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Roy D, Kim J, Lee M, Kim S, Park J. PM10-bound microplastics and trace metals: A public health insight from the Korean subway and indoor environments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135156. [PMID: 39079300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Inhalable airborne microplastics (MPs) presented in indoor and outdoor environments, can deeply penetrate the lungs, potentially triggering inflammation and respiratory illnesses. The present study aims to evaluate human health risks from respirable particulate matter (PM)-bound trace metals and MPs in indoor (SW- subway and IRH- indoor residential houses) and outdoor (OD) environments. This research provides an initial approach to human respiratory tract (HRT) mass depositions of PM10-bound total MPs and nine specific MP types to predict potential human health threats from inhalation exposure. Results indicate that PM-bound trace metals and MPs were around 4 times higher in SW microenvironments compared to OD locations. In IRH, cancer risk (CR) levels were estimated 9 and 4 times higher for PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. Additionally, MP particle depositions per gram of lung cell weight were highest in IRH (23.77), followed by OD and SW. Whereas, lifetime alveoli depositions of MPs were estimated at 13.73 MP/g, which exceeds previously reported respiratory disease fatality cases by 10 to 5 times. Prolonged exposure duration at IRH emerged as a key factor contributing to increased CR and MP lung deposition levels. This research highlights severe lung risks from inhaling PM-bound MPs and metals, offering valuable health insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debananda Roy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjoo Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunga Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhong Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Birgül A. Assessing heavy metal contamination and health risks in playground dust near cement factory: exposure levels in children. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:368. [PMID: 39167104 PMCID: PMC11339112 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metals pose significant threats to human health, particularly children. This study aimed to assess heavy metal pollution in children's playgrounds using surface dust as an indicator and to ascertain the associated exposure levels and health risks. A total of one hundred twenty dust samples were collected from the surface of playground toys in areas surrounding the cement factory in Bursa, Türkiye, on precipitation-free days. The heavy metal content of the samples was analyzed using ICP-MS. The average total concentration of heavy metals ranged from 2401 to 6832 mg/kg across the sampling sites, with the highest values observed at PG4, PG3, PG2, and PG1, respectively. The most commonly detected heavy metals in the samples included Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As, and Ni. Statistical analysis revealed significant positive correlations (p < 0.01) among Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Pb, As, and Ni, with Cu and Pb also showing correlation (p < 0.05). PCA analysis identified three principal components explaining 79.905% of the total variance. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index values for heavy metals were found to be below the safe threshold (HQ < 1). Quantitative techniques such as the geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor are used to determine pollution levels at the sampling sites. Overall, the results indicate that cement factories significantly contribute to heavy metal pollution, with observed values varying based on proximity to the emission source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aşkın Birgül
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering, Bursa Technical University, Mimar Sinan Mahallesi Mimar Sinan Bulvarı Eflak Caddesi No:177, 16310, Yıldırım/Bursa, Turkey.
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3
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Konstantinova E, Minkina T, Nevidomskaya D, Lychagin M, Bezberdaya L, Burachevskaya M, Rajput VD, Zamulina I, Bauer T, Mandzhieva S. Potentially toxic elements in urban soils of the coastal city of the Sea of Azov: Levels, sources, pollution and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:119080. [PMID: 38714220 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Coastal cities are major centers of economic activity, which at the same time has negative consequences for the environment. The present study aimed to determine the concentrations and sources of PTEs in the urban soils of Taganrog, as well as to assess the ecological and human health risks. A total of 47 urban and 5 background topsoils samples were analyzed by ICP-MS and ICP-AES. A significant excess of Cu, Zn, and Sb was noted in urban soils compared to the upper continental crust and average world-soil (1.7-2.9 times). Statistical analysis showed that the elements in soils were of geogenic, mixed and anthropogenic origin. According to the single pollution index (PI), the greatest danger of soil pollution was represented by anthropogenic elements, namely Cu, W, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Sn, the levels of which were increased in residential and industrial areas. The median contents of As, Mn, Cr, Sr, Mo, Sb, Cu, W, Pb, and Zn were 1.1-2.1 times higher, while Cd and Sn were 2.5 folds higher in the urban soils compared to the background ones. The total pollution index (ZC) showed that only 15% of the soils had high level of pollution, which is typical for the industrial areas. Overall ecological risks were negligible or low in 92% of soils, and were mainly due to elevated levels of Cu, Zn, As, and Pb. Non-carcinogenic risks to humans were mainly related to exposure to La and Pb. The hazard index (HI) values for all PTEs were less than ten, indicating that overall non-carcinogenic risk for adults and children was low-to-moderate and, moderate, respectively. The total carcinogenic risk (TCR) exceeded threshold and corresponded to low risk, with Pb, As, and Co being the most important contributors. Thus, the industrial activities of Taganrog is the main source of priority pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Konstantinova
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnologies, Southern Federal University, 344090, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnologies, Southern Federal University, 344090, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Dina Nevidomskaya
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnologies, Southern Federal University, 344090, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Mikhail Lychagin
- Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Liliya Bezberdaya
- Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Burachevskaya
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnologies, Southern Federal University, 344090, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnologies, Southern Federal University, 344090, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
| | - Inna Zamulina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnologies, Southern Federal University, 344090, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Tatiana Bauer
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnologies, Southern Federal University, 344090, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Saglara Mandzhieva
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnologies, Southern Federal University, 344090, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
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4
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Dantas Arouca NGF, Moreira LFF, Moraes EP, do Nascimento Batista JA. Spatio-temporal variability of potentially toxic elements' pollution in road-deposited sediments according to health risk thresholds: a meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:258. [PMID: 38886307 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Road deposited sediments (RDS) are important sinks of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), which may have a significant impact on human health. A systematic review of published papers on the PTEs occurrence in RDS was carried out. The main goal was to assess the global RDS contamination by PTEs and human health risks linked with anthropogenic activities. A systematic search was made to collect information about the most cited PTEs in the published literature and perform a statistical analysis. Subsequently, health risks were assessed for 35 different areas worldwide. PTE concentrations showed high variability, and means were multiple times higher than the corresponding consensus-based threshold effect concentrations (5.2-, 10.3-, 5.3-, 3-, 7.3-, and 3.6-fold higher for Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cu, and Cd, respectively). PTEs concentrations were ranked as Zn > Pb > Cu > Mn > Cr > Ni > Cd. Non carcinogenic risks followed the trend Pb > Cu > Zn > Cd. Lead is responsible for the highest significant non carcinogenic risk to human health. Unacceptable exposition to carcinogenic risks is present in most areas. The top carcinogenic risk areas were Singapore > Beijing > Yixing > Shanghai > Zhuzhou for adult male, Dresden > Singapore > Ulsan > Huludao for adult females, and Dresden > Singapore > Ulsan > Huludao for children. Highest chromium and nickel carcinogenic risks occurred in Singapore, Cd in Dresden, and Cu in Huludao. Highest RDS contamination was seen in industrial areas due to pollutants deposition. Highest Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb concentrations occur in densely urbanized areas due to heavy-duty vehicular exhausts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucio Flavio Ferreira Moreira
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Edgar Perin Moraes
- Chemometrics and Biological Chemistry Group (CBC), Institute of Chemistry, UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
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5
