Sedative, antiepileptic and antipsychotic effects of Viscum album L. (Loranthaceae) in mice and rats

Kaempferol: Paving the path for advanced treatments in aging-related diseases

Aging-related diseases (ARDs) are a major global health concern, and the development of effective therapies is urgently needed. Kaempferol, a flavonoid found in several plants, has emerged as a promising candidate for ameliorating ARDs. This comprehensive review examines Kaempferol's chemical properties, safety profile, and pharmacokinetics, and highlights its potential therapeutic utility against ARDs. Kaempferol's therapeutic potential is underpinned by its distinctive chemical structure, which confers antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Kaempferol counteracts reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulates crucial cellular pathways, thereby combating oxidative stress and inflammation, hallmarks of ARDs. Kaempferol's low toxicity and wide safety margins, as demonstrated by preclinical and clinical studies, further substantiate its therapeutic potential. Compelling evidence supports Kaempferol's substantial potential in addressing ARDs through several mechanisms, notably anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic actions. Kaempferol exhibits a versatile neuroprotective effect by modulating various proinflammatory signaling pathways, including NF-kB, p38MAPK, AKT, and the β-catenin cascade. Additionally, it hinders the formation and aggregation of beta-amyloid protein and regulates brain-derived neurotrophic factors. In terms of its anticancer potential, kaempferol acts through diverse pathways, inducing apoptosis, arresting the cell cycle at the G2/M phase, suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related markers, and affecting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathways. Subsequent studies should focus on refining dosage regimens, exploring innovative delivery systems, and conducting comprehensive clinical trials to translate these findings into effective therapeutic applications.

A review on epilepsy, current treatments, and potential of medicinal plants as an alternative treatment

Epilepsy is considered common neurological diseases that threaten the lives of millions of people all around the world. Since ancient times, different forms of medications have been used to treat this condition. Adverse events associated with treatments and the residence time of available drugs caused to search for safer and more efficient therapies and drugs remain one of the major areas of research interest for scientists. As one of the therapeutics with fewer side effects, plants and their essential oils can be considered replacements for existing treatments. Medicinal plants have proven to be an effective natural source of antiepileptic drugs; most of them have their mechanism of action by affecting GABA receptors in different paths. Cannabis indica and Cymbopogon winterianus are well-known plant species with antiepileptic activities. The current review presenting a list of plants with antiepileptic effects aims to pave the way for finding alternative drugs with fewer side effects for scientists.

Therapeutic Efficacy of Boric Acid Treatment on Brain Tissue and Cognitive Functions in Rats with Experimental Alzheimer's Disease

Introduction

Oxidative stress has an important role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common type of dementia. Boric acid (BA) contributes significantly to the protection of the brain by reducing lipid peroxidation and supporting antioxidant defense. We aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of BA treatment in AD rats.

Materials and Methods

Four groups were formed as Control (C), Alzheimer's (A), Alzheimer's + Boric acid (ABA), Boric acid (BA). Intracerebroventricular injection of Streptozotocin (STZ) was preferred to create an AD. After 4 weeks, BA was applied 3 times every other day. The Radial Arm Maze Test (RAMT) was used to evaluate memory and learning abilities. Biochemical and histopathological evaluations were made in the hippocampus.

Results

Initial RAMT inlet/outlet (I/O) numbers were similar. Two weeks after STZ injection, I/O numbers decreased in group A and ABA compared to group C and BA (p<0.05). After the second BA application, I/O numbers increased in the ABA group compared to the A group (p<0.05). In group A, PON-1, TOS and OSI levels were higher and TAS levels were lower than in groups BA and C. After BA treatment, PON-1 and OSI levels were lower in the ABA group than in the A group (p<0.05). Although there was an increase in TAS value and a decrease in TOS, this did not make a statistical difference. The thickness of the pyramidal cell in CA1 and the granular cell layers in the dentate gyrus, and the number of intact and degenerated neurons in the pyramidal cell layer were similar between the groups.

Discussion

Significant improvement in learning and memory abilities after BA application is promising for AD.

Conclusion

These results show that BA application positively affects learning and memory abilities, and reduces oxidative stress. More extensive studies are required to evaluate histopathological efficacy.

Lipopolysaccharide Exacerbates Ketamine-Induced Psychotic-Like Behavior, Oxidative Stress, and Neuroinflammation in Mice: Ameliorative Effect of Diosmin

Schizophrenia, a neuropsychiatric disorder has been associated with aberrant neurotransmission affecting behaviors, social preference, and cognition. Limitations in understanding its pathogenesis via the dopamine hypothesis have engendered other hypotheses such as the glutamate hypothesis. That antagonism of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) elicits schizophrenia-like behaviors indistinguishable from the disorder in animal and human models. There are growing concerns that redox imbalance and neuro-immuno dysfunction may play role in aggravating the symptomologies of this disorder. This 14-day treatment study was designed to investigate the effect of diosmin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus ketamine (NMDAR antagonist). Mice were divided into 4 groups (n = 6). Group 1 was administered 5% DMSO (10 mL/kg, i.p) while group 2-4 received LPS (0.1 mg/kg, i.p) daily for 14 days. Diosmin (50 mg/kg, i.p) and risperidone (0.5 mg/kg, i.p) were given to groups 3 and 4 respectively. Groups 2-4 were given KET (20 mg/kg, i.p.) daily from days 8-14. Behavioral tests were done 30 min after the last dose, and oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory maker were assayed. LPS plus ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion, stereotypy, decreased social preference, and memory impairment. Furthermore, LPS plus-ketamine-induced oxidative stress (reduced GSH, CAT, SOD, and increased MDA and nitrite levels) and marked pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 suggesting neuroinflammation. However, diosmin attenuated behavioral deficits and improved memory. Additionally, diosmin potentiated antioxidant level via increased GSH, CAT, and SOD while reducing MDA and nitrite levels. Finally, diosmin reduced TNF-α and IL-6 suggesting anti-neuro-immuno activity. Conclusively, diosmin attenuated LPS plus ketamine-induced behavioral deficits, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and improved memory.

Neuropharmacological effect of risperidone: From chemistry to medicine

As the second-oldest atypical antipsychotic, risperidone has a long history of off-label usage for treating behavioural and psychological signs and symptoms of dementia (BPSD), such as agitation, aggressiveness, and psychosis. Risperidone has been shown in several trials to have a statistically significant benefit when used in a therapeutic context. Several lines of evidence suggest a possible role of risperidone via the antagonistic effect of Dopamine D2 and 5HT-receptor in different neurological diseases like cognitive dysfunction of schizophrenia, neuroinflammation, Huntington's disease, and sleep cycle management. Therefore, the pharmacological interactions of risperidone in all these diseases were investigated. Some reports on the use of risperidone in the treatment of dopaminergic psychosis have been slightly conflicting. However, more research is needed to evaluate the role of risperidone in the treatment of these neurological diseases.

