1
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Klipp A, Burger M, Leroux JC. Get out or die trying: Peptide- and protein-based endosomal escape of RNA therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 200:115047. [PMID: 37536508 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
RNA therapeutics offer great potential to transform the biomedical landscape, encompassing the treatment of hereditary conditions and the development of better vaccines. However, the delivery of RNAs into the cell is hampered, among others, by poor endosomal escape. This major hurdle is often tackled using special lipids, polymers, or protein-based delivery vectors. In this review, we will focus on the most prominent peptide- and protein-based endosomal escape strategies with focus on RNA drugs. We discuss cell penetrating peptides, which are still incorporated into novel transfection systems today to promote endosomal escape. However, direct evidence for enhanced endosomal escape by the action of such peptides is missing and their transfection efficiency, even in permissive cell culture conditions, is rather low. Endosomal escape by the help of pore forming proteins or phospholipases, on the other hand, allowed to generate more efficient transfection systems. These are, however, often hampered by considerable toxicity and immunogenicity. We conclude that the perfect enhancer of endosomal escape has yet to be devised. To increase the chances of success, any new transfection system should be tested under relevant conditions and guided by assays that allow direct quantification of endosomal escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Klipp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Burger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-Christophe Leroux
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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2
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Periyasamy K, Maloverjan M, Biswas A, Remm A, Pook M, Rebane A, Pooga M. PepFect14 mediates the delivery of mRNA into human primary keratinocytes and in vivo. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1219761. [PMID: 37521463 PMCID: PMC10374019 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1219761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
mRNA-based vaccines and candidate therapeutics have great potential in various medical fields. For the delivery of mRNA into target cells and tissues, lipid formulations are often employed. However, this approach could cause the activation of immune responses, making it unsuitable for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Therefore, alternative delivery systems are highly demanded. In this study, we evaluated the transport efficiency and characteristics of cell-penetrating peptide PepFect14 (PF14) and mRNA nanoparticles in the presence of different additives. Our results show that all PF14-mRNA formulations entered cultured cells, while calcium chloride enhanced the transport and production of the encoded protein in HeLa and HaCaT cell lines, and polysorbate 80 did so in primary human keratinocytes. All formulations had similar physical properties and did not remarkably affect cell viability. By selectively blocking endocytosis pathways, we show that PF14-mRNA nanoparticles primarily entered HeLa cells via macropinocytosis and HaCaT cells via both macropinocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytosis, while none of the blockers significantly affected the delivery into primary keratinocytes. Finally, subcutaneous injection of PF14-mRNA nanoparticles before inducing mouse irritant contact dermatitis resulted in the expression of a reporter protein without provoking harmful immune responses in the skin. Together, our findings suggest that PF14-mRNA nanoparticles have the potential for developing mRNA-based therapeutics for treating inflammatory skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapilraj Periyasamy
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Abhijit Biswas
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anu Remm
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Pook
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ana Rebane
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Margus Pooga
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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3
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Choosing an Optimal Solvent Is Crucial for Obtaining Cell-Penetrating Peptide Nanoparticles with Desired Properties and High Activity in Nucleic Acid Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020396. [PMID: 36839718 PMCID: PMC9963036 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are highly promising transfection agents that can deliver various compounds into living cells, including nucleic acids (NAs). Positively charged CPPs can form non-covalent complexes with negatively charged NAs, enabling simple and time-efficient nanoparticle preparation. However, as CPPs have substantially different chemical and physical properties, their complexation with the cargo and characteristics of the resulting nanoparticles largely depends on the properties of the surrounding environment, i.e., solution. Here, we show that the solvent used for the initial dissolving of a CPP determines the properties of the resulting CPP particles formed in an aqueous solution, including the activity and toxicity of the CPP-NA complexes. Using different biophysical methods such as dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM), we show that PepFect14 (PF14), a cationic amphipathic CPP, forms spherical particles of uniform size when dissolved in organic solvents, such as ethanol and DMSO. Water-dissolved PF14, however, tends to form micelles and non-uniform aggregates. When dissolved in organic solvents, PF14 retains its α-helical conformation and biological activity in cell culture conditions without any increase in cytotoxicity. Altogether, our results indicate that by using a solvent that matches the chemical nature of the CPP, the properties of the peptide-cargo particles can be tuned in the desired way. This can be of critical importance for in vivo applications, where CPP particles that are too large, non-uniform, or prone to aggregation may induce severe consequences.
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4
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Anti-Inflammatory microRNAs for Treating Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081072. [PMID: 36008966 PMCID: PMC9405611 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin inflammation occurs due to immune dysregulation because of internal disorders, infections, and allergic reactions. The inflammation of the skin is a major sign of chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis (AD), and lupus erythematosus. Although there are many therapies for treating these cutaneous inflammation diseases, their recurrence rates are high due to incomplete resolution. MicroRNA (miRNA) plays a critical role in skin inflammation by regulating the expression of protein-coding genes at the posttranscriptional level during pathogenesis and homeostasis maintenance. Some miRNAs possess anti-inflammatory features, which are beneficial for mitigating the inflammatory response. miRNAs that are reduced in inflammatory skin diseases can be supplied transiently using miRNA mimics and agomir. miRNA-based therapies that can target multiple genes in a given pathway are potential candidates for the treatment of skin inflammation. This review article offers an overview of the function of miRNA in skin inflammation regulation, with a focus on psoriasis, AD, and cutaneous wounds. Some bioactive molecules can target and modulate miRNAs to achieve the objective of inflammation suppression. This review also reports the anti-inflammatory efficacy of these molecules through modulating miRNA expression. The main limitations of miRNA-based therapies are rapid biodegradation and poor skin and cell penetration. Consideration was given to improving these drawbacks using the approaches of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), nanocarriers, exosomes, and low-frequency ultrasound. A formulation design for successful miRNA delivery into skin and target cells is also described in this review. The possible use of miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic modalities could open a novel opportunity for the diagnosis and treatment of inflammation-associated skin diseases.