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Hei E, He M, Zhang E, Yu H, Chen K, Qin Y, Zeng X, Zhou Z, Fan H, Shangguan Y, Wang L. Risk assessment of antimony-arsenic contaminated soil remediated using zero-valent iron at different pH values combined with freeze-thaw cycles. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:448. [PMID: 38607467 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12601-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Soil in mining wastelands is seriously polluted with heavy metals. Zero-valent iron (ZVI) is widely used for remediation of heavy metal-polluted soil because of its excellent adsorption properties; however, the remediation process is affected by complex environmental conditions, such as acid rain and freeze-thaw cycles. In this study, the effects of different pH values and freeze-thaw cycles on remediation of antimony (Sb)- and arsenic (As)-contaminated soil by ZVI were investigated in laboratory simulation experiments. The stability and potential human health risks associated with the remediated soil were evaluated. The results showed that ZVI has a significant stabilizing effect on Sb and As in both acidic and alkaline soils contaminated with dual levels of Sb and As, and the freeze-thaw process in different pH value solution systems further enhances the ability of ZVI to stabilize Sb and As, especially in acidic soils. However, it should be noted that apart from the pH=1.0 solution environment, ZVI's ability to stabilize As is attenuated under other circumstances, potentially leading to leaching of its unstable form and thereby increasing contamination risks. This indicates that the F1 (2% ZVI+pH=1 solution+freeze-thaw cycle) processing exhibits superior effectiveness. After F1 treatment, the bioavailability of Sb and As in both soils also significantly decreased during the gastric and intestinal stages (about 60.00%), the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of Sb and As in alkaline soils are eliminated for children and adults, with a decrease ranging from 60.00% to 70.00%, while in acidic soil, the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of As to adults and children is acceptable, but Sb still poses non-carcinogenic risks to children, despite reductions of about 65.00%. These findings demonstrate that soil pH is a crucial factor influencing the efficacy of ZVI in stabilizing Sb and As contaminants during freeze-thaw cycles. This provides a solid theoretical foundation for utilizing ZVI in the remediation of Sb- and As-contaminated soils, emphasizing the significance of considering both pH levels and freeze-thaw conditions to ensure effective and safe treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erping Hei
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingjiang He
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
| | - Enze Zhang
- College of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
| | - Yusheng Qin
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiangzhong Zeng
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
| | - Zijun Zhou
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongzhu Fan
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxian Shangguan
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China.
| | - Luying Wang
- Chengdu Jiaji Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610095, Sichuan, China
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6
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Gao X, Zhou Y, Fan M, Jiang M, Zhang M, Cai H, Wang X. Environmental risk assessment near a typical spent lead-acid battery recycling factory in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 233:116417. [PMID: 37329945 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, environmental pollution and public health incidents caused by the recycling of spent lead-acid batteries (LABs) has becoming more frequent, posing potential risk to both the ecological environment and human health. Accurately assessing the environmental risk associated with the recycling of spent LABs is a prerequisite for achieving pollution control. In this study, a spent LABs recycling factory in Chongqing was investigated through on-site investigation, sample analysis. Exposure assessment and health risk assessment were also conducted. The results showed that: firstly, Pb and As concentrations exceeding the standard limit values were found in the environmental air and vegetables near the spent LABs recycling factory. Secondly, exposure assessment results showed that total average daily exposure to hazardous substances for children (3.46 × 10-2 mg/kg) is higher than for adults (4.80 × 10-2 mg/kg). The main exposure pathways for Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Hg are ingestion of vegetables, while those for Cd, As, and Sb are through inhalation. Thirdly, health risk assessment results indicate that environmental exposure poses unacceptable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk to both adults and children near the spent LABs recycling factory, with children facing higher risk than adults. Pb and As are the main contributors to non-carcinogenic risk, and Ni and As are the main contributors to unacceptable carcinogenic risk. In particular, As, has a greater contribution to total carcinogenic risk index through inhalation than vegetable ingestion. Overall, vegetable ingestion and inhalation are the main exposure pathways for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk. Consequently, future risk assessment should focus on the impact of hazardous substances on children, as well as the health risk associated with ingestion of vegetables and inhalation. Our findings will provide basic information for proposing measures of environmental risk prevention during the recycling of spent LABs, for example, controlling of As in exhaust gas emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Yiran Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Mengqi Fan
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Min Jiang
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Manli Zhang
- Chongqing Solid Waste Management Center, Chongqing, 400017, China.
| | - Hongying Cai
- Chongqing Solid Waste Management Center, Chongqing, 400017, China.
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
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7
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Kyene MO, Gbeddy G, Mensah T, Acheampong C, Kumi-Amoah G, Ketemepi HK, Brimah AK, Akyea-Larbi K, Darko DA. Bioaccessibility and children health risk assessment of soil-laden heavy metals from school playground and public parks in Accra, Ghana. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1199. [PMID: 37698664 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Parks and playground soils constitute a critical matrix for children exposure to hazardous substances due to their high exposure rate. However, minimal investigation has been conducted in Ghana on the subject, thus the need for this research. One hundred and twenty (120) soil samples were collected between April 2015 and March 2016 and then analyzed for heavy metals using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The health risk posed to school children by the heavy metals laden in soil was assessed via oral bioaccessibility and hazard index. The oral bioaccessibility of the metals was estimated using the simple bioaccessibility extraction test (SBET) method. Iron (Fe) measured the highest range of total metal concentrations of 2785.0-15275.0 mg kg-1 followed by Pb of 2.1-284.0 mg kg-1. The oral bioaccessibility of the metals varied significantly with Pb and Cu exhibiting the highest mean values of 47.80% and 54.45%, respectively. The sequence for the mean bioaccessibility result does not correspond with the mean concentration of metals in the soil. The hazard index (HI) for most of the heavy metals indicated no potential non-carcinogenic health risk to children (HI < 1) except for Pb. The prolonged use of leaded fuel in Ghana prior to its outright ban on January 1 2004 and the persistence of Pb in soil media may account for its high risk. The deleterious health effects of Pb on children call for the adoption and implementation of appropriate environmental management of playgrounds so as to mitigate children's exposure to soil-laden heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Kyene
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Quality Control, Centre for Plant Medicine Research Mampong - Akuapem, Koforidua, Ghana
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gustav Gbeddy
- Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Kwabenya, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Theophilus Mensah
- Department of Science, SDA University College of Education, Asokore-Koforidua, Ghana
| | - Charles Acheampong
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gifty Kumi-Amoah
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Dept. of Environment and Public Health, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Hilary Kwesi Ketemepi
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Food Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Accra, Ghana
| | - Abdul K Brimah
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kofi Akyea-Larbi
- Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Kwabenya, Accra, Ghana
| | - Daniel Amoako Darko
- Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Laha T, Gope M, Datta S, Masto RE, Balachandran S. Oral bioaccessibility of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and related health risk in urban playground soil from a medieval bell metal industrial town Khagra, India. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:5619-5637. [PMID: 32920749 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00715-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In vitro oral bioaccessibility assay (simple bioaccessibility extraction test) was used to assess bioaccessible PTEs (As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, and Zn) in 16 playground soils of Khagra, which is a medieval bell metal industrial town at Murshidabad district, West Bengal, India. The aim was also to establish levels of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soil, their origin, and human health risk, particularly on children. The average pseudo-total PTEs content in playground soil samples was in the decreasing order of Fe (18,988 mg kg-1) > Zn (1229 mg kg-1) > Cu (999 mg kg-1) > Mn (343 mg kg-1) > Pb (181 mg kg-1) > Sn (132 mg kg-1) > Co (8.63 mg kg-1) > As (5.21 mg kg-1) > Cd (0.88 mg kg-1). The pollution indices indicate significant enrichment of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Sn in the playground. The bioaccessible percentage of PTEs in the 16 playground soils ranged from 0 to 80.25%, where the range of percentage of bioaccessibility was 13.24-62.50, 0-61.46, 16.82-28.79, 5.05-73.06, 0.96-6.14, 2.28-38, and 0-80 for As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn, respectively. The order of percentage of bioaccessibility was As > Mn > Zn > Sn > Cu > Co > Pb > Cd > Ni > Fe. PCA extracted two major factors indicating the anthropogenic (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Sn) and geogenic (Co, Fe, and Mn) source. Stepwise multiple regression analysis exhibited that the oral bioaccessibility of PTEs did not correlate with physicochemical parameters like pH, EC. In contrast, Sn had a significant correlation with that of organic matter. The health risk for pseudo-total as well as bioavailable fraction in playground soil depicted that children were more vulnerable to ingestion of soil contaminated with PTEs, particularly for Cu and Pb. A risk management plan with the bioaccessible data involving detailed site-specific exposure factors to indicate the importance of the study in terms of child health safety is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Laha
- Department of Environmental Studies, Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India
| | - Manash Gope
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur (NITD), Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Sreemanta Datta
- Environmental Management Division (EMD), CSIR-CIMFR, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 828108, India
| | - Reginald Ebhin Masto
- Environmental Management Division (EMD), CSIR-CIMFR, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 828108, India
| | - Srinivasan Balachandran
- Department of Environmental Studies, Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India.
