1
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Krogvold L, Mynarek IM, Ponzi E, Mørk FB, Hessel TW, Roald T, Lindblom N, Westman J, Barker P, Hyöty H, Ludvigsson J, Hanssen KF, Johannesen J, Dahl-Jørgensen K. Pleconaril and ribavirin in new-onset type 1 diabetes: a phase 2 randomized trial. Nat Med 2023; 29:2902-2908. [PMID: 37789144 PMCID: PMC10667091 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02576-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed a low-grade enterovirus infection in the pancreatic islets of patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes (T1D). In the Diabetes Virus Detection (DiViD) Intervention, a phase 2, placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel group, double-blind trial, 96 children and adolescents (aged 6-15 years) with new-onset T1D received antiviral treatment with pleconaril and ribavirin (n = 47) or placebo (n = 49) for 6 months, with the aim of preserving β cell function. The primary endpoint was the mean stimulated C-peptide area under the curve (AUC) 12 months after the initiation of treatment (less than 3 weeks after diagnosis) using a mixed linear model. The model used longitudinal log-transformed serum C-peptide AUCs at baseline, at 3 months, 6 months and 1 year. The primary endpoint was met with the serum C-peptide AUC being higher in the pleconaril and ribavirin treatment group compared to the placebo group at 12 months (average marginal effect = 0.057 in the linear mixed model; 95% confidence interval = 0.004-0.11, P = 0.037). The treatment was well tolerated. The results show that antiviral treatment may preserve residual insulin production in children and adolescent with new-onset T1D. This provides a rationale for further evaluating antiviral strategies in the prevention and treatment of T1D. European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials identifier: 2015-003350-41 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Krogvold
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida Maria Mynarek
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erica Ponzi
- Clinical Trial Unit, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Freja Barrett Mørk
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine Witzner Hessel
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine Roald
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Peter Barker
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Core Biochemistry Assay Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | - Jesper Johannesen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Knut Dahl-Jørgensen
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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2
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Shi Y, Chen P, Bai Y, Xu X, Liu Y. Seroprevalence of coxsackievirus A6 and enterovirus A71 infection in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Virol 2023; 168:37. [PMID: 36609748 PMCID: PMC9825098 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05642-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease in children. Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the main pathogens, and coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) has gradually become the dominant pathogen of HFMD in recent years. This study was conducted mainly to assess the serological prevalence of EV-A71 and CVA6 antibodies in people of different ages, sexes, and regions through a systematic review and meta-analysis. A comprehensive study was performed based on the EV-A71 and CVA6 serological literature published before May 2022. Heterogeneity analysis (Cochrane's Q test and the I2 statistic) and random effect models were adopted. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were used to identify potential sources of heterogeneity in the data, and all analysis was performed using STATA version 16.0. This study included 71 studies involving 55,176 people from 13 countries that met the inclusion criteria. The serological prevalence of EV-A71 antibody in different studies was 4.31-88.8%, and that of CVA6 antibody was 40.8-80.9%. Meta-analysis results showed that the serum positive rate for EV-A71 antibody was 45.9% (95% CI: 37.6-54.1%). The rate in the Chinese population was 47.8% (95% CI: 42.4-53.2%), and in the other countries, it was 38% (95% CI: 23-55%). The serum positive rate for CVA6 antibody was 58.3% (95% CI: 46.5-70.2%). The rate in the Chinese population was 49.1% (95% CI: 38.3-59.9%), and in the other countries, it was 68% (95% CI: 51-83%). Subgroup analysis was also conducted. The seroprevalence of EV-A71 and CVA6 antibodies is related to age rather than gender or region. The rates of EV-A71 and CVA6 seropositivity are considerably lower in children younger than five years of age. However, the rates gradually increase with age. The findings of this study suggest that children under five years of age may be susceptible to EV-A71 and CVA6. Thus, safety education and vaccination should be strengthened accordingly. This study provides a basis for understanding the risk factors for EV-A71 and CVA6 infection in China and for deciding how to formulate standard preventive measures to prevent the spread of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Shi
- grid.411854.d0000 0001 0709 0000Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Peiqing Chen
- grid.411854.d0000 0001 0709 0000Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Yijing Bai
- grid.411854.d0000 0001 0709 0000Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Xuan Xu
- grid.411854.d0000 0001 0709 0000Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Yongjuan Liu
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, China.
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3
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Cinek O, Kramna L, Odeh R, Alassaf A, Ibekwe MAU, Ahmadov G, Elmahi BME, Mekki H, Lebl J, Abdullah MA. Eukaryotic viruses in the fecal virome at the onset of type 1 diabetes: A study from four geographically distant African and Asian countries. Pediatr Diabetes 2021; 22:558-566. [PMID: 33786936 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies of the fecal virome in type 1 diabetes (T1D) have been limited to populations of Europe and the United States. We therefore sought to characterize the stool virome in children after onset of T1D and in matched control subjects from four geographically distant African and Asian countries. METHODS Samples of stool were collected from 73 children and adolescents shortly after T1D onset (Azerbaijan 19, Jordan 20, Nigeria 14, Sudan 20) and 105 matched control subjects of similar age and locale. Metagenomic sequencing of the DNA and RNA virome was performed, and virus positivity was defined as more than 0.001% of reads of the sample. Selected viruses were also quantified using real-time PCR. Conditional logistic regression was used to model associations with eukaryotic virus positivity. RESULTS Signals of 387 different viral species were detected; at least one eukaryotic virus was detected in 71% case and 65% control samples. Neither of observed eukaryotic virus species or genera differed in frequency between children with T1D and controls. There was a suggestive association of the total count of different viral genera per sample between cases (1.45 genera) and controls (1.10 genera, OR 1.24, 95%CI 0.98-1.57), and an unplanned subanalysis suggested marginally more frequent endogenous retrovirus signal in cases (in 28.8% vs. in 8.6% controls, OR = 4.55, 95%CI 1.72-12). CONCLUSIONS No clear and consistent association with T1D was observed in the fecal viromes from four distant non-European populations. The finding of borderline associations of human endogenous retroviruses merits further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Cinek
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kramna
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rasha Odeh
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Abeer Alassaf
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mary Ann Ugochi Ibekwe
- Department of Pediatrics, Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | | | - Bashir Mukhtar Elwasila Elmahi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.,Sudan Childhood Diabetes Center, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hanan Mekki
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Jan Lebl
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mohammed Ahmed Abdullah
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.,Sudan Childhood Diabetes Center, Khartoum, Sudan
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4
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Seppälä EM, Oikarinen S, Lehtonen JP, Neupane S, Honkanen H, Tyni I, Siljander H, Ilonen J, Sillanpää S, Laranne J, Knip M, Hyöty H. Association of Picornavirus Infections With Acute Otitis Media in a Prospective Birth Cohort Study. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:324-332. [PMID: 32108877 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rhinoviruses (HRVs), human enteroviruses (HEVs) and human parechoviruses (HPeVs) have been linked to acute otitis media (AOM). We evaluated this association in a prospective birth cohort setting. METHODS A total of 324 healthy infants were followed up from birth to age 3 years. Nasal swab samples were collected at age 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months and screened for HRV and HEV using real-time reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Stool samples were collected monthly and analyzed for HRV, HEV, and HPeV. AOM episodes diagnosed by physicians were reported by parents in a diary. The association of viruses with AOM was analyzed using generalized estimation equations, and their relative contributions using population-attributable risk percentages. RESULTS A clear association was found between AOM episodes and simultaneous detection of HEV (adjusted odds ratio for the detection of virus in stools, 2.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-3.91) and HRV (1.54; 1.04-2.30). HPeV showed a similar, yet nonsignificant trend (adjusted odds ratio, 1.44; 95% confidence interval, .81-2.56). HRV and HEV showed higher population-attributable risk percentages (25% and 20%) than HPeV (11%). CONCLUSIONS HEVs and HRVs may contribute to the development of AOM in a relatively large proportion of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina M Seppälä
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jussi P Lehtonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Subas Neupane
- Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hanna Honkanen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Iiris Tyni
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heli Siljander
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Saara Sillanpää
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jussi Laranne
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Central Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Kokkola, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
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5
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Honkimaa A, Kimura B, Sioofy-Khojine AB, Lin J, Laiho J, Oikarinen S, Hyöty H. Genetic Adaptation of Coxsackievirus B1 during Persistent Infection in Pancreatic Cells. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111790. [PMID: 33203081 PMCID: PMC7697981 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackie B (CVB) viruses have been associated with type 1 diabetes. We have recently observed that CVB1 was linked to the initiation of the autoimmune process leading to type 1 diabetes in Finnish children. Viral persistency in the pancreas is currently considered as one possible mechanism. In the current study persistent infection was established in pancreatic ductal and beta cell lines (PANC-1 and 1.1B4) using four different CVB1 strains, including the prototype strain and three clinical isolates. We sequenced 5′ untranslated region (UTR) and regions coding for structural and non-structural proteins and the second single open reading frame (ORF) protein of all persisting CVB1 strains using next generation sequencing to identify mutations that are common for all of these strains. One mutation, K257R in VP1, was found from all persisting CVB1 strains. The mutations were mainly accumulated in viral structural proteins, especially at BC, DE, EF loops and C-terminus of viral capsid protein 1 (VP1), the puff region of VP2, the knob region of VP3 and infection-enhancing epitope of VP4. This showed that the capsid region of the viruses sustains various changes during persistency some of which could be hallmark(s) of persistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Honkimaa
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (B.K.); (A.B.S.-K.); (J.L.); (S.O.); (H.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Bryn Kimura
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (B.K.); (A.B.S.-K.); (J.L.); (S.O.); (H.H.)