Potential role of nutraceuticals via targeting a Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB pathway in treatment of osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease due to the aging of the articular cartilage, a post-mitotic tissue that stays functioning until primary homeostatic processes fail. Because of pain and disability, OA significantly influences national healthcare expenses and patient quality of life. It is a whole-joint illness characterized by inflammatory and oxidative signaling pathways and significant epigenetic alterations that cause cartilage extracellular matrix degradation. The canonical Wnt pathway (Wnt/β-catenin pathway) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways may function in joint tissues by modulating the activity of synovial cells, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes. However, finding innovative ways to treat osteoarthritis and get the joint back to average balance is still a struggle. Nutraceuticals are dietary supplements that promote joint health by balancing anabolic and catabolic signals. New therapeutic methods for OA treatment have been developed based on many research findings that show nutraceuticals have strong anti-inflammation, antioxidant, anti-bone resorption, and anabolic properties. For the treatment of osteoarthritis, we explore the possible involvement of nutraceuticals that target the Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB pathways. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In keeping with the aging population, osteoarthritis is becoming more widespread. In this extensive research, we studied the role of the Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB pathway in OA formation and progression. Nutraceuticals that target these OA-related signaling pathways are a viable therapy option. Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB signaling pathway are inhibited by polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and vitamins from the nutraceutical category, making them possible therapeutic drugs for OA therapy.

Phytochemical screening and effect of Viscum album L. on monoamine oxidase A and B activity and serotonin, dopamine and serotonin receptor 5-HTR1A levels in Galleria mellonealla (Lepidoptera)

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Viscum album L. (European mistletoe), a member of the Santalaceae, is a hemiparasitic, evergreen shrub growing on deciduous and coniferous trees. In traditional and folk medicine, mistletoe was used for the treatment of central nervous system disorders such as epilepsy, hysteria, insomnia, nervous excitability, neuralgia, headache, dizziness and fatigue. However, relatively little is known of its neuropharmacological activity.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of treatment with aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts from Viscum album L. parasitizing birch, linden and pine, on MAO-A and MAO-B activity as well as serotonin, dopamine and serotonin receptor 5-HTR1A levels in Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) larvae.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The phytochemical composition of the extracts was characterised using UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. To investigate the neuropharmacological activity of Viscum album L. extracts, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) larvae were used as a model organism. The inhibitory potential of the extracts against MAO-A and MAO-B was determined by fluorometry. The serotonin, dopamine and serotonin receptor 5-HTR1A levels in larvae hemolymph after treatment were quantified by ELISA.

RESULTS

UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS analysis allowed the identification of 88 compounds, either full or in part. Most of the characterised phytochemicals were flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids and lignans. Screening found that aqueous and hydroethanolic mistletoe extracts inhibited the enzymatic activity of either MAO-A or MAO-B or both. Additionally, mistletoe extract administration increased the levels of serotonin and serotonin receptor 5-HTR1A. None of the tested extracts had any significant effect on dopamine level.

CONCLUSIONS

A key novel finding was that the aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts from Viscum album L. inhibited monoamine oxidase activity and increased the levels of serotonin and serotonin receptor 5-HTR1A in Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) larvae. These properties may be due to the presence of phenolic constituents, particularly flavonoids. Further research based on bioassay-guided fractionation of mistletoe is needed to identify CNS-active molecules.

Bioaccessibility of Phenolic Compounds from Mistletoe Infusions and Effect of In Vitro Digestion on Its Antioxidant and Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory Activity

Phoradendron brachystachyum is an American mistletoe distributed in México and used ethnobotanically in infusions to treat hypertriglyceridemia and lower cholesterol levels. This study aimed to evaluate the bioaccessibility of the phenolic acids from mistletoe infusions and the effect of simulated digestion on its antioxidant and lipase inhibitory properties. The in vitro digestion process decreased the antioxidant capacity activity by the TEAC and ORAC assays in infusions from leaves, stems, and whole plant samples. Moreover, the individual phenolic content of mistletoe infusions was also affected by the in vitro digestion process; the most abundant individual phenolic constituents at the end of the digestion process were ferulic and quinic acids. These compounds showed low bioaccessibility values ranging from 7.48% to 22.60%. In addition, the in vitro digestion diminished the pancreatic lipase inhibition percentage of leaves and whole plant infusions but increased it in the stem samples. This research showed that given the phenolic content and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity of mistletoe infusions, it could be used as a potential source for the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals; nonetheless, its phenolic content is affected by gastrointestinal digestion; thus, encapsulation strategies are encouraged to protect these metabolites from the gastrointestinal environment while preserving their antioxidant and hypolipidemic potentials.

Advances in Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms of Transporter-Mediated Herb-Drug Interactions

As the use of herbs has become more popular worldwide, there are increasing reports of herb-drug interactions (HDIs) following the combination of herbs and drugs. The active components of herbs are complex and have a variety of pharmacological activities, which inevitably affect changes in the pharmacokinetics of chemical drugs in vivo. The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in vivo are closely related to the expression of drug transporters. When the active components of herbs inhibit or induce the expression of transporters, this can cause changes in substrate pharmacokinetics, resulting in changes in the efficacy and toxicity of drugs. In this article, the tissue distribution and physiological functions of drug transporters are summarized through literature retrieval, and the effects of herbs on drug transporters and the possible mechanism of HDIs are analyzed and discussed in order to provide ideas and a reference for further guiding of safe clinical drug use.

The therapeutic role of nutraceuticals targeting the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in liver cancer

Liver cancer (L.C.) is the most common cause of cancer death in the United States and the fifth most common globally. The overexpression of nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) caused by oxidative stress has been associated with tumor growth, aggressiveness, treatment resistance, and poor prognosis. Nutraceuticals that inhibit Nrf2/HO-1 signaling may become the most effective strategy to treat liver cancer. Phytochemicals found in fruits and vegetables, also known as nutraceuticals, tend to emerge as chemopreventive agents, with the added benefit of low toxicity and high nutritional values. This paper reviews the present scientific knowledge of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling as a possible target molecule for chemotherapeutic agents, its basic control mechanisms, and Nrf2/HO-1 inducers produced from natural products that might be employed as cancer chemopreventive drugs. The growing interest in the contribution of the Nrf2/ARE/HO-1 signaling in the development of liver cancer and the Use of nutraceuticals to treat liver cancer by targeting Nrf2/ARE/HO-1. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: An increase in Nrf2 expression indicates that Nrf2 is the most important player in liver cancer. Cancer patients are more resistant to chemotherapy because of this erroneous Nrf2 signaling. Furthermore, an increasing body of evidence indicates that activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway results in the production of phase II detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes, which serve a defense purpose in cells. As a consequence, treating liver cancer. This master regulator may be a possibility. Nutraceuticals that reduce Nrf2/HO-1 signaling may be the most effective strategy for preventing liver cancer. The methods of action of numerous natural substances are examined in this article.

Viscotoxin and lectin content in foliage and fruit of Viscum album L. on the main host trees of Hyrcanian forests

Mistletoe (Viscum album L.) is a hemiparasitic plant that absorbs water and nutrients from the host tree. Mistletoe contains two groups of cytotoxic, immunomodulatory and antitumor proteins, viscotoxins and lectins. This study evaluated the quantity and quality of viscotoxins and total lectins in the stems with leaves (foliage) and fruit of mistletoe on Parrotia persica and Carpinus betulus in September with immature green berries and in December with mature white berries. Viscum album L. plants were harvested from host species located in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran in 2019. The highest level of viscotoxins was detected in the December foliage of V. album settled on C. betulus (9.25 mg/g dry weight [DW]), and the highest content of lectins was found in the December foliage of V. album settled on P. persica (0.79 mg/g DW) and C. betulus (0.73 mg/g DW) respectively. The immature green berries of V. album from both host species contained much higher concentrations of viscotoxins and lectins than the mature white berries. Four isoforms of viscotoxins, viscotoxin A1, A2, A3 and B could be identified in all samples of both host species. Viscotoxin A3 was the predominant viscotoxin isoform followed by viscotoxin A1.