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Holjencin C, Jakymiw A. MicroRNAs and Their Big Therapeutic Impacts: Delivery Strategies for Cancer Intervention. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152332. [PMID: 35954176 PMCID: PMC9367537 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Three decades have passed from the initial discovery of a microRNA (miRNA) in Caenorhabditis elegans to our current understanding that miRNAs play essential roles in regulating fundamental physiological processes and that their dysregulation can lead to many human pathologies, including cancer. In effect, restoration of miRNA expression or downregulation of aberrantly expressed miRNAs using miRNA mimics or anti-miRNA inhibitors (anti-miRs/antimiRs), respectively, continues to show therapeutic potential for the treatment of cancer. Although the manipulation of miRNA expression presents a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment, it is predominantly reliant on nucleic acid-based molecules for their application, which introduces an array of hurdles, with respect to in vivo delivery. Because naked nucleic acids are quickly degraded and/or removed from the body, they require delivery vectors that can help overcome the many barriers presented upon their administration into the bloodstream. As such, in this review, we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the current state-of-the-art delivery systems, encompassing viral- and nonviral-based systems, with a specific focus on nonviral nanotechnology-based miRNA delivery platforms, including lipid-, polymer-, inorganic-, and extracellular vesicle-based delivery strategies. Moreover, we also shed light on peptide carriers as an emerging technology that shows great promise in being a highly efficacious delivery platform for miRNA-based cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Holjencin
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Andrew Jakymiw
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-843-792-2551
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6
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Yadav K, Singh D, Singh MR, Minz S, Sahu KK, Kaurav M, Pradhan M. Dermal nanomedicine: Uncovering the ability of nucleic acid to alleviate autoimmune and other related skin disorders. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Maloverjan M, Padari K, Abroi A, Rebane A, Pooga M. Divalent Metal Ions Boost Effect of Nucleic Acids Delivered by Cell-Penetrating Peptides. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040756. [PMID: 35203400 PMCID: PMC8870069 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are promising tools for the transfection of various substances, including nucleic acids, into cells. The aim of the current work was to search for novel safe and effective approaches for enhancing transfection efficiency of nanoparticles formed from CPP and splice-correcting oligonucleotide (SCO) without increasing the concentration of peptide. We analyzed the effect of inclusion of calcium and magnesium ions into nanoparticles on CPP-mediated transfection in cell culture. We also studied the mechanism of such transfection as well as its efficiency, applicability in case of different cell lines, nucleic acid types and peptides, and possible limitations. We discovered a strong positive effect of these ions on transfection efficiency of SCO, that translated to enhanced synthesis of functional reporter protein. We observed significant changes in intracellular distribution and trafficking of nanoparticles formed by the addition of the ions, without increasing cytotoxicity. We propose a novel strategy for preparing CPP-oligonucleotide nanoparticles with enhanced efficiency and, thus, higher therapeutic potential. Our discovery may be translated to primary cell cultures and, possibly, in vivo studies, with the aim of increasing CPP-mediated transfection efficiency and the likelihood of using CPPs in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maloverjan
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 1 Nooruse Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (M.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Kärt Padari
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 23b Riia Street, 51010 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Aare Abroi
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 1 Nooruse Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (M.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Ana Rebane
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 14b Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Margus Pooga
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 1 Nooruse Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (M.M.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +372-737-4836
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8
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Abstract
About 30 years ago, the discovery of CPP improved the therapeutic approach to treat diseases and extended the range of potential targets to intracellular molecules. There are potential drug candidates for FDA approval based on active studies in basic research, preclinical, and clinical trials. Various attempts by CPP application to control the diseases such as allergy, autoimmunity, cancer, and infection demonstrated a strategy to make a new drug pipeline for successful discovery of a biologic drug for immune modulation. However, there are still no CPP-based drug candidates for immune-related diseases in the clinical stage. To control immune responses successfully, not only increasing delivery efficiency of CPPs but also selecting potential target cells and cargoes could be important issues. In particular, as it becomes possible to control intracellular targets, efforts to find various novel potential target are being attempted. In this chapter, we focused on CPP-based approaches to treat diseases through modulation of immune responses and discussed for perspectives on future direction of the research for successful application of CPP technology to immune modulation and disease therapy in clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja-Hyun Koo
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ju Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Min Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Geng J, Xia X, Teng L, Wang L, Chen L, Guo X, Belingon B, Li J, Feng X, Li X, Shang W, Wan Y, Wang H. Emerging landscape of cell-penetrating peptide-mediated nucleic acid delivery and their utility in imaging, gene-editing, and RNA-sequencing. J Control Release 2022; 341:166-183. [PMID: 34822907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The safety issues like immunogenicity and unacceptable cancer risk of viral vectors for DNA/mRNA vaccine delivery necessitate the development of non-viral vectors with no toxicity. Among the non-viral strategies, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been a topic of interest recently because of their ability to cross plasma membranes and facilitate nucleic acids delivery both in vivo and in vitro. In addition to the application in the field of gene vaccine and gene therapy, CPPs based nucleic acids delivery have been proved by its potential application like gene editing, RNA-sequencing, and imaging. Here, we focus on summarizing the recent applications and progress of CPPs-mediated nucleic acids delivery and discuss the current problems and solutions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Geng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Xuan Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Lin Teng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Clinical Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Lidan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; Affiliated Ren He Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Xiangli Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Bonn Belingon
- Institute of Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA
| | - Jason Li
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA
| | - Xuemei Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Xianghui Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Wendou Shang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Yingying Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Hu Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
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Internalisation and Biological Activity of Nucleic Acids Delivering Cell-Penetrating Peptide Nanoparticles Is Controlled by the Biomolecular Corona. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070667. [PMID: 34358093 PMCID: PMC8308718 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid molecules can be transferred into cells to alter gene expression and, thus, alleviate certain pathological conditions. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are vectors that can be used for transfecting nucleic acids as well as many other compounds. CPPs associate nucleic acids non-covalently, forming stable nanoparticles and providing efficient transfection of cells in vitro. However, in vivo, expected efficiency is achieved only in rare cases. One of the reasons for this discrepancy is the formation of protein corona around nanoparticles, once they are exposed to a biological environment, e.g., blood stream. In this study, we compared protein corona of CPP-nucleic acid nanoparticles formed in the presence of bovine, murine and human serum. We used Western blot and mass-spectrometry to identify the major constituents of protein corona forming around nanoparticles, showing that proteins involved in transport, haemostasis and complement system are its major components. We investigated physical features of nanoparticles and measured their biological efficiency in splice-correction assay. We showed that protein corona constituents might alter the fate of nanoparticles in vivo, e.g., by subjecting them to phagocytosis. We demonstrated that composition of protein corona of nanoparticles is species-specific that leads to dissimilar transfection efficiency and should be considered while developing delivery systems for nucleic acids.
