Phytochemical components and biological activities of Artemisia argyi

Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of MYB transcription factors in Artemisia argyi

Artemisia argyi, a significant medicinal plant in China, is known for its high content of essential oils, flavonoids, and other bioactive compounds. MYB transcription factors are the largest gene family in plants and are widely reported to play important roles in plant development, metabolism, defense, and stress resistance. However, the MYB family of A. argyi has not been systematically studied. The aim of this study was to comprehensively analyze the MYB gene family of A. argyi and explore its potential role in flavonoid biosynthesis. Here, the phylogeny, chromosome location, gene structure, cis-acting elements, expression patterns and Gene ontology (GO) annotation of MYB gene family members were investigated using bioinformatics methods based on the whole-genome and transcriptome data of A. argyi. In total, 227 AYMYB transcription factors were identified from A. argyi genome, including 22 1R-MYB, 165 R2R3-MYB, 16 3R-MYB, 5 4R-MYB and 19 atypical MYB members. These AYMYBs were unevenly distributed across the A. argyi genome. Subcellular localization prediction revealed that all the AYMYBs were localized in the nucleus. The protein motifs, conserved domains, and gene structures of AYMYBs were identified, and the results showed that AYMYBs from the same subfamily exhibited similar motifs and gene structures. Cis-acting elements and GO analysis suggested that AYMYBs may be involved in many biological processes related to plant development, metabolism, defense, and stress resistance. Moreover, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that approximately 50 genes showed high expression levels in the leaves of A. argyi and AYMYBs showed specific expression patterns under MeJA treatment. Together, our research will offer useful information for future investigations into the functions of MYB genes in A. argyi, especially in regulating the process of flavonoid biosynthesis in leaves and in response to MeJA treatment.

A Comprehensive Metabolomic Analysis of Volatile and Non-Volatile Compounds in Folium Artemisia argyi Tea from Different Harvest Times

To develop and utilize Folium Artemisia argyi (FAA) tea resources, UPLC-MS/MS, HS-GC-IMS, and HS-SPME/GC×GC-TOFMS were adopted to analyze its volatile and non-volatile compounds, when harvested from March to June, in combination with its antioxidant activity. Here, 1742 volatile compounds and 8726 non-volatile compounds were identified, with 75 differential volatile metabolites and 36 key flavor compounds screened. Notably, 1-octen-3-one, (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-undecenal, and heptanal were identified as major contributors to the sweet, fruity, green, and herbal aromas, and the concentration of them was highest in June-harvest FAA tea. Furthermore, metabolomics revealed that there were 154 non-volatile differential metabolites in FAA tea at four harvest times, which were mainly related to amino acid biosynthetic pathways. Samples harvested in June also showed the strongest antioxidant capacity, which was positively correlated with D-xylitol, L-glutamic acid, honokiol, and costunolide. These findings highlight June as the optimal harvest time, providing FAA tea with superior flavor and enhanced antioxidant properties, underscoring its potential as a valuable resource for functional food development.

Comparison and chemometrics analysis of phenolic compounds and mineral elements in Artemisia Argyi Folium from different geographical origins

The quality of Artemisia Argyi Folium (AAF), a traditional Chinese food ingredient, is intrinsically linked to its geographical origin, which this study explores through phenolic compounds and mineral elements. The contents of 17 phenols and 18 minerals differed significantly between geographically distinct samples according to UHPLC and ICP-MS, respectively. Chemometrics indicated that a supervised model, orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), outperformed unsupervised methods at classifying AAF samples by their origins. Phenols were more effective at distinguishing samples from seven provinces, while minerals were adept at differentiating samples from the Dabie Mountain region (three provinces) and those from four other provinces. Six phenols and 10 minerals were important variables for discrimination. Complex correlations were observed between the contents of various phenols and minerals in AAF, with minerals possibly affecting the accumulation of phenols. This study provides an approach for distinguishing geographically distinct AAF samples and determining their geographical origins.

Molecular mechanism of culinary herb Artemisia argyi in promoting lifespan and stress tolerance

Artemisia argyi Lévl. et Vant. (A. argyi) leaf possesses various health promoting functions contributed by its main bioactive flavonoids. In this study, the anti-aging effect and mechanism of Artemisia argyi leaf extract (AALE) were identified using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) as a model. The results showed that the AALE promoted the lifespan and stress resistance of C. elegans. It was found that the AALE boosted the expression of oxidative stress-related proteins by regulating the insulin/ IGF-1 signaling (IIS) pathway, which then activated the transcription factors DAF-16/FOXO. The results of RNA-sequence analysis indicated that the changes of genes in nematodes treated with AALE were associated with the responses against oxidative stress, cell maturation, and immune reaction, and stress. The positive results suggest that Artemisia argyi leaf could have the robust benefits for improving healthy aging as well as preventing aging-related diseases in the human body.

Enhanced Synthesis of Volatile Compounds by UV-B Irradiation in Artemisia argyi Leaves

Background: Volatile compounds have a deep influence on the quality and application of the medicinal herb Artemisia argyi; however, little is known about the effect of UV-B radiation on volatile metabolites. Methods: We herein investigated the effects of UV-B exposure on the volatile compounds and transcriptome of A. argyi to assess the potential for improving its quality and medicinal characteristics. Results: Out of 733 volatiles obtained, a total of 133 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were identified by metabolome analysis. These were classified into 16 categories, primarily consisting of terpenoids, esters, heterocyclic compounds, alcohols, and ketones. Sensory odor analysis indicated that green was the odor with the highest number of annotations. Among the 544 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by transcriptome analysis, most DEGs were linked to "metabolic pathways" and "biosynthesis of secondary metabolites". Integrated analysis revealed that volatiles were mainly synthesized through the shikimate pathway and the MEP pathway. RNA-seq and qPCR results indicated that transcription factors HY5, bHLH25, bHLH18, bHLH148, MYB114, MYB12, and MYB111 were upregulated significantly after UV-B radiation, and were therefore considered key regulatory factors for volatiles synthesis under UV-B radiation. Conclusions: These findings not only provide new insights into UV-induced changes in volatile compounds, but also provide an exciting opportunity to enhance medicinal herbs' value, facilitating the development of products with higher levels of essential oils, flavor, and bioactivity.

Effects of Increasing Temperature on Bacterial Community Diversity in Mixed Stands of Artemisia argyi and Solidago canadensis in Eastern China

Global climate change and invasive plants significantly impact biodiversity and ecosystem functions. This study focuses on the effects of progressive warming on microbial communities within the Solidago canadensis invasion community, simulated through six stages of invasion progression, from minimal to dominant S. canadensis presence alongside native Artemisia argyi, in bulk soils collected from a natural habitat and cultivated under controlled greenhouse conditions. Utilizing high-throughput sequencing and microbial community analysis on 72 samples collected from the S. canadensis invasion community, the shifts in soil microbiota under varying warming scenarios were investigated (+0 °C, +1.15 °C and +1.86 °C). We observed significant shifts in invasion community soil bacteria in response to warming, with Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, and others showing distinct responses between baseline and warmed conditions, while groups like Chlorobi and Cyanobacteria only differed significantly at higher temperature extremes. The random forests algorithm identified 14 taxa as biomarkers and a model was established to correlate S. canadensis invasion community soil microbiota with progressive warming. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that moderate warming enhances microbial connectivity and the presence of a super-generalist, ASV 1160. However, further warming disrupts these networks by eliminating key generalists, revealing a potential reduction in network stability and diversity. These findings illuminate the dynamic responses of microbes in S. canadensis invasion community soil to varying temperature regimes, suggesting a model for successional dynamics and offering a deeper comprehension of microbial community shifts amid climatic fluctuations. This study delineates how warming significantly reshapes the soil microbial composition, potentially impacting S. canadensis's invasion success unfavorably, thereby highlighting the importance of considering microbial dynamics in ecological management.

Ethnobotanical review of traditional use of wild food plants in Japan

BACKGROUND

Japan, which has a diverse climate, is home to 8118 species of wild vascular plants, with more than 1000 of these species considered edible. However, there are fewer studies on the use of wild food plants in Japan than in other parts of the world. This research aims to provide an ethnobotanical review of the traditional food use of wild plants in Japan. It draws upon the largest database of traditional Japanese foodways, with a specific focus on the period approximately 1930. This occurred prior to Japan's rapid economic growth, which resulted in significant changes in the use of wild plants.

METHODS

The use of wild food plants in Japan was reviewed by studying the collection of Japanese foodways (Nihon no shokuseikatsu zenshu), which is the largest database on Japanese traditional foodways and contains records of approximately 52,000 dishes, including food uses of wild plants. The review extracted the local and common names, use locations, uses, processing and cooking methods, habitats and other relevant details pertaining to the reported use of wild food plants. This information was subsequently analyzed via Excel.

