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Tak Y, Kaur M, Chitranashi A, Samota MK, Verma P, Bali M, Kumawat C. Fenugreek derived diosgenin as an emerging source for diabetic therapy. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1280100. [PMID: 38371502 PMCID: PMC10873921 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1280100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease that endangers the entire body's tissues and organs. Diabetes impairs glucose and insulin regulation in the human body by causing pancreatic cell damage. Diabetes modifies pathways such as serine/threonine protein kinase (Akt) and Protein kinase C (PKC)/- glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) glucose absorption, and inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase, Sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT-1), and Na+-K+-ATPase activity. Diabetes may also be caused by a decrease in the expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) and its target genes, fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase α (ACC), as well as a decrease in the levels of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), Caspase12, and Caspase3 proteins. Diabetes has long been linked to diseases of the cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, reproductive, hepatic, ocular, and renal systems. Diosgenin, a steroidal compound derived from fenugreek, aids in the prevention of diabetes by altering cellular pathways in favor of healthy bodily functions. Diosgenin is a new nutraceutical on the market that claims to cure diabetes in particular. This article focuses on diosgenin extraction and purification, fenugreek bioactive compounds, pharmacological properties of diosgenin, mode of action of diosgenin to cure diabetes, and dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini Tak
- Agricultural Research Station, Agriculture University, Kota, India
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Abhishek Chitranashi
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Mahesh Kumar Samota
- ICAR-Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering & Technology, Ludhiana, India
| | - Preeti Verma
- Agricultural Research Station, Agriculture University, Kota, India
| | - Manoj Bali
- School of Sciences, Rayat Bahra University, Mohali, India
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Brahma S, Goyal AK, Dhamodhar P, Kumari MR, Jayashree S, Usha T, Middha SK. Can Polyherbal Medicine be used for the Treatment of Diabetes? - A Review of Historical Classics, Research Evidence and Current Prevention Programs. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e140323214600. [PMID: 36918778 DOI: 10.2174/1573399819666230314093721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic medical condition, has attained a global pandemic status over the last few decades affecting millions of people. Despite a variety of synthetic drugs available in the market, the use of herbal medicines for managing diabetes is gaining importance because of being comparatively safer. This article reviews the result of a substantial literature search on polyherbal formulations (PHFs) developed and evaluated with potential for DM. The accumulated data in the literature allowed us to enlist 76PHFs consisting of different parts of 147 plant species belonging to 58 botanical families. The documented plant species are laden with bioactive components with anti-diabetic properties and thus draw attention. The most favoured ingredient for PHFs was leaves of Gymnema sylvestre and seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum used in 27 and 22 formulations, respectively. Apart from herbs, shilajit (exudates from high mountain rocks) formed an important component of 9 PHFs, whereas calcined Mytilus margaritiferus and goat pancreas were used in Dolabi, the most commonly used tablet form of PHF in Indian markets. The healing properties of PHFs against diabetes have been examined in both pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. However, the mechanism(s) of action of PHFs are still unclear and considered the pitfalls inherent in understanding the benefits of PHFs. From the information available based on experimental systems, it could be concluded that plant-derived medicines will have a considerable role to play in the control of diabetes provided the challenges related to their bioavailability, bioefficacy, optimal dose, lack of characterization, ambiguous mechanism of action, and clinical efficiency are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudem Brahma
- Department of Biotechnology, Bodoland University, Kokrajhar-783370, BTR, Assam, India
| | - Arvind Kumar Goyal
- Department of Biotechnology, Bodoland University, Kokrajhar-783370, BTR, Assam, India
| | - Prakash Dhamodhar
- Department of Biotechnology, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangaluru-560054, Karnataka, India
| | - Mani Reema Kumari
- Department of Botany, Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni College for Women, Bengaluru-560012, Karnataka, India
| | - S Jayashree
- School of Allied Health Sciences, REVA University, Bengaluru-560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Talambedu Usha
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni College for Women, Bengaluru-560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Middha
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni College for Women, Bengaluru-560012, Karnataka, India
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Zhou Y, Xu B. New insights into anti-diabetes effects and molecular mechanisms of dietary saponins. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:12372-12397. [PMID: 35866515 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2101425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a long-term metabolic disorder that manifests as chronic hyperglycemia and impaired insulin, bringing a heavy load on the global health care system. Considering the inevitable side effects of conventional anti-diabetic drugs, saponins-rich natural products exert promising therapeutic properties to serve as safer and more cost-effective alternatives for DM management. Herein, this review systematically summarized the research progress on the anti-diabetic properties of dietary saponins and their underlying molecular mechanisms in the past 20 years. Dietary saponins possessed the multidirectional anti-diabetic capabilities by concurrent regulation of various signaling pathways, such as IRS-1/PI3K/Akt, AMPK, Nrf2/ARE, NF-κB-NLRP3, SREBP-1c, and PPARγ, in liver, pancreas, gut, and skeletal muscle. However, the industrialization and commercialization of dietary saponin-based drugs are confronted with a significant challenge due to the low bioavailability and lack of the standardization. Hence, in-depth evaluations in pharmacological profile, function-structure interaction, drug-signal pathway interrelation are essential for developing dietary saponins-based anti-diabetic treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhou
- Food Science and Technology Program, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
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Nie K, Gao Y, Chen S, Wang Z, Wang H, Tang Y, Su H, Lu F, Dong H, Fang K. Diosgenin attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes through regulating SIRT6-related fatty acid uptake. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 111:154661. [PMID: 36682299 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 70% of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) concomitantly suffer from Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and the coexistence and interaction of them increases the intractability of NAFLD. With the protective effect against hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis, SIRT6 is becoming a notable target of NAFLD. Diosgenin, an active monomer from Chinese herbs, has been reported to protect against NAFLD. PURPOSE This study aims to figure out the mechanism how diosgenin alleviate NAFLD in T2DM and the relationship with SIRT6. METHODS In vivo studies used spontaneous diabetic db/db mice and divided them into two parts. The first part included four groups consisting of control (Con) group, model (Mod) group, low dose of diosgenin (DL) group and high dose of diosgenin (DH) group. The second part included four groups consisting of Con group, Mod group, DH+OSS (OSS_128167, inhibitor of SIRT6) group, MDL (MDL800, agonist of SIRT6) group. HepG2 cell line was selected in study in vitro, which was mainly composed of six groups including Con group, palmitic acid (PA) group, PA+DL group, PA+DH group, PA+DH+OSS group, PA+MDL group. OGTT, Biochemical biomarker (including TG, TC, AST, ALT), inflammatory biomarker (including IL-6 and TNF-α) were measured. HE, Oil Red O, and DHE staining were conducted. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, mRNA-seq, and qPCR were used to explore the mechanism. RESULTS Results in the first part of study in vivo indicated that diosgenin protected against lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, cell injury, and light inflammatory of liver in db/db mice and regulated the expression of SIRT6 and fatty acid transporter including CD36, FATP2, FABP1. The effect of diosgenin could be reversed in DH+OSS group and the same effect was observed in MDL group in the second part of study in vivo. The same results were also noted in followed study in vitro. Diosgenin inhibited the fatty acids uptake and regulated the expression of SIRT6 and fatty acid transporter including CD36, FATP2, and FABP1 in PA-induced hepG2 cells, and which was reversed in DH+OSS group and resembled in MDL group. CONCLUSIONS Diosgenin could attenuate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes through regulating SIRT6-related fatty acid uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Nie
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Shen Chen