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9
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Hanfi MY, Seleznev AA, Yarmoshenko IV, Malinovsky G, Konstantinova EY, Alqahtani MS, Sakr AK. Heavy metal contamination levels, source distribution, and risk assessment in fine sand of urban surface deposited sediments of Ekaterinburg, Russia. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:4389-4406. [PMID: 36808374 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01494-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Urban surface deposited sediments (USDS) are unique indicators of local pollution that pose a potential threat to the living environment and human health. Ekaterinburg is a highly populated metropolitan area in Russia with rapid urbanization and industrialization activities. In Ekaterinburg's residential areas, about 35, 12, and 16 samples are represented by green zones, roads, driveways, and sidewalks, respectively. The total concentrations of heavy metals was detected using a chemical analyzer inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Zn, Sn, Sb, and Pb have the highest concentrations in the green zone, while V, Fe, Co, and Cu represent the utmost values on roads. Moreover, Mn and Ni are the prevailing metals in the fine sand fraction of driveways along with sidewalks. Broadly, the high pollution in the studied zones is generated by anthropogenic activities and traffic emissions. The potential ecological risk (RI) was observed in high risk (IR > 600), even though the results of all heavy metals reveal no adverse health effects from the considered noncarcinogenic metal for adults and children by different exposure pathways except the children's exposure to Co in case of the dermal contact, where the HI values of Co for children in the studied zones are higher than the proposed level (> 1). In all urban zones, the total carcinogenic risk (TLCR) values are predicted as a high potential inhalation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Y Hanfi
- Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., Yekaterinburg, 620002, Russia.
- Nuclear Materials Authority, P.O. Box 530, El Maadi, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Andrian A Seleznev
- Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., Yekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
- Institute of Industrial Ecology UB RAS, Yekaterinburg, 620219, Russia
- Zavaritsky Institute of Geology and Geochemistry UB RAS, Yekaterinburg, 620016, Russia
| | | | - Georgy Malinovsky
- Institute of Industrial Ecology UB RAS, Yekaterinburg, 620219, Russia
| | | | - Mohammed S Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, University of Leicester, Michael Atiyah Building, LE1 7RH, Leicester, UK
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Sciences (RCAMS), King Khalid University, 9004, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed K Sakr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Hull, Kingston Upon Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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10
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Wang X, Liu E, Yan M, Zheng S, Fan Y, Sun Y, Li Z, Xu J. Contamination and source apportionment of metals in urban road dust (Jinan, China) integrating the enrichment factor, receptor models (FA-NNC and PMF), local Moran's index, Pb isotopes and source-oriented health risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163211. [PMID: 37003334 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Contamination and source identifications of metals in urban road dust are critical for remediation and health protection. Receptor models are commonly used for metal source identification, whereas the results are usually subjective and not verified by other indicators. Here we present and discuss a comprehensive approach to study metal contamination and sources in urban road dust (Jinan) in spring and winter by integrating the enrichment factor (EF), receptor models (positive matrix factorization (PMF) and factor analysis with nonnegative constraints (FA-NNC)), local Moran's index, traffic factors and Pb isotopes. Cadmium, Cr, Cu, Pb, Sb, Sn and Zn were the main contaminants, with mean EFs of 2.0-7.1. The EFs were 1.0-1.6 times higher in winter than in spring but exhibited similar spatial trends. Chromium contamination hotspots occurred in the northern area, with other metal contamination hotspots in the central, southeastern and eastern areas. The FA-NNC results indicated Cr contamination primarily resulting from industrial sources and other metal contamination primarily originating from traffic emissions during the two seasons. Coal burning emissions also contributed to Cd, Pb and Zn contamination in winter. FA-NNC model-identified metal sources were verified via traffic factors, atmospheric monitoring and Pb isotopes. The PMF model failed to differentiate Cr contamination from other detrital metals and the above anthropogenic sources, largely due to the model grouping metals by emphasizing hotspots. Considering the FA-NNC results, industrial and traffic sources accounted for 28.5 % (23.3 %) and 44.7 % (28.4 %), respectively, of the metal concentrations in spring (winter), and coal burning emissions contributed 34.3 % in winter. Industrial emissions primarily contributed to the health risks of metals due to the high Cr loading factor, but traffic emissions dominated metal contamination. Through Monte Carlo simulations, Cr had 4.8 % and 0.4 % possibilities posing noncarcinogenic and 18.8 % and 8.2 % possibilities posing carcinogenic risks for children in spring and winter, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, PR China
| | - Enfeng Liu
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, PR China.
| | - Mengxia Yan
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, PR China
| | - Shuwei Zheng
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, PR China
| | - Ying Fan
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, PR China
| | - Yingxue Sun
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, PR China
| | - Zijun Li
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, PR China
| | - Jinling Xu
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, PR China.