RESULTS

A total of 268 taxa belonging to 87 families used in Japan approximately 1930 were documented. Asteraceae was the most frequently reported family as well as the most species-rich family. In terms of use, vegetables composed the largest group, followed by dessert fruits. The majority of species have been documented in only a limited number of reports. The review revealed local traditional uses of plants, including the use of plants as binders for making rice cake, the selection of plants according to their sex, and techniques for detoxifying toxic plants.

CONCLUSION

A comparison with those of previous studies on wild species used in other Asian regions revealed a similar preference for vegetables. However, notably, in Japan, ferns are also consumed in considerable quantities. Conversely, further elucidation is clearly needed with respect to certain matters, including the perception of plant sex and the relationships between diverse ash components and detoxification techniques. It is evident that further ethnobotanical research is needed, both in the form of an examination of ethnographic records and in the field, to gain a deeper understanding of the use of wild food plants in Japan.

Artemisia argyi volatile oil ameliorates allergic contact dermatitis via modulating TRPA1/CGRP signaling

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The leaves of Artemisia argyi Levl.et Vant. have a long history of being used to treat skin diseases such as pruritus and dermatitis in China, but the therapeutic effect on allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is still unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate the effect and molecular mechanisms of the volatile oil of A. argyi leaves (abbreviated as 'AO') in the treatment of ACD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The main components in AO were analyzed using GC-MS. The effect of AO on channel currents in hTRPA1-transfected HEK293T cells was studied by whole-cell patch clamp. Subsequently, chloroquine-evoked acute itch and squaraine dibutyl ester (SADBE)-induced ACD chronic itch model was established to evaluate the antipruritic effect through counting scratching behavior, and the anti-inflammatory effects on ACD mice were measured using histological analysis. Meanwhile, the changes of CGRP, the infiltration of nerve fibers and the recruitment of dendritic cells, the expression of Il-23 and Il-17 mRNA in skin lesions, the phosphorylation of ERK and p38 in dorsal root ganglion (DRG), were evaluated by molecular biological methods. Then the inhibitory effect of AO on AITC- or SADBE-activated TRPA1 channels in primary DRG neurons of C57BL/6, Trpa1-/- or Trpv1-/- mice was elucidated by Ca2+ imaging and immunofluorescence.

RESULTS

AO treatment inhibited the activation of TRPA1 in HEK293T cells and alleviated acute itch caused by chloroquine, but this effect was lacking in Trpa1-/- mice. Furthermore, administration of AO attenuated scratching behavior in SADBE-induced ACD mice. AO also inhibited the increase of nerve fibers and recruitment of dendritic cells, and down-regulated the expression of CGRP and the levels of Il-23 and Il-17 mRNA. Meanwhile, AO reduced the expression of p-p38 and p-ERK in the lesioned skin and DRG of SADBE-induced ACD mice. Additionally, AO blocked the activation of TRPA1 channels and decreased the levels of CGRP, p-p38, and p-ERK in DRG neurons.

CONCLUSION

AO could inhibit TRPA1 channels in sensory neurons, thereby reducing the release of CGRP and exerting anti-pruritic and anti-inflammatory effect. These findings also provide a new strategy for exploring the role of A. argyi in treating ACD.

Artemisia argyi ethanol extract ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-induced liver fibrosis by modulating gut microbiota and hepatic signaling

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Artemisia argyi (AA), a herbal medicine traditionally used in Asian countries, to treat inflammatory conditions such as eczema, dermatitis, arthritis, allergic asthma and colitis. However, the mechanism of action of this plant with regard to hepatitis and other liver-related diseases is still unclear.

AIM

This study aimed to investigate the effects of AA ethanol extract on NASH-related fibrosis and gut microbiota in a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD)-induced mouse model.

METHODS

Male C57BL/6J mice were fed CDAHFD, with or without AA ethanol extract treatment. Biochemical markers, lipid profiles, hepatic mRNA expression levels of key genes, and the fibrosis area were assessed. In vitro, TGF-β-stimulated human hepatic stellate LX-2 cells and mouse primary hepatic stellate cells (mHSCs) were used to elucidate the effects of AA ethanol extract on fibrosis and steatosis. 16S rRNA sequencing, QIIME2, and PICRUST2 were employed to analyze gut microbial diversity, composition, and functional pathways.

RESULTS

Treatment with the AA ethanol extract improved plasma and liver lipid profiles, modulated hepatic mRNA expression levels of antioxidant, lipolytic, and fibrosis-related genes, and significantly reduced CDAHFD-induced hepatic fibrosis. Gut microbiota analysis revealed a marked decrease in Acetivibrio ethanolgignens abundance upon treatment with the AA ethanol extract, and its functional pathways were significantly correlated with NASH/fibrosis markers. The AA ethanol extract and its active components (jaceosidin, eupatilin, and chlorogenic acid) inhibited fibrosis-related markers in LX-2 and mHSC.

CONCLUSION

The AA ethanol extract exerted therapeutic effects on CDAHFD-induced liver disease by modulating NASH/fibrosis-related factors and gut microbiota composition. Notably, AA treatment reduced the abundance of the potentially profibrotic bacterium (A. ethanolgignens). These findings suggest that AA is a promising candidate for treating NASH-induced fibrosis.

Artemisia argyi polysaccharide alleviates osmotic diarrhea by enhancing intestinal barrier protection and anti-inflammation

Artemisia argyi polysaccharide (AAP) is a homogeneous polysaccharide with a molecular weight of 16 kDa, displaying anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tumorigenic properties, and potential protective effects on intestinal barrier function. It is anticipated to serve as an efficient component in diarrhea treatment. This study aims to examine the impact of AAP on diarrhea severity, intestinal barrier function, and inflammation in diarrhea-induced rats. The results demonstrated that AAP treatment notably decreased the incidence of diarrhea, reduced its severity, and lowered the disease activity score in rats, while also increasing body weight. Oral administration of AAP augmented goblet cell counts and elevated mucin-2 expression, aiding in the restoration of the mucus barrier. Additionally, AAP treatment enhanced colonic microbial diversity by increasing the abundance of S24-7 and Lactobacillus, while decreasing the levels of Bacteroides, Clostridium, and Sutterella. Moreover, the AAP administration elevated the levels of steroid hormones, prostaglandins, and their derivatives. By inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway, AAP mitigated the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and increased the secretion of anti-inflammatory factor (IL-10). Overall, oral AAP administration effectively combats osmotic diarrhea by fortifying mucus barrier integrity and exerting anti-inflammatory effects, suggesting its potential use as an adjunctive agent in oral rehydration therapy.

Genome-wide identification, characterization and expression pattern analysis of TIFY family members in Artemisia argyi

BACKGROUND

Plant-specific TIFY proteins play crucial roles in regulating plant growth, development, and various stress responses. However, there is no information available about this family in Artemisia argyi, a well-known traditional medicinal plant with great economic value.

RESULTS

A total of 34 AaTIFY genes were identified, including 4 TIFY, 22 JAZ, 5 PPD, and 3 ZML genes. Structural, motif scanning, and phylogenetic relationships analysis of these genes revealed that members within the same group or subgroup exhibit similar exon-intron structures and conserved motif compositions. The TIFY genes were unevenly distributed across the 15 chromosomes. Tandem duplication events and segmental duplication events have been identified in the TIFY family in A. argyi. These events have played a crucial role in the gene multiplication and compression of different subfamilies within the TIFY family. Promoter analysis revealed that most AaTIFY genes contain multiple cis-elements associated with stress response, phytohormone signal transduction, and plant growth and development. Expression analysis of roots and leaves using RNA-seq data revealed that certain AaTIFY genes showed tissue-specific expression patterns, and some AaTIFY genes, such as AaTIFY19/29, were found to be involved in regulating salt and saline-alkali stresses. In addition, RT-qPCR analysis showed that TIFY genes, especially AaTIFY19/23/27/29, respond to a variety of hormonal treatments, such as MeJA, ABA, SA, and IAA. This suggested that TIFY genes in A. argyi regulate plant growth and respond to different stresses by following different hormone signaling pathways.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, our study conducted a comprehensive identification and analysis of the TIFY gene family in A. argyi. These findings suggested that TIFY might play an important role in plant development and stress responses, which laid a valuable foundation for further understanding the function of TIFY genes in multiple stress responses and phytohormone crosstalk in A. argyi.

A review of the research progress on Artemisia argyi Folium: botany, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and clinical application

As a kind of well-known moxibustion material across the world, Artemisia argyi Folium (AAF) has a definite curative effect. From 1996 to now, various studies on AAF have been increasing year by year. That is why this paper is conducted because of no comprehensive summary except for an essential oil review recently published in 2023. Using "AAF" and "mugwort" as keywords, the related literature was summarized in four internationally recognized databases: PubMed, Web of Science, ACS, and ScienceDirect, mainly include four aspects such as botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and clinical application. Four traditional identification methods and two new ones were reported. A total of 136 compounds were identified, among which 23 new terpenoids and two new flavonoids were discovered. The pharmacological effects of AAF mainly focus on anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant, antibacterial, and other aspects. Clinically, it is mainly used in respiratory, immune, digestive, and nervous systems in addition to gynecology. The current research mainly focuses on the composition and pharmacology of AAF. Future studies should thoroughly establish the quality criteria and pharmacokinetics of AAF. According to the different application fields, the corresponding quality standards should be formulated to ensure the efficacy of drugs in the actual treatment.