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11
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Laanesoo A, Urgard E, Periyasamy K, Laan M, Bochkov YA, Aab A, Magilnick N, Pooga M, Gern JE, Johnston SL, Coquet JM, Boldin MP, Wengel J, Altraja A, Bochenek G, Jakiela B, Rebane A. Dual role of the miR-146 family in rhinovirus-induced airway inflammation and allergic asthma exacerbation. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e427. [PMID: 34185416 PMCID: PMC8161513 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV) infections are associated with asthma exacerbations. MicroRNA-146a and microRNA-146b (miR-146a/b) are anti-inflammatory miRNAs that suppress signaling through the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and inhibit pro-inflammatory chemokine production in primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). In the current study, we aimed to explore whether miR-146a/b could regulate cellular responses to RVs in HBECs and airways during RV-induced asthma exacerbation. We demonstrated that expression of miR-146a/b and pro-inflammatory chemokines was increased in HBECs and mouse airways during RV infection. However, transfection with cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-miR-146a nanocomplexes before infection with RV significantly reduced the expression of the pro-inflammatory chemokines CCL5, IL-8 and CXCL1, increased interferon-λ production, and attenuated infection with the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing RV-A16 in HBECs. Concordantly, compared to wild-type (wt) mice, Mir146a/b-/- mice exhibited more severe airway neutrophilia and increased T helper (Th)1 and Th17 cell infiltration in response to RV-A1b infection and a stronger Th17 response with a less prominent Th2 response in house dust mite extract (HDM)-induced allergic airway inflammation and RV-induced exacerbation models. Interestingly, intranasal administration of CPP-miR-146a nanocomplexes reduced HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation without a significant effect on the Th2/Th1/Th17 balance in wild-type mice. In conclusion, the overexpression of miR-146a has a strong anti-inflammatory effect on RV infection in HBECs and a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation, while a lack of miR-146a/b leads to attenuated type 2 cell responses in mouse models of allergic airway inflammation and RV-induced exacerbation of allergic airway inflammation. Furthermore, our data indicate that the application of CPP-miR-146a nanocomplexes has therapeutic potential for targeting airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anet Laanesoo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational MedicineUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - Egon Urgard
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational MedicineUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - Kapilraj Periyasamy
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational MedicineUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - Martti Laan
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational MedicineUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - Yury A. Bochkov
- School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Alar Aab
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational MedicineUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - Nathaniel Magilnick
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope National Medical CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Margus Pooga
- Institute of TechnologyUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - James E. Gern
- School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Sebastian L. Johnston
- National Heart and Lung InstituteImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - Jonathan M. Coquet
- Department of MicrobiologyTumor and Cell Biology (MTC)Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Mark P. Boldin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope National Medical CenterDuarteCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jesper Wengel
- Nucleic Acid CenterDepartment of PhysicsChemistry and PharmacyUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Alan Altraja
- Department of Pulmonary MedicineUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
- Lung Clinic of the Tartu University HospitalTartuEstonia
| | - Grazyna Bochenek
- Department of MedicineJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
| | - Bogdan Jakiela
- Department of MedicineJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
| | - Ana Rebane
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational MedicineUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
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12
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Weidner J, Bartel S, Kılıç A, Zissler UM, Renz H, Schwarze J, Schmidt‐Weber CB, Maes T, Rebane A, Krauss‐Etschmann S, Rådinger M. Spotlight on microRNAs in allergy and asthma. Allergy 2021; 76:1661-1678. [PMID: 33128813 PMCID: PMC8246745 DOI: 10.1111/all.14646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In past 10 years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have gained scientific attention due to their importance in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases and their potential as biomarkers in liquid biopsies. They act as master post‐transcriptional regulators that control most cellular processes. As one miRNA can target several mRNAs, often within the same pathway, dysregulated expression of miRNAs may alter particular cellular responses and contribute, or lead, to the development of various diseases. In this review, we give an overview of the current research on miRNAs in allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. Specifically, we discuss how individual miRNAs function in the regulation of immune responses in epithelial cells and specialized immune cells in response to different environmental factors and respiratory viruses. In addition, we review insights obtained from experiments with murine models of allergic airway and skin inflammation and offer an overview of studies focusing on miRNA discovery using profiling techniques and bioinformatic modeling of the network effect of multiple miRNAs. In conclusion, we highlight the importance of research into miRNA function in allergy and asthma to improve our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of this heterogeneous group of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Weidner
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition Krefting Research Centre Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Sabine Bartel
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology GRIAC Research Institute University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ayse Kılıç
- Channing Division of Network Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA
| | - Ulrich M. Zissler
- Center for Allergy and Environment (ZAUM) Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center MunichGerman Research Center for Environmental Health Munich Germany
| | - Harald Renz
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin und Pathobiochemie Philipps University of Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Jürgen Schwarze
- Centre for Inflammation Research The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Carsten B. Schmidt‐Weber
- Center for Allergy and Environment (ZAUM) Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center MunichGerman Research Center for Environmental Health Munich Germany
| | - Tania Maes
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Ana Rebane
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Susanne Krauss‐Etschmann
- Research Center Borstel Borstel Germany
- Institute of Experimental Medicine Christian‐Albrechts University Kiel Kiel Germany
| | - Madeleine Rådinger
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition Krefting Research Centre Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
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13
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Morlang MI, Weber K, von Bomhard W, Mueller RS. Cutaneous microRNA expression in healthy Labrador and Golden retrievers and retrievers with allergic and inflammatory skin diseases. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:331-e92. [PMID: 34009728 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNA) are short, single-stranded RNA molecules that regulate gene expression in a post-transcriptional manner. Their expression is proposed to be tissue-specific and alterations in miRNA expression have been detected in many diseases. OBJECTIVE To compare miRNA expression in the skin of healthy Labrador and golden retrievers, and those with allergic and nonallergic dermatitis. METHODS AND MATERIALS Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) skin specimens from seven healthy Labrador and golden retrievers, and seven dogs with allergic skin disease were collected. A further mixed nonallergic inflammation group consisted of samples from five dogs with fungal infection, demodicosis and mast cell tumours. Total RNA was extracted and miRNA primer assays for 18 target miRNAs (miR-142, miR-363, miR-18b, miR-451, miR-146a, miR-124, miR-409, miR-193b, miR-223, miR-215, miR-155, miR-423a, miR-143, miR-1839, miR-21, miR-34b, miR-146b and miR-202) were performed, with RNU6-2 and SNORD95 as miRNAs for normalisation. The selection of miRNAs for investigation was based on reported data and a pilot study evaluating miRNA extraction from FFPE tissue specimens. RESULTS In the two dogs with mast cell tumours, miRNA expression was undetermined for most miRNAs, so both were excluded from analysis. Although there were differences in the miRNA expression between healthy and inflamed skin, allergic and nonallergic inflammation showed similar expression patterns. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although the number of included dogs was small, based on this study, none of the evaluated miRNAs allowed differentiation of allergic dermatitis from other inflammatory skin diseases in retriever dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Isabel Morlang
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Weber
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolf von Bomhard
- Fachpraxis für Tierpathologie Munich, Hartelstr. 30, 80689, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf S Mueller
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
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14
