics 2019-nCoV IgG/IgM Detection Kit lateral flow immunoassay, and antibody calls were compared with ELISA. RESULTS Biolidics LFI showed clinical sensitivity of 92% with venous blood at 7 days after PCR diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Test specificity was 92% for IgM and 100% for IgG. There was no significant difference in detecting IgM and IgG with Biolidics LFI and ELISA at D0 and D7 (p = 1.00), except for detection of IgM at D7 (p = 0.04). Capillary blood of SARS-CoV-2 patients showed 93% sensitivity for antibody detection. CONCLUSIONS Clinical performance of Biolidics 2019-nCoV IgG/IgM Detection Kit is comparable to ELISA and was consistent across sample types. This provides an opportunity for decentralized rapid testing and may allow point-of-care and longitudinal self-testing for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Black
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York City, NY, United States of America
| | - Guomiao Shen
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York City, NY, United States of America
| | - Xiaojun Feng
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York City, NY, United States of America
| | - Wilfredo F Garcia Beltran
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Yang Feng
- Department of Biostatistics, NYU School of Global Public Health, New York City, NY, United States of America
| | - Varshini Vasudevaraja
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York City, NY, United States of America
| | - Douglas Allison
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York City, NY, United States of America
| | - Lawrence H Lin
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York City, NY, United States of America
| | - Tatyana Gindin
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York City, NY, United States of America
| | - Michael Astudillo
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Diane Yang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Mandakolathur Murali
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - George Jour
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York City, NY, United States of America.
| | - Paolo Cotzia
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York City, NY, United States of America.
| | - Matija Snuderl
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York City, NY, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chakraborty C, Sharma AR, Bhattacharya M, Sharma G, Lee SS. Immunoinformatics Approach for the Identification and Characterization of T Cell and B Cell Epitopes towards the Peptide-Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Arch Med Res 2021; 52:362-370. [PMID: 33546870 PMCID: PMC7846223 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Presently, immunoinformatics is playing a significant role in epitope identification and vaccine designing for various critical diseases. Using immunoinformatics, several scientists are trying to identify and characterize T cell and B cell epitopes as well as design peptide-based vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. In this review article, we have tried to discuss the importance in adaptive immunity and its significance for designing the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Moreover, we have attempted to illustrate several significant key points for utilizing immunoinformatics for vaccine designing, such as the criteria for selection and identification of epitopes, T cell epitope, and B cell epitope prediction and different emerging tools/databases for immunoinformatics. In the current scenario, a few immunoinformatics studies have been performed for various infectious pathogens and related diseases. Thus, we have also summarized and included these current immunoinformatics studies in this review article. Finally, we have discussed about the probable T cell and B cell epitopes and their identification and characterization for vaccine designing against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India; Institute for Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, 24252,Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, 24252,Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore Odisha, India
| | - Garima Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Science and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, 24252,Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gowri A, Ashwin Kumar N, Suresh Anand BS. Recent advances in nanomaterials based biosensors for point of care (PoC) diagnosis of Covid-19 - A minireview. Trends Analyt Chem 2021; 137:116205. [PMID: 33531721 PMCID: PMC7842193 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis and ultrahigh sample throughput screening are the need of the hour to control the geological spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Traditional laboratory tests such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and computed tomography are implemented for the detection of COVID-19. However, they are limited by the laborious sample collection and processing procedures, longer wait time for test results and skilled technicians to operate sophisticated facilities. In this context, the point of care (PoC) diagnostic