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Hongzhan Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yueheng Tang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Fuer Lu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Ke Fang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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Fakhr L, Chehregosha F, Zarezadeh M, Chaboksafar M, Tarighat-Esfanjani A. Effects of fenugreek supplementation on the components of metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106594. [PMID: 36470549 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic disorders with a heavy disease burden. Fenugreek was reported to be effective in some components of MetS. Therefore, a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted to study the effects of fenugreek on MetS indices. From the beginning until August 2022, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of science were searched. Data were analyzed using the random-effect model, and presented as weighted mean difference (WMD) and associated 95 % confidence interval (CI). This meta-analysis comprised from a total of 29 eligible RCTs with 31 arms measuring fasting plasma glucose (FPG), Triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The results indicated significant improving effects of fenugreek on FPG (WMD: -16.75 mg/dL; 95 % CI: -23.36, -10.15; P < 0.001), TG (-20.12 mg/dL; 95 % CI: -34.238, -5.994; P < 0.001), HDL (WMD: 3.55 mg/dL; 95 % CI: 1.98, 5.12; P < 0.001), WC (WMD: -2.51; 95 % CI: -3.78, -1.24; P < 0.001) and SBP (WMD: -3.45 mmHg; 95 % CI: -6.38, -0.52; P = 0.021); However the effect on DBP (WMD: 3.17; 95 % CI: -5.40, 11.73; P = 0.469) and BMI (WMD: -0.40 kg/m2; 95 % CI: -1.114, 0.324; P = 0.281) was not significant. Administration of fenugreek can meaningfully reduce FPG, TG, WC, and SBP and increase HDL. The overall results support possible protective and therapeutic effects of fenugreek on MetS parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Fakhr
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, the Islamic Republic of Iran; Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Fatemeh Chehregosha
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, the Islamic Republic of Iran; Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Meysam Zarezadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, the Islamic Republic of Iran; Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Maryam Chaboksafar
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, the Islamic Republic of Iran; Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ali Tarighat-Esfanjani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, the Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Arya P, Kumar P. Diosgenin: An ingress towards solving puzzle for diabetes treatment. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14390. [PMID: 36106684 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The consumption and composition of food in daily life predict our health in long run. The relation of diabetes to sweets is quite popular. Diabetes hampers the glucose and insulin regulation in the human body by damaging pancreatic β cells. Diabetes has a strong potential towards altering cellular mechanisms of organs causing unlawful performance. Diabetes alters pathways like TLR4, AChE, NF-ĸB, LPL, and PPAR at different sites that affect the normal cellular machinery and cause damage to the local tissue and organ. The long-lasting effect of diabetes was observed in vascular, cardia, nervous, skeletal, reproductive, hepatic, ocular, and renal systems. The increasing awareness of diabetes and its concern has awakened the common people more enthusiastically. Due to rising harm from diabetes, scientific researchers tend to have more eyes toward it. While searching for diabetes solutions, fenugreek diosgenin could pop up with some positive effects in curing the same. Diosgenin helps to lower the scathe of diabetes by modifying cellular pathways in favor of healthy bodily functions. Diosgenin altered the pathways for renewal of pancreatic β cells for better insulin secretion, initiate GLUT4, enhanced DHEA, modify ER-α-mediated PI3K/Akt pathways. Diosgenin can be an appropriate insult for diabetes in a much evolving way for a healthy lifestyle. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Diabetes is one of the most death causing diseases in the medical world. Regrettably the cure of diabetes is yet to be found. Various scientific team working on the same to look after the most appropriate way for diabetes treatment. There is enormous growth of nutraceutical in the market claiming for cure of different metabolic disorders. Among various bioactive compound fenugreek's diosgenin could took a leap over other in curing and preventing the damage caused by diabetes to different organs. The role of diosgenin in curing various metabolic disorders is quite popular from some time. This article also emphasizes over beneficiary effect of diosgenin in curing the damages caused by diabetes by altering cellular metabolism processes. Hence diosgenin could be a better way for researchers to develop a method for diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajya Arya
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, India
| | - Pradyuman Kumar
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, India
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Wang Z, Wu Q, Wang H, Gao Y, Nie K, Tang Y, Su H, Hu M, Gong J, Fang K, Dong H. Diosgenin protects against podocyte injury in early phase of diabetic nephropathy through regulating SIRT6. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 104:154276. [PMID: 35728388 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus. DN is the main cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). SIRT6 becomes the important target of DN. Diosgenin (a monomer from Chinese herbs) is probable to bind to SIRT6. PURPOSE Based on studies presented in the literature on kidney injuries plus screening for the binding effects of the drug to Sirt6, we aimed to carry out the study to assess the effects of diosgenin involved in improving podocyte damage in the early phase of DN.. METHODS DN model was established in spontaneous diabetic db/db mice. Animal experiment was in two parts. The first part includes four groups consisting of control (Con) group, model (Mod) group, low dose of diosgenin (DL) group and high dose of diosgenin (DH) group. The second part includes four groups consisting of control group, model group, DH+OSS_128167 (OSS, inhibitor of SIRT6) group, MDL800 (agonist of SIRT6) group. MPC5 cell line was selected in cell experiment, which was mainly composed of six groups including Con group, palmitic acid (PA) group, PA+DL group, PA+DH group, PA+DH+OSS group, PA+MDL800 group. Some procedures such as transcriptomics, RT-qPCR and so on were used in the study to explore and verify the mechanism. RESULTS The abnormal changes of mesangial matrix expansion, glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickness, foot process (FP) width, urine albumin/creatinine (UACR), DESMIN, ADRP, NEPHRIN, PODOCIN, SIRT6 in Mod group were alleviated in DH group rather than DL group in the first part of animal experiment. The effect in DH group could be reversed in DH+OSS group and the same effect was observed in MDL800 group in the second part of animal experiment. The same results were also found in cell experiment. Protein level and mRNA expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) and Angiopoietin-like-4 (ANGPTL4) were increased in PA group, which could be alleviated in DH group, MDL800 group rather than DH+OSS group. CONCLUSIONS Diosgenin could protect against podocyte injury in early phase of diabetic nephropathy by regulating SIRT6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiao Wu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongzhan Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kexin Nie
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yueheng Tang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Su
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meilin Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Gong
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Fang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Hui Dong
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Okokon JE, Etuk IC, Thomas PS, Drijfhout FP, Claridge TDW, Li WW. In vivo antihyperglycaemic and antihyperlipidemic activities and chemical constituents of Solanum anomalum. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113153. [PMID: 35598372 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Solanum anomalum is a plant used ethnomedically for the treatment of diabetes. The study was aimed to validate ethnomedical claims in rat model and identify the likely antidiabetic compounds. Leaf extract (70-210 mg/kg/day) and fractions (140 mg/kg/day) of S. anomalum were evaluated in hyperglycaemic rats induced using alloxan for effects on blood glucose, lipids and pancreas histology. Phytochemical characterisation of isolated compounds and their identification were performed using mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Bioinformatics tool was used to predict the possible protein targets of the identified bioactive compounds. The leaf extract/fractions on administration to diabetic rats caused significant lowering of fasting blood glucose of the diabetic rats during single dose study and on repeated administration of the extract. The hydroethanolic leaf extracts also enhanced glucose utilization capacity of the diabetic rats and caused significant lowering of glycosylated hemoglobin levels and elevation of insulin levels in the serum. Furthermore, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, and VLDL-cholesterol levels were lowered significantly, while HDL-cholesterol levels were also elevated in the treated diabetic rats. There was absence or few pathological signs in the treated hyperglycaemic rat pancreas compared to that present in the pancreas of control group. Diosgenin, 25(R)-diosgenin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside, uracil, thymine, 1-octacosanol, and octacosane were isolated and identified. Protein phosphatases along with secreted proteins are predicted to be the major targets of diosgenin and the diosgenin glycoside. These results suggest that the leaf extract/fractions of S. anomalum possess antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic properties, offer protection to the pancreas and stimulate insulin secretion, which can be attributable to the activities of its phytochemical constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude E Okokon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria.