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Yang G, Zhao Y, Gong A, Miao W, Yan L, Nie P, Wang Z. Improved Cellular Delivery of Antisense Oligonucleotide for miRNA-21 Imaging In Vivo Using Cell-Penetrating Peptide-Based Nanoprobes. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:787-795. [PMID: 33480702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most oligonucleotides fail to enter a cell and cannot escape from endosomes after endocytosis because of their negative charge and large molecular weight. More efficient cellular delivery of oligonucleotides should be developed for the widespread implementation of antisense imaging. The purpose of this study was to construct a novel antisense nanoprobe, 99mTc-labeled anti-miRNA oligonucleotides/cell-penetrating peptide PepFect6 (99mTc-AMO/PF6), and to evaluate its efficacy for imaging the miRNA-21 expression in A549 lung adenocarcinoma xenografts. Naked AMO and commercial Lipofectamine 2000-based nanoparticles (AMO/LIP) were used for comparison. The cellular delivery efficiency of AMO/PF6 was first investigated by laser confocal scanning microscopy using Cy5.5-labeled probes and further validated by in vivo fluorescence imaging. Then, the probes were labeled with 99mTc via hydrazinonicotinamide (HYNIC). The cytotoxicity assay, cellular uptake, and retention kinetics of the probes were evaluated in vitro. The biodistribution of the probes was investigated in A549 lung cancer xenografts, and SPECT imaging was performed in vivo. AMO/PF6 showed lower cytotoxicity than AMO/LIP (P < 0.05) but showed no significant difference with naked AMO. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated more extensive and scattered signal distribution inside the A549 cells by AMO/PF6 than AMO/LIP. The labeling efficiency of 99mTc-AMO/PF6 was 72.6 ± 1.42%, and the specific activity was 11.6 ± 0.13 MBq/ng. The cellular uptake of 99mTc-PF6/AMO peaked at 12 h, with the uptake of 11.24 ± 0.12 mol/cell × 10-16, and the cellular retention of 99mTc-AMO/PF6 was 3.92 ± 0.15 mol/cell × 10-16 at 12 h after interrupted incubation. AMO/PF6 showed higher cellular uptake and retention than naked AMO and AMO/LIP. The biodistribution study showed that the tumor had the highest radioactivity accumulation, with the uptake ratio of tumor/muscle (T/M) increasing from 14.59 ± 0.67 to 21.76 ± 0.98 between 1 and 6 h after injection, followed by the uptake in the kidneys and the liver. The results of in vivo fluorescence and SPECT imaging were consistent with the results of the biodistribution. The tumor was visualized at 6 h after injection of AMO/PF6 with the highest T/M ratio among these probes (P < 0.05). PF6 improves cellular delivery of antisense oligonucleotides via noncovalent nanoparticles. 99mTc-AMO/PF6 shows favorable imaging properties and is promising for miRNAs imaging in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao 266061, Shandong, China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao 266061, Shandong, China
| | - Aidi Gong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao 266061, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjie Miao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao 266061, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Yan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao 266061, Shandong, China
| | - Pei Nie
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenguang Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao 266061, Shandong, China
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15
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Abstract
Cell-Penetrating Peptides (CPP) are valuable tools capable of crossing the plasma membrane to deliver therapeutic cargo inside cells. Small interfering RNAs (siRNA) are double-stranded RNA molecules capable of silencing the expression of a specific protein triggering the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, but they are unable to cross the plasma membrane and have a short half-life in the bloodstream. In this overview, we assessed the many different approaches used and developed in the last two decades to deliver siRNA through the plasma membrane through different CPPs sorted according to three different loading strategies: covalent conjugation, complex formation, and CPP-decorated (functionalized) nanocomplexes. Each of these strategies has pros and cons, but it appears the latter two are the most commonly reported and emerging as the most promising strategies due to their simplicity of synthesis, use, and versatility. Recent progress with siRNA delivered by CPPs seems to focus on targeted delivery to reduce side effects and amount of drugs used, and it appears to be among the most promising use for CPPs in future clinical applications.
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16
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Mortazavi-Jahromi SS, Aslani M, Mirshafiey A. A comprehensive review on miR-146a molecular mechanisms in a wide spectrum of immune and non-immune inflammatory diseases. Immunol Lett 2020; 227:8-27. [PMID: 32810557 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-strand endogenous and non-coding RNA molecules with a length of about 22 nucleotides, which regulate genes expression, through modulating the translation and stability of their target mRNAs. miR-146a is one of the most studied miRNAs, due to its central role in immune system homeostasis and control of the innate and acquired immune responses. Accordingly, abnormal expression or function of miR-146a results in the incidence and progression of immune and non-immune inflammatory diseases. Its deregulated expression pattern and inefficient function have been reported in a wide spectrum of these illnesses. Based on the existing evidence, this miRNA qualifies as an ideal biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis, and activity evaluation of immune and non-immune inflammatory disorders. Moreover, much attention has recently been paid to therapeutic potential of miR-146a and several researchers have assessed the effects of different drugs on expression and function of this miRNA at diverse experimental, animal, besides human levels, reporting motivating results in the treatment of the diseases. Here, in this comprehensive review, we provide an overview of miR-146a role in the pathogenesis and progression of several immune and non-immune inflammatory diseases such as Rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Inflammatory bowel disease, Multiple sclerosis, Psoriasis, Graves' disease, Atherosclerosis, Hepatitis, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, etc., discuss about its eligibility for being a desirable biomarker for these disorders, and also highlight its therapeutic potential. Understanding these mechanisms underlies the selecting and designing the proper therapeutic targets and medications, which eventually facilitate the treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mona Aslani
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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Lee AY. The Role of MicroRNAs in Epidermal Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165781. [PMID: 32806619 PMCID: PMC7460865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which mostly cause target gene silencing via transcriptional repression and degradation of target mRNAs, regulate a plethora of cellular activities, such as cell growth, differentiation, development, and apoptosis. In the case of skin keratinocytes, the role of miRNA in epidermal barrier integrity has been identified. Based on the impact of key genetic and environmental factors on the integrity and maintenance of skin barrier, the association of miRNAs within epidermal cell differentiation and proliferation, cell-cell adhesion, and skin lipids is reviewed. The critical role of miRNAs in the epidermal barrier extends the use of miRNAs for control of relevant skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, ichthyoses, and psoriasis via miRNA-based technologies. Most of the relevant miRNAs have been associated with keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation. Few studies have investigated the association of miRNAs with structural proteins of corneocytes and cornified envelopes, cell-cell adhesion, and skin lipids. Further studies investigating the association between regulatory and structural components of epidermal barrier and miRNAs are needed to elucidate the role of miRNAs in epidermal barrier integrity and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-773, Korea
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18
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Kong H, Cheng J, Zhang M, Sun Z, Wang S, Liu J, Qu H, Zhao Y. Novel mulberry silkworm cocoon-derived carbon dots and their anti-inflammatory properties. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 48:68-76. [PMID: 31852285 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1699810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mulberry silkworm cocoon (MSC) carbonisata has been used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases for hundreds of years; however, after years of research efforts, little information is available on its anti-inflammatory components and underlying mechanism. We developed novel carbon dots (CDs) derived from MSC carbonisata (MSC-CDs), for the first time, with an average diameter of 2.26-9.35 nm and a quantum yield (QY) of 6.32%. The MSC-CDs were prepared using a modified pyrolysis method, and no further modification and external surface passivation agent was required. With abundant surface groups, MSC-CDs showed distinct solubility and bioactivity. In this study, we innovatively used three classical experimental models of inflammation to evaluate the anti-inflammatory bioactivity of MSC-CDs. The results indicated that MSC-CDs exhibited marked anti-inflammatory bioactivity which was likely mediated by inhibition of the expression of interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α. These results suggest that MSC-CDs possess a remarkable anti-inflammatory property, which provides evidence to support further investigation of the considerable potential and effective material basis of this traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Wang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Kong
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jinjun Cheng
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ziwei Sun
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Suna Wang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxing Liu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huihua Qu
- Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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19
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Padari K, Porosk L, Arukuusk P, Pooga M. Characterization of Peptide-Oligonucleotide Complexes Using Electron Microscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering, and Protease Resistance Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2036:127-139. [PMID: 31410794 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9670-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cationic peptides designed for cellular delivery of nucleic acid molecules form noncovalent nanocomplexes with negatively charged oligonucleotides (ON). The electrostatically associated complexes are further compacted by hydrophobic interactions yielding nanoparticles (NP) of homogeneous shape and size that are efficiently taken up by cells. The shape and size of NP often correlate with the biological activity of delivered ON inside cells; and the stability and accessibility of NP in biological fluids govern its circulation in organism and the cellular uptake. Therefore, here we provide protocols for characterizing the shape and size and surface charge of peptide/ON NP by negative staining transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) respectively, and analysis of NP stability against proteolytic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kärt Padari