Cytochrome P450 3A2 and PGP-MDR1-Mediated Pharmacokinetic Interaction of Sinapic Acid with Ibrutinib in Rats: Potential Food/Herb–Drug Interaction

Ibrutinib (IBR) metabolism (primarily by CYP3A enzyme) is the main route of excretion for IBR, which could lead to drug–drug/herb–drug interactions with herbal medicines, nutritional supplements, and other foods. Sinapic acid (SA) is a bioactive phytonutrient that is used as a dietary supplement to treat a variety of illnesses. Pharmacokinetic interactions may occur when IBR interacts with SA, which influences the pharmacokinetic processes such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Therefore, it is obligatory to investigate the safety apprehensions of such parallel usage and to evaluate the possible impact of SA on the pharmacokinetics of IBR and propose a possible interaction mechanism in an animal model. The IBR concentration in plasma samples was determined using a validated UHPLC-MS/MS method after administration of a single oral dosage of IBR (50 mg/kg) in rats with or without SA pretreatment (40 mg/kg p.o. each day for 7 days, n = 6). The co-administration of IBR with SA displayed significant increases in Cmax ~18.77%, AUC0–T ~28.07%, MRT ~16.87%, and Kel ~24.76%, and a significant decrease in the volume of distribution Vz/F_obs ~37.66%, the rate of clearance (Cl/F) ~21.81%, and T½ ~20.43%, respectively, were observed as compared to rats that were administered IBR alone, which may result in increased bioavailability of IBR. The metabolism of IBR in the liver and intestines is significantly inhibited when SA is given, which may lead to an increase in the absorption rate of IBR. These findings need to be investigated further before they can be used in clinical practice.

Phytochemical-based nanodrug delivery in cancer therapy

There are estimated to be 13.1 million cancer deaths by 2030, with 7.6 million deaths occurring each year. Phytochemicals have long been used in traditional medicine to cure cancer. However, conventional therapy for metastatic illness may fail if cancer cells become resistant to multiple anticancer drugs. Phytochemicals encapsulated in nano-based medication delivery devices were studied for their cancer- and chemo-preventive properties. Nanocarriers containing phytoconstituents have been studied in terms of loading efficiency, nanocarrier size, the release profile of the drug, and cell inhibition and treatment tests.

Sepsis triggered oxidative stress-inflammatory axis: the pathobiology of reprogramming in the normal sleep-wake cycle

In individuals with sepsis-related neurodegenerative illness, sleep and circadian rhythm disturbance are common. The alteration in genomic expression linked with the immune-directed oxidative stress-inflammatory axis is thought to cause these individuals' abnormal sleep. On the other hand, sleep is linked to normal brain activity through common neurotransmitter systems and regulatory mechanisms. Ailments (ranging from cognitive to metabolic abnormalities) are seldom related to aberrant sleep that is made worse by sleep disturbance, which throws off the body's sleep-wake cycle. PubMed/Springer link /Public library of science/ScienceDirect/ Mendeley/Medline and Google Scholar were used to find possibly relevant studies. For the literature search, many keywords were considered, both individually and in combination. 'Sepsis,' 'Epidemiology of sepsis,' 'Sepsis-related hyper inflammation,' 'Relationship of sepsis-associated clock gene expression and relationship of inflammation with the reprogramming of genetic alterations' were some of the key terms utilized in the literature search. Our main objective is to understand better how traumatic infections during sepsis affect CNS processes, particularly sleep, by investigating the pathobiology of circadian reprogramming associated with immune-directed oxidative stress-inflammatory pathway responsive gene expression and sleep-wake behaviour in this study.

Role of platelet rich plasma mediated repair and regeneration of cell in early stage of cardiac injury

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a widely accepted treatment approach and has heightened the quality of care among physicians. PRP has been used over the last decade to boost clinical results of plastic therapies, periodontal surgery and intra-bony defects. According to certain research, elevated levels of PRP growth factors that could promote tissue repair and have the potential for PRP to be beneficial in regenerating processes that Maxillofacial and Oral Surgeons, Veterinary Officers, Athletic medicine specialists and Dermatologists have long admired. PRP is an autologous whole blood fraction that has a heavy amount of a variety of growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-b), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) which can facilitate repair and regeneration. Moreover, a clinical trial of PRP in severe angina patients has shown its excellent safety profile. However, PRP is a very complex biological substance with an array of active biomolecules, its functions are yet to be fully clarified. In-addition, there was insufficient work assessing possible cardiovascular tissue benefits from PRP. Thus, it still remains necessary to identify the most clinically important cardiovascular applications and further research in clinical scenario need to be validated.

Protective role of naringin loaded solid nanoparticles against aflatoxin B1 induced hepatocellular carcinoma

This study examines the hepatoprotective activity of naringin loaded solid nanoparticles (NRG-SLNs) and compared with free naringin (FNRG) against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) induced hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver's self-healing ability was studied using a self-recovery group that received no therapy. Following AFB1 therapy, rats were given NRG-SLNs produced using the ion-gelation technique. Histology, serum injury indicators, oxidative stress biomarkers, a pro-inflammatory response biomarker, and tumor indicators were used to evaluate the liver tumor and its responsiveness to therapy. At a dosage of 6.18 mg/kg BW, NRG-SLNs (128 ± 4 nm) provided substantially greater hepatoprotection than free NRG. The actions of NRG-SLNs were equivalent to those of silymarin (SILY), which was given at a dosage of 20 mg/kg BW. The lack of regeneration potential of liver tissue after the damage was verified by the self-recovery group. NRG's efficiency in treating hepatic cancer was increased by using SLN's approach. The increased impact is most likely due to: a) enhanced oral bioavailability, b) the regulated and sustained action of enclosed NRG, and c) a decrease in discomfort and toxicity if any after orally administered. NRG-SLNs may be considered as a therapeutic option for hepatic ailments as effectiveness post-induction of liver carcinoma, is demonstrated presently.

Promises of phytochemical based nano drug delivery systems in the management of cancer

Cancer is the leading cause of human disease and death worldwide, accounting for 7.6 million deaths per year and projected to reach 13.1 million by 2030. Many phytochemicals included in traditional medicine have been utilized in the management of cancer. Conventional chemotherapy is generally known to be the most effective treatment of metastatic cancer but these cancerous cells might grow resistant to numerous anticancer drugs over time that resulting in treatment failure. This review tried to portray the advancement in the anticancer and chemopreventive effects of several phytochemicals and some of its members encapsulated in the nano-based delivery system of the drug. It comprises the issue associated with limited use of each phytoconstituents in human cancer treatment are discussed, and the benefits of entrapment into nanocarriers are evaluated in terms of drug loading efficiency, nanocarrier size, release profile of the drug, and in vitro and/or in vivo research and treatment testing, such as cytotoxicity assays and cell inhibition/viability.