| | - Amir-Babak Sioofy-Khojine
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (B.K.); (A.B.S.-K.); (J.L.); (S.O.); (H.H.)
| | - Jake Lin
- Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Jutta Laiho
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (B.K.); (A.B.S.-K.); (J.L.); (S.O.); (H.H.)
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (B.K.); (A.B.S.-K.); (J.L.); (S.O.); (H.H.)
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (B.K.); (A.B.S.-K.); (J.L.); (S.O.); (H.H.)
- Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, 33520 Tampere, Finland
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6
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Oikarinen M, Bertolet L, Toniolo A, Oikarinen S, Laiho JE, Pugliese A, Lloyd RE, Hyöty H. Differential Detection of Encapsidated versus Unencapsidated Enterovirus RNA in Samples Containing Pancreatic Enzymes-Relevance for Diabetes Studies. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070747. [PMID: 32664501 PMCID: PMC7411921 DOI: 10.3390/v12070747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Using immunohistochemistry, enterovirus capsid proteins were demonstrated in pancreatic islets of patients with type 1 diabetes. Virus proteins are mainly located in beta cells, supporting the hypothesis that enterovirus infections may contribute to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. In samples of pancreatic tissue, enterovirus RNA was also detected, but in extremely small quantities and in a smaller proportion of cases compared to the enteroviral protein. Difficulties in detecting viral RNA could be due to the very small number of infected cells, the possible activity of PCR inhibitors, and the presence—during persistent infection—of the viral genome in unencapsidated forms. The aim of this study was twofold: (a) to examine if enzymes or other compounds in pancreatic tissue could affect the molecular detection of encapsidated vs. unencapsidated enterovirus forms, and (b) to compare the sensitivity of RT-PCR methods used in different laboratories. Dilutions of encapsidated and unencapsidated virus were spiked into human pancreas homogenate and analyzed by RT-PCR. Incubation of pancreatic homogenate on wet ice for 20 h did not influence the detection of encapsidated virus. In contrast, a 15-min incubation on wet ice dramatically reduced detection of unencapsidated forms of virus. PCR inhibitors could not be found in pancreatic extract. The results show that components in the pancreas homogenate may selectively affect the detection of unencapsidated forms of enterovirus. This may lead to difficulties in diagnosing persisting enterovirus infection in the pancreas of patients with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Oikarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (S.O.); (J.E.L.); (H.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-50-3186338
| | - Lori Bertolet
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.B.); (R.E.L.)
| | - Antonio Toniolo
- Global Virus Network, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (S.O.); (J.E.L.); (H.H.)
| | - Jutta E. Laiho
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (S.O.); (J.E.L.); (H.H.)
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Richard E. Lloyd
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.B.); (R.E.L.)
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (S.O.); (J.E.L.); (H.H.)
- Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, 33520 Tampere, Finland
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7
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Honkimaa A, Sioofy-Khojine AB, Oikarinen S, Bertin A, Hober D, Hyöty H. Eradication of persistent coxsackievirus B infection from a pancreatic cell line with clinically used antiviral drugs. J Clin Virol 2020; 128:104334. [PMID: 32450550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent enterovirus infections create a difficult therapeutic challenge in immunocompromised patients and may also contribute to the development of chronic diseases including type 1 diabetes, cardiomyopathies, post-polio syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome. OBJECTIVES To study the ability of antiviral drugs to eradicate such infection in vitro to evalaute their potential in the treatments of these patients. STUDY DESIGN We set out to evaluate several licensed or clinically tested drugs which have shown some anti-enterovirus activity in previous studies for their ability to cure persistent infection established by two different coxsackievirus B1 strains in a pancreatic cell line (PANC-1 cells). RESULTS Among all tested drugs Enviroxime, Fluoxetine, concentrated human IgG product (Hizentra) and Pleconaril were able to eradicate persistent Coxsackievirus B1 infection. The effect Enviroxime, Hizentra and Pleconaril varied between the two virus strains. CONCLUSIONS The identified drugs are feasible candidates for clinical trials among patients with persistent coxsackievirus B infections or chronic enterovirus-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Honkimaa
- Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Arvo Ylpönkatu 34, FIN-33520 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Amir-Babak Sioofy-Khojine
- Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Arvo Ylpönkatu 34, FIN-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Arvo Ylpönkatu 34, FIN-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Antoine Bertin
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille Laboratoire de Virologie, EA3610, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Didier Hober
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille Laboratoire de Virologie, EA3610, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Arvo Ylpönkatu 34, FIN-33520 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
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8
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Anh NT, Hong NTT, Nhu LNT, Thanh TT, Lau CY, Limmathurotsakul D, Deng X, Rahman M, Chau NVV, van Doorn HR, Thwaites G, Delwart E, Tan LV. Viruses in Vietnamese Patients Presenting with Community-Acquired Sepsis of Unknown Cause. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:e00386-19. [PMID: 31217274 PMCID: PMC6711913 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00386-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Community-acquired (CA) sepsis is a major public health problem worldwide, yet the etiology remains unknown for >50% of the patients. Here we applied metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) to characterize the human virome in 492 clinical samples (384 sera, 92 pooled nasal and throat swabs, 10 stools, and 6 cerebrospinal fluid samples) from 386 patients (213 adults and 173 children) presenting with CA sepsis who were recruited from 6 hospitals across Vietnam between 2013 and 2015. Specific monoplex PCRs were used subsequently to confirm the presence of viral sequences detected by mNGS. We found sequences related to 47 viral species belonging to 21 families in 358 of 386 (93%) patients, including viruses known to cause human infections. After PCR confirmation, human viruses were found in 52 of 386 patients (13.4%); picornavirus (enteroviruses [n = 14], rhinovirus [n = 5], and parechovirus [n = 2]), hepatitis B virus (n = 10), cytomegalovirus (n = 9), Epstein-Barr virus (n = 5), and rotavirus A (n = 3) were the most common viruses detected. Recently discovered viruses were also found (gemycircularvirus [n = 5] and WU polyomavirus, Saffold virus, salivirus, cyclovirus-VN, and human pegivirus 2 [HPgV2] [n, 1 each]), adding to the growing literature about the geographic distribution of these novel viruses. Notably, sequences related to numerous viruses not previously reported in human tissues were also detected. To summarize, we identified 21 viral species known to be infectious to humans in 52 of 386 (13.4%) patients presenting with CA sepsis of unknown cause. The study, however, cannot directly impute sepsis causation to the viruses identified. The results highlight the fact that it remains a challenge to establish the causative agents in CA sepsis patients, especially in tropical settings such as Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen To Anh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Tran Tan Thanh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Chuen-Yen Lau
- Collaborative Clinical Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Direk Limmathurotsakul
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Motiur Rahman
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - H Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Le Van Tan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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9
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Korhonen L, Oikarinen S, Lehtonen J, Mustonen N, Tyni I, Niemelä O, Honkanen H, Huhtala H, Ilonen J, Hämäläinen AM, Peet A, Tillmann V, Siljander H, Knip M, Lönnrot M, Hyöty H. Rhinoviruses in infancy and risk of immunoglobulin E sensitization. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1470-1478. [PMID: 30866076 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous data about the role of viruses in the development of allergic immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization are contradictory. The aim of this study was to determine the possible associations between exposure to different viruses (rhinovirus, enterovirus, norovirus, and parechovirus) during the first year of life and IgE sensitization. Viruses were analyzed from stool samples collected monthly from infants participating in a prospective birth cohort study. From that study, 244 IgE sensitized case children and 244 nonsensitized control children were identified based on their allergen-specific IgE antibody levels at the age of 6, 18, and 36 months. Stool samples (n = 4576) from the case and control children were screened for the presence of rhinovirus, enterovirus, norovirus, and parechovirus RNA by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The study showed that rhinovirus was the most prevalent virus detected, present in 921 (20%) samples. None of the viruses were associated with IgE sensitization in the full cohort but after stratifying by sex, the number of rhinovirus positive samples was inversely associated with IgE sensitization in boys (odds ratio [OR]: 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69-0.94; P = 0.006). There was also a temporal relation between rhinoviruses and IgE sensitization, as rhinovirus exposure during the first 6 months of life was associated with a reduced risk of subsequent IgE sensitization in boys (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.6-0.94; P = 0.016). In conclusion, early exposure to rhinoviruses was inversely associated with IgE sensitization but this protective association was restricted to boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Korhonen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Biotechnology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Dermatology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Allergy Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Biotechnology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Fimlab Laboratories Ltd, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jussi Lehtonen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Biotechnology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Neea Mustonen