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ly Porosk
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Piret Arukuusk
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Margus Pooga
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. .,Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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20
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Kivihall A, Aab A, Soja J, Sładek K, Sanak M, Altraja A, Jakiela B, Bochenek G, Rebane A. Reduced expression of miR-146a in human bronchial epithelial cells alters neutrophil migration. Clin Transl Allergy 2019; 9:62. [PMID: 31798831 PMCID: PMC6880603 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-019-0301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis and determining the phenotypes of asthma is not fully elucidated. miR-146a has been previously shown to suppress inflammatory responses in different cells. In this study, we investigated the functions of miR-146a in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) in association with neutrophilic, eosinophilic, and paucigranulocytic phenotypes of asthma. Methods Bronchial brushing specimens and brochial mucosal biopsy samples were collected from adult patients with asthma and from age- and gender-matched non-asthmatic individuals. The expression of miR-146a in bronchial brushing specimens, bronchial biopsy tissue sections or cultured primary bronchial epithelial cells was analyzed by RT-qPCR or by in situ hybridization. The expression of direct and indirect miR-146a target genes was determined by RT-qPCR or ELISA. The migration of neutrophils was studied by neutrophil chemotaxis assay and flow cytometry. For statistical analysis, unpaired two-way Student’s t test, one-way ANOVA or linear regression analysis were used. Results Reduced expression of miR-146a was found in bronchial brushing specimens from asthma patients as compared to non-asthmatics and irrespective of the phenotype of asthma. In the same samples, the neutrophil attracting chemokines IL-8 and CXCL1 showed increased expression in patients with neutrophilic asthma and increased IL-33 expression was found in patients with eosinophilic asthma. Linear regression analysis revealed a significant negative association between the expression of miR-146a in bronchial brushings and neutrophil cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with asthma. In bronchial biopsy specimens, the level of miR-146a was highest in the epithelium as determined with in situ hybridization. In primary conventional HBEC culture, the expression of miR-146a was induced in response to the stimulation with IL-17A, TNF-α, and IL-4. The mRNA expression and secretion of IL-8 and CXCL1 was inhibited in both stimulated and unstimulated HBECs transfected with miR-146a mimics. Supernatants from HBECs transfected with miR-146a had reduced capability of supporting neutrophil migration in neutrophil chemotaxis assay. Conclusion Our results suggest that decreased level of miR-146a in HBECs from patients with asthma may contribute to the development of neutrophilic phenotype of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anet Kivihall
- 1Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 14B, 50414 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alar Aab
- 1Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 14B, 50414 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jerzy Soja
- 2Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Sładek
- 2Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Sanak
- 2Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Alan Altraja
- 3Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,4Lung Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Bogdan Jakiela
- 2Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grazyna Bochenek
- 2Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ana Rebane
- 1Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 14B, 50414 Tartu, Estonia
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21
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Vaher H, Runnel T, Urgard E, Aab A, Carreras Badosa G, Maslovskaja J, Abram K, Raam L, Kaldvee B, Annilo T, Tkaczyk ER, Maimets T, Akdis CA, Kingo K, Rebane A. miR-10a-5p is increased in atopic dermatitis and has capacity to inhibit keratinocyte proliferation. Allergy 2019; 74:2146-2156. [PMID: 31049964 PMCID: PMC6817370 DOI: 10.1111/all.13849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND miR-10a-5p has been shown to regulate cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness and endothelial cell inflammatory responses. The function of miR-10a-5p in the skin has not been previously studied. The aim of the current study was to examine miR-10a-5p expression, regulation, and function in keratinocytes (KCs) in association with atopic dermatitis (AD). METHODS The expression of miR-10a-5p and its target genes was analyzed using RT-qPCR, mRNA array analysis, in situ hybridization, and immunofluorescence. The transfection of miRNA mimics, cell cycle distribution analysis, and luciferase assays was used to study miR-10a-5p functions in human primary KCs. RESULTS miR-10a-5p was found to be upregulated in lesional skin from patients with AD and in proliferating KCs. Array and pathway analysis of IL-1β-stimulated KCs revealed that miR-10a-5p inhibited many genes that affect cell cycle progression and only a few inflammation-related genes. Accordingly, fewer cells in S-phase and reduced proliferation were detected as characteristics of miR-10a-5p-transfected KCs. The influence of miR-10a-5p on cell proliferation was also evident in KCs induced by AD-related cytokines, including IL-4, IL-17, and IL-1β, as measured by the capacity to strongly suppress the expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67. Among AD-related putative direct target genes, we verified hyaluronan synthase 3, a damage-associated positive regulator of KC migration and proliferation, as a direct target of miR-10a-5p. CONCLUSIONS miR-10a-5p inhibits KC proliferation and directly targets hyaluronan synthase 3 and thereby may modulate AD-associated processes in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Vaher
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine,
University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Runnel
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine,
University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of
Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Egon Urgard
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine,
University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alar Aab
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine,
University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gemma Carreras Badosa
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine,
University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Julia Maslovskaja
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine,
University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristi Abram
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of
Tartu, Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liisi Raam
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of
Tartu, Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Bret Kaldvee
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of
Tartu, Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tarmo Annilo
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University
of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eric R. Tkaczyk
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville TN and Vanderbilt Dermatology Translational Research Clinic, Nashville TN
| | - Toivo Maimets
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of
Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF),
University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Külli Kingo
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of
Tartu, Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ana Rebane
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine,
University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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22
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Mai H, Fan W, Wang Y, Cai Y, Li X, Chen F, Chen X, Yang J, Tang P, Chen H, Zou T, Hong T, Wan C, Zhao B, Cui L. Intranasal Administration of miR-146a Agomir Rescued the Pathological Process and Cognitive Impairment in an AD Mouse Model. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 18:681-695. [PMID: 31707205 PMCID: PMC6849368 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and cannot be cured. The etiology and pathogenesis of AD is still not fully understood, the genetics is considered to be one of the most important factors for AD onset, and the identified susceptible genes could provide clues to the AD mechanism and also be the potential targets. MicroRNA-146a-5p (miR-146a) is well known in the regulation of the inflammatory response, and the functional SNP of miR-146a was associated with AD risk. In this study, using a noninvasive nasal administration, we discovered that a miR-146a agomir (M146AG) rescued cognitive impairment in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse and alleviated the overall pathological process in the AD mouse model, including neuroinflammation, glia activation, Aβ deposit, and tau phosphorylation in hippocampi. Furthermore, the transcriptional analysis revealed that besides the effect of neuroinflammation, M146AG may serve as a multi-potency target for intervention in AD. In addition, Srsf6 was identified as a target of miR-146a, which may play a role in AD progression. In conclusion, our study supports that the nasal-to-brain pathway is efficient and operable for the brain administration of microRNAs (miRNAs), and that miR-146a may be a new potential target for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Mai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Weihao Fan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yujie Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiongjin Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jingqi Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Pei Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Huiyi Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ting Zou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Tingting Hong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Conghua Wan
- School of Humanities and Management, Research Center for Quality of Life and Applied Psychology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.
| | - Bin Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Lili Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.