Efficient biosynthesis of β-caryophyllene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by β-caryophyllene synthase from Artemisia argyi

Artemisia argyi H. Lév. & Vaniot is an important traditional Chinese medicinal plant known for its volatile oils, which are the main active components of A. argyi, including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and their derivatives. Despite its medicinal significance, the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenoids in A. argyi remains underexplored. In this study, we identified four β-caryophyllene synthases from A. argyi. A high-yield β-caryophyllene engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell factory has been built in this study. By fusing ERG20 and AarTPS88 with a flexible linker (GGGS)2 and enhancing metabolic flux in the MVA pathway (HIF-1, tHMGR, and UPC2-1), we achieved a titer of β-caryophyllene reached 15.6 g/L by fed-batch fermentation in a 5 L bioreactor. To our knowledge, this represents the highest reported titer of β-caryophyllene in yeast to date. This study provides a valuable tool for the industrial-scale production of β-caryophyllene.

Integrated multi-omics analysis reveals genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and trichome development of Artemisia argyi

Artemisia argyi is an herbaceous plant of the genus Artemisia. Its young and mature leaves are used as food and medicine, respectively. Glandular trichomes (GTs) are distributed on the leaf surface in A. argyi and are generally considered the location of flavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation. However, the mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation in A. argyi remains unclear. In this study, the coregulatory genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and trichome development in this species were screened and evaluated, and the biosynthetic pathways for key flavonoids in A. argyi were uncovered. AaMYB1 and AaYABBY1 were screened using weighted gene co-expression network analysis, and both genes were then genetically transformed into Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. K326 (tobacco). Simultaneously, AaYABBY1 was also genetically transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana. The total flavonoid and rutin contents were increased in tobacco plants overexpressing AaMYB1 and AaYABBY1, and the expression levels of genes participating in the flavonoid synthesis pathway, such as PAL, FLS, and F3H, were significantly up-regulated in plants overexpressing these genes. These results indicated that AaMYB1 and AaYABBY1 promote flavonoid biosynthesis in tobacco. Furthermore, compared to that in the wild-type, the trichome density was significantly increased in tobacco and A. thaliana plants overexpressing AaYABBY1. These results confirm that AaYABBY1 might be involved in regulating trichome formation in A. argyi. This indicates the potential genes involved in and provides new insights into the development of trichome cellular factories based on the "development-metabolism" interaction network and the cultivation of high-quality A. argyi.

Procedures to evaluate potential of plants as natural food preservatives: Phytochemical characterization, novel extraction technology, and safety evaluation-A comprehensive review

There is increasing demand for natural food preservative in food manufacturing industry as it is the key to meet consumers' preferences toward healthier food choice. Plant is listed among the most important resources of bioactive components to be utilized as the green and natural food preservatives. There are more than 10,000 kinds of bioactive components in plants that possess antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Artemisia with potential antimicrobial and antioxidant attributes, as well as functional and medicinal properties, is one of the most important plant species. The manuscript presents a comprehensive review of the potential of the Artemisia species as natural food preservatives. The current challenges and ways forward in using Artemisia EOs and extracts as food preservatives are also discussed. This topic is timely and important considering the natural preservatives used to replace chemical ingredients, sustaining quality, healthy properties, and shelf life of food products as well as efficient and novel extraction techniques.

Metabolomic analysis reveals the changing trend and differential markers of volatile and nonvolatile components of Artemisiae argyi with different aging years

INTRODUCTION

Artemisia argyi Folium (AAF) is a traditional medicinal herb and edible plant. Analyzing the differential metabolites that affect the efficacy of AAF with different aging years is necessary.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study was to investigate the changing trend and differential markers of volatile and nonvolatile metabolites of AAF from different aging years, which are necessary for application in clinical medicine.

METHODOLOGY

Metabolites were analyzed using a widely targeted metabolomic approach based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

RESULTS

A total of 153 volatile metabolites and 159 nonvolatile metabolites were identified. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) could clearly distinguish AAF aged for 1 year (AF-1), 3 years (AF-3), and 5 years (AF-5). Seven flavonoids and nine terpenoids were identified as biomarkers for tracking the aging years.

CONCLUSIONS

The metabolomic method provided an effective strategy for tracking and identifying biomarkers of AAF from different aging years. This study laid the foundation for analysis of the biological activity of Artemisia argyi with different aging years.

Artemisia argyi extract exerts antioxidant properties and extends the lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster

BACKGROUND

Chinese mugwort (Artemisia argyi) possesses extensive pharmacological activities associated with anti-tumour, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and anti-ageing effects of A. argyi extract (AAE) on the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) ageing model by detecting antioxidant enzyme activities and the mRNA level of antioxidant genes.

RESULTS

AAE could significantly lengthen the mean lifespan, 50% survival days, and maximum lifespan of D. melanogaster, especially when the amount of AAE added reached 6.68 mg mL-1, the mean lifespan of both female and male flies increased by 23.74% and 22.30%, respectively, indicating the effective life extension effect of AAE. At the same time, AAE could improve the climbing ability and tolerance to hydrogen peroxide in D. melanogaster. In addition, the addition of AAE effectively increased the activities of copper-zinc-containing superoxide dismutase, manganese-containing superoxide dismutase and catalase in D. melanogaster and reduced the contents of malondialdehyde. Moreover, when reared with diets containing AAE, the expression of antioxidant-related genes SOD1, SOD2 and CAT was up-regulated in D. melanogaster and down-regulated for MTH genes.

CONCLUSION

The study indicates that AAE effectively enhances the antioxidant capacity of D. melanogaster and has potential applications as an antioxidant and anti-ageing agent in the nutraceutical industry. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

The antimicrobial effect and mechanism of the Artemisia argyi essential oil against bacteria and fungus

Artemisia argyi is a traditional Chinese herb with antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor activities. The essential oil of Artemisia argyi was extracted using the steam distillation method in this study. The chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Agar disc diffusion and double-broth dilution assays were used to detect the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil. Subsequently, the antimicrobial mechanisms were explored through cytomembrane permeability assay and electron microscopy. Based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, 25 compounds were detected, including 13.76% cineole, 6.77% terpinen-4-ol, 6.68% 3-dione, 1,7,7-trimethyl-, 4.07% 3-cyclohexen-1-ol, 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-acetate, 3.58% 1-isopropyl-2-methylbenzene, and 1.58% g-terpinene. The essential oil was tested for antimicrobial activity, and the IC50 values for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Candida albicans were determined to be 25.51 ± 2.29, 49.53 ± 0.86, 52.40 ± 1.49, 52.76 ± 1.60, 73.99 ± 1.38, 65.52 ± 0.95, and 214.98 ± 3.27 μg mL-1, respectively. For essential oil interaction with cytoderm, the microorganisms treated by 1 × IC50 and 2 × IC50 concentration of essential oil both represented positive test results. Additionally, the alkaline phosphatase levels showed a direct correlation with concentration and treatment duration (range from 0 to 8 h). The interaction between essential oils and the cytomembrane was investigated by examining samples containing one of three test strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans), essential oil, and voltage-sensitive fluorescent dye disc35. The results demonstrated a significant increase in fluorescence levels within the solution upon introduction of the essential oil-treated strains. The findings of our research suggest that the essential oil disrupts the cytoderm and cytomembrane, thereby exhibiting antimicrobial activity.

The water-soluble subfraction from Artemisia argyi alleviates LPS-induced inflammatory responses via multiple pathways and targets in vitro and in vivo

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

As a traditional Chinese medicine, Artemisia argyi has been used medicinally and eaten for more than 2000 years in China. It is widely reported in treating inflammatory diseases such as eczema, dermatitis, arthritis, allergic asthma and colitis. Although several studies claim that its volatile oil and organic reagent extracts have certain anti-inflammatory effects, the water-soluble fractions and molecular mechanisms have not been studied.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To evaluate the therapeutic effect of A. argyi water extract (AAWE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses and to identify the most effective water-soluble subfractions. Moreover, the relevant pharmacological and molecular mechanisms by which the active subfraction mitigates inflammation were further investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Firstly, RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with LPS were treated with AAWE (50, 100, and 200 μg/mL) or the water-soluble subfractions separated by D101 macroporous resin (AAWE1-AAWE4, 100 μg/mL), and NO production and mRNA levels of inflammatory genes were evaluated to determine the most effective water-soluble subfractions. Secondly, the chemical components of the active subfraction (AAWE4) were analyzed by UPLC-QTOF-MS. Thirdly, transcriptome and network pharmacology analysis, RT-qPCR and Western blotting assays were conducted to explore the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanism and active compounds of AAWE4. Subsequently, the binding ability of the potential active components in AAWE4 to the core targets was further determined by molecular docking. Eventually, the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of AAWE4 (1.17, 2.34 and 4.68 g/kg, administered per day for 7 d) was evaluated in mice with LPS-induced systemic inflammation.