| | - Idongesit C Etuk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Paul S Thomas
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Falko P Drijfhout
- Chemical Sciences Research Centre, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Tim D W Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Wen-Wu Li
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, United Kingdom.
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Ogundepo S, Chiamaka AM, Olatinwo M, Adepoju D, Aladesanmi MT, Celestine UO, Ali KC, Umezinwa OJ, Olasore J, Alausa A. The role of diosgenin in crohn’s disease. CLINICAL PHYTOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s40816-022-00338-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic idiopathic inflammation that can grossly affect the entire gastrointestinal tract (GIT) from the mouth to the anus. Crohn’s disease is the most known type of IBD and has been the focus of attention due to its increase in prevalence worldwide. Although the etiology is yet to be elucidated, recent studies have pointed out Crohn’s disease to arise from a complex interaction between environmental influences, genetic predisposition, and altered gut microbiota, resulting in dysregulated adaptive and innate responses. The presenting hallmarks of Crohn’s disease may include weight loss, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, or chills. Treatment is usually done with many approved immunosuppressive drugs and surgery. However, a promising avenue from natural compounds is a safer therapy due to its safe natural active ingredients and the strong activity it shows in the treatment and management of diseases. Diosgenin, “a major biologically active natural steroidal sapogenin found in Chinese yam,” has been widely reported as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of various classes of disorders such as hyperlipidemia, inflammation, diabetes, cancer, infection, and immunoregulation. In this review, an analysis of literature data on diosgenin employed as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of Crohn’s disease is approached, to strengthen the scientific database and curtail the dreadful impact of Crohn’s disease.
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Semwal P, Painuli S, Abu-Izneid T, Rauf A, Sharma A, Daştan SD, Kumar M, Alshehri MM, Taheri Y, Das R, Mitra S, Emran TB, Sharifi-Rad J, Calina D, Cho WC. Diosgenin: An Updated Pharmacological Review and Therapeutic Perspectives. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1035441. [PMID: 35677108 PMCID: PMC9168095 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1035441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants including Rhizoma polgonati, Smilax china, and Trigonella foenum-graecum contain a lot of diosgenin, a steroidal sapogenin. This bioactive phytochemical has shown high potential and interest in the treatment of various disorders such as cancer, diabetes, arthritis, asthma, and cardiovascular disease, in addition to being an important starting material for the preparation of several steroidal drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. This review aims to provide an overview of the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies reporting the diosgenin's pharmacological effects and to discuss the safety issues. Preclinical studies have shown promising effects on cancer, neuroprotection, atherosclerosis, asthma, bone health, and other pathologies. Clinical investigations have demonstrated diosgenin's nontoxic nature and promising benefits on cognitive function and menopause. However, further well-designed clinical trials are needed to address the other effects seen in preclinical studies, as well as a better knowledge of the diosgenin's safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Semwal
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, 248002 Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sakshi Painuli
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, 248002 Uttarakhand, India
| | - Tareq Abu-Izneid
- 2Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain 64141, UAE
| | - Abdur Rauf
- 3Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Anbar-23561, K.P .K, Pakistan
| | - Anshu Sharma
- 4Department of Food Science and Technology, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, 173230, India
| | - Sevgi Durna Daştan
- 5Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
- 6Beekeeping Development Application and Research Center, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
| | - Manoj Kumar
- 7Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Mohammed M. Alshehri
- 8Pharmaceutical Care Department, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasaman Taheri
- 9Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rajib Das
- 10Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Saikat Mitra
- 10Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- 11Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
- 12Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- 9Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 13Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Daniela Calina
- 14Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - William C. Cho
- 15Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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11
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Mahmoudi N, Kiasalari Z, Rahmani T, Sanaierad A, Afshin-Majd S, Naderi G, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M. Diosgenin Attenuates Cognitive Impairment in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats: Underlying Mechanisms. Neuropsychobiology 2021; 80:25-35. [PMID: 32526752 DOI: 10.1159/000507398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prolonged diabetes mellitus causes impairments of cognition and attentional dysfunctions. Diosgenin belongs to a group of steroidal saponins with reported anti-diabetic and numerous protective properties. This research aimed to assess the effect of diosgenin on beneficially ameliorating learning and memory decline in a rat model of type 1 diabetes caused by streptozotocin (STZ) and to explore its modes of action including involvement in oxidative stress and inflammation. METHODS Rats were assigned to one of four experimental groups, comprising control, control under treatment with diosgenin, diabetic, and diabetic under treatment with diosgenin. Diosgenin was given daily p.o. (40 mg/kg) for 5 weeks. RESULTS The administration of diosgenin to the diabetic group reduced the deficits of functional performance in behavioral tests, consisting of Y-maze, passive avoidance, radial arm maze, and novel object discrimination tasks (recognitive). Furthermore, diosgenin treatment attenuated hippocampal acetylcholinesterase activity and malon-dialdehyde, along with improvement of antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione. Meanwhile, the hippocampal levels of inflammatory indicators, namely interleukin 6, nuclear factor-κB, toll-like receptor 4, tumor necrosis factor α, and astrocyte-specific biomarker glial fibrillary acidic protein, were lower and, on the other hand, tissue levels of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-related factor 2 were elevated upon diosgenin administration. Besides, the mushroom-like spines of the pyramidal neurons of the hippocampal CA1 area decreased in the diabetic group, and this was alleviated following diosgenin medication. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, diosgenin is capable of ameliorating cognitive deficits in STZ-diabetic animals, partly due to its amelioration of oxidative stress, inflammation, astrogliosis, and possibly improvement of cholinergic function in addition to its neuroprotective potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Mahmoudi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Kiasalari
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Rahmani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashkan Sanaierad
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Gholamali Naderi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran,
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12