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iiris Tyni
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Biotechnology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Onni Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and University of Tampere, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Hanna Honkanen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Biotechnology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heini Huhtala
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Anu-Maaria Hämäläinen
- Department of Pediatrics, Jorvi Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Espoo, Finland
| | - Aleksandr Peet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Heli Siljander
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maria Lönnrot
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Biotechnology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Dermatology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Allergy Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Biotechnology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Fimlab Laboratories Ltd, Tampere, Finland
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10
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Kahrs CR, Chuda K, Tapia G, Stene LC, Mårild K, Rasmussen T, Rønningen KS, Lundin KEA, Kramna L, Cinek O, Størdal K. Enterovirus as trigger of coeliac disease: nested case-control study within prospective birth cohort. BMJ 2019; 364:l231. [PMID: 30760441 PMCID: PMC6372922 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether infection with human enterovirus or adenovirus, both common intestinal viruses, predicts development of coeliac disease. DESIGN Case-control study nested within Norwegian birth cohort recruited between 2001 and 2007 and followed to September 2016. SETTING Norwegian population. PARTICIPANTS Children carrying the HLA genotype DR4-DQ8/DR3-DQ2 conferring increased risk of coeliac disease. EXPOSURES Enterovirus and adenovirus detected using real time polymerase chain reaction in monthly stool samples from age 3 to 36 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Coeliac disease diagnosed according to standard criteria. Coeliac disease antibodies were tested in blood samples taken at age 3, 6, 9, and 12 months and then annually. Adjusted odds ratios from mixed effects logistic regression model were used to assess the relation between viral infections before development of coeliac disease antibodies and coeliac disease. RESULTS Among 220 children, and after a mean of 9.9 (SD 1.6) years, 25 children were diagnosed as having coeliac disease after screening and were matched to two controls each. Enterovirus was found in 370 (17%) of 2135 samples and was significantly more frequent in samples collected before development of coeliac disease antibodies in cases than in controls (adjusted odds ratio 1.49, 95% confidence interval 1.07 to 2.06; P=0.02). The association was restricted to infections after introduction of gluten. High quantity samples (>100 000 copies/μL) (adjusted odds ratio 2.11, 1.24 to 3.60; P=0.01) and long lasting infections (>2 months) (2.16, 1.16 to 4.04; P=0.02) gave higher risk estimates. Both the commonly detected enterovirus species Enterovirus A and Enterovirus B were significantly associated with coeliac disease. The association was not found for infections during or after development of coeliac disease antibodies. Adenovirus was not associated with coeliac disease. CONCLUSIONS In this longitudinal study, a higher frequency of enterovirus, but not adenovirus, during early childhood was associated with later coeliac disease. The finding adds new information on the role of viral infections in the aetiology of coeliac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian R Kahrs
- Department of Pediatrics, Østfold Hospital Trust, Grålum, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katerina Chuda
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - German Tapia
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars C Stene
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karl Mårild
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg and Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Trond Rasmussen
- Department of IT and e-health, Division of Institute Resources, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Knut E A Lundin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lenka Kramna
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Cinek
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ketil Størdal
- Department of Pediatrics, Østfold Hospital Trust, Grålum, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Cinek O, Kramna L, Mazankova K, Kunteová K, Chudá K, C J Claas E, Stene LC, Tapia G. Virus genotyping by massive parallel amplicon sequencing: adenovirus and enterovirus in the Norwegian MIDIA study. J Med Virol 2018; 91:606-614. [PMID: 30537228 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Direct genotyping of adenovirus or enterovirus from clinical material using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by Sanger sequencing is often difficult due to the presence of multiple virus types in a sample, or due to varying efficacy of PCR amplifying the capsid gene on the background of foreign nucleic acids. Here we present a simple protocol for virus genotyping using massive parallel amplicon sequencing. METHODS The protocol utilized a set of 16 tailed degenerate primers flanking the seventh hypervariable region of the adenovirus hexon gene and 9 tailed degenerate primers targeted to the proximal portion of the enterovirus VP1 gene. Subsequent addition of dual indices enabled simultaneous sequencing of 384 different samples on an Illumina MiSeq instrument. Downstream bioinformatic analysis was based on remapping to a set of references representative of the presently known repertoire of virus types. RESULTS After validation with known virus types, the sequencing method was applied on 301 adenovirus-positive samples and 350 enterovirus-positive samples from a longitudinally collected series of stools from 83 children aged 3 to 36 months. We detected 7 different adenovirus types and 27 different enterovirus types. There were 37 (6.2%) samples containing more than one genotype of the same viral genus. At least one dual infection was experienced by 23 of 83 (28%) of the children observed over the 3 years' observation period. CONCLUSIONS Amplicon sequencing with a multiplex set of degenerate primers seems to be a rapid and reliable technical solution for genotyping of large collections of samples where simultaneous infections with multiple strains can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Cinek
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kramna
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karla Mazankova
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Kunteová
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Chudá
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eric C J Claas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lars C Stene
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Department of Chronic Diseases and Ageing, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - German Tapia
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Department of Chronic Diseases and Ageing, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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12
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van der Sanden SMG, Koen G, van Eijk H, Koekkoek SM, de Jong MD, Wolthers KC. Prediction of Protection against Asian Enterovirus 71 Outbreak Strains by Cross-neutralizing Capacity of Serum from Dutch Donors, The Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:1562-9. [PMID: 27533024 PMCID: PMC4994357 DOI: 10.3201/eid2209.151579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herd immunity induced by locally circulating strains could provide protection against introduction of new strains. Outbreaks of human enterovirus 71 (EV-71) in Asia are related to high illness and death rates among children. To gain insight into the potential threat for the population of Europe, we determined the neutralizing activity in intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) batches and individual serum samples from donors in the Netherlands against EV-71 strains isolated in Europe and in Asia. All IVIg batches and 41%, 79%, and 65% of serum samples from children ≤5 years of age, women of childbearing age, and HIV-positive men, respectively, showed high neutralizing activity against a Dutch C1 strain, confirming widespread circulation of EV-71 in the Netherlands. Asian B3–4 and C4 strains were efficiently cross-neutralized, predicting possible protection against extensive circulation and associated outbreaks of those types in Europe. However, C2 and C5 strains that had few mutations in the capsid region consistently escaped neutralization, emphasizing the importance of monitoring antigenic diversity among circulating EV-71 strains.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Cell Line