platform has proven to be the prospective approach in addressing the abovementioned challenges. This review emphasizes the mechanism of viral infection spread detailing the host-virus interaction, pathophysiology, and the recent advances in the development of affordable PoC diagnostic platforms for rapid and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19. First, the well-established optical and electrochemical biosensors are discussed. Subsequently, the recent advances in the development of PoC biosensors, including lateral flow immunoassays and other emerging techniques, are highlighted. Finally, a focus on integrating nanotechnology with wearables and smartphones to develop smart nanobiosensors is outlined, which could promote COVID-19 diagnosis accessible to both individuals and the mass population at patient care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annasamy Gowri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vel Tech Research Park, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala R & D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi, Chennai 600 062, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Ashwin Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B S Suresh Anand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Peter AE, Sandeep BV, Rao BG, Kalpana VL. Calming the Storm: Natural Immunosuppressants as Adjuvants to Target the Cytokine Storm in COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:583777. [PMID: 33708109 PMCID: PMC7941276 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.583777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a global health crisis, with no specific antiviral to treat the infection and the absence of a suitable vaccine to prevent it. While some individuals contracting the SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibit a well coordinated immune response and recover, others display a dysfunctional immune response leading to serious complications including ARDS, sepsis, MOF; associated with morbidity and mortality. Studies revealed that in patients with a dysfunctional immune response, there is a massive cytokine and chemokine release, referred to as the ‘cytokine storm’. As a result, such patients exhibit higher levels of pro-inflammatory/modulatory cytokines and chemokines like TNFα, INFγ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, G-CSF, GM-CSF, MCSF, HGF and chemokines CXCL8, MCP1, IP10, MIP1α and MIP1β. Targeting this cytokine storm is a novel, promising treatment strategy to alleviate this excess influx of cytokines observed at the site of infection and their subsequent disastrous consequences. Natural immunosuppressant compounds, derived from plant sources like curcumin, luteolin, piperine, resveratrol are known to inhibit the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This inhibitory effect is mediated by altering signal pathways like NF-κB, JAK/STAT, MAPK/ERK that are involved in the production and release of cytokines and chemokines. The use of these natural immunosuppressants as adjuvants to ameliorate the cytokine storm; in combination with antiviral agents and other treatment drugs currently in use presents a novel, synergistic approach for the treatment and effective cure of COVID-19. This review briefly describes the immunopathogenesis of the cytokine storm observed in SARS-CoV-2 infection and details some natural immunosuppressants that can be used as adjuvants in treating COVID-19 disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela E Peter
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - B V Sandeep
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - B Ganga Rao
- Andhra University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - V Lakshmi Kalpana
- Department of Human Genetics, College of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Alamri A, Fisk D, Upreti D, Kung SKP. A Missing Link: Engagements of Dendritic Cells in the Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1118. [PMID: 33498725 PMCID: PMC7865603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) connect the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system and carry out numerous roles that are significant in the context of viral disease. Their functions include the control of inflammatory responses, the promotion of tolerance, cross-presentation, immune cell recruitment and the production of antiviral cytokines. Based primarily on the available literature that characterizes the behaviour of many DC subsets during Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we speculated possible mechanisms through which DC could contribute to COVID-19 immune responses, such as dissemination of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to lymph nodes, mounting dysfunctional inteferon responses and T cell immunity in patients. We highlighted gaps of knowledge in our understanding of DC in COVID-19 pathogenesis and discussed current pre-clinical development of therapies for COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Alamri
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E OT5, Canada; (A.A.); (D.F.)
| | - Derek Fisk
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E OT5, Canada; (A.A.); (D.F.)