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Roy D, Kim J, Lee M, Park J. Adverse impacts of Asian dust events on human health and the environment-A probabilistic risk assessment study on particulate matter-bound metals and bacteria in Seoul, South Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162637. [PMID: 36889412 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the impact of Asian dust (AD) on the human health and the environment. Particulate matter (PM) and PM-bound trace elements and bacteria were examined to determine the chemical and biological hazards associated with AD days and compared with non-AD days in Seoul. On AD days, the mean PM10 concentration was ∼3.5 times higher than that on non-AD days. Elements generated from the Earth's crust (Al, Fe, and Ca) and anthropogenic sources (Pb, Ni, and Cd) were identified as major contributors to coarse and fine particles, respectively. During AD days, the study area was recognized as "severe" for pollution index and pollution load index levels, and "moderately to heavily polluted" for geoaccumulation index levels. The potential cancer risk (CR) and non-CR were estimated for the dust generated during AD events. On AD days, total CR levels were significant (in 1.08 × 10-5-2.22 × 10-5), which were associated with PM-bound As, Cd, and Ni. In addition, inhalation CR was found to be similar to the incremental lifetime CR levels estimated using the human respiratory tract mass deposition model. In a short exposure duration (14 days), high PM and bacterial mass deposition, significant non-CR levels, and a high presence of potential respiratory infection-causing pathogens (Rothia mucilaginosa) were observed during AD days. Significant non-CR levels were observed for bacterial exposure, despite insignificant levels of PM10-bound elements. Therefore, the substantial ecological risk, CR, and non-CR levels for inhalation exposure to PM-bound bacteria, and the presence of potential respiratory pathogens, indicate that AD events pose a significant risk to both human lung health and the environment. This study provides the first comprehensive examination of significant non-CR levels for bacteria and carcinogenicity of PM-bound metals during AD events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debananda Roy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjoo Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhong Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Marin Villegas CA, Zagury GJ. Incorporating oral, inhalation and dermal bioaccessibility into human health risk characterization following exposure to Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)-contaminated soils. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114446. [PMID: 38321665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to potentially toxic metal(loid)s (PTMs) in soil may happen via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal pathway. A more accurate risk characterization should consider PTM bioavailability. Using ten soil samples collected in the Montreal area (Canada) near CCA-treated utility poles, this study aims to characterize non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic human health risks associated with As, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn through a multi-pathway exposure approach. This innovative study incorporates, for the first time, the bioaccessible fraction of the metal(loid)s for three exposure routes and two different scenarios. For the residential and industrial scenarios, the oral and dermal pathways yielded a hazard index (HI) much higher than 1 with and without bioaccessibility considerations (range 1.7 - 349 without bioaccessibility and 0.8-134 with bioaccessibility), whereas the inhalation pathway caused a lower hazard (HI < 1). For the dermal pathway, the hazard quotient was higher when bioaccessibility of field-collected samples was considered due to inherent assumptions from the US EPA soil approach to calculate the dermal dose. For carcinogenic risk, As and Pb were the most significant contributors to risk for the oral pathway, followed by the same elements for the dermal pathway. The overall carcinogenic risk was higher than the acceptable risk ( > 10-4) with and without bioaccessibility considerations (range 1.9E-4 - 9.6E-3 without bioaccessibility and 6.8E-5 - 3.8E-3 with bioaccessibility). Bioaccessibility tests provide a more accurate assessment of exposure to PTMs compared to total concentrations in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Marin Villegas
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Gerald J Zagury
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.
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13
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Tang Q, Zhang H, Zhao X, Miao C, Yang P, Zhou Z, Ji Q, Chen L. Speciation, bioaccessibility and human health risk assessment of chromium in solid wastes from an ultra-low emission coal-fired power plant, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120400. [PMID: 36228856 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) in solid wastes from ultra-low emission (ULE) coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) could engender adverse effects on environment and human health. Hence, solid waste samples containing bottom ash, fly ash, gypsum and sludge were collected from a typical ULE CFPP in China to study the distribution, speciation, bioaccessibility and human health risk of Cr. The results showed that Cr was depleted in gypsum, whereas significantly enriched in bottom ash, fly ash and sludge comparing with feed coal. The ratios of Cr(VI) to total Cr in solid wastes were relatively low, but the increase of flow fractions in Cr chemical binding forms implied the deterioration of environmental stability. Based on the in vitro simulated digestion methods of solubility bioavailability research consortium (SBRC) and physiologically based extraction test (PBET), the bioaccessibility of Cr in the gastric and intestinal phases reached the highest values in either gypsum or sludge. After incorporating bioaccessibility in human health risk assessment, the carcinogenic risk (CR) within acceptable limits of Cr in solid wastes to adults and children was concluded, with the non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) was all within the safety threshold. The Monte Carlo model was applied to evaluate the uncertainty analysis of human health risk assessment at 5% and 95% confidence interval, and the fitting results were consistent with the calculation results of the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk for adults and children. This study is expected to provide insights for the integration of bioaccessibility into the health risk assessment of Cr in solid wastes from ULE CFPPs, thus is conducive to the disposal of solid wastes and human health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Huiming Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Chunhui Miao
- Anhui Xinli Power Technology Consulting Company with Limited Liability, State Grid Anhui Electric Power Corporation Research Institute, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Pengpeng Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Zhongkang Zhou
- Anhui Xinli Power Technology Consulting Company with Limited Liability, State Grid Anhui Electric Power Corporation Research Institute, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Qiaozhen Ji
- Anhui Xinli Power Technology Consulting Company with Limited Liability, State Grid Anhui Electric Power Corporation Research Institute, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Lai Chen
- School of Business, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
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14
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Stanfield Z, Setzer RW, Hull V, Sayre RR, Isaacs KK, Wambaugh JF. Bayesian inference of chemical exposures from NHANES urine biomonitoring data. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 32:833-846. [PMID: 35978002 PMCID: PMC9979158 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowing which environmental chemicals contribute to metabolites observed in humans is necessary for meaningful estimates of exposure and risk from biomonitoring data. OBJECTIVE Employ a modeling approach that combines biomonitoring data with chemical metabolism information to produce chemical exposure intake rate estimates with well-quantified uncertainty. METHODS Bayesian methodology was used to infer ranges of exposure for parent chemicals of biomarkers measured in urine samples from the U.S population by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Metabolites were probabilistically linked to parent chemicals using the NHANES reports and text mining of PubMed abstracts. RESULTS Chemical exposures were estimated for various population groups and translated to risk-based prioritization using toxicokinetic (TK) modeling and experimental data. Exposure estimates were investigated more closely for children aged 3 to 5 years, a population group that debuted with the 2015-2016 NHANES cohort. SIGNIFICANCE The methods described here have been compiled into an R package, bayesmarker, and made publicly available on GitHub. These inferred exposures, when coupled with predicted toxic doses via high throughput TK, can help aid in the identification of public health priority chemicals via risk-based bioactivity-to-exposure ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Stanfield
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - R Woodrow Setzer
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Victoria Hull
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU), Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Risa R Sayre
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Kristin K Isaacs
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - John F Wambaugh
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
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15
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Hanfi MY, Seleznev AA, Yarmoshenko IV, Malinovsky G, Konstantinova EY, Alsafi KG, Sakr AK. Potentially harmful elements in urban surface deposited sediment of Ekaterinburg, Russia: Occurrence, source appointment and risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135898. [PMID: 35940409 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the human health risks of potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in urban surface deposited sediments (USDS) were examined by collecting urban dust samples, measuring their PHE concentrations, and using index evaluation. About 35, 12 and 16 samples are represented a green zones, roads, driveways and sidewalks in residential areas of Ekaterinburg, respectively. The dust fraction (0.002-0.1 mm) was obtained by sieving, filtration, and decantation process. Total concentrations of 10 PHEs were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The highest concentrations of Pb were found in USDS from green zones, while Fe, V, Mn, Co, Ni, Sn, and Sb on roads, Cu and Zn on driveways and sidewalks. The contamination levels in the investigated land-use areas were studied, where the highest contamination was contributed from Sb in the driveways and sidewalk. Moreover, the pollution in the studied zones was a high load, contributing to anthropogenic activities and traffic emissions. No non-cancerogenic risk was attributed from the PHEs based on the results of health indices (HI < 1) for both adult and children, except Co and Ni which has HI > 1 for children. The total carcinogenic risk (TLCR) in all urban landscape areas is defined as a high potential inhalation exposure and a low potential ingestion and dermal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Y Hanfi
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia; Nuclear Materials Authority, P.O. Box 530, El Maadi, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Andrian A Seleznev
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia; Institute of Industrial Ecology UB RAS, Ekaterinburg, 620219, Russia
| | | | - Georgy Malinovsky
- Institute of Industrial Ecology UB RAS, Ekaterinburg, 620219, Russia
| | | | - Khalid G Alsafi
- Medical Physics Unit, Diagnostic Imaging Department, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed K Sakr
- Nuclear Materials Authority, P.O. Box 530, El Maadi, Cairo, Egypt.