- Child, Preschool
- Coinfection
- Cross Protection/immunology
- Disease Outbreaks
- Enterovirus A, Human/classification
- Enterovirus A, Human/genetics
- Enterovirus A, Human/immunology
- Enterovirus Infections/epidemiology
- Enterovirus Infections/immunology
- Enterovirus Infections/prevention & control
- Enterovirus Infections/virology
- Female
- Genotype
- HIV Infections
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/therapeutic use
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Netherlands/epidemiology
- Neutralization Tests
- Population Surveillance
- Seroepidemiologic Studies
- Viral Plaque Assay
- Young Adult
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13
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Lietzen N, An LTT, Jaakkola MK, Kallionpää H, Oikarinen S, Mykkänen J, Knip M, Veijola R, Ilonen J, Toppari J, Hyöty H, Lahesmaa R, Elo LL. Enterovirus-associated changes in blood transcriptomic profiles of children with genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2018; 61:381-388. [PMID: 29119244 PMCID: PMC6448961 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4460-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Enterovirus infections have been associated with the development of type 1 diabetes in multiple studies, but little is known about enterovirus-induced responses in children at risk for developing type 1 diabetes. Our aim was to use genome-wide transcriptomics data to characterise enterovirus-associated changes in whole-blood samples from children with genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. METHODS Longitudinal whole-blood samples (356 samples in total) collected from 28 pairs of children at increased risk for developing type 1 diabetes were screened for the presence of enterovirus RNA. Seven of these samples were detected as enterovirus-positive, each of them collected from a different child, and transcriptomics data from these children were analysed to understand the individual-level responses associated with enterovirus infections. Transcript clusters with peaking or dropping expression at the time of enterovirus positivity were selected as the enterovirus-associated signals. RESULTS Strong signs of activation of an interferon response were detected in four children at enterovirus positivity, while transcriptomic changes in the other three children indicated activation of adaptive immune responses. Additionally, a large proportion of the enterovirus-associated changes were specific to individuals. An enterovirus-induced signature was built using 339 genes peaking at enterovirus positivity in four of the children, and 77 of these genes were also upregulated in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected in vitro with different enteroviruses. These genes separated the four enterovirus-positive samples clearly from the remaining 352 blood samples analysed. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We have, for the first time, identified enterovirus-associated transcriptomic profiles in whole-blood samples from children with genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. Our results provide a starting point for understanding the individual responses to enterovirus infections in blood and their potential connection to the development of type 1 diabetes. DATA AVAILABILITY The datasets analysed during the current study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files ( www.btk.fi/research/computational-biomedicine/1234-2 ) or are available from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository (accession GSE30211).
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Lietzen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Le T T An
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria K Jaakkola
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Henna Kallionpää
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha Mykkänen
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Children and Adolescents, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura L Elo
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.
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14
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Stone VM, Hankaniemi MM, Svedin E, Sioofy-Khojine A, Oikarinen S, Hyöty H, Laitinen OH, Hytönen VP, Flodström-Tullberg M. A Coxsackievirus B vaccine protects against virus-induced diabetes in an experimental mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2018; 61:476-481. [PMID: 29151123 PMCID: PMC6448957 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4492-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Epidemiological studies suggest a role for Coxsackievirus B (CVB) serotypes in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, but their actual contribution remains elusive. In the present study, we have produced a CVB1 vaccine to test whether vaccination against CVBs can prevent virus-induced diabetes in an experimental model. METHODS NOD and SOCS1-tg mice were vaccinated three times with either a formalin-fixed non-adjuvanted CVB1 vaccine or a buffer control. Serum was collected for measurement of neutralising antibodies using a virus neutralisation assay. Vaccinated and buffer-treated mice were infected with CVB1. Viraemia and viral replication in the pancreas were measured using standard plaque assay and PCR. The development of diabetes was monitored by blood glucose measurements. Histological analysis and immunostaining for viral capsid protein 1 (VP1), insulin and glucagon in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded pancreas was performed. RESULTS The CVB1 vaccine induced strong neutralising antibody responses and protected against viraemia and the dissemination of virus to the pancreas in both NOD mice (n = 8) and SOCS1-tg mice (n = 7). Conversely, 100% of the buffer-treated NOD and SOCS1-tg mice were viraemic on day 3 post infection. Furthermore, half (3/6) of the buffer-treated SOCS1-tg mice developed diabetes upon infection with CVB1, with a loss of the insulin-positive beta cells and damage to the exocrine pancreas. In contrast, all (7/7) vaccinated SOCS1-tg mice were protected from virus-induced diabetes and showed no signs of beta cell loss or pancreas destruction (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION CVB1 vaccine can efficiently protect against both CVB1 infection and CVB1-induced diabetes. This preclinical proof of concept study provides a base for further studies aimed at developing a vaccine for use in elucidating the role of enteroviruses in human type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M Stone
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, F59, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Minna M Hankaniemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Emma Svedin
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, F59, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sami Oikarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli H Laitinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, F59, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
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15
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Abstract
Next-generation sequencing has opened avenues to studying complex populations such as the bacteriome (all bacteria), mycobiome (all fungi), and virome (all viruses in a given sample). Viromes are less often investigated as compared to bacteriomes. The reasons are mostly methodological: because no common pan-viral sequence signature exists, metagenomic sequencing remains the only option. This brings about the need of laborious virus enrichment, multiple signal amplification steps with virtually no possibility of interim quality control, and complicated bioinformatic analysis of the ensuing sequence data. Nevertheless, over the past decade virome sequencing has been enormously successful in identifying new agents in human and animal diseases, and in characterizing viruses in various ecological niches. Recently, virome sequencing has been also employed in studies of non-infectious diseases, which has brought about new challenges of sensitivity, costs, and reproducibility in testing of large sets of samples. Here, we present a detailed protocol that has been utilized in virome studies where hundreds of samples had to be reliably tested in order to assess the association of the stool virome with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes, a non-infectious autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Kramná
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Cinek
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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16
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Wu Q, Fu X, Jiang L, Yang R, Cun J, Zhou X, Zhou Y, Xiang Y, Gu W, Fan J, Li H, Xu W. Prevalence of enteroviruses in healthy populations and excretion of pathogens in patients with hand, foot, and mouth disease in a highly endemic area of southwest China. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181234. [PMID: 28704524 PMCID: PMC5509318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Etiological carriers and the excretion of the pathogens causing hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in healthy persons, patients, and asymptomatic persons infected with HFMD as ongoing infection sources may play an important role in perpetuating and spreading epidemics of HFMD. The aims of this study were to determine the carrier status of EV-A71 and CV-A16 in healthy populations, as well as the duration of EV-A71 and CV-A16 shedding in the stools of HFMD patients in an epidemic area of southwest China. A cross-sectional study and a follow-up study were conducted in three HFMD endemic counties of Yunnan Province. Six hundred sixty-seven healthy subjects were recruited to participate in the cross-sectional study, and two stool specimens were collected from each subject. Among the healthy subjects, 90 (13.5%) tested positive for viral isolation, but neither EV-A71 nor CV-A16 was detected in healthy individuals. Of the 150 patients with probable HFMD, 55.3% (83/150) tested positive for viral isolation with presented serotypes such as EV-A71 (51.81%, 43/83), CV-A16 (32.53%, 27/83), other EVs (13.25%, 11/83), and mixed EV-A71 and CV-A16 (2.41%, 2/83). The longest duration of EV-A71 and CV-A16 shedding in stool specimens from patients with HFMD was >46 days after onset. The positive rate of EV-A71 in the stool specimens of confirmed patients dropped to 50% by the end of the third week, and the same occurred with CV-A16 by the end of approximately the seventh week after onset. Although carriers of major causative agents of HFMD in healthy populations are fewer in number, the prolonged shedding of pathogens in patients with HFMD may serve as an important factor in perpetuating and spreading HFMD epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- Yuxi City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hongta District, Yuxi City, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Fu