| | - Deepak Upreti
- Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada;
| | - Sam K. P. Kung
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E OT5, Canada; (A.A.); (D.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Islam MT, Quispe C, Martorell M, Docea AO, Salehi B, Calina D, Reiner Ž, Sharifi-Rad J. Dietary supplements, vitamins and minerals as potential interventions against viruses: Perspectives for COVID-19. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2021; 92:49-66. [DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causing COVID-19 disease pandemic has infected millions of people and caused more than thousands of deaths in many countries across the world. The number of infected cases is increasing day by day. Unfortunately, we do not have a vaccine and specific treatment for it. Along with the protective measures, respiratory and/or circulatory supports and some antiviral and retroviral drugs have been used against SARS-CoV-2, but there are no more extensive studies proving their efficacy. In this study, the latest publications in the field have been reviewed, focusing on the modulatory effects on the immunity of some natural antiviral dietary supplements, vitamins and minerals. Findings suggest that several dietary supplements, including black seeds, garlic, ginger, cranberry, orange, omega-3 and -6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins (e.g., A, B vitamins, C, D, E), and minerals (e.g., Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Se, Zn) have anti-viral effects. Many of them act against various species of respiratory viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronaviruses. Therefore, dietary supplements, including vitamins and minerals, probiotics as well as individual nutritional behaviour can be used as adjuvant therapy together with antiviral medicines in the management of COVID-19 disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Bangladesh
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Chile
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Universidad de Concepción, Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico (UDT), Concepción, Chile
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Quiroz Aldave JE, Durand Vásquez MDC, Valencia De La Cruz J, Cabrejo Paredes JE, Castañeda Saboga A, Ruiz-Barrueto MA. Tiempo de contagio de pacientes con SARS-CoV-2: Análisis a diez meses de pandemia. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) 2021. [DOI: 10.15446/rsap.v23n5.91160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bajo las actuales circunstancias de la pandemia por COVID-19 y dada la posibilidad de colapso de los sistemas de salud debido al aumento de contagios a nivel mundial, es necesario establecer el tiempo en el que un paciente infectado con SARS-CoV-2 mantiene la condición de contagiante. Determinar con mayor precisión la fase de transmisibilidad del agente infeccioso servirá para estandarizar el periodo de aislamiento del paciente y evitará la diseminación del virus a nivel comunitario y su reincorporación a la actividad laboral de forma segura. Mediante pruebas moleculares se ha establecido que el ARN viral es detectable en el tracto respiratorio desde 2 a 3 días antes de la manifestación de síntomas, alcanzando su máximo nivel al inicio de los síntomas y disminuyendo progresivamente en los siguientes 7 u 8 días en la mayoría de pacientes. Sin embargo, la detección persistente del ARN viral mediante RT-PCR no necesariamente significa que el paciente conserve su capacidad infectante. Se ha reportado que en casos leves y moderados de la COVID-19, la capacidad replicativa del virus perdura hasta el día 9 desde el inicio de síntomas, mientras que, en casos severos y críticos, se prolonga hasta el día 20 desde la aparición de síntomas. Actualmente, las estrategias propuestas por la OMS y los CDC para definir el tiempo de aislamiento de los contagiados, se basan en el tiempo de manifestación de síntomas y la evolución clínica del paciente.
Collapse
|
43
|
Azab SM, Zytoon AA, Kasemy ZAA, Omar SF, Ewida SF, Sakr KA, Ella TFA. Learning from pathophysiological aspects of COVID-19 clinical, laboratory, and high-resolution CT features: a retrospective analysis of 128 cases by disease severity. Emerg Radiol 2021; 28:453-467. [PMID: 33417113 PMCID: PMC7791339 DOI: 10.1007/s10140-020-01875-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The classic chest CT imaging features of COVID-19 pneumonia have low specificity due to their similarity with a number of other conditions. So, the goal of the present study is to learn from the pathophysiology of COVID-19 clinical features, laboratory results, and high-resolution CT manifestations in different stages of disease severity to provide significant reference values for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. METHODS This was a multicentered study that included 128 patients. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data, in addition to chest HRCT findings, were evaluated. According to chest HRCT features, radiologic scoring were grade 1 and 2 for mild grades of the disease, 3 and 4 for moderate grades of the disease, and 5 and 6 for severe grades of the disease. RESULTS Patient clinical symptoms ranged between fever, dry cough, muscle ache (myalgia)/fatigue, dyspnea, hyposomia, sore throat, and diarrhea. Lymphocytes and WBCs were significantly lower in patients with severe COVID-19. A significant negative correlation was found with WBCs (r = - 0.245, P = 0.005), lymphocytes% (r = - 0.586, P < 0.001), RBCs (r = - 0.2488, P = 0.005), Hb (gm/dl) (r = - 0.342, P < 0.001), and HCT (r = - 0.377, P < 0.001). Transferrin and CRP were significantly higher in moderate and severe COVID-19 than mild degree and showed a significant positive correlation with CT score (r = 0.356, P < 0.001) and (r = 0.429, P < 0.001), respectively. The most common CT features were peripheral pulmonary GGO and air space consolidation. CONCLUSION Clinical features, laboratory assessment, and HRCT imaging had their characteristic signs and performances. Correlating them can make it possible for physicians and radiologists to quickly obtain the final diagnosis and staging of the COVID-19 pneumonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Mostafa Azab
- Radiodiagnosis Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Anas Zytoon
- Radiodiagnosis Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt.