RESULTS

In this study, AAWE showed excellent anti-inflammatory effects, and its water-soluble subfraction AAWE4 exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on NO concentration and inflammatory gene mRNA expression after LPS stimulation, indicating that it was the most effective subfraction. Thereafter, four main compounds in AAWE4 were confirmed or tentatively identified by UPLC-QTOF-MS, including three flavonoid glycosides and one phenolic acid. Furthermore, the transcriptome and network pharmacology analysis showed that AAWE4 inhibited inflammation via multiple pathways and multiple targets. Based on the RT-qPCR and Western blotting results, AAWE4 downregulated not only the p38, PI3K, CCL5, MMP9, AP-1, and BCL3 mRNA expression levels activated by LPS but also their upstream and downstream protein expression levels and protein phosphorylation (p-AKT/AKT, p-p38/p38, p-ERK/ERK, p-JNK/JNK). Moreover, four identified compounds (isochlorogenic acid A, vicenin-2, schaftoside and isoschaftoside) could significantly inhibit NO content and the overexpression of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS and COX-2 mRNA induced by LPS, and the molecular docking confirmed the high binding activity of four active compounds with selected core targets (p38, AKT1, MMP9, and CCL5). In addition, the mRNA expression and immunohistochemical analysis showed that AAWE44 could inhibit lung inflammation via multiple pathways and multiple targets in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of this study suggest that the water-soluble subfraction AAWE4 from A. argyi ameliorated the inflammation caused by LPS through multiple pathways and multiple targets in vitro and in vivo, providing scientific support for the medicinal use of A. argyi. Importantly, it shows that the A. argyi subfraction AAWE4 can be developed as an anti-inflammatory drug.

A prospective review of the health-promoting potential of Jing Si Herbal Tea

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has gained considerable attention over the past few years for its multicomponent, multitarget, and multi-pathway approach to treating different diseases. Studies have shown that TCMs as adjuvant therapy along with conventional treatment may benefit in safely treating various disorders. However, investigations on finding effective herbal combinations are ongoing. A novel TCM formula, "Jing Si Herbal Tea (JSHT)," has been reported recently for their health-promoting effects in improving overall body and mental health. JSHT is a combination of eight herbs recognized in Chinese herbal pharmacopoeia for their anti-viral, anti-aging, and anti-cancer properties as well as protective effects against cardiovascular, metabolic, neural, digestive, and genitourinary diseases. Thus, to better understand the beneficial effects of the ingredients of JSHT on health, this review intends to summarize the preclinical and clinical studies of the ingredients of JSHT on human health and diseases, and possible therapeutic effects with the related mode of actions and future prospects for their application in complementary therapies.

Artemisia argyi extract subfraction exerts an antifungal effect against dermatophytes by disrupting mitochondrial morphology and function

Artemisia argyi (A. argyi), a plant with a longstanding history as a raw material for traditional medicine and functional diets in Asia, has been used traditionally to bathe and soak feet for its disinfectant and itch-relieving properties. Despite its widespread use, scientific evidence validating the antifungal efficacy of A. argyi water extract (AAWE) against dermatophytes, particularly Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Microsporum gypseum, remains limited. This study aimed to substantiate the scientific basis of the folkloric use of A. argyi by evaluating the antifungal effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms of its active subfraction against dermatophytes. The results indicated that AAWE exhibited excellent antifungal effects against the three aforementioned dermatophyte species. The subfraction AAWE6, isolated using D101 macroporous resin, emerged as the most potent subfraction. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of AAWE6 against T. rubrum, M. gypseum, and T. mentagrophytes were 312.5, 312.5, and 625 μg·mL-1, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results and assays of enzymes linked to cell wall integrity and cell membrane function indicated that AAWE6 could penetrate the external protective barrier of T. rubrum, creating breaches ("small holes"), and disrupt the internal mitochondrial structure ("granary"). Furthermore, transcriptome data, quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), and biochemical assays corroborated the severe disruption of mitochondrial function, evidenced by inhibited tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and energy metabolism. Additionally, chemical characterization and molecular docking analyses identified flavonoids, primarily eupatilin (131.16 ± 4.52 mg·g-1) and jaceosidin (4.17 ± 0.18 mg·g-1), as the active components of AAWE6. In conclusion, the subfraction AAWE6 from A. argyi exerts antifungal effects against dermatophytes by disrupting mitochondrial morphology and function. This research validates the traditional use of A. argyi and provides scientific support for its anti-dermatophytic applications, as recognized in the Chinese patent (No. ZL202111161301.9).

Rapid screening and evaluation of natural antioxidants from leaf, stem, and root of Artemisia argyi by online liquid microextraction combined with HPLC-based antioxidant assay system coupled with calibration quantitative analysis

To reveal the utilization value of leaf, stem, and root of Artemisia argyi, a rapid online liquid microextraction combined with a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with 2,2-nitrogen-di (3-ethyl-benzothiazole-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt antioxidant assay system was established for analysis of antioxidants in the leaf, stem, and root of A. argyi, and a calibration quantitative method of antioxidant activity with equivalent chlorogenic acid was proposed. Thirty-three positive peaks were identified; among them, 12 compounds were found that possess good antioxidant activity including eleven organic acids (components 2-4, 8, 11-14, 17, 19, and 21) and one flavonoids (component 22). The proposed calibration quantitative method avoided the influence of content of compound and compared the extent of radical scavenging capacity of five antioxidant compounds, which were ranked as follow: 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid > 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid ≈ 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid > 1,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid > chlorogenic acid. In conclusion, this study provided composition and biological potential for the future development of the leaf, stem, and root of A. argyi. It is believed that the online liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography based antioxidant assay system can be widely used for the rapid screening of natural antioxidant components in the different parts of natural products.

Sesquiterpenoids from aged Artemisia argyi and their 3D-QSAR for anti-HBV activity

Artemisia argyi Levl. Et Vant, commonly known as "Chinese Mugwort," has been utilized in traditional Chinese medicine and cuisine for centuries. Aged Chinese Mugwort has been uncovered to possess superior quality and safety, and its ethyl acetate extract has been found to exhibit anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) activity. In this study, twenty-five sesquiterpenoids were isolated and characterized from three-year-aged A. argyi. Among them, 14 previously undescribed sesquiterpenoids (1-14), featuring double bond oxidation or ring opening. It is hypothesized that during the aging process, sesquiterpenes undergo oxidative transformation of their double bonds to form alcohols due to external factors and inherent properties. The anti-HBV activity and cytotoxicity of all compounds were assessed in vitro using HepG 2.2.15 cells, and their structure-activity relationships were analyzed through three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QASR) techniques. The α-methylene-γ-lactone sesquiterpenoid derivatives were discovered to have potent inhibitory activity against HBV. This research may broaden the potential applications of Chinese Mugwort and offer further guidance for its development and utilization as functional food or traditional Chinese medicine.

Antibacterial activity of a polysaccharide isolated from Artemisia argyi leaf against Staphylococcus aureus and mechanism investigation

Abuse of antibiotics has led to excessive amounts of antibiotic residues in food and environment, thus enhancing pathogenic bacterium resistance and threatening human health. Therefore, searching and developing safe and green antibiotic alternatives are necessary. In this study, an Artemisia argyi leaf polysaccharide (AALP) fraction was extracted and analyzed. Chemical composition analysis showed that the carbohydrate, uronic acid, protein, and polyphenol content in AALP were 68.3 % ± 4.13 %, 9.4 % ± 0.86 %, 1.79 % ± 0.27 %, and 0.16 % ± 0.035 %, respectively. Chromatographic results suggested that AALP contained rhamnose, arabinose, glucosamine, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in a molar ratio of 9.26, 1.35, 1.18, 3.04, 48.51, 2.33, 31.26, 3.93, and 9.08; the weight average molecular weight, number average molecular weight, and polydispersity of AALP were 5.41 kDa, 4.63 kDa, and 1.168, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that AALP constituted the polysaccharide-specific groups of CH, CO, and OH. Meanwhile, AALP showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus in the inhibition zone assay, and the minimal inhibitory concentration was 1.25 mg/mL. Furthermore, AALP disrupted the cell wall, depolarized the inner membrane potential, and inhibited the activities of succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase in S. aureus.