- Yunnan Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Yunnan Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rusong Yang
- Yuxi City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hongta District, Yuxi City, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianping Cun
- Yunnan Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Zhou
- Yunnan Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongming Zhou
- Yunnan Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yibing Xiang
- Yunnan Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenpeng Gu
- Yunnan Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Fan
- Xishuang Banna Autonomous Prefecture Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinghong City, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Li
- Yunnan Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Xu
- Yunnan Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Honkanen H, Oikarinen S, Nurminen N, Laitinen OH, Huhtala H, Lehtonen J, Ruokoranta T, Hankaniemi MM, Lecouturier V, Almond JW, Tauriainen S, Simell O, Ilonen J, Veijola R, Viskari H, Knip M, Hyöty H. Detection of enteroviruses in stools precedes islet autoimmunity by several months: possible evidence for slowly operating mechanisms in virus-induced autoimmunity. Diabetologia 2017; 60:424-431. [PMID: 28070615 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4177-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS This case-control study was nested in a prospective birth cohort to evaluate whether the presence of enteroviruses in stools was associated with the appearance of islet autoimmunity in the Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention study in Finland. METHODS Altogether, 1673 longitudinal stool samples from 129 case children who turned positive for multiple islet autoantibodies and 3108 stool samples from 282 matched control children were screened for the presence of enterovirus RNA using RT-PCR. Viral genotype was detected by sequencing. RESULTS Case children had more enterovirus infections than control children (0.8 vs 0.6 infections per child). Time-dependent analysis indicated that this excess of infections occurred more than 1 year before the first detection of islet autoantibodies (6.3 vs 2.1 infections per 10 follow-up years). No such difference was seen in infections occurring less than 1 year before islet autoantibody seroconversion or after seroconversion. The most frequent enterovirus types included coxsackievirus A4 (28% of genotyped viruses), coxsackievirus A2 (14%) and coxsackievirus A16 (11%). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The results suggest that enterovirus infections diagnosed by detecting viral RNA in stools are associated with the development of islet autoimmunity with a time lag of several months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Honkanen
- Department of Virology, University of Tampere, PL100, 33014, Tampereen yliopisto, Finland.
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Department of Virology, University of Tampere, PL100, 33014, Tampereen yliopisto, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Noora Nurminen
- Department of Virology, University of Tampere, PL100, 33014, Tampereen yliopisto, Finland
| | - Olli H Laitinen
- Vactech Ltd, Tampere, Finland
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heini Huhtala
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jussi Lehtonen
- Department of Virology, University of Tampere, PL100, 33014, Tampereen yliopisto, Finland
| | | | - Minna M Hankaniemi
- Vactech Ltd, Tampere, Finland
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Olli Simell
- Department of Pediatrics and Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hanna Viskari
- Department of Virology, University of Tampere, PL100, 33014, Tampereen yliopisto, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, University of Tampere, PL100, 33014, Tampereen yliopisto, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
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18
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Seppälä E, Sillanpää S, Nurminen N, Huhtala H, Toppari J, Ilonen J, Veijola R, Knip M, Sipilä M, Laranne J, Oikarinen S, Hyöty H. Human enterovirus and rhinovirus infections are associated with otitis media in a prospective birth cohort study. J Clin Virol 2016; 85:1-6. [PMID: 27780081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human enteroviruses (HEVs) and rhinoviruses (HRVs) have been linked to acute otitis media (AOM). OBJECTIVES The present study evaluates the aforementioned association in a birth cohort setting. STUDY DESIGN The cohort included 286 healthy infants (191 boys) followed from birth up to the age of 2 years in the Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention study in Finland. Stool samples were collected monthly and analyzed for the presence of HRV and HEV RNA using RT-PCR. Clinical symptoms were recorded by a questionnaire every 3-6 months. RESULTS Altogether 610 AOM episodes were reported during the follow-up. 9.8% of the stool samples were positive for HRV and 6.8% for HEV. HRV positivity peaked at the age of 3-6 months declining gradually after this age, whereas HEV positivity peaked later, at the age of 12-24 months. The risk of AOM was increased in children who were HEV positive at least once at the age of 6-12 months (OR 2.2 [95%CI 1.1-4.2], P=0.023) or who were HRV positive at least once at the age of 18-24 months (OR 2.3 [95%CI 1.0-5.2], P=0.042). Having an older sibling, short breast-feeding and maternal smoking during pregnancy were also significantly associated with AOM. CONCLUSIONS HRV and HEV infections are frequent during the first months of life. The observed trend for increased risk of AOM in HRV and HEV positive children is in line with the results from hospital series suggesting that these viruses may play an independent role in the pathogenesis of AOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Seppälä
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Lääkärinkatu 1, FIN-33520, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Saara Sillanpää
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Noora Nurminen
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Lääkärinkatu 1, FIN-33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heini Huhtala
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markku Sipilä
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Jussi Laranne
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Lääkärinkatu 1, FIN-33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Lääkärinkatu 1, FIN-33520, Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
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19
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Laiho JE, Oikarinen M, Richardson SJ, Frisk G, Nyalwidhe J, Burch TC, Morris MA, Oikarinen S, Pugliese A, Dotta F, Campbell-Thompson M, Nadler J, Morgan NG, Hyöty H. Relative sensitivity of immunohistochemistry, multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry, in situ hybridization and PCR to detect Coxsackievirus B1 in A549 cells. J Clin Virol 2016; 77:21-8. [PMID: 26875099 PMCID: PMC5364806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteroviruses (EVs) have been linked to the pathogenesis of several diseases and there is a collective need to develop improved methods for the detection of these viruses in tissue samples. OBJECTIVES This study evaluates the relative sensitivity of immunohistochemistry (IHC), proteomics, in situ hybridization (ISH) and RT-PCR to detect one common EV, Coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1), in acutely infected human A549 cells in vitro. STUDY DESIGN A549 cells were infected with CVB1 and diluted with uninfected A549 cells to produce a limited dilution series in which the proportion of infected cells ranged from 10(-1) to 10(-8). Analyses were carried out by several laboratories using IHC with different anti-EV antibodies, ISH with both ViewRNA and RNAScope systems, liquid chromatography multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (LC/MRM/MS/MS), and two modifications of RT-PCR. RESULTS RT-PCR was the most sensitive method for EV detection yielding positive signals in the most diluted sample (10(-8)). LC/MRM/MS/MS detected viral peptides at dilutions as high as 10(-7). The sensitivity of IHC depended on the antibody used, and the most sensitive antibody (Dako clone 5D8/1) detected virus proteins at a dilution of 10(-6), while ISH detected the virus at dilutions of 10(-4). CONCLUSIONS All methods were able to detect CVB1 in infected A549 cells. RT-PCR was most sensitive followed by LC/MRM/MS/MS and then IHC. The results from this in vitro survey suggest that all methods are suitable tools for EV detection but that their differential sensitivities need to be considered when interpreting the results from such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta E Laiho
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Maarit Oikarinen
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
| | | | - Gun Frisk
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Julius Nyalwidhe
- Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, USA; Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, USA.