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Nazir R, Pandey DK, Pandey B, Kumar V, Dwivedi P, Khampariya A, Dey A, Malik T. Optimization of diosgenin extraction from Dioscorea deltoidea tubers using response surface methodology and artificial neural network modelling. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253617. [PMID: 34288904 PMCID: PMC8294507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dioscorea deltoidea var. deltoidea (Dioscoreaceae) is a valuable endangered plant of great medicinal and economic importance due to the presence of the bioactive compound diosgenin. In the present study, response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) modelling have been implemented to evaluate the diosgenin content from D. deltoidea. In addition, different extraction parameters have been also optimized and developed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Firstly, Plackett-Burman design (PBD) was applied for screening the significant variables among the selected extraction parameters i.e. solvent composition, solid: solvent ratio, particle size, time, temperature, pH and extraction cycles on diosgenin yield. Among seven tested parameters only four parameters (particle size, solid: solvent ratio, time and temperature) were found to exert significant effect on the diosgenin extraction. Moreover, Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to optimize the significant extraction parameters for maximum diosgenin yield. RESULTS The most suitable condition for diosgenin extraction was found to be solid: solvent ratio (1:45), particle size (1.25 mm), time (45 min) and temperature (45°C). The maximum experimental yield of diosgenin (1.204% dry weight) was observed close to the predicted value (1.202% dry weight) on the basis of the chosen optimal extraction factors. The developed mathematical model fitted well with experimental data for diosgenin extraction. CONCLUSIONS Experimental validation revealed that a well trained ANN model has superior performance compared to a RSM model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaan Nazir
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Faculty of Technology and Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Faculty of Technology and Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Babita Pandey
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Faculty of Technology and Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Padmanabh Dwivedi
- Department of Plant Physiology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aditya Khampariya
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Tabarak Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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13
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Jin C, Miao X, Zhong Y, Han J, Liu Q, Zhu J, Xia X, Peng X. The renoprotective effect of diosgenin on aristolochic acid I-induced renal injury in rats: impact on apoptosis, mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy. Food Funct 2021; 11:7456-7467. [PMID: 32789347 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00401d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aristolochic acid I (AA-I) remains a leading cause of aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN), however few prevention and treatment strategies exist. In this work, the nephroprotective effect of diosgenin, a steroidal saponin distributed abundantly in several plants, on AA-I-induced renal injury and its underlying mechanism were investigated. Sprague-Dawley rats were intragastrically administered with 30 mg kg-1 d-1 diosgenin two hours before exposure to 10 mg kg-1 d-1 AA-I for consecutive four weeks, and the histological change, the renal and liver function, apoptosis, autophagy and the involved pathways were investigated. The results showed that diosgenin relieved AA-I-induced renal histological damage, including mild edematous disorder of renal tubular arrangement and widening of renal tubular lumen. No obvious changes in the hepatic tissue structure were observed in all treatment groups. Moreover, diosgenin up-regulated the expression of Bcl-2 and down-regulated Bax, and subsequently inhibited AIF expression and the cleaved form of Caspase-3, thereby alleviating apoptosis triggered by AA-I. Diosgenin also mitigated AA-I-induced renal mitochondrial dynamics disorder by increasing the expression of mitochondrial dynamics-related proteins including DRP1 and MFN2. Diosgenin inhibited AA-I-evoked autophagy via ULK1-mediated inhibition of the mTOR pathway. Overall, these results suggest that diosgenin has a protective effect against AA-I-induced renal damage and it may be a potential agent for preventing AA-I-induced AAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengni Jin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Xin Miao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yujie Zhong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Jiahui Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Jiachang Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Xiaoli Peng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China. and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
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14
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Kalidhindi S, Uddandrao VVS, Sasikumar V, Raveendran N, Ganapathy S. Mitigating Perspectives of Asiatic Acid in the Renal Derangements of Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Rats. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 2021; 18:37-44. [PMID: 32003703 DOI: 10.2174/1871525718666200131121419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was conducted to evaluate the mitigating effects of Asiatic Acid (AA), on the changes in carbohydrate metabolism, insulin signaling molecules and renal function markers in Streptozotocin (STZ)-Nicotinamide (NAD) induced diabetic rats. METHODS AA (20 mg/kg BW) was supplemented orally to the diabetic rats for 42 days. The levels of plasma glucose, Hemoglobin (Hb), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) insulin and renal function markers, carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in the kidney and insulin signaling molecules in skeletal muscle were measured. RESULTS The administration of AA elicited a significant decrease in the levels of plasma glucose, insulin resistance, HbA1c, urea, uric acid, creatinine, glycogen, glycogen synthase, glucose-6- phosphatase, and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and a significant increase of body weight development, insulin, Hb, hexokinase, and glycogen phosphorylase and mRNA expressions of insulin signaling molecule like insulin receptor 1, insulin receptor 2 and glucose transporter-4 in the STZ-NAD induced diabetic rats. Further, the protective effect of AA was evidenced by its histological annotation of the kidney tissues. CONCLUSION Hence, this study concluded that AA can protect against renal dysfunction by attenuating carbohydrate metabolic disorder and subsequently enhances glucose utilization and renal function in STZ-NAD-induced diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Kalidhindi
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Tiruchengode-637215, Namakkal District Tamilanadu, India
| | - Veera Venkata Sathibabu Uddandrao
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Tiruchengode-637215, Namakkal District Tamilanadu, India
| | - Vadivukkarasi Sasikumar
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Tiruchengode-637215, Namakkal District Tamilanadu, India
| | - Nivedha Raveendran
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Tiruchengode-637215, Namakkal District Tamilanadu, India
| | - Saravanan Ganapathy
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Tiruchengode-637215, Namakkal District Tamilanadu, India
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15
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Karigidi KO, Akintimehin ES, Omoboyowa DA, Adetuyi FO, Olaiya CO. Effect of Curculigo pilosa supplemented diet on blood sugar, lipid metabolism, hepatic oxidative stress and carbohydrate metabolism enzymes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:1173-1184. [PMID: 33520833 PMCID: PMC7843773 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00618-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) has continued to raise concern globally and Curculigo pilosa (CP) is used for its treatment and management in folkloric medicine. In this study, the in vitro antioxidant abilities of CP and the effects of CP-supplemented diets on blood sugar, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and key carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were investigated. METHODS Polyphenol contents (total phenolic and total flavonoid) and antioxidant ability of different extracts of CP were determined in vitro. Diabetes mellitus were stimulated in healthy rats by single intraperitoneal administration of 50 mg/kg streptozotocin and it was confirmed by elevated blood glucose level after 3 days. Thirty six rats were distributed into six groups of six rats each and diabetic rats were fed with 5 and 10% CP-supplemented diet for 21 days. Thereafter, the effects of the dietary regimen were evaluated on blood glucose, body weight, hepatic carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes, lipid