| | - Zeinab Abdel Aziz Kasemy
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Suzan Fouad Omar
- Radiodiagnosis Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Suzy Fayez Ewida
- Clinical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Karim Ayman Sakr
- School of Health Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tarek Fawzy Abd Ella
- Radiodiagnosis Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Toor SM, Saleh R, Sasidharan Nair V, Taha RZ, Elkord E. T-cell responses and therapies against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Immunology 2021; 162:30-43. [PMID: 32935333 PMCID: PMC7730020 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus strain. Some studies suggest that COVID-19 could be an immune-related disease, and failure of effective immune responses in initial stages of viral infection could contribute to systemic inflammation and tissue damage, leading to worse disease outcomes. T cells can act as a double-edge sword with both pro- and anti-roles in the progression of COVID-19. Thus, better understanding of their roles in immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection is crucial. T cells primarily react to the spike protein on the coronavirus to initiate antiviral immunity; however, T-cell responses can be suboptimal, impaired or excessive in severe COVID-19 patients. This review focuses on the multifaceted roles of T cells in COVID-19 pathogenesis and rationalizes their significance in eliciting appropriate antiviral immune responses in COVID-19 patients and unexposed individuals. In addition, we summarize the potential therapeutic approaches related to T cells to treat COVID-19 patients. These include adoptive T-cell therapies, vaccines activating T-cell responses, recombinant cytokines, Th1 activators and Th17 blockers, and potential utilization of immune checkpoint inhibitors alone or in combination with anti-inflammatory drugs to improve antiviral T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salman M. Toor
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI)Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU)Qatar Foundation (QF)P.O. Box: 34110DohaQatar
| | - Reem Saleh
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI)Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU)Qatar Foundation (QF)P.O. Box: 34110DohaQatar
| | - Varun Sasidharan Nair
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI)Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU)Qatar Foundation (QF)P.O. Box: 34110DohaQatar
| | - Rowaida Z. Taha
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI)Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU)Qatar Foundation (QF)P.O. Box: 34110DohaQatar
| | - Eyad Elkord
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI)Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU)Qatar Foundation (QF)P.O. Box: 34110DohaQatar
- Biomedical Research CenterSchool of Science, Engineering and EnvironmentUniversity of SalfordManchesterUK
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Vaccines against Coronavirus Disease: Target Proteins, Immune Responses, and Status of Ongoing Clinical Trials. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.4.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected more than 26 million individuals and caused 871,166 deaths globally. Various countries are racing against time to find a vaccine for controlling the rapid transmission of infection. The selection of antigen targets to trigger an immune response is crucial for vaccine development strategies. The receptor binding domain of the subunit of spike 1 protein is considered a promising vaccine candidate because of its ability to prevent attachment and infection of host cells by stimulating neutralizing antibodies. The vaccine is expected to mount a sufficient immunogenic response to eliminate the virus and store antigenic information in memory cells for long-term protection. Here, we review the ongoing clinical trials for COVID-19 vaccines and discuss the immune responses in patients administered an adequate dosage to prevent COVID-19.