Temperature alters the toxicological impacts of plant terpenoids on the polyphagous model herbivore Vanessa cardui

Terpenes are a major class of secondary metabolites present in all plants, and long hypothesized to have diversified in response to specific plant-herbivore interactions. Herbivory is a major biotic interaction that plays out across broad temporal and spatial scales that vary dramatically in temperature regimes, both due to climatic variation across geographic locations as well as the effect of seasonality. In addition, there is an emerging understanding that global climate change will continue to alter the temperature regimes of nearly every habitat on Earth over the coming centuries. Regardless of source, variation in temperature may influence herbivory, in particular via changes in the efficacy and impacts of plant defensive chemistry. This study aims to characterize temperature-driven variation in toxicological effects across several structural classes of terpenes in the model herbivore Vanessa cardui, the painted lady butterfly. We observed a general increase in monoterpene toxicity to larvae, pupa, and adults at higher temperatures, as well as an increase in development time as terpene concentration increased. Results obtained from this study yield insights into possible drivers of seasonal variation in plant terpene production as well as inform effects of rising global temperatures on plant-insect interactions. In the context of other known effects of climate change on plant-herbivore interactions like carbon fertilization and compensatory feeding, temperature-driven changes in plant chemical defense efficacy may further complicate the prediction of climate change impacts on the fundamental ecological process of herbivory.

Effects of phosphorus stress on the growth and secondary metabolism of Artemisia argyi

Phosphorus is essential in critical plant processes such as signaling, photosynthesis, energy metabolism, and enzyme activity during respiration. Phosphorus stress therefore has a significant impact on plant growth and metabolism. Here, we characterized the biochemical responses of Artemisia argyi Level. et Vant to low phosphorus (LP) and high phosphorus (HP) stress. Plants were treated with 0 g (LP), 1.5 g (control), or 3 g (HP) P per 10 kg of soil. The results demonstrated that CK encouraged the most plant growth, as quantified by leaf size and plant biomass. We also found that the total amounts of phenolic and flavonoid compounds (such as chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid C, cryptochlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, hispidulin, jaceosidin, eupatilin, and casticin) were increased in the leaves of A. argyi plants exposed to LP stress compared to those raised under CK conditions. The levels of these compounds were inversely related to the amount of phosphorus added, and therefore peaked in plants treated with LP stress. Levels of terpenoids were also found to fluctuate under LP and HP stress compared to CK conditions. Furthermore, transcriptomic analyses showed up-regulation of several genes encoding key enzymes in the flavonoid and phenolic acid metabolic pathways under LP stress. There were also alterations in the expression levels of genes in the methylerythritol 4-phosphate and mevalonate pathways of terpene synthesis. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying phosphorus stress responses and their impacts on the growth and quality of the economically important species A. argyi.

Artemisinin counteracts Edwardsiella tarda-induced liver inflammation and metabolic changes in juvenile fat greenling Hexagrammos otakii

Emerging evidence suggests that artemisinin (ART) can modulate pathogen-induced immune responses and metabolic dysregulation. However, whether this modulation is associated with metabolic pathways related to oxidative stress and inflammation remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on the ART-fed juvenile fat greenling Hexagrammos otakii and the associated metabolic pathways in response to ART administration using an integrated biochemical and metabolomic approach. Biochemical analysis and histological examination showed that ART significantly increased body weight gain and improved tissue structure. ART effectively attenuated reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and inflammatory responses (NFκB, TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1) in the Edwardsiella tarda-induced H. otakii model. Liver metabolomics analysis revealed that twenty-nine metabolites were up-regulated and twenty-one metabolites were down-regulated after ART administration compared to those in pathogen-induced fish. Pathway analysis indicated that ART alleviated the E. tarda-induced inflammation and oxidative stress through two major pathways, namely lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Taken together, ART showed great potential as a natural feed additive against pathogen-induced oxidative stress and inflammation.

Umbelliferone and eriodictyol suppress the cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2

BACKGROUND

Artemisia argyi (A. argyi), also called Chinese mugwort, has been widely used to control pandemic diseases for thousands of years since ancient China due to its anti-microbial infection, anti-allergy, and anti-inflammation activities. Therefore, the potential of A. argyi and its constituents in reducing the infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was investigated in this study.

RESULTS

Among the phytochemicals in A. argyi, eriodictyol and umbelliferone were identified to target transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) proteins, the essential factors for the cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2, in both FRET-based enzymatic assays and molecular docking analyses. These two ingredients of A. argyi suppressed the infection of ACE2-expressed HEK-293 T cells with lentiviral-based pseudo-particles (Vpp) expressing wild-type and variants of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein (SARS-CoV-2 S-Vpp) via interrupting the interaction between S protein and cellular receptor ACE2 and reducing the expressions of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Oral administration with umbelliferone efficiently prevented the SARS-CoV-2 S-Vpp-induced inflammation in the lung tissues of BALB/c mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Eriodictyol and umbelliferone, the phytochemicals of Artemisia argyi, potentially suppress the cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 by preventing the protein binding activity of the S protein to ACE2.

Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses provide insights into variations in flavonoids contents between two Artemisia cultivars

BACKGROUND

Plants in the genus Artemisia are rich in active ingredients and specialized metabolites. Many of these compounds, especially flavonoids, have potential medicinal and nutritional applications, and are of growing interest to scientists due to their wide range of pharmacological and biological activities. Artemisia cultivars are commonly used as raw materials for medicine, food, and moxibustion in China. However, most of the metabolites produced by Artemisia species have not been identified, and few studies have addressed differences in active compounds between species and cultivars.

RESULTS

We here investigated two Artemisia cultivars, 'Nanyangshiyong' (NYSY) and 'Nanyangyaoyong' (NYYY), which are commonly used in foods and moxibustion, respectively. NYSY and NYYY were confirmed to be Artemisia argyi cultivars. Total flavonoids contents and antioxidant activities were higher in NYYY than in NYSY. A total of 882 metabolites were identified in the samples; most of the potentially medicinally active compounds, especially flavonoids (e.g., flavone, flavonol, isoflavone, and anthocyanin), were up-regulated in NYYY compared to NYSY. Furthermore, most of the genes related to flavonoids biosynthesis were up-regulated in NYYY. Correlation analysis was used to identify putative members of transcription factor families that may regulate genes encoding key flavonoids biosynthesis enzymes.

CONCLUSIONS

We found that the antioxidant activities and flavonoids contents significantly varied between two Artemisia cultivars of the same species. We also uncovered metabolomic and transcriptomic evidence of the molecular phenomena underlying those differences in flavonoids contents between the two Artemisia cultivars. This study provides a wealth of data for future utilization and improvements of Artemisia cultivars, and highlights a need to study the specific metabolite profiles of plants that are used in foods and medicines.

A chromosome-scale genome assembly of Artemisia argyi reveals unbiased subgenome evolution and key contributions of gene duplication to volatile terpenoid diversity

Artemisia argyi Lévl. et Vant., a perennial Artemisia herb with an intense fragrance, is widely used in traditional medicine in China and many other Asian countries. Here, we present a chromosome-scale genome assembly of A. argyi comprising 3.89 Gb assembled into 17 pseudochromosomes. Phylogenetic and comparative genomic analyses revealed that A. argyi underwent a recent lineage-specific whole-genome duplication (WGD) event after divergence from Artemisia annua, resulting in two subgenomes. We deciphered the diploid ancestral genome of A. argyi, and unbiased subgenome evolution was observed. The recent WGD led to a large number of duplicated genes in the A. argyi genome. Expansion of the terpene synthase (TPS) gene family through various types of gene duplication may have greatly contributed to the diversity of volatile terpenoids in A. argyi. In particular, we identified a typical germacrene D synthase gene cluster within the expanded TPS gene family. The entire biosynthetic pathways of germacrenes, (+)-borneol, and (+)-camphor were elucidated in A. argyi. In addition, partial deletion of the amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS) gene and loss of function of ADS homologs may have resulted in the lack of artemisinin production in A. argyi. Our study provides new insights into the genome evolution of Artemisia and lays a foundation for further improvement of the quality of this important medicinal plant.

Comparative Analysis of Active Ingredients and Potential Bioactivities of Essential Oils from Artemisia argyi and A. verlotorum

Artemisia argyi H. Lév. and Vaniot is a variety of Chinese mugwort widely cultured in central China. A. verlotorum Lamotte, another variety of Chinese mugwort, has been used in the southern region of China since ancient times. Despite their similar uses in traditional medicine, little is known about the differences in their active ingredients and potential benefits. Herein, the chemical compositions of the essential oils (EOs) from both varieties were analyzed using chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A series of databases, such as the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database (TCMSP), SuperPred database and R tool, were applied to build a networking of the EOs. Our results revealed significant differences in the chemical compositions of the two Artemisia EOs. However, we found that they shared similar ingredient-target-pathway networking with diverse bioactivities, such as neuroprotective, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory. Furthermore, our protein connection networking analysis showed that transcription factor p65 (RELA), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha (PIK3R1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) are crucial for the biological activity of Artemisia EOs. Our findings provided evidence for the use of A. verlotorum as Chinese mugwort in southern China.