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23
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Schiroli D, Gómara MJ, Maurizi E, Atkinson SD, Mairs L, Christie KA, Cobice DF, McCrudden CM, Nesbit MA, Haro I, Moore T. Effective In Vivo Topical Delivery of siRNA and Gene Silencing in Intact Corneal Epithelium Using a Modified Cell-Penetrating Peptide. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 17:891-906. [PMID: 31476668 PMCID: PMC6723413 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominantly inherited genetic disorders such as corneal dystrophies are amenable to allele-specific gene silencing with small interfering RNA (siRNA). siRNA delivered to the cornea by injection, although effective, is not suitable for a frequent long-term treatment regimen, whereas topical delivery of siRNA to the cornea is hampered by the eye surface's protective mechanisms. Herein we describe an attractive and innovative alternative for topical application using cell-penetrating peptide derivatives capable of complexing siRNA non-covalently and delivering them into the cornea. Through a rational design approach, we modified derivatives of a cell-penetrating peptide, peptide for ocular delivery (POD), already proved to diffuse into the corneal layers. These POD derivatives were able to form siRNA-peptide complexes (polyplexes) of size and ζ-potential similar to those reported able to undergo cellular internalization. Successful cytoplasmic release and gene silencing in vitro was obtained when an endosomal disruptor, chloroquine, was added. A palmitoylated-POD, displaying the best delivery properties, was covalently functionalized with trifluoromethylquinoline, an analog of chloroquine. This modified POD, named trifluoromethylquinoline-palmitoyl-POD (QN-Palm-POD), when complexed with siRNA and topically applied to the eye in vivo, resulted in up to 30% knockdown of luciferase reporter gene expression in the corneal epithelium. The methods developed within represent a valid standardized approach that is ideal for screening of a range of delivery formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Schiroli
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - María J Gómara
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eleonora Maurizi
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - Sarah D Atkinson
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland; Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, University of Ulster, Londonderry BT47 6SB, UK
| | - Laura Mairs
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - Kathleen A Christie
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - Diego F Cobice
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - Cian M McCrudden
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
| | - M Andrew Nesbit
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland
| | - Isabel Haro
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tara Moore
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland.
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Xu J, Khan AR, Fu M, Wang R, Ji J, Zhai G. Cell-penetrating peptide: a means of breaking through the physiological barriers of different tissues and organs. J Control Release 2019; 309:106-124. [PMID: 31323244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The selective infiltration of cell membranes and tissue barriers often blocks the entry of most active molecules. This natural defense mechanism prevents the invasion of exogenous substances and limits the therapeutic value of most available molecules. Therefore, it is particularly important to find appropriate ways of membrane translocation and therapeutic agent delivery to its target site. Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) are a group of short peptides harnessed in this condition, possessing a significant capacity for membrane transduction and could be exploited to transfer various biologically active cargoes into the cells. Since their discovery, CPPs have been employed for delivery of a wide variety of therapeutic molecules to treat various disorders including cranial nerve involvement, ocular inflammation, myocardial ischemia, dermatosis and cancer. The promising results of CPPs-derived therapeutics in various tumor models demonstrated a potential and worthwhile scope of CPPs in chemotherapy. This review describes the detailed description of CPPs and CPPs-assisted molecular delivery against various tissues and organs disorders. An emphasis is focused on summarizing the novel insights and achievements of CPPs in surmounting the natural membrane barriers during the last 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangkang Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Abdur Rauf Khan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Manfei Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Rujuan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jianbo Ji
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Guangxi Zhai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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25
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Camponogara C, Silva CR, Brusco I, Piana M, Faccin H, de Carvalho LM, Schuch A, Trevisan G, Oliveira SM. Nasturtium officinale R. Br. effectively reduces the skin inflammation induced by croton oil via glucocorticoid receptor-dependent and NF-κB pathways without causing toxicological effects in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 229:190-204. [PMID: 30339978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Inflammatory skin diseases treatments currently used cause adverse effects. Nasturtium officinale (watercress) is used popularly as an anti-inflammatory. However, until now, no study proved its effectiveness as a topical treatment to inflammatory skin diseases. The topical anti-inflammatory activity of N. officinale crude extract leaves (NoE) on an irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) model croton oil-induced in mice was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS ICD models were induced by a single (1 mg/ear; acute) or repeated (0.4 mg/ear; chronic; 9 days total) croton oil application. NoE and dexamethasone solutions' (diluted in acetone; 20 μL/ear) or NoE gel, dexamethasone gel and base gel (15 mg/ear) were topically applied immediately after croton oil application. The NoE topical anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated for inflammatory parameters (ear edema, inflammatory cells infiltration, and inflammatory cytokines levels). NoE topical anti-inflammatory mechanism (NF-κB pathway and effect glucocorticoid-like) were assessed by western blot and ear edema analyses, respectively. UHPLC-MS/MS chromatography, gels accelerated stability and preliminary study of adverse effects was also performed. RESULTS UHPLC-MS/MS of the NoE revealed the presence of coumaric acid, rutin, and ferulic acid. NoE gels stability study showed no relevant changes at low temperature. NoE, dexamethasone, NoE gel and dexamethasone gel inhibited the ear edema croton oil-induced by 82 ± 6% (1 mg/ear), 99 ± 1% (0.1 mg/ear), 81 ± 8% (3%) and 70 ± 6% (0.5%) for the acute model, and 49 ± 7% (1 mg/ear), 80 ± 4% (0.1 mg/ear), 41 ± 8% (3%) and 46 ± 14% (0.5%) for the chronic model, respectively. The same treatments also reduced the inflammatory cells infiltration by 62 ± 3% (1 mg/ear), 97 ± 2% (0.1 mg/ear), 60 ± 3% (3%) and 66 ± 6% (0.5%) for the acute model, respectively, and 25 ± 8% (1 mg/ear) to NoE and 83 ± 13% to dexamethasone to the chronic model. NoE and NoE gel reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines levels (acute ICD model) by 62 ± 5% and 71 ± 3% (MIP-2) and 32 ± 3% and 44 ± 4% (IL-1β), while dexamethasone solution's and gel reduced by 79 ± 7% and 44 ± 4% to MIP-2 and 98 ± 2% and 83 ± 9% to IL-1β, respectively. NoE' and dexamethasone' solutions inhibited the reduction of IkB-α protein expression induced by croton oil by 100% and 80 ± 14%, respectively. Besides, the mifepristone (glucocorticoid receptor antagonist) pre-treatment prevented the topical anti-edematogenic effect of NoE' and dexamethasone' solutions by 61 ± 5% to NoE and 78 ± 16% to dexamethasone. The repeated topical application of NoE did not cause adverse effects. CONCLUSION Our results suggest the N. officinale use in the cutaneous inflammatory process treatment and demonstrate the NoE potential to develop a promising topical anti-inflammatory agent to treat inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Camponogara
- Laboratory Neurotoxicity and Psychopharmacology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cássia R Silva
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Biochemistry, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Indiara Brusco
- Laboratory Neurotoxicity and Psychopharmacology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana Piana
- Phytochemical Research Laboratory, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Henrique Faccin
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Leandro Machado de Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - André Schuch
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Trevisan
- Graduate Program in Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sara Marchesan Oliveira