| | - Tanya C Burch
- Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, USA; Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, USA.
| | - Margaret A Morris
- Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, USA; Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, USA.
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute and Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA.
| | - Francesco Dotta
- Diabetes Unit, Dept. of Medicine Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena; Fondazione Umberto Di Mario ONLUS-Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy,.
| | | | - Jerry Nadler
- Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, USA.
| | - Noel G Morgan
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, UK.
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland.
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20
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Ho BC, Yang PC, Yu SL. MicroRNA and Pathogenesis of Enterovirus Infection. Viruses 2016; 8:v8010011. [PMID: 26751468 PMCID: PMC4728571 DOI: 10.3390/v8010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no currently available specific antiviral therapies for non-polio Enterovirus infections. Although several vaccines have entered clinical trials, the efficacy requires further evaluation, particularly for cross-strain protective activity. Curing patients with viral infections is a public health problem due to antigen alterations and drug resistance caused by the high genomic mutation rate. To conquer these limits in the development of anti-Enterovirus treatments, a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between Enterovirus and host cells is urgently needed. MicroRNA (miRNA) constitutes the biggest family of gene regulators in mammalian cells and regulates almost a half of all human genes. The roles of miRNAs in Enterovirus pathogenesis have recently begun to be noted. In this review, we shed light on recent advances in the understanding of Enterovirus infection-modulated miRNAs. The impacts of altered host miRNAs on cellular processes, including immune escape, apoptosis, signal transduction, shutdown of host protein synthesis and viral replication, are discussed. Finally, miRNA-based medication provides a promising strategy for the development of antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Ching Ho
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Chang-Te Street, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
- Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
| | - Pan-Chyr Yang
- Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
| | - Sung-Liang Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Chang-Te Street, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
- Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
- Center for Optoelectronic Biomedicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10048, Taiwan.
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21
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Lai FF, Yan Q, Ge SX, Tang X, Chen RJ, Xu HM. Epidemiologic and etiologic characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Chongqing, China between 2010 and 2013. J Med Virol 2015; 88:408-16. [PMID: 26255857 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has become very common in children, with widespread occurrence across China. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiologic and etiologic characteristics of HFMD, including etiologic variations in Chongqing, China. An epidemiologic investigation was based on 3,472 patients who presented with HFMD manifestations and were admitted at the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between 2010 and 2013. Fecal specimens from 830 patients were analyzed by nested RT-PCR to identify the enterovirus pathogens, and the molecular characterization of HFMD was illustrated by phylogenetic tree analysis. The results of this study indicate that the peak of the HFMD epidemic in Chongqing between 2010 and 2013 occurred between April and July each year. The median age of onset was 2.24 years old, and children under the age of five accounted for 96.4% of all the HFMD cases; the male-to-female ratio was 1.89:1. Enterovirus 71 accounted for a major proportion of the isolated strains every year, including the majority (74%) of severe cases. However, the proportion of Coxsackie A (CV-A) 6 infections increased from 2.11% in 2010 to 16.36% in 2013, while the proportion of CV-A16 infections decreased from 31.23% in 2010 to 4.67% in 2013. Molecular epidemiologic study showed that all enterovirus 71 strains belonged to subgenotype C4a, whereas all CV-A16 strains belonged to genotype B1, including subgenotype B1a and subgenotype B1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Lai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hosptital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Developmental Diseases in Childhood, Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Committee of Science and Technology in Chongqing, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Yan
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Sheng-Xiang Ge
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiang Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hosptital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Developmental Diseases in Childhood, Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Committee of Science and Technology in Chongqing, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Ru-Juan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hosptital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Developmental Diseases in Childhood, Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Committee of Science and Technology in Chongqing, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-Mei Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hosptital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Developmental Diseases in Childhood, Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Committee of Science and Technology in Chongqing, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
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22
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Hassel C, Mirand A, Lukashev A, TerletskaiaLadwig E, Farkas A, Schuffenecker I, Diedrich S, Huemer HP, Archimbaud C, Peigue-Lafeuille H, Henquell C, Bailly JL. Transmission patterns of human enterovirus 71 to, from and among European countries, 2003 to 2013. Euro Surveill 2015; 20:30005. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2015.20.34.30005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-71) is involved in epidemics of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and has been reported to occur with severe neurological complications in eastern and south-east Asia. In other geographical areas, the transmission of this virus is poorly understood. We used large sequence datasets (of the gene encoding the viral protein 1, VP1) and a Bayesian phylogenetic approach to compare the molecular epidemiology and geographical spread patterns of EV-71 subgenogroups B4, B5, C1, C2, and C4 in Europe relative to other parts of the world. For the study, European countries considered were European Union (EU) Member States and Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. Viruses of the B4, B5, and C4 subgenogroups circulate mainly in eastern and south-east Asia. In Europe sporadic introductions of these subgenogroups are observed, however C1 and C2 viruses predominate. The phylogenies showed evidence of multiple events of spread involving C1 and C2 viruses within Europe since the mid-1990s. Two waves of sporadic C2 infections also occurred in 2010 and 2013. The 2007 Dutch outbreak caused by C2 and the occurrence of B5 and C4 infections in the EU between 2004 and 2013 arose while the circulation of C1 viruses was low. A transmission chain involving a C4 virus was traced from Japan to the EU and then further to Canada between 2001 and 2006. Recent events whereby spread of viruses have occurred from, to, and within Europe appear to be involved in the long term survival of EV-71, highlighting the need for enhanced surveillance of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chervin Hassel
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Audrey Mirand
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus et Paréchovirus – Laboratoire associé, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alexander Lukashev
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena TerletskaiaLadwig
- Prof. Gisela Enders & Kollegen MVZ GbR and Institute of Virology, Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Agnes Farkas
- Division of Virology, National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Isabelle Schuffenecker
- Laboratoire de Virologie Est des Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus et Paréchovirus, Bron, France
| | - Sabine Diedrich
- National Reference Center for Poliomyelitis and Enterovirus, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christine Archimbaud
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus et Paréchovirus – Laboratoire associé, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hélène Peigue-Lafeuille
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus et Paréchovirus – Laboratoire associé, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cécile Henquell
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus et Paréchovirus – Laboratoire associé, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Luc Bailly
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus et Paréchovirus – Laboratoire associé, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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23