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16
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Xiang Q, Yu H, Chu H, Hu M, Xu T, Xu X, He Z. The potential ecological risk assessment of soil heavy metals using self-organizing map. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:156978. [PMID: 35772532 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution control zoning aiming at the health maintenance of watershed soil ecosystem has become an important means of soil environmental protection and governance. Based on the self-organizing map (SOM), this study classifies the data sets of eight heavy metals such as Co, Cd, Zn, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Tl in 354 samples, calculates the potential ecological risk value of soil heavy metals in combination with the potential Hakansom Risk index (HRI), and uses the geographic information system (GIS) for visualization. In the research results, SOM has divided five soil ecological risk categories. The highest average ecological risk value of 85.95 is found in cluster IV, which is clustered and distributed in urban development areas in the upper reaches of the river. The average ecological risk values of cluster I and cluster V are relatively close at 79.64 and 79.19, respectively. Cluster I and cluster V are distributed in the north of the river in a linear and cluster manner, respectively, and are located on a concave bank with a relatively gentle slope. The average ecological risk of soil pollution in cluster II is 77.59, which is linearly distributed on both banks of the river. The ecological risk of soil pollution in cluster III is the lowest (74.39), mainly scattered in the south of rivers with less human activities. The study further identified the environmental factors that affect the soil ecological risk value in different cluster units and put forward the classified and differentiated management and control strategies for different cluster units. The research shows that SOM can cluster the data sets of heavy metals with high sensitivity and low threshold through competitive learning to effectively provide the distribution information of abnormal soil ecological risk areas. This information is helpful for urban environmental management departments and planning departments to take targeted management and recovery measures to avoid the health risks related to soil heavy metal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xiang
- College of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Huan Yu
- College of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China.
| | - Hongliang Chu
- China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mengke Hu
- College of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Tao Xu
- College of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- Department of Geography and Environmental Resources, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States; Environmental Resources and Policy, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States
| | - Ziyi He
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Nottingham Ningbo, Ningbo 315100, China
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17
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Ghani J, Nawab J, Faiq ME, Ullah S, Alam A, Ahmad I, Ali SW, Khan S, Ahmad I, Muhammad A, Ur Rahman SA, Abbas M, Rashid A, Hasan SZ, Hamza A. Multi-geostatistical analyses of the spatial distribution and source apportionment of potentially toxic elements in urban children's park soils in Pakistan: A risk assessment study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119961. [PMID: 35977638 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, contamination of urban children's parks (UCPs) with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) has been attracting more and more interest; however, assessment of eco-environmental and child exposure risks particularly in developing countries remains limited. The current study investigated PTE (Cr, Ni, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) concentrations, potential sources, and their health risk assessment in UCP soils of 12 major cities in Pakistan. The results showed that the mean concentration of Ni exceeded the SEPA-permissible limit in all UCP sites, while other PTEs were found to be within acceptable limits. The soil properties such as pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, and soil particles size were determined in UCPs soils. The contamination factor and pollution load index results indicated low to moderate pollution levels (CF < 3) and (PLI<1) for all PTEs except Ni in some of the selected cities. Quantile-quantile (Q-Q) plotting determined the normal distribution line for all PTEs in the UCPs. Principal component analysis showed the mixed sources of contamination from industrial emissions, fossil fuel combustion, vehicular emissions, wastewater irrigation, as well as solid waste disposal and natural sources of soil parent materials in all park sites. ANOVA results showed that all the PTEs except Cd had moderate to higher contamination values than the reference site. The risk assessment study revealed that children had high exposure to the selected PTEs via all exposure pathways. The hazard index (HI) mean value (1.82E+00) of Ni for all exposure pathways was greater than 1, while total risk value of Cr (1.00E-03) had exceeded USEPA limit, indicating cancer risk. Consequently, the study of UCPs soils revealed PTEs contamination that could pose a potential health risk to the local population in the studied UCPs regions of Pakistan. Thus, the present study recommends that the influx of PTEs originating from natural and anthropogenic sources should be mitigated and government should implement strict enforcement of environmental regulations and proper management, as well as air quality monitoring guidelines for public health should be strictly adopted to reduce traffic- and industrial emission-related to PTEs in metropolitan areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid Ghani
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Pakistan.
| | - Mohammad Eshaq Faiq
- College of Marine and Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Sajid Ullah
- Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Nangarhar University, Jalalabad, 2600, Afghanistan
| | - Arshad Alam
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Iftikhar Ahmad
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Syed Weqas Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Imran Ahmad
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Asim Muhammad
- Department of Agronomy, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Syed Aziz Ur Rahman
- Department of Environmental Sciences University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abbas
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Abdur Rashid
- School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shah Zaib Hasan
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Amir Hamza
- Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
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18
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Exploring Soil Pollution Patterns Using Self-Organizing Maps. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10080416. [PMID: 35893849 PMCID: PMC9330445 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The geochemical composition of bedrock is the key feature determining elemental concentrations in soil, followed by anthropogenic factors that have less impact. Concerning the latter, harmful effects on the trophic chain are increasingly affecting people living in and around urban areas. In the study area of the present survey, the municipalities of Cosenza and Rende (Calabria, southern Italy), topsoil were collected and analysed for 25 elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in order to discriminate the different possible sources of elemental concentrations and define soil quality status. Statistical and geostatistical methods were applied to monitoring the concentrations of major oxides and minor elements, while the Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) algorithm was used for unsupervised grouping. Results show that seven clusters were identified-(I) Cr, Co, Fe, V, Ti, Al; (II) Ni, Na; (III) Y, Zr, Rb; (IV) Si, Mg, Ba; (V) Nb, Ce, La; (VI) Sr, P, Ca; (VII) As, Zn, Pb-according to soil elemental associations, which are controlled by chemical and mineralogical factors of the study area parent material and by soil-forming processes, but with some exceptions linked to anthropogenic input.