Histone modifications and their role in epigenetics of cancer

Epigenetic regulations play a crucial role in the expression of various genes that are important in the normal cell function. Any alteration in these epigenetic mechanisms can lead to the modification of histone and DNA resulting in the silencing or enhanced expression of some genes causing various diseases. Acetylation, methylation, ribosylation or phosphorylation of histone proteins modifies its interaction with the DNA, consequently changing the ratio of heterochromatin and euchromatin. Terminal lysine residues of histone proteins serve as potential targets of such epigenetic modifications. The current review focuses on the histone modifications, their contributing factors, role of these modifications on metabolism leading to cancer and methylation of histone in cancer affects the DNA repair mechanisms.

Immune-mediated membranous nephropathy: Long term fluconazole usage caused podocyte autophagy

The primary consequences of membranous nephropathy (MN) are the development of nephrotic syndrome including hypogammaglobulinemia, the increased infectious risk, the loss of protein-bound vitamin D, and, above all, an elevated thromboembolic incidence of up to 50% in severe proteinuria patients. Membrane nephropathy may be either idiopathic or primary, not recognized (70%-80%) or secondary (20%-30%) to pathological sicknesses such as hepatitis B, systemic lupus erythematosus, malignancies, and side-effects of medicines. The immunological responses in MN involve multiple components: immunoglobulin G (IgG), long-escaped antigens, and the membrane attachment complex, formed by the supplement to form C5b-9. In general, IgG4 is the most significant IgG subclass deposited in idiopathic membranous nephropathic disease but fluctuating IgG1 levels also are linked with immunological deposits. In contrast, IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 deposition are greater than IgG4 deposition in secondary nephropathy. Fluconazole is a synthetic antifungal triazole that is often used. It is well tolerated in general and has never been identified as a cause of nephropathies. We report on the development of MN caused by fluconazole therapy that could potentiate podocyte autophagy.

A study of abnormal cannabidiols system-mediated cardiovascular protection in disrupted gut/brain axis associated depression

Uncontrolled stress can lead to vascular injury, hypertension, arrhythmia, compromised immune system alteration in microbiota activity, and neurobehavioral changes, including depression. The gut microbiota has been recently developed, not only for major depressive disorders but also cardiovascular problems, as a therapeutic concern. Since then, >100 studies have studied the link between depression and cardiovascular disease (CVD), and have shown that depression is common (≈20%-35%) in patients with CVD, and seems to be indicative of negative heart effects in patients. Depressive symptoms patients have demonstrated an elevated platelet reactivity, reduced cardiac variability, and enhanced proinflammatory signals, which are all cardiovascular-related risk factors. The pathophysiology of depression-related CVD is nevertheless a challenge because of the heterogeneous depressive syndromes and the etiologies. The cardiovascular effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (the key psychotropic credential of cannabis) and endocannabinoids (THC endogenous equivalents which cause type 1 [CB1] and 2 [CB2] cannabinoids) have been extensively examined based on well-documented effects of marijuana smoke on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). Therefore, the aim of the review article is to establish the relationship of abnormal cannabidiols system-mediated cardiovascular protection in disrupted gut/brain axis associated depression to determine the translational potential of targeting abnormal cannabidiols receptors in clinical studies.

Metabolomics by UHPLC-Q-TOF Reveals Host Tree-Dependent Phytochemical Variation in Viscum album L

Viscum album L., commonly known as European mistletoe, is a hemi-parasitic plant of the Santalaceae family. The in vitro and in vivo effects of V. album differ, according to its host tree. However, little is known about the host-dependent phytochemical diversity in V. album. In this study, the metabolic profiles of V. album ssp. album from Malus domestica Bork., Quercus robur L., and Ulmus carpinifolia Gled were compared. Leaves, stems, and berries were collected in Switzerland, by the same procedure, in September 2016 and 2017. The methanolic extracts were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography, coupled to electrospray quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in positive ionization mode. The data were submitted to partial-least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and the results showed that the V. album ssp. album samples were clustered into three groups, according to the three distinct host trees. Seven compounds, with high VIP scores (variable importance in projection), were responsible for this differentiation. The following four compounds were detected in both the harvest years: arginine, pipecolic acid or lysine, dimethoxycoumarin, and sinapyl alcohol, suggesting their use as host specific V. album biomarkers. The present work highlights the importance of standardized harvest and analytical procedures for the reproducibility of the chemical results of herbal materials.

A molecular explanation of cardiovascular protection through abnormal cannabidiol: Involving the dysfunctional β-adrenergic and ATP-sensitive K+ channel activity in cardiovascular compromised preterm infants

Growing cannabis efficacy, usage frequency, legal supply, and declining awareness of danger recently led to expanded United States cannabis exposure. In turn, cannabis use among elderly people over 50 has more than tripled in a decade and has contributed toward a positive association of cannabis use with pathological conditions, which include type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome, neurovascular and cardiovascular disease. Remarkably, all these outcome results are mediated by the involvement of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel. Cardiovascular compromise is a common syndrome in preterm infants that leads to incidence and death and has been distinguished by poor systemic flow or hypotension. Conditions of cardiovascular compromise include vasodysregulation and myocardial malfunction through dysfunctional β-adrenergic activity. To avoid organ hypoperfusion progressing to tissue hypoxia-ischemia, inotropic drugs are used. Many premature children, however, respond insufficiently to inotropic activity with adrenergic agonists. The clinical disturbance including myocardial dysfunction through the activation of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel is often involved and the comparative efficacy of the nonpsychotropic cannabinoid, abnormal cannabidiol (Abn-CBD) is not yet known. Therefore, our primary aim was to investigate the molecular exploration of the cannabinoid system specifically Abn-CBD in cardiovascular protection involving dysregulated KATP.

A study of altered calcium sensing system caused primary membranous nephropathy to end-stage renal failure

PMN (primary membranous nephropathy) is the most prevalent source of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, which further progressed to ESRD (end-stage renal disease) in non-diabetic adults worldwide. Autoantibodies circulating against podocyte membrane proteins PLA2R1 and THSD7A are present in approximately 75-80% of incidents. Furthermore, a research presented an unusual case of IgG4-RD correlated with elevated serum levels of calcium concluded that renal irregularities have been preceded and triggered by hypercalcemia. In-addition, previous research also indicates an elevated amount of calcium in the blood of PMN patients. However, we also found conflicting evidence from previous studies showing that autoantibodies that suppress the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) induce a high level of calcium in some cases of IgG4RD. Notably, the calcium ion plays a critical function not only as intracellular signaling molecule but binds extracellular receptor activity to intracellular events. Moreover, the raise in intracellular calcium levels during PMN is known as a crucial event involved in the activation of numerous nucleases, proteases and implicitly facilitates the release of prostaglandins, cytokines and superoxide radicals capable of causing cell damage and death. Thus, the precise mechanism of the PMN disease to renal failure is not fully clear and the disease incidence differs among patients. Therefore, we are hypothesizing the role of disrupted calcium signaling in PMN that progress to ESRD.