profile, oxidative stress markers, serum markers of hepatic and renal damages and histopathology studies. RESULTS Different extracts of CP contained polyphenol contents and exhibited antioxidant properties in different models used. Diabetic rats showed elevated level of blood glucose and body weight loss. Treatment of diabetic rats with CP-supplemented diet significantly (p < 0.05) lowered the blood glucose and improved body weight loss. Also, the treatment with the CP-supplemented diet significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the activities of hepatic glycolytic (hexokinase and glucose-6-dehydrogenase) and lowered the gluconeogenic (fructose 1, 6 biphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase) enzymes in diabetic rats. The lipid profile, oxidative stress markers and serum markers of hepatic and renal damages were significantly (p < 0.05) restored to near normalcy in the diabetic rats. Histopathological slides also showed improvements in pancreas and hepatic tissues of diabetic rats treated with CP-supplemented diet. CONCLUSION Data obtained in this study suggested that CP-supplemented diet could be used as dietary regimen in the management of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayode Olayele Karigidi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Ondo state Nigeria
- Nutritional and Industrial Biochemistry Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Sina Akintimehin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Ondo state Nigeria
| | | | - Foluso Olutope Adetuyi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Ondo state Nigeria
| | - Charles Ojo Olaiya
- Nutritional and Industrial Biochemistry Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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16
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Zhang H, Xu J, Wang M, Xia X, Dai R, Zhao Y. Steroidal saponins and sapogenins from fenugreek and their inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase. Steroids 2020; 161:108690. [PMID: 32598954 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The seed of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) has been reported to be rich in saponins, especially the dioscin or diosgenin, which are natural anti-diabetic agents with relatively low toxicity. Thus, the present study was to purify the saponins and sapogenins from fenugreek and to evaluate their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in vitro. As a result, 33 steroidal saponins and sapogenins were isolated, including six undescribed ones and 27 previously known molecules. Among them, compounds 10, 12, 17, 22 and 29 were five 25R and 25S isomer mixtures of spirostanol saponins or sapogenins. The structures of compound 1-6 were established by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and chemical evidence. Compared to the positive control, sapogenins 26, 27, 14 and saponins 18 and 23 considerably inhibited α-glucosidase at IC50 values of 15.16, 8.98, 7.26, 5.49 and 14.01 μM, respectively. These results support the therapeutic potential of fenugreek in the treatment of diabetes with saponins and sapogenins as the active constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixing Zhang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Meizhe Wang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xia
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Rongke Dai
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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17
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Parama D, Boruah M, Yachna K, Rana V, Banik K, Harsha C, Thakur KK, Dutta U, Arya A, Mao X, Ahn KS, Kunnumakkara AB. Diosgenin, a steroidal saponin, and its analogs: Effective therapies against different chronic diseases. Life Sci 2020; 260:118182. [PMID: 32781063 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic diseases are a major cause of mortality worldwide, and despite the recent development in treatment modalities, synthetic drugs have continued to show toxic side effects and development of chemoresistance, thereby limiting their application. The use of phytochemicals has gained attention as they show minimal side effects. Diosgenin is one such phytochemical which has gained importance for its efficacy against the life-threatening diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, nervous system disorders, asthma, arthritis, diabetes, and many more. AIM To evaluate the literature available on the potential of diosgenin and its analogs in modulating different molecular targets leading to the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. METHOD A detailed literature search has been carried out on PubMed for gathering information related to the sources, biosynthesis, physicochemical properties, biological activities, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and toxicity of diosgenin and its analogs. KEY FINDINGS The literature search resulted in many in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials that reported the efficacy of diosgenin and its analogs in modulating important molecular targets and signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR, JAK/STAT, NF-κB, MAPK, etc., which play a crucial role in the development of most of the diseases. Reports have also revealed the safety of the compound and the adaptation of nanotechnological approaches for enhancing its bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties. SIGNIFICANCE Thus, the review summarizes the efficacy of diosgenin and its analogs for developing as a potent drug against several chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dey Parama
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Monikongkona Boruah
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, Cotton University, Guwahati, Assam 781001, India
| | - Kumari Yachna
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Varsha Rana
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Kishore Banik
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Choudhary Harsha
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Krishan Kumar Thakur
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Uma Dutta
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, Cotton University, Guwahati, Assam 781001, India
| | - Aditya Arya
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Xinliang Mao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510405, China; Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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18
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Londzin P, Kisiel-Nawrot E, Kocik S, Janas A, Trawczyński M, Cegieła U, Folwarczna J. Effects of diosgenin on the skeletal system in rats with experimental type 1 diabetes. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110342. [PMID: 32554252 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a great interest in substances of plant origin, which may exert health-promoting activities in diabetes and its complications. Previous studies suggested that diosgenin may favorably affect both glucose metabolism and osteoporosis. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of diosgenin on the skeletal disorders induced by experimental type 1 diabetes (T1D) in rats. The experiments were performed on 3-month-old female rats, divided into three groups: I - healthy control rats, II - streptozotocin-induced diabetic control rats, III - diabetic rats receiving diosgenin. T1D was induced by a single streptozotocin injection (60 mg/kg i.p.). Diosgenin administration (50 mg/kg/day p.o.) started two weeks later and lasted four weeks. Serum bone turnover markers and other biochemical parameters, bone mass and mineralization, mechanical properties and histomorphometric parameters were examined. Diabetes induced profound metabolic disturbances and disorders of cancellous bone microarchitecture and strength. Diosgenin did not favorably affect the serum bone turnover markers and other biochemical parameters, bone mass, mineralization and mechanical properties in the diabetic rats. However, it counteracted the effect of diabetes on the growth plate and cancellous bone microarchitecture in the distal femur, indicating some limited beneficial influence on the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Londzin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Ewa Kisiel-Nawrot
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Sonia Kocik
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Janas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Marcin Trawczyński
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Urszula Cegieła
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Joanna Folwarczna
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland.