In vitro antioxidant analysis of flavonoids extracted from Artemisia argyi stem and their anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages

In this study, flavonoids were successfully extracted from Artemisia argyi stem, and their yield reached 15.3 mg/g dry A. argyi stem. The flavonoid extract from A. argyi stem had a purity of 88.58 % (w/w), meanwhile, which also contained 1.57 % (w/w) carbohydrates, 2.04 % (w/w) proteins and 7.81 % (w/w) polyphenols, respectively. In vitro antioxidant activity analysis showed the increased scavenging effects of flavonoid extract from A. argyi stem on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azinobis-di-(3-ethyl-benzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, hydroxyl, and superoxide radicals in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the flavonoid extract from A. argyi stem exerted protective effects on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages via inhibiting the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, interleukin-1 beta, and nitric oxide free radicals. Overall, this work will provide guidance and help in the utilization of edible A. argyi as plant-based diet and its bioactive flavonoid extract as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ingredients to improve the function, nutrition, and healthiness of foods.

Integrative analysis of metabolite and transcriptome reveals biosynthetic pathway and candidate genes for eupatilin and jaceosidin biosynthesis in Artemisia argyi

Artemisia argyi (A. argyi) is a medicinal plant belonging to the Asteraceae family and Artemisia genus. Flavonoids abundant in A. argyi are associated with anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidative effects. Eupatilin and jaceosidin are representative polymethoxy flavonoids with medicinal properties significant enough to warrant the development of drugs using their components. However, the biosynthetic pathways and related genes of these compounds have not been fully explored in A. argyi. This study comprehensively analyzed the transcriptome data and flavonoids contents from four different tissues of A. argyi (young leaves, old leaves, trichomes collected from stems, and stems without trichomes) for the first time. We obtained 41,398 unigenes through the de-novo assembly of transcriptome data and mined promising candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of eupatilin and jaceosidin using differentially expressed genes, hierarchical clustering, phylogenetic tree, and weighted gene co-expression analysis. Our analysis led to the identification of a total of 7,265 DEGs, among which 153 genes were annotated as flavonoid-related genes. In particular, we were able to identify eight putative flavone-6-hydroxylase (F6H) genes, which were responsible for providing a methyl group acceptor into flavone basic skeleton. Furthermore, five O-methyltransferases (OMTs) gene were identified, which were required for the site-specific O-methylation during the biosynthesis of eupatilin and jaceosidin. Although further validation would be necessary, our findings pave the way for the modification and mass-production of pharmacologically important polymethoxy flavonoids through genetic engineering and synthetic biological approaches.

Mitochondrial genome of Artemisia argyi L. suggested conserved mitochondrial protein-coding genes among genera Artemisia, Tanacetum and Chrysanthemum

BACKGROUND

Artemisia argyi L., also known as mugwort, is a perennial herb whose leaves are commonly used as source of traditional medicines. However, the evolution and structure of the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) in A. argyi remain unclear. In this study, the mitogenome of A. argyi was assembled and characterized for the first time.

RESULTS

The mitogenome of A. argyi was a circular molecule of 229,354 bp. It encodes 56 genes, including 33 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 20 tRNA genes, and three rRNA genes, and three pseudogenes. Five trans-spliced introns were observed in three PCGs namely, nad1, nad2 and nad5. Repeat analysis identified 65 SSRs, 14 tandem repeats, and 167 dispersed repeats. The A. argyi mitogenome contains 12 plastid transfer sequences from 79 bp to 2552 bp. Five conserved MTPTs were identified in all 18 Asteraceae species. Comparison of mitogenome between A. argyi and one Artemisia specie and two Chrysanthemum species showed 14 conserved gene clusters. Phylogenetic analysis with organelle genomes of A. argyi and 18 others Anthemideae plants showed inconsistent phylogenetic trees, which implied that the evolutionary rates of PCGs and rrna genes derived from mitochondrion and plastid were incongruent. The Ka/Ks ratio of the 27 shared protein-coding genes in the 18 Anthemideae species are all less than 1 indicating that these genes were under the effect of purifying selection. Lastly, a total 568 RNA editing sites in PCGs were further identified. The average editing frequency of non-synonymous changes was significantly higher than that of synonymous changes (one-sample Student's t-test, p-values≤0.05) in three tissues (root, leaf and stem).

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, the gene content, genome size, genome comparison, mitochondrial plastid sequences, dN/dS analysis of mitochondrial protein-coding genes, and RNA-editing events in A. argyi mitogenome were determined, providing insights into the phylogenetic relationships of Asteraceae plant.

Cytochrome P450 gene CYP6BQ8 mediates terpinen-4-ol susceptibility in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Cytochrome P450 proteins (CYPs) in insects can encode various detoxification enzymes and catabolize heterologous substances, conferring tolerance to insecticides. This study describes the identification of a P450 gene (CYP6BQ8) from Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and investigation of its spatiotemporal expression profile and potential role in the detoxification of terpinen-4-ol, a component of plant essential oils. The developmental expression profile showed that TcCYP6BQ8 expression was relatively higher in early- and late-larval stages of T. castaneum compared with other developmental stages. Tissue expression profiles showed that TcCYP6BQ8 was mainly expressed in the head and integument of both larvae and adults. The expression profiling of TcCYP6BQ8 in developmental stages and tissues is closely related to the detoxification of heterologous substances. TcCYP6BQ8 expression was significantly induced after exposure to terpinen-4-ol, and RNA interference against TcCYP6BQ8 increased terpinen-4-ol-induced larval mortality from 47.78 to 66.67%. This indicates that TcCYP6BQ8 may be involved in T. castaneum's metabolism of terpinen-4-ol. Correlation investigation between the CYP6BQ8 gene and terpinen-4-ol resistance in T. castaneum revealed that the TcCYP6BQ8 gene was one of the factors behind T. castaneum's resistance to terpinen-4-ol. This discovery may provide a new theoretical foundation for future regulation of T. castaneum.

A Mixture of Artemisia argyi and Saururus chinensis Improves PM2.5-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction by Regulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response in the Lung and Brain

This study was performed to investigate the improving effect of a mixture of Artemisia argyi and Saururus chinensis (AASC) on cognitive dysfunction in mice with long-term exposure to fine particles (particulate matter smaller than 2.5 µm: PM_2.5). The main compounds of AASC were identified as dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers of A. argyi and a quercetin-3-glucoside of S. chinesis. As a result of behavioral tests for the evaluation of cognitive function, it was confirmed that cognitive dysfunction was induced in the PM_2.5 exposure group, and a tendency to improve in the AASC group was confirmed. Increased oxidative stress and inflammatory response and mitochondrial dysfunction were observed in the brain and lung tissues of the PM group. Damage to the brain and lung affected the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain. It increased Aβ and induced the cholinergic dysfunction, hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein, and activation of apoptosis, leading to cognitive impairment. However, AASC suppressed brain and lung oxidative stress and inflammation, thereby suppressing brain Aβ expression. Consequently, this study shows the potential that a steady intake of plant resources with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity could prevent cognitive impairment caused by PM_2.5.

Chemical Composition Analysis and Discrimination of Essential Oils of Artemisia Argyi Folium from Different Germplasm Resources Based on Electronic Nose and GC/MS Combined with Chemometrics

In this study, the electronic nose and GC/MS were used to analyze the chemical components of essential oils from different germplasm resources of Artemisia argyi Folium (A. argyi), in order to quickly identify essential oils of A. argyi from different germplasm resources and clarify the differences among different A. argyi samples. The essential oils of A. argyi were extracted by steam distillation. This article describes for the first time that electronic nose combined with chemometrics can distinguish the essential oils of A. argyi from different germplasm, which proves the reliability and potential of this technology. GC/MS was used to identify 134 volatile components from the essential oil of A. argyi. The main bioactive components were cineole, thujarone, artemisia ketone, β-caryophyllene, (-)-4-terpinol, 3,3,6-trimethyl-1,5-heptadien-4-ol, (-)-α-thujone, camphor, borneol. In addition, the results of principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed that there were significant differences in the essential oils of A. argyi from different germplasm resources, terpenes, alcohols and ketones played an important role in identifying the essential oils of A. argyi from different germplasm resources. This indicates that electronic nose and GC/MS combined with chemometrics can be used as reliable techniques to identify different germplasm resources of A. argyi, and provide certain reference value for quality evaluation, selection of high-quality varieties and rational development of resources of A. argyi.