Nuclear factor-kappa B and its role in inflammatory lung disease

Nuclear factor-kappa B, involved in inflammation, host immune response, cell adhesion, growth signals, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis defense, is a dimeric transcription factor. Inflammation is a key component of many common respiratory disorders, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiectasis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Many basic transcription factors are found in NF-κB signaling, which is a member of the Rel protein family. Five members of this family c-REL, NF-κB2 (p100/p52), RelA (p65), NF-κB1 (p105/p50), RelB, and RelA (p65) produce 5 transcriptionally active molecules. Proinflammatory cytokines, T lymphocyte, and B lymphocyte cell mitogens, lipopolysaccharides, bacteria, viral proteins, viruses, double-stranded RNA, oxidative stress, physical exertion, various chemotherapeutics are the stimulus responsible for NF-κB activation. NF-κB act as a principal component for several common respiratory illnesses, such as asthma, lung cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, COPD as well as infectious diseases like pneumonia, tuberculosis, COVID-19. Inflammatory lung disease, especially COVID-19, can make NF-κB a key target for drug production.

A Pharmacological Perspective on Plant-derived Bioactive Molecules for Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a related chronic neurological condition of a predisposition for recurrent epileptic seizures, with various manifestations and causes. Although there are antiepileptic drugs, complementary natural therapies are widely used. The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze the antiepileptic/anticonvulsant pharmacological properties of plant-food derived bioactive molecules. In this regard, a systematic review of the PubMed database was made based on the inclusion criteria. Natural compounds/herbs with scientifically proven antiepileptic properties were selected. Experimental pharmacological studies in vitro and in vivo have shown that flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids may have anticonvulsant mechanisms similar to the new generation antiepileptic drugs. The relationships of structure-anticonvulsant effect, pharmacological models, seizure-inducing factors and response, effective dose were also analyzed and discussed. The results of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies analyzed in this systematic review support the clinical importance of plant-food-derived bioactive molecules for the complementary treatment of epilepsy. Thus, are opened new perspectives to develop new natural anticonvulsant drugs.

A review on inositol's potential in cyclic disturbances of adipose-endocrinology-associated polycystic ovary syndrome

Since the lack of certainty in identifying polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) demonstrates confusion regarding the disorder's pathophysiology and its therapeutic approaches, systematic screening of women under diagnostic guidelines of the NIH reported that about 4-10 percent of reproductive women aged 20-44 years suffer from PCOS. Not all females with PCOS-defining biochemical and clinical characteristics and about 22% of PCOS women have no symptoms. PCOS is a heterogeneous phenotypic and clinical condition, combined with metabolic implications. The root cause of PCOS is the major issue of IR or irregular androgen secretion and constant effort is being made in identifying the dynamic pathogenic network underlying the syndrome. Regardless of PCOS initiating cause, IR therapy and hyperinsulinemia can restore metabolic and hormonal homeostasis, and minimize ovarian dysfunction. Thus, the impact of insulin on ovaries in hyperinsulinemic individuals can account for many of the PCOS characteristics and is important for developing treatment strategies. Therefore, our primary aim is to investigate the proper understanding of endocrine disruption during PCOS and secondary to the therapeutic potential of inositol in reestablishing the equilibrium of ovarian dysfunction, anovulation, and eventually infertility.

Antiepileptic effects of antioxidant potent extract from Urtica dioica Linn. root on pentylenetetrazole and maximal electroshock induced seizure models

Urtica dioica Linn. (Urticaceae) is a medicinal plant that has shown various therapeutic utilities in folklore medicine along with its use in the treatment of epilepsy. The entire plant has a sensible reservoir of nutritional elements and micronutrients. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the antiepileptic effect of antioxidant potent extract of Urtica dioica root on animal models. Antioxidant activity of various solvent extracts i.e. Petroleum ether extract (PEE), Ethyl acetate extract (EAE), Chloroform extract (CE) and Ethanolic extract (EE) were screened by DPPH radical scavenging assay using Ascorbic acid as the standard. Further the most potent antioxidant extract was subjected to antiepileptic activity against MES and PTZ model. The IC₅₀ values of different Urtica dioica extracts (PEE, CE, EAE, and EE) in antioxidant assay were found to be 167.54 ± 1.97, 134.41 ± 0.82, 88.15 ± 1.39 and 186.38 ± 1.91 μg/ml in DPPH radical scavenging assay, respectively. The EAE has showed the potent antioxidant activity. In experimental study the EAE (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o) has found to be effective and significant against MES and PTZ induced seizures. The present study also suggested that antioxidant potent extract (EAE) of Urtica dioica root has antiepileptic effect against MES and PTZ induced seizures. However, further research studies will investigate the active component(s) of Urtica dioica responsible for the observed anticonvulsant effects.

The sepsis induced defective aggravation of immune cells: a translational science underling chemico-biological interactions from altered bioenergetics and/or cellular metabolism to organ dysfunction

Sepsis is described as a systemic immune response of the body to an infectious process that might result in dysfunctional organs that may lead to death. In clinical practice, sepsis is considered a medical emergency. The initial event in sepsis caused by a deregulated host response towards harmful microorganisms that leads to an aggravated systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) to tackle with pathogen invasion and a compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS) that lasts for several days. The inflammatory response and the cellular damage as well as the risk of an organ dysfunction are in direct proportion. Even though, the pathogenesis of sepsis remains unclear, many studies have shown evidence of role of oxidants and antioxidants in sepsis. The altered innate and adaptive immune cell and upregulated production and release of cytokines and chemokines most probably due to involvement of JAK-STAT pathway, disturbance in redox homeostasis due to low clearance of lactate and other oxidative stressors, contributes to sepsis process to organ dysfunction which contribute to increase rates of mortality among these patients. Hence, the treatment strategies for sepsis include antibiotics, ventilator and blood glucose management and other strategies for resuscitation are rapidly progressing. In the current review, we mainly concentrate on throwing light on the main molecular aspects and chemico-biological interactions that shows involvement in pathways manipulating alteration in physiology of immune cells (innate and adaptive) that change the bioenergetics/cellular metabolism to organ dysfunction and correlation of these altered pathway, improve the understating for new therapeutic target for sepsis.

A review on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and kidney injury

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is inevitable external life support in case of cardiac and respiratory failure since the 1970s. Acute kidney injury (AKI) and the requirement of renal replacement therapy (RRT) is a potential risk among these patients. This review aims to give an overview of the risk of AKI, RRT, and associated mortality among the patients who received ECMO for any of its indications. PubMed database was searched to find the relevant literature and the reference list of included studies was also searched for additional studies. The incidence of AKI ranged from 30% to 78% and RRT from 47% to 60% in ECMO patients. The pathophysiology of AKI in ECMO is multifactorial, and includes ischaemia, RBCs breakdown, comorbidity, conversion of zymogen form of pro-inflammatory mediators, structural alteration of the kidney, coadministration of nephrotoxic drugs, coagulation abnormality, and oxidative stress. ECMO was associated with the higher incidence of renal abnormalities, AKI, requirement of RRT, and associated mortality. Patients who underwent RRT had improved renal function and reduced overall mortality compared to the non-RRT group among the ECMO patients. Currently, there is no consensus evidence to support the superior use of the inline hemofilter system over continuous renal replacement therapy among patients who had AKI during ECMO.