- Laboratory Neurotoxicity and Psychopharmacology, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Ervin EH, Pook M, Teino I, Kasuk V, Trei A, Pooga M, Maimets T. Targeted gene silencing in human embryonic stem cells using cell-penetrating peptide PepFect 14. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:43. [PMID: 30678718 PMCID: PMC6345057 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human embryonic stem (hES) cells serve as an invaluable tool for research and future medicine, but their transfection often leads to unwanted side effects as the method itself may induce differentiation. On the other hand, RNA interference (RNAi)-based targeted gene silencing is a quick, cost-effective, and easy-to-perform method to address questions regarding the function of genes, especially when hypomorphic knockdowns are needed. Therefore, effective transfection method with minimal side effects is essential for applying RNAi to hES cells. Here, we report a highly promising approach for targeted gene silencing in hES cells with siRNA complexed with cell-penetrating peptide PepFect 14 (PF14). This strategy provides researchers with efficient tool for unraveling the functions of genes or addressing the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. Methods We present a method for delivery of siRNA into hES cells with cell-penetrating peptide PF14. Accordingly, hES cells were transfected in ROCK inhibitor containing medium for 24 h right after EDTA passaging as small cell clumps. Fluorescently labeled siRNA and siRNAs targeting OCT4 or beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) mRNA sequences were used to evaluate the efficiency of transfection and silencing. Analyses were performed at various time points by flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, and immunofluorescence microscopy. Results Effective downregulation of OCT4 in 70% of treated hES cells at protein level was achieved, along with 90% reduction at mRNA level in bulk population of cells. The applicability of this low-cost and easy-to-perform method was confirmed by inducing silencing of another target not associated with hES cell pluripotency (B2M). Furthermore, we discovered that downregulation of OCT4 induces neuroectodermal differentiation accompanied by reduced expression of B2M during early stage of this lineage. Conclusions The results demonstrate PF14 as a promising tool for studying gene function and regulatory networks in hES cells by using RNAi. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-019-1144-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle-Helene Ervin
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martin Pook
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Indrek Teino
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Valmar Kasuk
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Annika Trei
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Margus Pooga
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.,Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toivo Maimets
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.
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27
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Konate K, Dussot M, Aldrian G, Vaissière A, Viguier V, Neira IF, Couillaud F, Vivès E, Boisguerin P, Deshayes S. Peptide-Based Nanoparticles to Rapidly and Efficiently "Wrap 'n Roll" siRNA into Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:592-603. [PMID: 30586303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) as a therapeutic tool is limited due to critical obstacles such as the cellular barrier, the negative charges of the siRNA molecule, and its instability in serum. Several siRNA delivery systems have been constructed using cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) since the CPPs have shown a high potential for oligonucleotide delivery into the cells, especially by forming nanoparticles. In this study, we have developed a new family of short (15mer or 16mer) tryptophan-(W) and arginine-(R) rich Amphipathic Peptides (WRAP) able to form stable nanoparticles and to enroll siRNA molecules into cells. The lead peptides, WRAP1 and WRAP5, form defined nanoparticles smaller than 100 nm as characterized by biophysical methods. Furthermore, they have several benefits as oligonucleotide delivery tools such as the rapid encapsulation of the siRNA, the efficient siRNA delivery in several cell types, and the high gene silencing activity, even in the presence of serum. In conclusion, we have designed a new family of CPPs specifically dedicated for siRNA delivery through nanoparticle formation. Our results indicate that the WRAP family has significant potential for the safe, efficient, and rapid delivery of siRNA for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karidia Konate
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5237 , Université de Montpellier , 1919 Route de Mende , 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Marion Dussot
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5237 , Université de Montpellier , 1919 Route de Mende , 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Gudrun Aldrian
- Sys2Diag , UMR 9005-CNRS/ALCEDIAG , 1682 Rue de la Valsière , 34184 Montpellier Cedex 4, France
| | - Anaïs Vaissière
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5237 , Université de Montpellier , 1919 Route de Mende , 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Véronique Viguier
- Université de Montpellier , Place Eugène Bataillon , 34095 Montpellier , France
| | - Isabel Ferreiro Neira
- EA 7435 IMOTION (Imagerie moléculaire et thérapies innovantes en oncologie) , Université de Bordeaux , 146 rue Leo Saignat , 33076 Bordeaux , France
| | - Franck Couillaud
- EA 7435 IMOTION (Imagerie moléculaire et thérapies innovantes en oncologie) , Université de Bordeaux , 146 rue Leo Saignat , 33076 Bordeaux , France
| | - Eric Vivès
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5237 , Université de Montpellier , 1919 Route de Mende , 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Prisca Boisguerin
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5237 , Université de Montpellier , 1919 Route de Mende , 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Sébastien Deshayes
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5237 , Université de Montpellier , 1919 Route de Mende , 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Sabir N, Hussain T, Shah SZA, Peramo A, Zhao D, Zhou X. miRNAs in Tuberculosis: New Avenues for Diagnosis and Host-Directed Therapy. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:602. [PMID: 29651283 PMCID: PMC5885483 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most fatal infectious diseases and a leading cause of mortality, with 95% of these deaths occurring in developing countries. The causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), has a well-established ability to circumvent the host's immune system for its intracellular survival. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs having an important function at the post-transcriptional level and are involved in shaping immunity by regulating the repertoire of genes expressed in immune cells. It has been established in recent studies that the innate immune response against TB is significantly regulated by miRNAs. Moreover, differential expression of miRNA in Mtb infection can reflect the disease progression and may help distinguish between active and latent TB infection (LTBI). These findings encouraged the application of miRNAs as potential biomarkers. Similarly, active participation of miRNAs in modulation of autophagy and apoptosis responses against Mtb opens an exciting avenue for the exploitation of miRNAs as host directed therapy (HDT) against TB. Nanoparticles mediated delivery of miRNAs to treat various diseases has been reported and this technology has a great potential to be used in TB. In reality, this exploitation of miRNAs as biomarkers and in HDT is still in its infancy stage, and more studies using animal models mimicking human TB are advocated to assess the role of miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In this review, we attempt to summarize the recent advancements in the role of miRNAs in TB as immune modulator, miRNAs' capability to distinguish between active and latent TB and, finally, usage of miRNAs as therapeutic targets against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiangmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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29
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Ross K. Towards topical microRNA-directed therapy for epidermal disorders. J Control Release 2017; 269:136-147. [PMID: 29133119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There remains an unmet dermatological need for innovative topical agents that achieve better longterm outcomes with fewer side effects. Modulation of the expression and activity of microRNA (miRNAs) represents an emerging translational framework for the development of such innovative therapies because changes in the expression of one miRNA can have wide-ranging effects on diverse cellular processes associated with disease. In this short review, the roles of miRNA in epidermal development, psoriasis, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and re-epithelisation are highlighted. Consideration is given to the delivery of oligonucleotides that mimic or inhibit miRNA function using vehicles such as cell penetrating peptides, spherical nucleic acids, deformable liposomes and liquid crystalline nanodispersions. Formulation of miRNA-directed oligonucleotides with such skin-penetrating epidermal agents will drive the development of RNA-based cutaneous therapeutics for deployment as primary or adjuvant therapies for epidermal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Ross
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom.