Collapse
|
46
|
Jones DL, Baluja MQ, Graham DW, Corbishley A, McDonald JE, Malham SK, Hillary LS, Connor TR, Gaze WH, Moura IB, Wilcox MH, Farkas K. Shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in feces and urine and its potential role in person-to-person transmission and the environment-based spread of COVID-19. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 749:141364. [PMID: 32836117 PMCID: PMC7836549 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The recent detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in feces has led to speculation that it can be transmitted via the fecal-oral/ocular route. This review aims to critically evaluate the incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, the quantity and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in feces and urine, and whether these pose an infection risk in sanitary settings, sewage networks, wastewater treatment plants, and the wider environment (e.g. rivers, lakes and marine waters). A review of 48 independent studies revealed that severe GI dysfunction is only evident in a small number of COVID-19 cases, with 11 ± 2% exhibiting diarrhea and 12 ± 3% exhibiting vomiting and nausea. In addition to these cases, SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in feces from some asymptomatic, mildly- and pre-symptomatic individuals. Fecal shedding of the virus peaks in the symptomatic period and can persist for several weeks, but with declining abundances in the post-symptomatic phase. SARS-CoV-2 RNA is occasionally detected in urine, but reports in fecal samples are more frequent. The abundance of the virus genetic material in both urine (ca. 102-105 gc/ml) and feces (ca. 102-107 gc/ml) is much lower than in nasopharyngeal fluids (ca. 105-1011 gc/ml). There is strong evidence of multiplication of SARS-CoV-2 in the gut and infectious virus has occasionally been recovered from both urine and stool samples. The level and infectious capability of SARS-CoV-2 in vomit remain unknown. In comparison to enteric viruses transmitted via the fecal-oral route (e.g. norovirus, adenovirus), the likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 being transmitted via feces or urine appears much lower due to the lower relative amounts of virus present in feces/urine. The biggest risk of transmission will occur in clinical and care home settings where secondary handling of people and urine/fecal matter occurs. In addition, while SARS-CoV-2 RNA genetic material can be detected by in wastewater, this signal is greatly reduced by conventional treatment. Our analysis also suggests the likelihood of infection due to contact with sewage-contaminated water (e.g. swimming, surfing, angling) or food (e.g. salads, shellfish) is extremely low or negligible based on very low predicted abundances and limited environmental survival of SARS-CoV-2. These conclusions are corroborated by the fact that tens of million cases of COVID-19 have occurred globally, but exposure to feces or wastewater has never been implicated as a transmission vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Jones
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK; UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | | | - David W Graham
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Alexander Corbishley
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - James E McDonald
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Shelagh K Malham
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
| | - Luke S Hillary
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Thomas R Connor
- Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; Public Health Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - William H Gaze
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, ESI, Penryn Campus, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Ines B Moura
- Leeds Institute for Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Mark H Wilcox
- Healthcare Associated Infections Research Group, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Kata Farkas
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK; School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Jones DL, Baluja MQ, Graham DW, Corbishley A, McDonald JE, Malham SK, Hillary LS, Connor TR, Gaze WH, Moura IB, Wilcox MH, Farkas K. Shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in feces and urine and its potential role in person-to-person transmission and the environment-based spread of COVID-19. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 749:141364. [PMID: 32836117 DOI: 10.20944/preprints202007.0471.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The recent detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in feces has led to speculation that it can be transmitted via the fecal-oral/ocular route. This review aims to critically evaluate the incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, the quantity and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in feces and urine, and whether these pose an infection risk in sanitary settings, sewage networks, wastewater treatment plants, and the wider environment (e.g. rivers, lakes and marine waters). A review of 48 independent studies revealed that severe GI dysfunction is only evident in a small number of COVID-19 cases, with 11 ± 2% exhibiting diarrhea and 12 ± 3% exhibiting vomiting and nausea. In addition to these cases, SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in feces from some asymptomatic, mildly- and pre-symptomatic individuals. Fecal shedding of the virus peaks in the symptomatic period and can persist for several weeks, but with declining abundances in the post-symptomatic phase. SARS-CoV-2 RNA is occasionally detected in urine, but reports in fecal samples are more frequent. The abundance of the virus genetic material in both urine (ca. 102-105 gc/ml) and feces (ca. 102-107 gc/ml) is much lower than in nasopharyngeal fluids (ca. 105-1011 gc/ml). There is strong