Quantitative fingerprint and antioxidative properties of Artemisia argyi leaves combined with chemometrics

Quantitative fingerprint and differences of Artemisia argyi from different varieties, picking time, aging year, and origins were analyzed combing with chemometrics. The antioxidant activity was determined and antioxidant markers of Artemisia argyi were screened. Variety WA3 was significantly different from that of the other varieties. Fingerprint peak response and antioxidant activity of A. argyi picked in December were lower than samples collected in May and August. Fresh A. argyi leaves were significantly superior to withered leaves and stems. Artemisia argyi aging 1-5 years presented a classification trend. Antioxidant activity of A. argyi produced in Nanyang was generally superior to others origins. Peak 9, isochlorogenic acid A, and 6-methoxyluteolin contributed greatly for classification of A. argyi from different variety, picking time, aging year, and origin. Isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid C, 6-methoxyluteolin, and chlorogenic acid were selected as antioxidant marker of A. argyi. The method based on quantitative fingerprint, antioxidant activity evaluation, and chemometrics was reliable to analyze the differences of A. argyi samples from different sources.

Antiviral activities of Artemisia vulgaris L. extract against herpes simplex virus

BACKGROUND

Artemisia vulgaris L. is often used as a traditional Chinese medicine with the same origin of medicine and food. Its active ingredient in leaves have multiple biological functions such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and insecticidal, anti-tumor, antioxidant and immune regulation, etc. It is confirmed that folium Artemisiae argyi has obvious anti-HBV activity, however, its antiviral activity and mechanism against herpesvirus or other viruses are not clear. Hence, we aimed to screen the crude extracts (Fr.8.3) isolated and extracted from folium A. argyi to explore the anti-herpesvirus activity and mechanism.

METHODS

The antiherpes virus activity of Fr.8.3 was mainly characterized by cytopathic effects, real-time PCR detection of viral gene replication and expression levels, western blotting, viral titer determination and plaque reduction experiments. The main components of Fr.8.3 were identified by using LC-MS, and selected protein targets of these components were investigated through molecular docking.

RESULTS

We collected and isolated a variety of A. vulgaris L. samples from Tangyin County, Henan Province and then screened the A. vulgaris L. leaf extracts for anti-HSV-1 activity. The results of the plaque reduction test showed that the crude extract of A. vulgaris L.-Fr.8.3 had anti-HSV-1 activity, and we further verified the anti-HSV-1 activity of Fr.8.3 at the DNA, RNA and protein levels. Moreover, we found that Fr.8.3 also had a broad spectrum of antiviral activity. Finally, we explored its anti-HSV-1 mechanism, and the results showed that Fr.8.3 exerted an anti-HSV-1 effect by acting directly on the virus itself. Then, the extracts were screened on HSV-1 surface glycoproteins and host cell surface receptors for potential binding ability by molecular docking, which further verified the phenotypic results. LC-MS analysis showed that 1 and 2 were the two main components of the extracts. Docking analysis suggested that compounds from extract 1 might similarly cover the binding domain between the virus and the host cells, thus interfering with virus adhesion to cell receptors, which provides new ideas and insights for clinical drug development for herpes simplex virus type 1.

CONCLUSION

We found that Fr.8.3 has anti-herpesvirus and anti-rotavirus effects. The main 12 components in Fr.8.3 were analyzed by LC-MS, and the protein targets were finally predicted through molecular docking, which showed that alkaloids may play a major role in antiviral activity.

Chemical profile of anti-epidemic sachet based on multiple sample preparation coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis combined with an embedded peaks resolution method and their action mechanisms

The anti-epidemic sachet (Fang Yi Xiang Nang, FYXN) in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can prevent COVID-19 through volatile compounds that can play the role of fragrant and dampness, heat-clearing and detoxifying, warding off filth and pathogenic factors. Nevertheless, the anti-(mutant) SARS-CoV-2 compounds and the compounds related to the mechanism in vivo, and the mechanism of FYXN are still vague. In this study, the volatile compound set of FYXN was constructed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based on multiple sample preparation methods, which include headspace (HS), headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). In addition, selective ion analysis (SIA) was used to resolve embedded chromatographic peaks present in HS-SPME results. Preliminary analysis of active compounds and mechanism of FYXN by network pharmacology combined with disease pathway information based on GC-MS results. A total of 96 volatile compounds in FYXN were collected by GC-MS analysis. 39 potential anti-viral compounds were screened by molecular docking. 13 key pathways were obtained by KEGG pathway analysis (PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, etc.) for FYXN to prevent COVID-19. 16 anti-viral compounds (C95, C91, etc.), 10 core targets (RELA, MAPK1, etc.), and 16 key compounds related to the mechanism in vivo (C56, C30, etc.) were obtained by network analysis. The relevant pharmacological effects of key pathways and key compounds were verified by the literature. Finally, molecular docking was used to verify the relationship between core targets and key compounds, which are related to the mechanism in vivo. A variety of sample preparation methods coupled with GC-MS analysis combined with an embedded peaks resolution method and integrated with network pharmacology can not only comprehensively characterize the volatile compounds in FYXN, but also expand the network pharmacology research ideas, and help to discover the active compounds and mechanisms in FYXN.

Content of macro- and microelements in the plants of Artemisia annua L., A. ludoviciana Nutt. and A. austriaca L

The purpose of this study was to investigate mineral composition of the plants species Artemisia annua L., A. ludoviciana Nutt. and A. austriaca L. Methods. Determination of the elemental composition of plant material was carried out by the X-ray fluorescence method. Results. The content of mineral elements in plants depends on their individual ability to absorb elements from the soil and accumulate them in the roots, leaves and flowers. Plant samples of three species of wormwood were grown and studied during the flowering phase under conditions of introduction in M. M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NBG) during 2019–2022. The qualitative and quantitative content of different macro- and microelements in the soil and plants were investigated. It was shown that aerial parts of the investigated plants accumulate the most important elements for the plants life, such as – K, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn. Mesoelements Ca and S are present in sufficient quantities also. Elements Nb, Y, Ti, V, Cr were detected in soil, but were not determined in plants. Only A. annua plants contains Ni and Se, while A. ludoviciana and A. annua plants contain Pb. The amount of toxic elements in plants did not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations for vegetable raw materials and food products. Conclusion. Content of the main macro- and microelements was determined in the plants A. annua, A. ludoviciana and A. austriaca growing in NBG. The tendency of plants A. ludoviciana to accumulate high concentrations of iron in the roots and aerial part was observed. The obtained data will be useful for forecasting and evaluating the results of introduction of new promising species of the genus Artemisia, in breeding of new varieties of wormwood, to determine their pharmacological properties and to make a decision about the feasibility of using them in herbal tea and food products.

Ethanol extract from Artemisia argyi leaves inhibits HSV-1 infection by destroying the viral envelope

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a widely disseminated virus that establishes latency in the brain and causes occasional but fatal herpes simplex encephalitis. Currently, acyclovir (ACV) is the main clinical drug used in the treatment of HSV-1 infection, and the failure of therapy in immunocompromised patients caused by ACV-resistant HSV-1 strains necessitates the requirement to develop novel anti-HSV-1 drugs. Artemisia argyi, a Traditional Chinese Medicine, has been historically used to treat inflammation, bacterial infection, and cancer. In this study, we demonstrated the antiviral effect and mechanism of ethanol extract of A. argyi leaves (hereafter referred to as 'AEE'). We showed that AEE at 10 μg/ml exhibits potent antiviral effects on both normal and ACV-resistant HSV-1 strains. AEE also inhibited the infection of HSV-2, rotavirus, and influenza virus. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that AEE destroys the membrane integrity of HSV-1 viral particles, resulting in impaired viral attachment and penetration. Furthermore, mass spectrometry assay identified 12 major components of AEE, among which two new flavones, deoxysappanone B 7,3'-dimethyl ether, and 3,7-dihydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxyflavone, exhibited the highest binding affinity to HSV-1 glycoprotein gB at the surface site critical for gB-gH-gL interaction and gB-mediated membrane fusion, suggesting their involvement in inactivating virions. Therefore, A. argyi is an important source of antiviral drugs, and the AEE may be a potential novel antiviral agent against HSV-1 infection.

Artemisiae argyi Water Extract Alleviates Obesity-Induced Metabolic Disorder

Artemisiae argyi is a well-known traditional herbal medicine used in East Asia. Although the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of A. argyi have been reported, its efficacy in improving obesity has not been yet evaluated. In this study, mice were fed a normal diet (AIN-93), a high-fat diet (HFD, 60% of kcal from fat), and an HFD with 0.1% of A. argyi water extract for 16 weeks. The body weight and body fat in A. argyi-fed mice significantly decreased via upregulation of the mRNA expression of fatty acid oxidation-related genes, with a simultaneous decrease in plasma lipid content and leptin levels. A. argyi water extract also ameliorated hepatic steatosis by restricting lipogenesis via lowering the activities of fatty acid synthase and phosphatidic acid phosphatase. Consistently, hepatic histological analysis indicated that A. argyi water extract decreased hepatic lipid accumulation in accordance with the hepatic H, E and Oil Red O-stained area. Additionally, A. argyi ameliorated the impaired glucose homeostasis by increasing the mRNA expression of AMP-activated kinase and glycolysis-related genes. In conclusion, our results indicate that A. argyi can be used to treat obesity-related metabolic conditions.