A novel GPCR target in correlation with androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer drug discovery

Most prostate carcinomas require androgen stimulation to grow, and for nearly 70 years, androgen ablation therapy has been one of the central therapeutic strategies against advanced prostate cancer. Although most tumours initially respond to this therapy, some will be acquired resistant and progress to metastatic castration-resistant (mCRPC) disease which clinically tends to progress more rapidly than earlier disease manifestations. The underlying molecular biology of mCRPC is highly complex, and numerous mechanisms have been proposed that promote and retain androgen independence. In various clinical and preclinical data explored, the nature of intracellular signalling pathways mediating mitogenic acquired resistant effects of GPCRs in prostate cancer is poorly defined. G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) contributes to the modulation of basic cellular functions-such as cell proliferation, survival or motility-and is involved in metabolic homeostasis, inflammation or angiogenic processes. Moreover, altered GRK2 levels are starting to be reported in different tumoural contexts and shown to promote breast tumourigenesis or to trigger the tumoural angiogenic switch. Thus, we are exploring recent findings that present unexpected opportunities to interfere with major tumourigenic signals by manipulating GPCR-mediated pathways.

The emerging potential of SIRT-3 in oxidative stress-inflammatory axis associated increased neuroinflammatory component for metabolically impaired neural cell

People suffering from conditions like epilepsy, where there is an excess of neuron excitement, stroke, and cardiac arrest, where there are oxygen and glucose deprivation, Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington's disease that causes metabolic and also oxidative stress-inflammatory axis; are known to be more vulnerable to disturbances in the metabolism, and there is a lot of inadequacy in defining the inflammation's mechanistic connections, as well as neurodegeneration and the bioenergetic deficiencies in the CNS. We retrieved relevant studies from PubMed/ScienceDirect/Medline/Public library of science/Mendeley/Springer link as well as Google Scholar. We used various keywords both individually and in combination with the literature search. 'Epidemiology of neurodegenerative disorders', 'neurodegenerative diseases associated hyper inflammation', 'Mechanism of inflammation in neuronal cell', 'Involvement of SIRTin inflammation', 'Pathogenesis of mitochondrial associated metabolic impairment in neurons', 'Reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction' were a few of the keywords used for the search. PINCH, which is a chronic neuro-inflammatory component that cannot be detected in matured neurons which are healthy, though expressed in oxidative stress inflammatory axis related tauopathy and diseases that cause neurodegeneration. We attempted to study the regulatory mechanisms that cause changes in the bioenergetics and its neuronal defects and mitochondrial subcellular localization that are PINCH protein-mediated on the other handSIRT1, the most intensively studied sirtuin, in oxidative stress-mediated inflammatory consequence for many diseases but very few research data explore the role of SIRT-3 for correction of the chronic neuroinflammatory component. Thus, in this review, we investigate the very recently identified molecules involving in the pathogenesis during stimulated oxidative stress-inflammatory axis in the excitatory neuronal cell which changes brain metabolism. Simultaneously, in CNS neurons of diseases with a component of chronic neuroinflammation which exhibit neuroprotective response, the consequences (mechanistic and biological) of SIRT-3, could be emerging future targets for neurodegenerative disorder treatment with impaired metabolisms.

Apigenin-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticle Attenuates Diabetic Nephropathy Induced by Streptozotocin Nicotinamide Through Nrf2/HO-1/NF-kB Signalling Pathway

Background

Apigenin is known to have a broad-spectrum efficacy in oxidative stress and conditions due to inflammation, although weak absorption, fast metabolic rate and a fast elimination (systemic) limit the pharmacological efficacy of this drug. Hence, we propose the usage of highly bioavailable Apigenin-solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs) to recognize such limitations. The defensive function of Apigenin-SLNPs on renal damage induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in animals was studied.

Materials and Methods

We initially injected the rats with 35 mg kg⁻¹ streptozocin intraperitoneally, and after 7 days, the rats were then injected 150 mg kg⁻¹ of metformin intragastrically followed by a once-daily intragastric dose of Apigenin-SLNP (25 or 50 mg kg⁻¹) for a continuous period of 30 days. We then measured the level of insulin and blood glucose, superoxide dismutase, catalase and malondialdehyde in the tissues of the kidney. We also observed messenger-RNA expression of Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha in renal tissue through RT-PCR technique. Moreover, H&E staining and Western blotting observed the histopathological variations and protein expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase/Nuclear Factor-κB signaling pathway, respectively.

Results

An enhancement in the expressing of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1 and a suppression in the expression of Nuclear Factor-κB occurred due to Apigenin-SLNPs treatment, which was a result of the protective mechanism of Apigenin-SLNPs which is because of not only its anti-inflammatory function (by inhibition of release of inflammatory factors) but also their anti-oxidant activity (through reduction of lipid peroxidation production).

Conclusion

We found that a protective effect on diabetic nephropathy was shown due to Apigenin-SLNPs, in rats induced with streptozocin maybe through the pathway of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1/Nuclear Factor-κB.

Aristocratic human papillomavirus drove cervical cancer: a study of the therapeutic potential of the combination of interferon with zinc

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is related to cancer growth of vaginal, cervical, vulva, penile, anogenital, and non-genital oropharyngeal sites. HPV, as a sexually transmitted virus, infects all sexes similarly but with more significant pathological risks in women. This accounts for high mortality due to late detection and poor prognosis. The initial development and eventual progress of this cancer type depend entirely on three main oncogenes E5, E6 and E7, constitutively expressed to lead to carcinogenesis. Despite an opportunity for pharmacological therapy, there is still a shortage of medical treatment that may remove HPV from infected lesions. This study offers a concise summary of the nature of the issue and the current status of work on potential lead molecules and therapeutic approaches that show the capacity of HPV therapies to counteract the roles of deregulation of E5, E6, and E7.

Biochemical interaction of salt sensitivity: a key player for the development of essential hypertension

Worldwide, more than 1 billion people have elevated blood pressure, with up to 45% of adults affected by the disease. In 2016 the global health study report on patients from 67 countries was released in Lancet, which identified hypertension as the world's leading cause for death and disability-adjusted years since 1990. This paper aims to analyze the pathophysiological connection between hemodynamic inflammatory reactions through sodium balance, salt sensitivity, and potential pathophysiological reactions. Besides, we explore how sodium consumption enhances the expression of transient receptor potential channel 3 (TrpC3) mRNA and facilitates the release of calcium inside immune cell groups, together with elevated blood pressure in essential hypertensive patients.

Neuroprotective role of chrysin-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle against kindling-induced epilepsy through Nrf2/ARE/HO-1 pathway

Chrysin is the major bioactive compound of blue passionflower, an important medicinal plant used in traditional herbal formulations since ancient times. In the present study, we report that chrysin nanoparticles (chrysin NPs) protect Wistar rats against kindling-induced epilepsy. Nanoparticles of sizes less than 150 nm with a spherical shape were prepared using poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) and polyvinyl alcohol, respectively, as polymer and stabilizer. Rats were injected with subconvulsive doses of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (35 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) every second day, with 22 injections in total, and on the same days, they received protective doses of the chrysin NPs (5 and 10 µg/mL, PO), respectively, 45 min before each PTZ injection. After the last PTZ injection, an average of thirteen seizure scores was recorded. Animals were killed by decapitation 24 h after a seizure. The cortex and hippocampus were removed and stored in liquid nitrogen for determining oxidative stress terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay, histopathology, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for messenger RNA expression. The result showed chrysin NPs treatment has counteracted oxidative stress, reduced neuronal apoptosis, and upregulated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the neuroprotective effect of chrysin NPs against kindling-induced epilepsy might be escorted by the alleviation of oxidative stress through the Nrf2/antioxidant response element/HO-1 pathway signal pathway.