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19
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Li N, Li Y, Wang G, Zhang H, Zhang X, Wen J, Cheng X. The sources risk assessment combined with APCS/MLR model for potentially toxic elements in farmland of a first-tier city, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:50717-50726. [PMID: 35243575 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19325-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid economic development, potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are continuously migrating, transforming, and enriching in farmland through atmospheric deposition and other media, posing threats to food security and human health. At present, there are few quantitative studies on the health risks of PTEs sources in farmland. In this study, absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) receptor model was used to quantify the pollution sources of PTEs in farmland in Suzhou of Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone, China. Combined with geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and health risk assessment model, the source risk of PTEs was further quantified. The results show that Cd has reached the level of unpolluted to moderate polluted (0 < Igeo < 1); the total hazard index (THI) and total carcinogenic risk (TCR) index of PTEs are acceptable for adults, but not for children (THI > 1, TCR > 1 × 10-4). The results of APCS-MLR source apportionment were industrial sources (25.65%), agricultural sources (20.00%), traffic sources (16.81%), and domestic pollution sources (9.71%). The Igeo values of all pollution sources were less than 0, and no ecological risk was caused. The contribution patterns of pollution sources to THI and TCR in adults and children are similar. Industrial pollution sources pose the greatest non-carcinogenic risk to humans, accounting for 47.35% and 47.26% of adults and children, respectively; for carcinogenic risks, domestic pollution sources contribute the most among all identified pollution sources, accounting for 27.71% and 27.73% of adults and children, respectively. In general, this study emphasizes the need to strengthen the supervision of industrial pollution sources and domestic pollution sources in the study area to reduce the health risks to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Genmei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Huanchao Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangling Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiale Wen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyu Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Chen Z, Xu J, Duan R, Lu S, Hou Z, Yang F, Peng M, Zong Q, Shi Z, Yu L. Ecological Health Risk Assessment and Source Identification of Heavy Metals in Surface Soil Based on a High Geochemical Background: A Case Study in Southwest China. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10060282. [PMID: 35736891 PMCID: PMC9228051 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10060282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A total of 28,095 surface soil samples were collected in areas with high natural background levels; the potential ecological risk is generally low, and the high-risk area is small and mainly affected by lead−zinc mines. The contribution to the potential ecological risk factor (RI) is as follows: Hg > Cd > As > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cr > Zn, with noncarcinogenic chronic risks of Cr > As > Cd > Pb > Ni > Cu > Hg > Zn; furthermore, dermal contact is the main pathway of exposure causing health risks. The total carcinogenic risks caused by heavy metals were as follows: Cr > Cd > As > Pb; and the risks posed by Cr, Cd, and As were higher than the threshold value (1.0 × 10−4); people face a higher threat to heavy metals in soils in Zhenxiong, Ludian, Huize, Weixin, and Zhaoyang. The evaluation result of the EPA PMF model shows that the soil heavy metals are mainly composed of five sources, of which basalt, Permian, and Triassic carbonate rock parent material constitute the natural background source, while the mining activities of lead−zinc mines and the emissions of coal burning by residents constitute the anthropogenic source. The contribution was ranked in order of lead−zinc mining (26.7%) > Triassic carbonate (23.7%) > basalt (20.9%) > coal burning and automobile emissions (16.1%) > Permian carbonate (12.6%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwan Chen
- School of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China;
- Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
- Department of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Yunnan Institute of Geological Survey, Kunming 650216, China; (J.X.); (Z.H.); (Q.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Z.C.); (Z.S.)
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Yunnan Institute of Geological Survey, Kunming 650216, China; (J.X.); (Z.H.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Ruichun Duan
- Wuhan Center, China Geological Survey (Central South China Innovation Center for Geosciences), Wuhan 430205, China; (R.D.); (S.L.)
| | - Shansong Lu
- Wuhan Center, China Geological Survey (Central South China Innovation Center for Geosciences), Wuhan 430205, China; (R.D.); (S.L.)
| | - Zhaolei Hou
- Department of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Yunnan Institute of Geological Survey, Kunming 650216, China; (J.X.); (Z.H.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Fan Yang
- Institute of Geophysical & Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China; (F.Y.); (M.P.)
| | - Min Peng
- Institute of Geophysical & Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China; (F.Y.); (M.P.)
| | - Qingxia Zong
- Department of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Yunnan Institute of Geological Survey, Kunming 650216, China; (J.X.); (Z.H.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Zeming Shi
- School of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China;
- Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
- Correspondence: (Z.C.); (Z.S.)
| | - Linsong Yu
- School of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China;
- Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
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21
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Bourliva A, Aidona E, Papadopoulou L, Ferreira da Silva E, Patinha C, Sarafidis C, Kantiranis N. An integrated approach combining magnetic, geochemical and particle-based techniques to assess metal(loid) loadings in urban venues frequented by children. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153600. [PMID: 35121035 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Urban venues frequented by children, such as playgrounds, are potentially important sources of exposure to anthropogenic metal(loids). Environmental quality of outdoor playgrounds is mainly assessed through direct geochemical monitoring, which is time-consuming and expensive. In this study we adapted a multidisciplinary approach combining magnetic measurements, geochemical analyses, particle-based techniques and bioaccessibility data so as to evaluate the applicability of magnetic methods as a low-cost and easy-to-use technology to monitor pollution level in public playgrounds. Playground sands were collected and their magnetic characteristics were studied in detail aiming to gain helpful additional details in relation to the type, concentration and particle-size distribution of the sand-bound magnetic particles. The obtained χlf values indicated an enhanced level of sand-bound magnetic components, while the dominant control of SSD grains on the magnetic load of playground-PG sands was revealed. Hysteresis parameters and thermomagnetic curves indicated low-coercivity ferrimagnetic minerals, such as magnetite and/or maghemite, as the predominant magnetic carriers. Ratios of χARM/χlf and χARM/SIRM indicated the dominance of coarser anthropogenic magnetic grains in the sampled PG sands compared to other recreational areas. Correlation analysis among magnetic variables and reported metal(loid) contents designated χARM as a more effective indicator for the detection of anthropogenic load in PG sand samples than χlf or SIRM. Simultaneously, through geochemical analyses in magnetic extracts separated from PG sands, metal(loid) contents were notably enriched in the magnetic fraction validating their strong affinity with sand-bound magnetic particles. Finally, bioaccessibility tests revealed lower UBM-extracted fractions for the magnetic extracts of PG sands compared to bulk samples. However, arsenic (As) was more bioaccessible in the sand-bound magnetic particles raising serious concerns for the children exposed to playground sands.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bourliva
- Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas-CERTH, 6th km Charilaou-Thermi Rd, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Geophysics, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - E Aidona
- Department of Geophysics, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - L Papadopoulou
- Department of Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GREECE
| | - E Ferreira da Silva
- GeoBioTec, Department of Geoscience, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C Patinha
- GeoBioTec, Department of Geoscience, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C Sarafidis
- Laboratory of Physics, Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N Kantiranis
- Department of Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GREECE
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22