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19
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Leng J, Li X, Tian H, Liu C, Guo Y, Zhang S, Chu Y, Li J, Wang Y, Zhang L. Neuroprotective effect of diosgenin in a mouse model of diabetic peripheral neuropathy involves the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:126. [PMID: 32336289 PMCID: PMC7184706 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02930-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common chronic complications of diabetes. Diosgenin is a natural steroidal saponin with a variety of beneficial effects, including antidiabetic effects, and is a raw material for the synthesis of carrier hormones. In our study, we aimed to assess the antioxidant effects of diosgenin in diabetic mice. Methods Male C57 mice were fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks and intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 100 mg/kg for 2 consecutive days. Eligible mice were divided into the normal control group (CON), diabetic group (DM), low-dose diosgenin (50 mg/kg) group (DIO50) and high-dose diosgenin (100 mg/kg) group (DIO100). Treatment was started 6 weeks after the induction of diabetes by STZ and continued for 8 weeks. Blood sugar and body weight were monitored dynamically. The behavioural effects of diosgenin were detected by a hot tail immersion test and paw tactile responses. HE staining was used to evaluate edema and degeneration of the sciatic nerve. The levels of SOD, MDA and GPx were tested according to the instructions of the respective kits. The levels of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1 were detected by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Diosgenin decreased the blood glucose levels and increased the body weight of diabetic mice. There was a significant increase in the tail withdrawal latency of diabetic animals, and mechanical hyperalgesia was significantly alleviated after diosgenin treatment. Histopathological micrographs of HE-stained sciatic nerves showed improvement after diosgenin treatment. Diosgenin attenuated the level of MDA but increased the activities of SOD and GPx. Diosgenin increased the expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that diosgenin can ameliorate behavioural and morphological changes in DPN by reducing oxidative stress. The Nrf2/HO-1 signalling pathway was involved in its neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Leng
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Endocrinology, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Graduate School, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning, China
| | - He Tian
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, China.
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yining Guo
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Endocrinology, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Graduate School, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning, China
| | - Su Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Endocrinology, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Graduate School, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning, China
| | - Yang Chu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Endocrinology, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Graduate School, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Endocrinology, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Graduate School, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Endocrinology, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Graduate School, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Endocrinology, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Graduate School, Shenyang, 110847, Liaoning, China
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Wei Y, Zhang R, Fang L, Qin X, Cai M, Gu R, Lu J, Wang Y. Hypoglycemic effects and biochemical mechanisms of Pea oligopeptide on high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e13055. [PMID: 31591749 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the hypoglycemic effects of Pea oligopeptide on the glycemic and lipidemic status of mice with type 2 diabetes (T2D) induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ). Using HPLC-MS/MS spectra processing, 70 significant peptide (2-3 amino acids) sequences were identified, noting four peptides from Pea oligopeptide with a proline residue at the C-terminus, which might have dipeptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory activity for the treatment of T2D. After a 4-week administration of Pea oligopeptide and metformin, various blood biochemical indexes and organic histopathologies were detected to aid the discussion regarding potential mechanisms. The results showed a significant reduction in the levels of blood glucose, lipid profiles, and liver fat deposition in diabetic mice. Furthermore, Pea oligopeptide and metformin improved glucose tolerance, promoted glycogen synthesis, and protected the liver and kidney structures in diabetic mice. The results indicated that Pea oligopeptide played an essential role in the hypoglycemic effect in the T2D mice model. Practical applications This paper examined the preliminary hypoglycemic activities of Pea oligopeptide in a high-fat diet and STZ-induced T2D mice. Furthermore, four kinds of dipeptides and tripeptides that might exhibit antidiabetic functions were detected using HPLC-MS/MS. The results provided practical knowledge regarding the hypoglycemic effects of Pea oligopeptide and established the foundation of its structure-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wei
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ruixue Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lei Fang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyuan Qin
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Muyi Cai
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ruizeng Gu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jun Lu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing, P.R. China
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Diosgenin ameliorates testicular damage in streptozotocin-diabetic rats through attenuation of apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 70:37-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mohammed A, Islam MS. Spice-Derived Bioactive Ingredients: Potential Agents or Food Adjuvant in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:893. [PMID: 30186162 PMCID: PMC6113848 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Spices possess tremendous therapeutic potential including hypoglycemic action, attributed to their bioactive ingredients. However, there is no study that critically reviewed the hypoglycemic potency, safety and the bioavailability of the spice-derived bioactive ingredients (SDBI). Therefore, the aim of the study was to comprehensively review all published studies regarding the hypoglycemic action of SDBI with the purpose to assess whether the ingredients are potential hypoglycemic agents or adjuvant. Factors considered were concentration/dosages used, the extent of blood glucose reduction, the IC50 values, and the safety concern of the SDBI. From the results, cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, diosgenin, thymoquinone (TQ), and trigonelline were showed the most promising effects and hold future potential as hypoglycemic agents. Conclusively, future studies should focus on improving the tissue and cellular bioavailability of the promising SDBI to achieve greater potency. Additionally, clinical trials and toxicity studies are with these SDBI are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminu Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Md. Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum) Seed Flour and Diosgenin Preserve Endothelium-Dependent Arterial Relaxation in a Rat Model of Early-Stage Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29534453 PMCID: PMC5877659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fenugreek is a common herb possessing several bioactive components including diosgenin. Here, dietary fenugreek seed flour and diosgenin were evaluated on a model of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation by abdominal aortas isolated from rats receiving high-fat, high-sugar diet (HFHSD). 60 male Wistar rats were randomized into six groups: (i) negative control getting conventional rat feed regimen; (ii) positive control receiving HFHSD; (iii) a test group fed 2 g/kg bw/day fenugreek seed flour (containing 10 mg/kg bw/day diosgenin) + HFHSD; (iv) three test groups fed 1, 10 and 50 mg/kg bw/day diosgenin + HFHSD. Alimentary treatments were carried out for six weeks. The abdominal aortas were isolated, and 2 mm wide rings were sectioned off and mounted at a resting tension of 10 mN in organ baths containing Krebs solution (36 °C) exposed to 95% O2 and 5% CO2. After 60-min incubation, a norepinephrine concentration-response (E/c) curve was generated to determine their half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) value. After 60-min wash-out, a pre-contraction with norepinephrine EC50 was made, followed by an acetylcholine E/c curve. Plasma glutathione levels, glutathione-handling enzyme activities and blood antioxidant capacities were also determined. HFHSD significantly decreased the dilatory response to acetylcholine and increased plasma glutathione levels and these effects were significantly reversed by fenugreek seed flour, 10 and 50 mg/kg bw/day diosgenin. Both fenugreek and diosgenin treatments prevent HFHSD-induced endothelial dysfunction and redox changes. As fenugreek treatment was more effective at lower acetylcholine concentrations than diosgenin treatments, components of fenugreek other than diosgenin may contribute to the beneficial effects of dietary fenugreek seed flour.