evidence of multiplication of SARS-CoV-2 in the gut and infectious virus has occasionally been recovered from both urine and stool samples. The level and infectious capability of SARS-CoV-2 in vomit remain unknown. In comparison to enteric viruses transmitted via the fecal-oral route (e.g. norovirus, adenovirus), the likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 being transmitted via feces or urine appears much lower due to the lower relative amounts of virus present in feces/urine. The biggest risk of transmission will occur in clinical and care home settings where secondary handling of people and urine/fecal matter occurs. In addition, while SARS-CoV-2 RNA genetic material can be detected by in wastewater, this signal is greatly reduced by conventional treatment. Our analysis also suggests the likelihood of infection due to contact with sewage-contaminated water (e.g. swimming, surfing, angling) or food (e.g. salads, shellfish) is extremely low or negligible based on very low predicted abundances and limited environmental survival of SARS-CoV-2. These conclusions are corroborated by the fact that tens of million cases of COVID-19 have occurred globally, but exposure to feces or wastewater has never been implicated as a transmission vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Jones
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK; UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | | | - David W Graham
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Alexander Corbishley
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - James E McDonald
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Shelagh K Malham
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
| | - Luke S Hillary
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Thomas R Connor
- Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; Public Health Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - William H Gaze
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, ESI, Penryn Campus, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Ines B Moura
- Leeds Institute for Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Mark H Wilcox
- Healthcare Associated Infections Research Group, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Kata Farkas
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK; School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Jones DL, Baluja MQ, Graham DW, Corbishley A, McDonald JE, Malham SK, Hillary LS, Connor TR, Gaze WH, Moura IB, Wilcox MH, Farkas K. Shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in feces and urine and its potential role in person-to-person transmission and the environment-based spread of COVID-19. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020. [PMID: 32836117 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141364pmid-32836117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The recent detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in feces has led to speculation that it can be transmitted via the fecal-oral/ocular route. This review aims to critically evaluate the incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, the quantity and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in feces and urine, and whether these pose an infection risk in sanitary settings, sewage networks, wastewater treatment plants, and the wider environment (e.g. rivers, lakes and marine waters). A review of 48 independent studies revealed that severe GI dysfunction is only evident in a small number of COVID-19 cases, with 11 ± 2% exhibiting diarrhea and 12 ± 3% exhibiting vomiting and nausea. In addition to these cases, SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in feces from some asymptomatic, mildly- and pre-symptomatic individuals. Fecal shedding of the virus peaks in the symptomatic period and can persist for several weeks, but with declining abundances in the post-symptomatic phase. SARS-CoV-2 RNA is occasionally detected in urine, but reports in fecal samples are more frequent. The abundance of the virus genetic material in both urine (ca. 102-105 gc/ml) and feces (ca. 102-107 gc/ml) is much lower than in nasopharyngeal fluids (ca. 105-1011 gc/ml). There is strong evidence of multiplication of SARS-CoV-2 in the gut and infectious virus has occasionally been recovered from both urine and stool samples. The level and infectious capability of SARS-CoV-2 in vomit remain unknown. In comparison to enteric viruses transmitted via the fecal-oral route (e.g. norovirus, adenovirus), the likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 being transmitted via feces or urine appears much lower due to the lower relative amounts of virus present in feces/urine. The biggest risk of transmission will occur in clinical and care home settings where secondary handling of people and urine/fecal matter occurs. In addition, while SARS-CoV-2 RNA genetic material can be detected by in wastewater, this signal is greatly reduced by conventional treatment. Our analysis also suggests the likelihood of infection due to contact with sewage-contaminated water (e.g. swimming, surfing, angling) or food (e.g. salads, shellfish) is extremely low or negligible based on very low predicted abundances and limited environmental survival of SARS-CoV-2. These conclusions are corroborated by the fact that tens of million cases of COVID-19 have occurred globally, but exposure to feces or wastewater has never been implicated as a transmission vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Jones
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK; UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | | | - David W Graham
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Alexander Corbishley
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - James E McDonald
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Shelagh K Malham
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
| | - Luke S Hillary