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Chatziprodromidou IP, Chatziantoniou S, Vantarakis G, Vantarakis A. Risk Factor Analysis of Children's Exposure to Microbial Pathogens in Playgrounds. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2022; 42:334-343. [PMID: 33969510 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria are commonly found in soil and may cause health risks to children playing in the outdoor playgrounds with soil, mainly via hand to mouth and pica behaviors. Our study concerned with the risk analysis of infection of a child playing in urban playgrounds in the cities of Patras and Pyrgos in Greece. The presence of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were analyzed in soil samples of these playgrounds. A standardized questionnaire depicted the individual characteristics of each playground and recorded risk factors in playgrounds related to bacterial infections. Furthermore, the distributions of E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were analyzed in soil samples. Our results were investigated with beta-Poisson models using the Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment wiki models to evaluate and construct a probability model of infection for each of these bacteria. The risk of infection was higher during the wet period. The risk was higher for P. aeruginosa infection compared to E. coli and S. aureus ones. Nevertheless, the bacterial concentration was higher for E. coli than P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in both wet and dry periods. Our results provide new data that could contribute in assessing the risks associated with playgrounds where children can unaware play in urban parks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stella Chatziantoniou
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - George Vantarakis
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Apostolos Vantarakis
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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23
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Pérez-Sirvent C, Martínez-Martínez LB, Martínez-Lopez S, Hernández-Perez C, García-Lorenzo ML, Bech J, Martínez-Sánchez MJ. Assessment of risk from lead intake in mining areas: proposal of indicators. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:447-463. [PMID: 34146209 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00995-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study discusses an estimate of the risk associated with the intake of soil contaminated by lead, based on the nature of the source, through a detailed study of the parameters that can influence the bioaccessibility of the element from soil intake. Statistical variables that are related to the solubility and bioavailability of lead are used for this purpose. This includes considering the values of pH, electrical conductivity, particle size, mineralogical composition and the bioaccessibility/bioasimilability of lead. Obtaining an algorithm, represented by different probability distributions of the parameters considered, needs a thorough knowledge of the source materials, which may allow estimating/evaluating the intake health risk provided by the concentration of the metal present. The selected materials are from sites affected by mining activities in the Region of Murcia (SE of Spain) and soils in nearby areas, using a total of 186 samples. Soil samples, once screened and homogenized, were parameterized by determining pH, electrical conductivity, granulometry, both total and water-extractable Pb content. Oral bioaccessibility tests were also performed, and a detailed mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction was carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Pérez-Sirvent
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Chemistry, International Excellence Campus "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Lucia Belén Martínez-Martínez
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Chemistry, International Excellence Campus "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Salvadora Martínez-Lopez
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Chemistry, International Excellence Campus "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Hernández-Perez
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Chemistry, International Excellence Campus "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mari Luz García-Lorenzo
- Department of Petrology and Geochemistry, Faculty of Geology, Moncloa Campus of International Excellence, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaume Bech
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María José Martínez-Sánchez
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Chemistry, International Excellence Campus "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Konstantinova E, Minkina T, Konstantinov A, Sushkova S, Antonenko E, Kurasova A, Loiko S. Pollution status and human health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dust of Tyumen city, Russia. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:409-432. [PMID: 32803735 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated levels and sources of pollution and potential health risks associated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban street dust collected from Tyumen city, a large transport centre with one of the highest motorization rates in Russia. Twenty street dust samples were collected from four grades of roads in five different land use areas. Research methods included measurements of physical and chemical properties of street dust, concentrations of 18 PTEs using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, 12 PAHs using high-performance liquid chromatography, and statistical analysis of the data. Concentrations of Ni, Cr, Sb, and Mo, as well as medium and high molecular weight PAHs in urban street dust, were notably higher than in soils within the city, which indicates that transport is the main source of these elements. Concentrations of Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Mn, and As in street dust of Tyumen were lower compared to many large cities, while Cr, Ni, and Co were higher. Concentrations of PAH were comparable to other large nonindustrial cities. Total contamination of street dust by both PTEs and PAHs showed more robust relationships with the number of roadway lanes rather than land use. The estimated carcinogenic risks were low in 70% of samples and medium in 30% of samples. Noncarcinogenic risks were attributed to exposure to Co, Ni, V, and As. The total noncarcinogenic risk for adults was found to be negligible, while the risk was found to be moderate for children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Elena Antonenko
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Alina Kurasova
- University of Tyumen, 6 Volodarskogo St., Tyumen, Russian Federation
- National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Loiko
- National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
- Tomsk Oil and Gas Research and Design Institute (TomskNIPIneft), Tomsk, Russian Federation
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25
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Heavy Metals in Soil and Sand from Playgrounds of Çanakkale City (Turkey), and Related Health Risks for Children. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Children spend most of their time in playgrounds and, in parallel, constitute the social group most sensitive to contaminants. Here, we present the results of a comparative study of heavy-metal contents between soils and sand from sandboxes obtained from playgrounds of Çanakkale city. Average contents of soils followed the order of iron (Fe) (12,901 mg kg−1) > manganese (Mn) (475 mg kg−1) > zinc (Zn) (58 mg kg−1) > copper (Cu) (28 mg kg−1) > nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) (21 mg kg−1) > lead (Pb) (18 mg kg−1). Sand had lower contents, however, due to the reduction of particles size through prolonged use, and accumulation of Fe/Mn (oxyhydr)oxides on sand grains tended to diminish the differences between soils and sand. Through chemometric analysis, Cr and Ni were found to have a lithogenic origin, while the rest of metals were related to anthropogenic activities. Spatially, heavy-metal contents followed the pattern of the city’s sprawl. Risk estimates on children’s health showed that ingestion was the most important exposure route, followed by dermal contact and inhalation. Exposure of children to sand was of similar importance to that of soils. These findings are significant, as the contamination of sand has not yet received much attention compared to the soil of playgrounds.
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26
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Potential Human Exposure to Mercury (Hg) in a Chlor-Alkali Plant Impacted Zone: Risk Characterization Using Updated Site Assessment Data. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132413816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Industrial activities have resulted in severe environmental contamination that may expose rural and urban populations to unacceptable health risks. For example, chlor-alkali plants (CAPs) have historically contributed mercury (Hg) contamination in different environmental compartments. One such site (a burden from the Soviet Union) is located in an industrial complex in Pavlodar, Kazakhstan. Earlier studies showed the CAP operating in the second half of the twentieth century caused elevated Hg levels in soil, water, air, and biota. However, follow-up studies with thorough risk characterization are missing. The present study aims to provide a detailed risk characterization based on the data from a recent site assessment around the former CAP. The ⅀HI (hazard index) ranged from 9.30 × 10−4 to 0.125 (deterministic method) and from 5.19 × 10−4 to 2.54 × 10−2 (probabilistic method). The results indicate acceptable excess human health risks from exposure to Hg contamination in the region, i.e., exposure to other Hg sources not considered. Air inhalation and soil ingestion pathways contributed to the highest ⅀HI values (up to 99.9% and 92.0%, respectively). The residential exposure scenario (among four) presented the greatest human health risks, with ⅀HI values ranging from 1.23 × 10−2 to 0.125. Although the local urban and rural population is exposed to acceptable risks coming from exposure to Hg-contaminated environmental media, an assessment of contamination directly on the former CAP site on the industrial complex could not be performed due to access prohibition. Furthermore, the risks from ingesting contaminated fish were not covered as methyl-Hg was not targeted. An additional assessment may be needed for the scenarios of exposure of workers on the industrial complex and of the local population consuming fish from contaminated Lake Balkyldak. Studies on the fate and transport of Hg in the contaminated ecosystem are also recommended considering Hg methylation and subsequent bioaccumulation in the food chain.