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Liu L, Tang D, Zhao H, Xin X, Aisa HA. Hypoglycemic effect of the polyphenols rich extract from Rose rugosa Thunb on high fat diet and STZ induced diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 200:174-181. [PMID: 28213107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rosa rugosa Thunb is a traditional Uygur medicine that has been used in the treatment of diabetes in Uygur ancient recipe for hundreds of years. However, the mechanism of Rosa rugosa Thunb activity is still unclear. This study was designed to address this issue by studying the polyphenols enriched extract (RPE) of Rosa rugosa Thunb in diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS RPE were tested in the inhibition of α-glucosidase and oxidative stress in vitro. RPE was administrated at dosages of 37.5, 75 and 150mg/kg body weight in the type 2 diabetic rats, which were made by high fat diet feeding plus a low dose of STZ injection (30mg/kg). The therapeutic effect was evaluated four weeks later. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), insulin tolerance test (ITT) and insulin signal pathway (PI3K/AKT) were examined to determine insulin sensitivity. Blood glucose levels and body weight were measured weekly in the study. RESULTS In vitro, RPE exhibited an activity in the inhibition of α-glucosidase and had an excellent antioxidant activity in the liver of diabetic rats. RPE significantly decreased the fasting blood glucose, improved insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR), OGTT, ITT and blood lipid profile. The glycogen synthesis and hexokinase activity were increased together with the improved signaling activity of insulin as indicated by p-IRS, p-IR, p-AKT, and p-GSK-3β. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that RPE reduced blood glucose in type 2 diabetic rats by improvement of insulin sensitivity. The effect is likely achieved by inhibition of oxidative stress and α-glucosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Haiqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Xuelei Xin
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.
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Brahmanaidu P, Uddandrao VVS, Sasikumar V, Naik RR, Pothani S, Begum MS, Rajeshkumar MP, Varatharaju C, Meriga B, Rameshreddy P, Kalaivani A, Saravanan G. Reversal of endothelial dysfunction in aorta of streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced type-2 diabetic rats by S-Allylcysteine. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 432:25-32. [PMID: 28258439 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-2994-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dietary measures and plant-based therapies as prescribed by native systems of medicine have gained attraction among diabetics with claims of efficacy. The present study investigated the effects of S-Allylcysteine (SAC) on body weight gain, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, and nitric oxide synthase in plasma and argininosuccinate synthase (AS) and argininosuccinate lyase (ASL), lipid peroxides and antioxidant enzymes in aorta of control and streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA)-induced diabetic rats. Changes in body weight, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, and antioxidant profiles of aorta and mRNA expressions of nitric oxide synthase, AS, and ASL were observed in experimental rats. SAC (150 mg/kg b.w) showed its therapeutic effects similar to gliclazide in decreasing glucose, insulin resistance, lipid peroxidation, and increasing body weight; insulin, antioxidant enzymes, and mRNA levels of nitric oxide synthase, argininosuccinate synthase, and argininosuccinate lyase genes in STZ-NA rats. Histopathologic studies also revealed the protective nature of SAC on aorta. In conclusion, garlic and its constituents mediate the anti-diabetic potential through mitigating hyperglycemic status, changing insulin resistance by alleviating endothelial dysregulation in both plasma and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parim Brahmanaidu
- Department of Biotechnology, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - V V Sathibabu Uddandrao
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Biological Sciences, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Thokkavadi, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, 637215, India
| | - Vadivukkarasi Sasikumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Biological Sciences, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Thokkavadi, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, 637215, India
| | - Ramavat Ravindar Naik
- National Center for Laboratory Animal Sciences, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR-New Delhi), Hyderabad, India
| | - Suresh Pothani
- National Center for Laboratory Animal Sciences, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR-New Delhi), Hyderabad, India
| | - Mustapha Sabana Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, Muthayammal College of Arts and Science, Rasipuram, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, 637408, India
| | - M Prasanna Rajeshkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science, Thokkavadi, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, 637215, India
| | - Chandrasekar Varatharaju
- Department of Biotechnology, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science, Thokkavadi, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, 637215, India
| | - Balaji Meriga
- Animal Physiology & Biochemistry Lab, Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517502, India
| | - P Rameshreddy
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Biological Sciences, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Thokkavadi, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, 637215, India
| | - A Kalaivani
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Biological Sciences, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Thokkavadi, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, 637215, India
- Department of Biochemistry, PGP College of Arts and Science, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganapathy Saravanan
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Biological Sciences, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Thokkavadi, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, 637215, India.
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Kiasalari Z, Rahmani T, Mahmoudi N, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M. Diosgenin ameliorates development of neuropathic pain in diabetic rats: Involvement of oxidative stress and inflammation. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 86:654-661. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Combination of Morroniside and Diosgenin Prevents High Glucose-Induced Cardiomyocytes Apoptosis. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22010163. [PMID: 28106847 PMCID: PMC6155861 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cornus officinalis and Dioscorea opposita are two traditional Chinese medicines widely used in China for treating diabetes mellitus and its complications, such as diabetic cardiomyopathy. Morroniside (Mor) of Cornus officinalis and diosgenin (Dio) of Dioscorea opposita formed an innovative formula named M + D. The aims of the present study were to investigate myocardial protective effect of M + D on diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) through the inhibition of expression levels of caspase-3 protein, and identify the advantage of M + D compared with Mor, Dio, and the positive drug metformin (Met). We detected cell viability, cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and the expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3 protein in rat cardiomyocytes. In result, Mor, Dio, and M + D increased cell viability, inhibited cell apoptosis and decreased ROS levels. Additionally, the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 protein was modulated and the expression levels of caspase-3 protein were markedly decreased. Among the treatment groups, M + D produced the most prominent effects. In conclusion, our data showed for the first time that Mor, Dio, and M + D prevented high glucose (HG)-induced myocardial injury by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat cardiomyocytes. Among all the groups, M + D produced the strongest effect, while Mor and Dio produced weaker effects.