Beta-catenin non-canonical pathway: A potential target for inflammatory and hyperproliferative state via expression of transglutaminase 2 in psoriatic skin keratinocyte

Psoriasis is a chronic, local as well as a systemic, inflammatory skin condition. Psoriasis influences the quality of life up to 3.8% of the population and occurs often between 15 and 30 years of age. Specific causes are linked to psoriasis, including the interleukin IL-23/IL-17 Axis, human antigen leucocyte (HLA), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Secukinumab is a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds and neutralizes IL-17A required in the treatment of Psoriasis. The signaling pathways of Wnt govern multiple functions of cell-like fate specification, proliferation, polarity, migration, differentiation with their signaling controlled rigorously, given that dysregulation caused by various stimuli, can lead to alterations in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and human inflammatory disease. Current data has supported non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways in psoriasis development, particularly Wnt5a activated signaling cascades. These interconnected factors are significant in interactions between immune cells, keratinocytes, and inflammatory factors due to a higher degree of transglutaminase 2, mediated by activation of the keratinocyte hyperproliferation of the psoriatic patient's epidermis. This study discusses the pathology of Wnt5a signaling and its involvement in the epidermal inflammatory effects of psoriasis with other related pathways.

Folic acid and RAAS blockers in ischemia/reperfusion-induced hepatic injury: A current mechanistic concept for understanding the incidence, significance & outcome

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is not only one of the pathophysiological process involving the liver, but also a complex systemic process affecting multiple tissues and organs. IRI after liver transplant occurs due to in major resections and occlusion of vessels, or during the perioperative period, leads to acute liver failure which shows the dynamic process that involves two interrelated phases of local ischemic insult and inflammation-mediated reperfusion injury and has an impact on morbidity and mortality. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated locally in the injured cells by the occurrence of I/R, which plays an essential role in the fate of the damaged tissue. However, a preclinical study explores the protective role of RAAS inhibitor in acute liver injury in a model of inflammation caused by ischemia and reperfusion. In-addition to RAAS blockers in monotherapy does not effectively block the complete pathway. Thus, the present study is designed to explore the effect of combined folic acid with RAAS blockers in combination, produce a synergistic effect. Moreover, in this review, we will describe the understanding of the possible incidence of downregulatory molecular mechanisms associated with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the significance & outcome of the combination of folic acid and RAAS blockers in liver injury due to ischemia/reperfusion.

Neuroprotective effect of resveratrol against radiation after surgically induced brain injury by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis through NRf2/HO-1/NF-κB signaling pathway

The impact of resveratrol (RSV) on radiation (RAD)-induced brain injury in rats' brains was investigated. A total of 40 male Wistar Albino rats were randomly divided into four groups (control, RAD, RAD + RSV, and RSV groups, with 10 rats in each group). The results revealed a significant decrease in catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities, as well as glutathione (GSH) content. Further, a significant elevation in malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β), IL-6, and transforming growth factor-β1 levels were observed. Furthermore, decreased B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), increased Bcl-2-associated X, and tumor necrosis factor-α genes expression, decreased nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2, heme oxygenase-1, and increased nuclear factor-κB protein levels were noticed. Also, an apoptosis marker, caspase-3-positive cells, was seen in the hippocampus. Those effects were observed in the RAD group of rats. The treatment of RSV displayed a significant amendment of the studied parameters in the brain tissues of the RAD group of animals. This effect is interrelated to the ability of RSV to scavenge the free radicals, enhance the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, increase GSH contents, and downregulate the inflammatory responses and apoptosis markers in the brain tissues of RAD animals. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities of RSV can improve the antioxidant status and suppress the inflammatory responses and apoptosis in the brain tissues of RAD animals.

Wogonin preventive impact on hippocampal neurodegeneration, inflammation and cognitive defects in temporal lobe epilepsy

Previous studies demonstrated that the pathophysiological changes after temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) such as oxidative stress, inflammatory reaction contribute to cognitive defect and neuronal damage. The present study was conducted to evaluate the anticonvulsant effect of wogonin ameliorates kainate-induced TLE, and to investigate the mechanism underlying these effects. Rats were divided into control, wogonin, kainate, and wogonin-pretreated kainate groups. The rat model of TLE was induced by unilateral intrahippocampal injection of 0.4 ug/ul of kainate. The results showed that the cognitive function in TLE rats was significantly impaired, and wogonin treatment improved cognitive function in the Morris water maze (MWM). H & E staining and TUNEL staining showed obvious damage in the hippocampus of TLE rats, and wogonin alleviated the damage. To evaluate the oxidative stress, the expression of MDA and GSH in plasma were detected. Nrf-2 and HO-1 mRNA expression in the hippocampus were detected. The levels of MDA in plasma increased in TLE rats, and the levels of GSH in plasma and Nrf-2, HO-1 in the brain decreased. Treatment with wogonin alleviated these changes. We also detected the mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators like IL-1β, TNF-α, and NF kB in the brain. The inflammatory reaction was significantly activated in the brain of TLE rats, and wogonin alleviated neuroinflammation. We detected the mRNA expression of Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, in the hippocampus. The levels of Bcl-2 decreased in TLE rats, Bax and caspase-3 increased, while wogonin alleviated these changes. The present study indicated that wogonin exerted a noticeable neuroprotective effect in kainate-induced TLE rats.

A review on the physiological and pathophysiological role of endothelial glycocalyx

The glycocalyx is a gel-like layer covering the luminal surface of vascular endothelial cells. It comprises of membrane-attached proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycan chains, glycoproteins, and adherent plasma proteins. The glycocalyx maintains homeostasis of the vasculature, which includes controlling vascular permeability and microvascular tone, preventing microvascular thrombosis, and regulating leukocyte adhesion. In the past decades, the number of studies on endothelial glycocalyx has steadily grown. Glycocalyx emerged as an essential part of blood vessels involved in multiple physiological functions. Damage to glycocalyx is associated with many types of diseases. The structure and physiology and pathophysiology of the glycocalyx, as well as the clinical effects of glycocalyx degradation, are addressed throughout this study. We strive in particular to define therapeutic approaches for the survival or reparation of the glycocalyx.

Protective effect of rutin against bleomycin induced lung fibrosis: Involvement of TGF-β1/α-SMA/Col I and III pathway

Lung fibrosis is a progressive fatal lung disorder with significantly high mortality rates. Bleomycin (BLM) is one of the most commonly used chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of several carcinomas. The most severe adverse effect of BLM is lung toxicity; therefore, BLM has been repeatedly reported to be considered amongst the most widely used agents for the induction of experimental lung fibrosis. In the current study, rutin has been investigated for its ability to ameliorate BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis. BLM was instilled intratracheally and rutin was administered orally (50 and 100 mg/kg) for 3 weeks. Rutin significantly decreased lung/body weight index, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid lactate dehydrogenase activity, total cell count, macrophages, and lymphocyte counts. Rutin significantly decreased lung malondialdehyde content, increased lung glutathione content, superoxide dismutase activity, serum total antioxidant capacity, and decreased lung nitric oxide content. Moreover, rutin reduced expressions of transforming growth factor beta 1 and other fibrosis-related biomarkers (Col I, Col III, and α-SMA). In addition, rutin significantly ameliorated histological changes and prevented collagen deposition with the paralleled decrease in lung hydroxyproline content. In conclusion, rutin can be proposed to be a potential therapeutic agent for the management of lung fibrosis.