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Kramná L, Kolářová K, Oikarinen S, Pursiheimo JP, Ilonen J, Simell O, Knip M, Veijola R, Hyöty H, Cinek O. Gut virome sequencing in children with early islet autoimmunity. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:930-3. [PMID: 25678103 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-2490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study used next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies to characterize the gut virome at the onset of islet autoimmunity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a case-control study nested within the Finnish Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) cohort. The stool virome in 19 case children, who turned islet autoantibody positive before the age of 2 years and later developed clinical type 1 diabetes, and 19 tightly matched control subjects was analyzed using NGS performed from stool samples collected 3, 6, and 9 months before the onset of islet autoimmunity. Human virus findings were verified using real-time PCR. RESULTS One or more human viruses were present in 10.4% and bacteriophages were in 54% of the samples. The virome composition showed no association with islet autoimmunity. NGS was less sensitive and specific than real-time PCR. CONCLUSIONS The present data suggest no dramatic changes in the gut virome shortly before the emergence of islet autoimmunity and emphasize the need of verification of mass sequencing results when viral exposure is assessed in association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Kramná
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Motol, and 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Kolářová
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Motol, and 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Pursiheimo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Department of Immunogenetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Simell
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland Folklhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ondrej Cinek
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Motol, and 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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24
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Gui J, Liu Z, Zhang T, Hua Q, Jiang Z, Chen B, Gu H, Lv H, Dong C. Epidemiological Characteristics and Spatial-Temporal Clusters of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Zhejiang Province, China, 2008-2012. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139109. [PMID: 26422015 PMCID: PMC4589370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is one of the major public health concerns in China. Being the province with high incidence rates of HFMD, the epidemiological features and the spatial-temporal patterns of Zhejiang Province were still unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the epidemiological characteristics and the high-incidence clusters, as well as explore some potential risk factors. The surveillance data of HFMD during 2008-2012 were collected from the communicable disease surveillance network system of Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The distributions of age, gender, occupation, season, region, pathogen's serotype and disease severity were analyzed to describe the epidemiological features of HFMD in Zhejiang Province. Seroprevalence survey for human enterovirus 71 (EV71) in 549 healthy children of Zhejiang Province was also performed, as well as 27 seroprevalence publications between 1997 and 2015 were summarized. The spatial-temporal methods were performed to explore the clusters at county level. Furthermore, pathogens' serotypes such as EV71 and coxsackievirus A16 (Cox A16) and meteorological factors were analyzed to explore the potential factors associated with the clusters. A total of 454,339 HFMD cases were reported in Zhejiang Province during 2008-2012, including 1688 (0.37%) severe cases. The annual average incidence rate was 172.98 per 100,000 (ranged from 72.61 to 270.04). The male-to-female ratio for mild cases was around 1.64:1, and up to 1.87:1 for severe cases. Of the total cases, children aged under three years old and under five years old accounted for almost 60% and 90%, respectively. Among all enteroviruses, the predominant serotype was EV71 (49.70%), followed by Cox A16 (26.05%) and other enteroviruses (24.24%) for mild cases. In severe cases, EV71 (82.85%) was the major causative agent. EV71 seroprevalence survey in healthy children confirmed that occult infection was common in children. Furthermore, literature summary for 26 seroprevalence studies during 1997-2015 confirmed that 0-5 years group showed lowest level of EV71 seroprevalence (29.1% on average) compared to the elder children (6-10 years group: 54.6%; 11-20 years group: 61.8%). Global positive spatial autocorrelation patterns (Moran's Is>0.25, P<0.05) were discovered not only for mild cases but also for severe cases, and local positive spatial autocorrelation patterns were revealed for counties from the eastern coastal and southern regions. The retrospective space-time cluster analysis also confirmed these patterns. Risk factors analyses implied that more EV71 and less sunshine were associated with the clusters of HFMD in Zhejiang Province. Our study confirmed that Zhejiang Province was one of the highly epidemic provinces in China and that the epidemiological characteristics of HFMD were similar to other provinces. Occult infection in elder children and adults was one of the important reasons why most HFMD cases were children aged under-five. Combining the results of spatial autocorrelation analysis and the space-time cluster analysis, the major spatial-temporal clusters were from the eastern coastal and southern regions. The distribution of pathogens' serotypes and the level of sunshine could be risk factors for, and serve as an early warning of, the outbreak of HFMD in Zhejiang Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Gui
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhifang Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
- Women and Children's Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tianfang Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qihang Hua
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhenggang Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hua Gu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- * E-mail: (CD); (HG); (HL)
| | - Huakun Lv
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- * E-mail: (CD); (HG); (HL)
| | - Changzheng Dong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
- * E-mail: (CD); (HG); (HL)
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25
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Cinek O, Stene LC, Kramna L, Tapia G, Oikarinen S, Witsø E, Rasmussen T, Torjesen PA, Hyöty H, Rønningen KS. Enterovirus RNA in longitudinal blood samples and risk of islet autoimmunity in children with a high genetic risk of type 1 diabetes: the MIDIA study. Diabetologia 2014; 57:2193-200. [PMID: 25047648 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3327-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Only a few longitudinal molecular studies of enterovirus and islet autoimmunity have been reported, and positive results seem to be limited to Finland. We aimed to investigate an association between enterovirus RNA in blood and islet autoimmunity in the MIDIA study from Norway, a country which largely shares environmental and economic features with Finland. METHODS We analysed serial blood samples collected at ages 3, 6, and 9 months and then annually from 45 children who developed confirmed positivity for at least two autoantibodies (against insulin, GAD65 and IA-2) and 92 matched controls, all from a cohort of children with a single high-risk HLA-DQ-DR genotype. Enterovirus was tested in RNA extracted from frozen blood cell pellets, using real-time RT-PCR with stringent performance control. RESULTS Out of 807 blood samples, 72 (8.9%) were positive for enterovirus. There was no association between enterovirus RNA and islet autoimmunity in samples obtained strictly before (7.6% cases, 10.0% controls, OR 0.75 [95% CI 0.36, 1.57]), or strictly after the first detection of islet autoantibodies (10.5% case, 5.8% controls, OR 2.00 [95% CI 0.64, 6.27]). However, there was a tendency towards a higher frequency of enterovirus detection in the first islet autoantibody-positive sample (15.8%) compared with the corresponding time point in matched controls (3.2%, OR 8.7 [95% CI 0.97, 77]). Neither of these results was changed by adjusting for potential confounders, restricting to various time intervals or employing various definitions of enterovirus positivity. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Positivity for enterovirus RNA in blood did not predict the later induction of islet autoantibodies, but enterovirus tended to be detected more often at the islet autoantibody seroconversion stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Cinek
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 15006, Prague 5, Czech Republic,
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Zhang B, Wu X, Huang K, Li L, Zheng L, Wan C, He ML, Zhao W. The variations of VP1 protein might be associated with nervous system symptoms caused by enterovirus 71 infection. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:243. [PMID: 24886383 PMCID: PMC4101859 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The VP1 protein of enterovirus 71 (EV71) is an important immunodominant protein which is responsible for host-receptor binding. Nevertheless, the relationship between VP1 and neurovirulence is still poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the relationship between mutation of VP1 and neurovirulent phenotype of EV71 infection. Methods One hundred and eighty-seven strains from Genbank were included, with a clear clinical background. They were divided into two groups, one with nervous system symptoms and one with no nervous system symptoms. After alignment, the significance of amino acid variation was determined by using the χ2 test and a phylogenetic tree was constructed with MEGA software (version 5.1). Results We showed no significant difference in neurovirulence between genotype B and C. Interestingly, we found that variations of E145G/Q, E164D/K and T292N/K were associated with nervous system infection in genotype B. In the case of genotype C, the N31D mutation increased the risk for nervous complications, whereas I262V mutation decreased the risk of nervous complications. We used a 3D model of VP1 to demonstrate the potential molecular basis for EV71 nervous system tropism. Conclusions Distinct variations are shown to be associated with neurovirulent phenotype in the different genotype. Detection of variation in genotypes and subtypes may be important for the prediction of clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ming-Liang He
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, NO,1023 Shatai Road, Guangzhou 510515, P,R, China.