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30
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Abstract
The advent of RNA interference (RNAi) technology has profoundly impacted molecular biology research and medicine but has also advanced the field of skin care. Both effector molecules of RNAi, short-interfering RNA molecules and microRNAs (miRNAs), have been explored for their relative impact and utility for treating a variety of skin conditions. These post-transcriptional RNA regulatory molecules down-modulate protein expression through targeting of the 3' untranslated regions of messenger RNAs, leading to their degradation or repression through sequestration. As researchers hunt for genetic linkages to skin diseases, miRNA regulators have emerged as key players in the biology of keratinocytes, fibroblasts, melanocytes, and other cells of the skin. Herein, we attempt to coalesce the current efforts to combat various skin disorders and diseases through the development of miRNA-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lawrence
- Biocogent, LLC, 25 Health Sciences Drive, Stony Brook, NY 11790 USA
| | - Joseph Ceccoli
- Biocogent, LLC, 25 Health Sciences Drive, Stony Brook, NY 11790 USA
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31
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Urgard E, Brjalin A, Langel Ü, Pooga M, Rebane A, Annilo T. Comparison of Peptide- and Lipid-Based Delivery of miR-34a-5p Mimic into PPC-1 Cells. Nucleic Acid Ther 2017; 27:295-302. [DOI: 10.1089/nat.2017.0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Egon Urgard
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Aleksei Brjalin
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülo Langel
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margus Pooga
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ana Rebane
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tarmo Annilo
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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32
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Hermann H, Runnel T, Aab A, Baurecht H, Rodriguez E, Magilnick N, Urgard E, Šahmatova L, Prans E, Maslovskaja J, Abram K, Karelson M, Kaldvee B, Reemann P, Haljasorg U, Rückert B, Wawrzyniak P, Weichenthal M, Mrowietz U, Franke A, Gieger C, Barker J, Trembath R, Tsoi LC, Elder JT, Tkaczyk ER, Kisand K, Peterson P, Kingo K, Boldin M, Weidinger S, Akdis CA, Rebane A. miR-146b Probably Assists miRNA-146a in the Suppression of Keratinocyte Proliferation and Inflammatory Responses in Psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1945-1954. [PMID: 28595995 PMCID: PMC5977389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
miR-146a inhibits inflammatory responses in human keratinocytes and in different mouse models of skin inflammation. Little is known about the role of miR-146b in the skin. In this study, we confirmed the increased expression of miR-146a and miR-146b (miR-146a/b) in the lesional skin of patients with psoriasis. The expression of miR-146a was approximately twofold higher than that of miR-146b in healthy human skin, and it was more strongly induced by stimulation of proinflammatory cytokines in keratinocytes and fibroblasts. miR-146a/b target genes regulating inflammatory responses or proliferation were altered in the skin of patients with psoriasis, among which FERMT1 was verified as a direct target of miR-146a. In silico analysis of genome-wide data from >4,000 psoriasis cases and >8,000 controls confirmed a moderate association between psoriasis and genetic variants in the miR-146a encoding gene. Transfection of miR-146a/b suppressed and inhibition enhanced keratinocyte proliferation and the expression of psoriasis-related target genes. Enhanced expression of miR-146a/b-influenced genes was detected in cultured keratinocytes from miR-146a-/- and skin fibroblasts from miR-146a-/- and miR-146b-/- mice stimulated with psoriasis-associated cytokines as compared with wild-type mice. Our results indicate that besides miR-146a, miR-146b is expressed and might be capable of modulation of inflammatory responses and keratinocyte proliferation in psoriatic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Hermann
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Runnel
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alar Aab
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hansjörg Baurecht
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Elke Rodriguez
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nathaniel Magilnick
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Egon Urgard
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liisi Šahmatova
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ele Prans
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Julia Maslovskaja
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristi Abram
- Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maire Karelson
- Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Bret Kaldvee
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Paula Reemann
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Uku Haljasorg
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Beate Rückert
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Paulina Wawrzyniak
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Michael Weichenthal
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrich Mrowietz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Barker
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London, UK; St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Trembath
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Lam C Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - James T Elder
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Eric R Tkaczyk
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kai Kisand
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pärt Peterson
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Külli Kingo
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mark Boldin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Stephan Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Ana Rebane
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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Vaissière A, Aldrian G, Konate K, Lindberg MF, Jourdan C, Telmar A, Seisel Q, Fernandez F, Viguier V, Genevois C, Couillaud F, Boisguerin P, Deshayes S. A retro-inverso cell-penetrating peptide for siRNA delivery. J Nanobiotechnology 2017; 15:34. [PMID: 28454579 PMCID: PMC5410048 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-017-0269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are powerful tools to control gene expression. However, due to their poor cellular permeability and stability, their therapeutic development requires a specific delivery system. Among them, cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) have been shown to transfer efficiently siRNA inside the cells. Recently we developed amphipathic peptides able to self-assemble with siRNAs as peptide-based nanoparticles and to transfect them into cells. However, despite the great potential of these drug delivery systems, most of them display a low resistance to proteases. Results Here, we report the development and characterization of a new CPP named RICK corresponding to the retro-inverso form of the CADY-K peptide. We show that RICK conserves the main biophysical features of its L-parental homologue and keeps the ability to associate with siRNA in stable peptide-based nanoparticles. Moreover the RICK:siRNA self-assembly prevents siRNA degradation and induces inhibition of gene expression. Conclusions This new approach consists in a promising strategy for future in vivo application, especially for targeted anticancer treatment (e.g. knock-down of cell cycle proteins).RICK-based nanoparticles: RICK peptides and siRNA self-assemble in peptide-based nanoparticles to penetrate into the cells and to induce target protein knock-down. ![]() Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-017-0269-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Vaissière
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, UMR 5237 CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Gudrun Aldrian
- Sys2Diag, UMR 9005-CNRS/ALCEDIAG, 1682 Rue de la Valsiere, 34184, Montpellier, France
| | - Karidia Konate
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, UMR 5237 CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Mattias F Lindberg
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, UMR 5237 CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Carole Jourdan
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, UMR 5237 CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Anthony Telmar
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, UMR 5237 CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Quentin Seisel
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, UMR 5237 CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Fernandez
- Microscopie Électronique et Analytique, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Véronique Viguier
- Microscopie Électronique et Analytique, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Coralie Genevois
- EA 7435 IMOTION (Imagerie moléculaire et thérapies innovantes en oncologie), Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Franck Couillaud
- EA 7435 IMOTION (Imagerie moléculaire et thérapies innovantes en oncologie), Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Prisca Boisguerin
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, UMR 5237 CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Deshayes
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, UMR 5237 CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France.
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