Pharmacodynamic elucidation of glutamate & dopamine in ketamine-induced anaesthesia

General anaesthetics are some of the most widely used and essential therapeutic agents. However, despite over a century of research, the molecular mechanisms of general anaesthesia in the central nervous system remain elusive. Ketamine (ketamine hydrochloride) has been approved for use in general anaesthesia either alone or in combination with other medications. It is a superb drug for use in short-term medical procedures that do not require skeletal muscle relaxation, and it has approval for the induction of general anaesthesia as a pre-anaesthetic to other general anaesthetic agents. However, Several questions remain unsolved, including the exact identification of the neural substrate of consciousness and its components, the pharmacodynamic interactions between anaesthetic agents, the mechanisms of cognitive alterations that follow an anaesthetic procedure, the identification of an eventual unitary mechanism of anaesthesia-induced alteration of consciousness, the relationship between network effects and the biochemical targets of anaesthetic agents, leading to difficulties in between-studies comparisons. Thus, the glutamate and dopamine systems play distinct roles in terms of neuronal signalling, yet both have proposed to contribute significantly to the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric diseases. Imaging of the glutamate system and other aspects of research on the dopamine system have produced less consistent findings, potentially due to methodological limitations and the heterogeneity of the disorder. In this review, we discuss the neural circuits through which the two systems interact and how their disruption may cause psychotic symptoms. We also summarize from a molecular perspective of mechanisms of action of ketamine as general anaesthetics on ligand-gated ion channels mediated modulation of dopamine in the brain region.

Biological activity of mistletoe: in vitro and in vivo studies and mechanisms of action

Mistletoe has been used as treatment of many diseases in traditional and folk medicine. To date, anticancer, immunomodulatory, cardiac, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, neuropharmacological, antibacterial and antifungal properties of mistletoe extracts have been studied the most. In this review, we summarized in vitro and in vivo studies on the pharmacological activity of Viscum species. Furthermore, we proposed the possible mechanisms of action of this herb, which might include many signalling pathways. Mistletoe could regulate either similar or different targets in various pathways that act on membrane receptors, enzymes, ion channels, transporter proteins and transcriptional targets. Still, pharmacological activities of mistletoe have been investigated mainly for crude extracts. It is a new field for scientists to determined which chemical compounds are responsible for the individual biological activities of mistletoe and how these activities are achieved. As a result, mistletoe might become a source of new complementary therapies supporting the treatment of many diseases.

An alternative pathway for cellular protection in BRAF inhibitor resistance in aggressive melanoma type skin cancer

Oncogenic alterations in the BRAF gene are identified in an estimate of 50% of melanomas and cause melanoma development. BRAF kinase inhibitors (BRAFi), including vemurafenib and dabrafenib, were discovered and used in the clinical treatment of BRAF-mutant metastatic melanoma. Though, BRAFi's therapeutic advantages are short term and short-lived associated with drug resistance. Although a few pathways of developed BRAFi resistance have also been established, in approximately 40% of melanomas, the cause for inherited resistance remains unclear. Recognizing a new process of developed BRAFi resistance might provide new possibilities to successfully treat BRAF mutant melanoma. In this study, we are exploring the compensatory alternative pathway followed by BRAFi/MEKi treated resistant cell for maintaining the long-term integrity and survival.

Protective role of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticle loaded with resveratrol against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction

Our study is aimed at evaluating the effects of pretreatment with Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticle loaded with resveratrol (RSV PLGA NPs) compared to conventional resveratrol (RSV) on isoproterenol (ISO) induced myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. Sixty rats were randomly divided into six groups of 10 rats each. RSV and RSV PLGA NPs were given by gavage in two different doses (50 mg/kg body weight [BW] and 100 mg/kg BW) for 3 weeks. RSV and RSV PLGA NPs were given for 2 weeks starting 1 week before ISO administration. The blood samples were taken 24 hr after the last dose of ISO. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects were evaluated in all groups. Only 100 mg/kg dose of RSV and both doses of RSV PLGA NPs offered a cardioprotective effect by preventing cardiac troponin T (cTnT) levels, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities leakage from cardiomyocytes, with the best result for RSV PLGA NPs. All the oxidative stress parameters were significantly improved after RSV PLGA NPs compared to RSV pretreatment. RSV PLGA NPs were more efficient than RSV in limiting the increase in inflammatory cytokine expressions such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and NF-kappaB (NF-kB) expression. In addition, RSV PLGA NPs significantly upregulated eNOS expression and downregulated iNOS expression. RSV PLGA NPs better prevented myocardial necrosis and reduced interstitial edema and neutrophil infiltration than RSV, on histopathological examination. Therefore, improving the bioactivity of RSV by nanotechnology may help limit cardiac injury after myocardial infarction.

Virgin Coconut Oil Ameliorates Colchicine Induced Cognitive Dysfunction- A Preclinical Study

Background : Virgin coconut oil (VCO) has been identified as a potential cognitive strengthener associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It contains medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) which are absorbed and easily metabolized by the liver to form ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are converted to acetyl Co-A in the brain which then enters the citric acid cycle to provide ATP and also serves as precursors of acetylcholine in neurons. Sunflower oil (SO) contains poly unsaturated fatty acids which has both anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions. To compare the neuroprotective effects of VCO and SO on biochemical parameters involved in the cognitive dysfunction induced by colchicine through intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) route.To assess the role of polyphenols and MCFA present in VCO in preventing oxidative stress and its influence on in neuroprotection and memory enhancement. Methods: In the present study, we induced dementia through i.c.v injection of colchicine after giving the diet enriched VCO and SO in rats for 60 days. Rats were sacrificed on the 22nd day after the administration of colchicine. Behavioral parameters were assessed during the study period and biochemical estimations were performed using frontal cortex and hippocampus isolated from rat brain. Results: From the memory and learning tests by Morris water maze, VCO treated group performed better than SO treated rats. VCO reversed the antagonistic effects induced by colchicine by decreasing the acetylcholinesterase and malondialdehyde levels and increasing the levels of catalase and superoxide dismutase. SO only reduced malondialdehyde levels in cortex and hippocampus. Conclusion: The results demonstrated potential beneficiary effects of VCO in the cognitive dysfunction induced by colchicine by enhancing acetylcholine levels in the frontal cortex and hippocampus and also by reducing oxidative stress induced by physiological oxidants.

Wogonin ameliorate complete Freund's adjuvant induced rheumatoid arthritis via targeting NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and accelerated autoimmune illness with proliferative and damaging synovitis, resulting in joint death and cartilage and bone erosion. This study focused on the potential therapeutic effect of wogonin on complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced RA in rats and the underlying mechanisms. Arthritis was experimentally caused in rats by subcutaneously injecting 0.1 mL of CFA into the subplantar area of the left hind paw under moderate anesthesia on day zero. The regular oral doses of indomethacin/wogonin began on day zero and proceeded after injection to day 35. Wogonin reduced arthritic score considerably, enhanced body weight, and reduced paw thickness. Wogonin also boosted red blood cell considerably along with hemoglobin and reduced white blood cell count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Wogonin substantially improved an altered level of oxidative stress markers, antioxidant proteins, and inflammatory cytokines in a dose-dependent way. Wogonin inhibited p38 phosphorylation triggered by CFA and p65 nuclear translocation.