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Zhang Q, MacDonald NE, Smith JC, Cai K, Yu H, Li H, Lei C. Severe enterovirus type 71 nervous system infections in children in the Shanghai region of China: clinical manifestations and implications for prevention and care. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2014; 33:482-7. [PMID: 24732390 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe outbreaks of enterovirus 71 (EV71) have been on the rise in the Western Pacific region, including in China since 2007. We describe features of pediatric patients admitted with severe disease EV71 to a tertiary care hospital during the 2010 ongoing outbreak in the Shanghai region. METHODS The Shanghai EV71 outbreak was studied prospectively from January 2010 to December 2012. To be eligible, children had to be 1 month to <14 years of age, admitted with confirmed EV71 infection to Xinhua Hospital and have severe illness needing Pediatric Infectious Diseases Service care with symptoms/signs of high prolonged fever and/or very unwell general appearance and/or neurological findings but no underlying medical condition. Clinical, laboratory, treatment discharge and follow-up data were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS Of 26, 829 children presenting with possible EV71 disease, 2.9% (767) were admitted, more from less developed areas than from Shanghai proper. Of these, 29.2% (224) had severe enough EV71 for study enrolment, 4 excluded for underlying disease. Of 220 enrolled, 40.5% (89) had neurological involvement, 10.5% (23) needed pediatric intensive care unit care and 3% (7) died. Factors associated with severe disease were young age, male gender, high white count, prolonged high fever, high glucose, high C-reactive protein and neurological findings. The majority with neurological involvement and all who died were from the countryside. Early intravenous gamma globulin intervention had better survival. No survivor had persistent sequelae 2 months after discharge. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the morbidity for EV71 disease in China, especially for patients from the countryside versus Shanghai proper. The potential impact of public education, an EV71 vaccine, and the potential benefits versus harms of IVIG treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingli Zhang
- From the *Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China; and †Department of Paediatrics, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Hämäläinen S, Nurminen N, Ahlfors H, Oikarinen S, Sioofy-Khojine AB, Frisk G, Oberste MS, Lahesmaa R, Pesu M, Hyöty H. Coxsackievirus B1 reveals strain specific differences in plasmacytoid dendritic cell mediated immunogenicity. J Med Virol 2014; 86:1412-20. [PMID: 24616040 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus infections are usually mild but can also cause severe illnesses and play a role in chronic diseases, such as cardiomyopathies and type 1 diabetes. Host response to the invading virus can markedly modulate the course of the infection, and this response varies between individuals due to the polymorphism of immune response genes. However, it is currently not known if virus strains also differ in their ability to stimulate the host immune system. Coxsackievirus B1 (CBV1) causes severe epidemics in young infants and it has recently been connected with type 1 diabetes in seroepidemiological studies. This study evaluated the ability of different field isolates of CBV1 to induce innate immune responses in PBMCs. CBV1 strains differed markedly in their capacity to induce innate immune responses. Out of the 18 tested CBV1 strains two induced exceptionally strong alpha interferon (IFN-α) response in PBMC cultures. The responding cell type was found to be the plasmacytoid dendritic cell. Such a strong innate immune response was accompanied by an up-regulation of several other immune response genes and secretion of cytokines, which modulate inflammation, and adaptive immune responses. These results suggest that enterovirus-induced immune activation depends on the virus strain. It is possible that the immunotype of the virus modulates the course of the infection and plays a role in the pathogenesis of chronic immune-mediated enterovirus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Hämäläinen
- Immunoregulation, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Zhang X, Wang H, Ding S, Wang X, Chen X, Wo Y, Wang L, Huang D, Liu W, Cao W. Prevalence of enteroviruses in children with and without hand, foot, and mouth disease in China. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:606. [PMID: 24370001 PMCID: PMC3890605 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To determine the prevalence of human enteroviruses (HEVs) among healthy children, their parents, and children with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Methods We conducted a case–control study that included throat samples from 579 children with HFMD and from 254 healthy controls. Throat samples from 49 households (98 parents and 53 healthy children) were also analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out to study genetic relationships of EV71 strains. Results The HEV positive rate in HFMD patients was significantly higher than that in healthy controls (76.0% vs. 23.2%, P < 0.001). The EV71 (43.7% vs. 15.0%, P < 0.001), CVA16 (18.0% vs. 2.8%, P < 0.001), and CVA10 (5.7% vs. 0.8%, P = 0.001) serotypes were significantly overrepresented in HFMD patients in comparison to healthy children. Other HEV serotypes were detected with comparable frequency in cases and controls. The HEV positive rate in severe HFMD patients was significantly higher than that in mild group (82.1% vs. 73.8%, P = 0.04). The EV71 (55.0% vs. 39.7%, P = 0.001) and CVA16 (11. 9% vs. 20.0%, P = 0.024) positive rate differed significantly between severe and mild HFMD patients. Other HEV serotypes were detected with comparable frequency between severe and mild HFMD patients. Among 49 households, 22 households (44.9%) had at least 1 family member positive for HEV. Children had significantly higher HEV positive rate than adult (28.3% vs. 14.3%, P = 0.037). The HEV positive rate was similar between mothers and fathers (12.24% vs. 16.32%, P = 0.56). The VP1 sequences of EV71 from HFMD patients and healthy children were nearly identical and all were clustered in the same clade, C4a. Conclusions Our study demonstrated the co-circulation of multiple HEV serotypes in children with and without HFMD during epidemic. Our study deserves the attention on HFMD control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dong-Da Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, P, R, China.
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Yip CCY, Lau SKP, Woo PCY, Yuen KY. Human enterovirus 71 epidemics: what's next? EMERGING HEALTH THREATS JOURNAL 2013; 6:19780. [PMID: 24119538 PMCID: PMC3772321 DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v6i0.19780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) epidemics have affected various countries in the past 40 years. EV71 commonly causes hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children, but can result in neurological and cardiorespiratory complications in severe cases. Genotypic changes of EV71 have been observed in different places over time, with the emergence of novel genotypes or subgenotypes giving rise to serious outbreaks. Since the late 1990s, intra- and inter-typic recombination events in EV71 have been increasingly reported in the Asia-Pacific region. In particular, 'double-recombinant' EV71 strains belonging to a novel genotype D have been predominant in mainland China and Hong Kong over the last decade, though co-circulating with a minority of other EV71 subgenotypes and coxsackie A viruses. Continuous surveillance and genome studies are important to detect potential novel mutants or recombinants in the near future. Rapid and sensitive molecular detection of EV71 is of paramount importance in anticipating and combating EV71 outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril C Y Yip
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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