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Thomas R Connor
- Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; Public Health Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - William H Gaze
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, ESI, Penryn Campus, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Ines B Moura
- Leeds Institute for Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Mark H Wilcox
- Healthcare Associated Infections Research Group, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Kata Farkas
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK; School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hoshiyama T, Wada T, Nihonyanagi S, Kameda R, Yamaoka-Tojo M, Fukuda M, Ako J, Yamaoka K, Takayama Y. Clinical and Microbiological Features of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Mild COVID-19 in Seven Crewmembers of a Cruise Ship. Intern Med 2020; 59:3135-3140. [PMID: 33132333 PMCID: PMC7807104 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.5601-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe the clinical features and clinical course of individuals diagnosed with asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or mild coronavirus disease (COVID)-19. Patients The study participants consisted of 7 crewmembers of the passenger cruise-liner, Diamond Princess, who were admitted to our hospital after becoming infected with SARS-CoV-2 aboard the ship. Methods The data on patient background and biochemical test results were obtained from the patients' medical records. All patients had a chest X-ray, and a throat swab and sputum samples were sent for culture on admission. Results The median age of the 7 patients, of whom 4 were male and 3 were female, was 39 years (range: 23-47 years). On admission, none of them had fever, but 4 (57%) had a cough. None of them showed any signs of organ damage on laboratory testing. Chest X-ray showed pneumonia in one individual, which resolved spontaneously, while the other 6 had normal chest X-ray findings. Culture of throat swabs and sputum samples revealed that 4 patients (57%) had bacterial upper respiratory infections (Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus). The period from a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test to negative conversion ranged from 5 to 13 days, with a median of 8 days. Conclusion Healthy young adults without risk factors who acquire SARS-CoV-2 infection may have an asymptomatic infection or may experience mild COVID-19. In addition to obesity, an older age, underlying illness, and being overweight can lead to a risk of exacerbation; thus, hospital management for such individuals may be desirable. Culturing respiratory samples may be useful for diagnosing secondary bacterial pneumonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Hoshiyama
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kitasato University Hospital, Japan
- Department of Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Wada
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kitasato University Hospital, Japan
- Department of Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shin Nihonyanagi
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kitasato University Hospital, Japan
| | - Ryo Kameda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Minako Yamaoka-Tojo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Japan
| | - Michinari Fukuda
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Japan
| | - Jyunya Ako
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Yamaoka
- Department of Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoko Takayama
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kitasato University Hospital, Japan
- Department of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, Research and Development Center for New Medical Frontiers, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wang X, Gui J. Cell-mediated immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Pediatr Investig 2020; 4:281-291. [PMID: 33376956 PMCID: PMC7768298 DOI: 10.1002/ped4.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viruses spread unscrupulously virtually every corner on the planet in a very quick speed leading to an unprecedented world pandemic of COVID-19 claiming a great many of people's life. Paramount importance has been given to the studies on the virus itself including genomic variation and viron structure, as well as cell entry pathway and tissue residence. Other than that, to learn the main characteristic of host immunity responding to SARS-CoV-2 infection is an eminent task for restraining virus and controlling disease progress. Beside antibody production in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, host cellular immunity plays an indispensable role in impeding virus replication and expansion at various stages of COVID-19 disease. In this review, we summarized the recent knowledge regarding the aberrant regulation and dysfunction of multiple immune cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection. This includes the dysregulation of immune cell number, Th polarity, cytokine storm they implicated with, as well as cell function exhaustion after chronic virus stimulation. Notwithstanding that many obstacles remain to be overcome, studies on immunotherapy for COVID-19 treatment based on the known features of host immunity in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection offer us tangible benefits and hope for making this SARS-CoV-2 pandemic under control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wang
- Laboratory of Tumor ImmunologyBeijing Pediatric Research InstituteBeijing Children’s HospitalCapital Medical UniversityNational Center for Children’s HealthBeijingChina
| | - Jingang Gui
- Laboratory of Tumor ImmunologyBeijing Pediatric Research InstituteBeijing Children’s HospitalCapital Medical UniversityNational Center for Children’s HealthBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|