Artemisia argyi extract induces apoptosis in human gemcitabine-resistant lung cancer cells via the PI3K/MAPK signaling pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Artemisia argyi H. Lév. & Vaniot (Asteraceae), also called "Chinese mugwort", is frequently used as a herbal medicine in China, Japan, Korea, and eastern parts of Russia. It is known as "ai ye" in China and "Gaiyou" in Japan. In ancient China, the buds and leaves of A. argyi were commonly consumed before and after Tomb-sweeping Day. It is used to treat malaria, hepatitis, cancer, inflammatory diseases, asthma, irregular menstrual cycle, sinusitis, and pathologic conditions of the kidney and liver. Although A. argyi extract (AAE) has shown anti-tumor activity against various cancers, the therapeutic effect and molecular mechanism of AAE remains to be further studied in lung cancer.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to demonstrate the anti-tumor effect of AAE and its associated biological mechanisms in CL1-0 parent and gemcitabine-resistant (CL1-0-GR) lung cancer cells.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Human lung cancer cells CL1-0 and CL1-0-GR cells were treated with AAE. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT, colony, and spheroid formation assays. Migration, invasion, and immunofluorescence staining were used to determine the extent of epithelial- mesenchymal transition (EMT). JC-1 and MitoSOX fluorescent assays were performed to investigate the effect of AAE on mitochondria. Apoptosis was detected using the TUNEL assay and flow cytometry with Annexin V staining.

RESULT

We found that A. argyi significantly decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis, accompanied by mitochondrial membrane depolarization and increased ROS levels in both parent cells (CL1-0) and gemcitabine-resistant lung cancer cells (CL1-0-GR). AAE-induced apoptosis is regulated via the PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways. It also prevents CL1-0 and CL1-0-GR cancer cell invasion, migration, EMT, colony formation, and spheroid formation. In addition, AAE acts cooperative with commercial chemotherapy drugs to enhance tumor spheroid shrinkage.

CONCLUSION

Our study provides the first evidence that A. argyi treatment suppresses both parent and gemcitabine-resistant lung cancer cells by inducing ROS, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and apoptosis, and reducing EMT. Our finding provides insights into the anti-cancer activity of A. argyi and suggests that A. argyi may serve as a chemotherapy adjuvant that potentiates the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents.

Ethyl Acetate Extract from Artemisia argyi Prevents Liver Damage in ConA-Induced Immunological Liver Injury Mice via Bax/Bcl-2 and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB Signaling Pathways

BACKGROUND

Immunological liver injury (ILI) is a common liver disease and lacks potent drugs for treatment. Artemisia argyi Lévl. et Vant. (A. argyi), a medicinal and edible homologous plant usually used in diet therapy to cure various liver diseases, provides a great option for the prevention of ILI.

PURPOSE

To investigate the effect that ethyl acetate extract of A. argyi (AaEA) on Concanavalin A (ConA)-induced ILI and the mechanism of regulating Bax/Bcl-2 and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways.

METHODS

The chemical components of AaEA were studied by LC-MS. In animal experiments, the positive control group was administrated diammonium glycyrrhizinate (DIG, 100 mg/kg), while different doses of AaEA groups (AaEA-H, AaEA-M, AaEA-L) were pretreated with AaEA 2.00, 1.00, and 0.50 g/kg, respectively, by intragastric for seven days, once every day. Then, ConA (12.00 mg/kg) was used through tail intravenous injection to establish the ILI model. The blood samples and livers were collected to test the degree of liver dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, histopathological changes, and cell apoptosis. Real-time PCR and Western blotting analysis were used to explain the mechanism of regulating Bax/Bcl-2 and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways.

RESULTS

The way in which AaEA prevents liver damage in immunological liver injury (ILI) mice caused by ConA was investigated for the first time. Pretreatment with AaEA reduced the expression of ALT, AST, and inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IFN-γ). Meanwhile, AaEA also reduced MDA levels but upregulated the contents of IL-4, SOD, and GSH-px, alleviating oxidative stress induced by ILI. Western blotting and real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that AaEA could regulate the expression level and relative mRNA expression of key proteins on Bax/Bcl-2 and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways. Finally, 504 components from AaEA were identified by LC-MS analysis, mainly including flavones, phenolic acids, and terpenoids with anti-inflammatory and liver protective activities, which highlights the potential of AaEA for diet treatment of ILI.

CONCLUSION

AaEA can work against ConA-induced ILI in mice by regulating Bax/Bcl-2 and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways, which has the potential to be a great strategy for the prevention of ILI.

Microbial community and fermentation characteristic of whole-crop wheat silage treated by lactic acid bacteria and Artemisia argyi during ensiling and aerobic exposure

Whole-crop wheat silage (WCWS) is an excellent feed material for ruminants. However, microbial fermentation during silage production consumes valuable nutrients, decreasing the quality of silage. The main objective of this study was to assess how the addition of increasing amounts of Artemisia argyi (AA) affected fermentation quality, microbial composition, and mycotoxin production in whole-crop wheat at dough stage (WCWD) silage during ensiling to aerobic exposure compared with Lactiplantibacillus buchneri (LB). The addition of 20% AA, resulted in a lower pH and higher lactic acid content, was found in silage treated with 20% AA, and an obvious increase in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus was detected in silages treated with LB and 20% AA, respectively. Meanwhile, inoculation with 20% AA decreased the abundance of harmful microorganisms, including Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, and Aspergillus. It also reduced the contents of mycotoxins, Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and deoxynivalenol (DON) during ensiling and aerobic exposure. These results confirmed that WCWD treated with 20% AA could improve the fermentation quality and enhance the aerobic stability of silage.

Inhibition of Synaptic Glutamate Exocytosis and Prevention of Glutamate Neurotoxicity by Eupatilin from Artemisia argyi in the Rat Cortex

The inhibition of synaptic glutamate release to maintain glutamate homeostasis contributes to the alleviation of neuronal cell injury, and accumulating evidence suggests that natural products can repress glutamate levels and associated excitotoxicity. In this study, we investigated whether eupatilin, a constituent of Artemisia argyi, affected glutamate release in rat cortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes). Additionally, we evaluated the effect of eupatilin in an animal model of kainic acid (KA) excitotoxicity, particularly on the levels of glutamate and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits (GluN2A and GluN2B). We found that eupatilin decreased depolarization-evoked glutamate release from rat cortical synaptosomes and that this effect was accompanied by a reduction in cytosolic Ca2+ elevation, inhibition of P/Q-type Ca2+ channels, decreased synapsin I Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation and no detectable effect on the membrane potential. In a KA-induced glutamate excitotoxicity rat model, the administration of eupatilin before KA administration prevented neuronal cell degeneration, glutamate elevation, glutamate-generating enzyme glutaminase increase, excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) decrease, GluN2A protein decrease and GluN2B protein increase in the rat cortex. Taken together, the results suggest that eupatilin depresses glutamate exocytosis from cerebrocortical synaptosomes by decreasing P/Q-type Ca2+ channels and synapsin I phosphorylation and alleviates glutamate excitotoxicity caused by KA by preventing glutamatergic alterations in the rat cortex. Thus, this study suggests that eupatilin can be considered a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of brain impairment associated with glutamate excitotoxicity.

Genome sequencing reveals chromosome fusion and extensive expansion of genes related to secondary metabolism in Artemisia argyi

Artemisia argyi, as famous as Artemisia annua, is a medicinal plant with huge economic value in the genus of Artemisia and has been widely used in the world for about 3000 years. However, a lack of the reference genome severely hinders the understanding of genetic basis for the active ingredient synthesis of A. argyi. Here, we firstly report a complex chromosome-level genome assembly of A. argyi with a large size of 8.03 Gb, with features of high heterozygosity (2.36%), high repetitive sequences (73.59%) and a huge number of protein-coding genes (279 294 in total). The assembly reveals at least three rounds of whole-genome duplication (WGD) events, including a recent WGD event in the A. argyi genome, and a recent burst of transposable element, which may contribute to its large genome size. The genomic data and karyotype analyses confirmed that A. argyi is an allotetraploid with 34 chromosomes. Intragenome synteny analysis revealed that chromosomes fusion event occurred in the A. argyi genome, which elucidates the changes in basic chromosome numbers in Artemisia genus. Significant expansion of genes related to photosynthesis, DNA replication, stress responses and secondary metabolism were identified in A. argyi, explaining the extensive environmental adaptability and rapid growth characteristics. In addition, we analysed genes involved in the biosynthesis pathways of flavonoids and terpenoids, and found that extensive gene amplification and tandem duplication contributed to the high contents of metabolites in A. argyi. Overall, the reference genome assembly provides scientific support for evolutionary biology, functional genomics and breeding in A. argyi and other Artemisia species.