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Jesus M, Martins APJ, Gallardo E, Silvestre S. Diosgenin: Recent Highlights on Pharmacology and Analytical Methodology. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2016; 2016:4156293. [PMID: 28116217 PMCID: PMC5225340 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4156293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Diosgenin, a steroidal sapogenin, occurs abundantly in plants such as Dioscorea alata, Smilax China, and Trigonella foenum graecum. This bioactive phytochemical not only is used as an important starting material for the preparation of several steroidal drugs in the pharmaceutical industry, but has revealed also high potential and interest in the treatment of various types of disorders such as cancer, hypercholesterolemia, inflammation, and several types of infections. Due to its pharmacological and industrial importance, several extraction and analytical procedures have been developed and applied over the years to isolate, detect, and quantify diosgenin, not only in its natural sources and pharmaceutical compositions, but also in animal matrices for pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and toxicological studies. Within these, HPLC technique coupled to different detectors is the most commonly analytical procedure described for this compound. However, other alternative methods were also published. Thus, the present review aims to provide collective information on the most recent pharmacological data on diosgenin and on the most relevant analytical techniques used to isolate, detect, and quantify this compound as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Jesus
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana P. J. Martins
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Samuel Silvestre
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Diosgenin and 5-Methoxypsoralen Ameliorate Insulin Resistance through ER-α/PI3K/Akt-Signaling Pathways in HepG2 Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:7493694. [PMID: 27656241 PMCID: PMC5021865 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7493694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To determine the effects and the underlying mechanism of diosgenin (DSG) and 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP), two main active components in the classical Chinese prescription Hu-Lu-Ba-Wan (HLBW), on insulin resistance, HepG2 cells were incubated in medium containing insulin. Treatments with DSG, 5-MOP, and their combination were performed, respectively. The result showed that the incubation of HepG2 cells with high concentration insulin markedly decreased glucose consumption and glycogen synthesis. However, treatment with DSG, 5-MOP, or their combination significantly reversed the condition and increased the phosphorylated expression of estrogen receptor-α (ERα), sarcoma (Src), Akt/protein kinase B, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), and the p85 regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p85 (PI3Kp85). At the transcriptional level, expression of the genes mentioned above also increased except for the negative regulation of GSK-3β mRNA. The increased expression of glucose transport-4 (GLUT-4) was meanwhile observed through immunofluorescence. Nevertheless, the synergistic effect of DSG and 5-MOP on improving glycometabolism was not obvious in the present study. These results suggested that DSG and 5-MOP may improve insulin resistance through an ER-mediated PI3K/Akt activation pathway which may be a new strategy for type 2 diabetes mellitus, especially for women in an estrogen-deficient condition.
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Effect of diosgenin on metabolic dysfunction: Role of ERβ in the regulation of PPARγ. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 289:286-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Naidu PB, Ponmurugan P, Begum MS, Mohan K, Meriga B, RavindarNaik R, Saravanan G. Diosgenin reorganises hyperglycaemia and distorted tissue lipid profile in high-fat diet-streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:3177-3182. [PMID: 25530163 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is often connected with significant morbidity, mortality and also has a pivotal role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Diet intervention, particularly naturaceutical antioxidants have anti-diabetic potential and avert oxidative damage linked with diabetic pathogenesis. The present study investigated the effects of diosgenin, a saponin from fenugreek, on the changes in lipid profile in plasma, liver, heart and brain in high-fat diet-streptozotocin (HFD-STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Diosgenin was administered to HFD-STZ induced diabetic rats by orally at 60 mg kg(-1) body weight for 30 days to assess its effects on body weight gain, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance and cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids and phospholipids in plasma, liver, heart and brain. RESULTS The levels of body weight, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids, VLDL-C and LDL-C were increased significantly (P < 0.05) whereas HDL-C level decreased in the HFD/STZ diabetic rats. Administration of diosgenin to HFD-STZ diabetic rats caused a decrease in body weight gain, blood glucose, insulin, insulin resistance and also it modulated lipid profile in plasma and tissues. CONCLUSION The traditional plant fenugreek and its constituents mediate its anti-diabetic potential through mitigating hyperglycaemic status, altering insulin resistance by alleviating metabolic dysregulation of lipid profile in both plasma and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parim Brahma Naidu
- Department of Biochemistry, Animal physiology & Biochemistry Laboratory, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517502, India
| | - Ponnusamy Ponmurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, K.S. Rangasamy College of Technology, Thokkavadi, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mustapha Sabana Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, Muthayammal College of Arts and Science, Rasipuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthick Mohan
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Josephs College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balaji Meriga
- Department of Biochemistry, Animal physiology & Biochemistry Laboratory, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517502, India
| | - Ramavat RavindarNaik
- National Center for Laboratory Animal Sciences, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR) New Delhi, India
| | - Ganapathy Saravanan
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Biological Science, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science, Thokkavadi, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India
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Fuller S, Stephens JM. Diosgenin, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, and fiber from fenugreek: mechanisms of actions and potential effects on metabolic syndrome. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:189-97. [PMID: 25770257 PMCID: PMC4352177 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.007807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome and its complications continue to rise in prevalence and show no signs of abating in the immediate future. Therefore, the search for effective treatments is a high priority in biomedical research. Products derived from botanicals have a time-honored history of use in the treatment of metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes. Trigonella foenum-graecum, commonly known as fenugreek, is an annual herbaceous plant that has been a staple of traditional herbal medicine in many cultures. Although fenugreek has been studied in both clinical and basic research settings, questions remain about its efficacy and biologic mechanisms of action. Diosgenin, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, and the fiber component of the plant are the most intensively studied bioactive constituents present in fenugreek. These compounds have been demonstrated to exert beneficial effects on several physiologic markers including glucose tolerance, inflammation, insulin action, liver function, blood lipids, and cardiovascular health. Although insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the favorable effects of fenugreek have been gained, we still do not have definitive evidence establishing its role as a therapeutic agent in metabolic disease. This review aims to summarize the currently available evidence on the physiologic effects of the 3 best-characterized bioactive compounds of fenugreek, with particular emphasis on biologic mechanisms of action relevant in the context of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Fuller
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA; and
| | - Jacqueline M Stephens
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA; and Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
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High-dose diosgenin reduces bone loss in ovariectomized rats via attenuation of the RANKL/OPG ratio. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:17130-47. [PMID: 25257532 PMCID: PMC4200779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150917130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate effect of diosgenin (DG) on rats that had osteoporosis-like features induced by ovariectomy (OVX). Seventy-two six-month-old female Wistar rats were subjected to either ovariectomy (n = 60) or Sham operation (SHAM group, n = 12). Beginning at one week post-ovariectomy, the OVX rats were treated with vehicle (OVX group, n = 12), estradiol valerate (EV group, n = 12), or DG at three doses (DG-L, -M, -H group, n = 12, respectively). After a 12-week treatment, administration of EV or DG-H inhibited OVX-induced weight gain, and administration of EV or DG-H or DG-M had a significantly uterotrophic effect. Bone mineral density (BMD) and indices of bone histomorphometry of tibia were measured. Levels of protein and mRNA expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) in tibia were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Our results show that DG at a high dose (DG-H) had a significant anti-osteoporotic effect compared to OVX control. DG-H treatment down-regulated expression of RANKL and up-regulated expression of OPG significantly in tibia from OVX rats compared to control, and thus lowered the RANKL/OPG ratio. This suggests that the anti-osteoporotic effect of DG might be associated with modulating the RANKL/OPG ratio and DG had potential to be developed as alternative therapeutic agents of osteoporosis induced by postmenopause.
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