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27
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Bourliva A, Aidona E, Papadopoulou L, Ferreira da Silva E, Patinha C. Levels, oral bioaccessibility and health risk of sand-bound potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in public playgrounds: Exploring magnetic properties as a pollution proxy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118122. [PMID: 34500396 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Children in urban environments are exposed to potential harmful elements (PHEs) through variable exposure media. Playing activities in outdoor playgrounds have been considered of high concern due to children's exposure to sand-bound PHEs through unintentional or intentional sand ingestion. Furthermore, the affinity of magnetic particles with dust-bound PHEs in playgrounds has been reported. In this study, playground sands (PG sands) from public playgrounds in the city of Thessaloniki, N. Greece were sampled and the levels, the contamination degree, oral bioaccessibility and exposure assessment of PHEs were evaluated. In addition, low-cost and fast magnetic measurements (i.e. mass specific magnetic susceptibility, χlf) were explored as potential pollution and health risk proxies. Mineralogically, siliceous PG sands dominated, while morphologically angular magnetic particles and Fe-rich "spherules" of anthropogenic origin were revealed and verified by enhanced χlf values. The average total elemental contents exhibited a descending order of Mn > Ba > Cr > Zn > Ni > Pb > Cu > Co > As > Sn > Bi > Cd, however only Cd, Bi, Pb, Cr, As and Zn were presented anthropogenically enhanced. Notable increase on PHEs levels and finer sand fractions were observed with continuous sand use. Anthropogenically derived elements (i.e. Cd and Pb with high Igeo values) exhibited higher bioaccessible fractions in PG sands and considered easily soluble in gastric fluids through ingestion. However, increased risks were found for specific PHEs (especially Pb) only in a worst case exposure scenario of an intentional sand ingestion (pica disorder). Statistical analysis results revealed a linkage of anthropogenic components with sand-bound magnetic particles. Moreover, the recorded high affinity of Pb contents (in an enhanced magnetized sub-set of PG sands) and bioaccessible Cd fractions with χlf provide a preliminary indication on the successful applicability of low-cost and fast magnetic measurements in high impacted playground environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bourliva
- Department of Geophysics, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
| | - E Aidona
- Department of Geophysics, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - L Papadopoulou
- Department of Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - E Ferreira da Silva
- GeoBioTec, Department of Geoscience, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - C Patinha
- GeoBioTec, Department of Geoscience, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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Ma JJ, Yan Y, Chen XJ, Niu ZR, Yu RL, Hu GR. Incorporating bioaccessibility and source apportionment into human health risk assessment of heavy metals in urban dust of Xiamen, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 228:112985. [PMID: 34781125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals in urban dust could pose noticeable human health risks, but there are few studies focusing on comprehensive human health risk assessment with the incorporation of both bioaccessibility and source apportionment in urban dust. Thus, fifty-eight urban dust samples were collected from kindergartens in Xiamen to analyze the bioaccessibility-based, source-specific health risk of heavy metals (V, Co, Ni, As, Mo, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Pb). Most heavy metals, except for V and Mn, were significantly enriched in urban dust based on their values of geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and may be influenced by human activities. The oral bioaccessibility values of heavy metals, which were estimated by the Solubility/Bioaccessibility Research Consortium (SBRC) in vitro model, ranged from 1.563% to 76.51%. The source apportionment determined by applying the absolute principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) model indicated five main potential sources, coal combustion, traffic and industrial, natural, construction and furniture sources, and unidentified sources, with contributions of 34.09%, 20.72%, 18.72%, 7.597% and 18.87%, respectively, to the accumulation of heavy metals in urban dust. After incorporating bioaccessibility adjustments, lower non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of heavy metals were observed than those based on total metal content, with the mean hazard index (HI) values being less than the threshold value (1) and the mean total carcinogenic risk (TCR) values exceeding the precautionary criterion (10-6) for both adults and children. By combining bioaccessibility-based health risk assessment and source apportionment, traffic and industrial emissions and coal combustion dominated the noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks induced by heavy metals in urban dust, respectively. This study is expected to promote the systematic integration of source apportionment and bioaccessibility into health risk estimation for heavy metal contamination in urban dust, thus providing useful implications for better human health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jin Ma
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Xue-Juan Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Zi-Ru Niu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Rui-Lian Yu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Gong-Ren Hu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
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29
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Pollution and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Sediments and Soils around Tiegelongnan Copper Deposit, Northern Tibet, China. J CHEM-NY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/8925866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface sediments of the Rongna River and the surface soils around the Tiegelongnan copper deposit were collected, and the heavy metals Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd, As, Hg, and Ni were measured for their concentrations and health risk assessment. When the Rongna River passed through the Cu deposit area, the concentrations of Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Ni, and Hg in the surface sediments increased significantly, and the concentrations of Cu, Zn, and As exceeded the corresponding Grade II environmental quality standard. The heavy metals in the soil of the mining area were greater than the background value of the soil in Tibet. The geoaccumulation index indicated that the sediments of the river entering the mining area were very highly polluted by Cu and moderately polluted by Cd and Zn, and the soils in the mining area were moderately polluted by Cu. The potential ecological risk (PER) indices revealed that the sediments of the river entering the mining area had significantly high ecological risks, while the PER of the sediments away from the river section of the mining area was low, and the PER of the soils around the Cu deposit was moderate. The results of the health risk assessment indicated that the noncarcinogenic risks of heavy metals in sediments and soil of the mining area were within the acceptable range for adults and children. However, the carcinogenic risk of As and Cd in the sediment and As in the soil exceeds the relevant national standards, which may pose a certain risk to human health.
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30
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Zhang Y, Guo Z, Peng C, Deng H, Xiao X. A questionnaire based probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) of heavy metals in urban and suburban soils under different land uses and receptor populations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148525. [PMID: 34175607 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The choice of receptor populations is crucial for assessing the health risk posed by heavy metals in soil. A total of 457 questionnaires were conducted on 10 sensitive receptor populations, which were exposed to potentially contaminated soil under four land uses, to determine their exposure frequency (EF) and exposure time (ET) values. The exposure risk (ER: the probability of being exposed to target soil) varied between the receptor populations because of their different EF and ET values. Green maintenance workers in park soil, who had fixed outdoor working hours (6 or 7 days per week and 8 h per day), had the highest EF and ET values, while adults and children who visited parks only at weekends had the lowest EF values. Green maintenance workers, sanitation workers, and children faced the highest hazards (i.e., hazard index (HI) values) from heavy metals in soil in parks and residential areas, roadsides, and farmland, and were found to be the most sensitive receptor populations (MSRPs) for these land uses. The 90th percentile of the HI value for the four land uses based on MSRPs followed the order of roadsides (0.48) > parks (0.44) > residential areas (0.21) > suburban farmlands(0.18), and all were lower than 1, indicating a virtually safe level. Washing hands immediately and wearing shoes when working on farmland considerably reduced the HI values by 56.6%. The EF, ET, and body weight (BW) values were the most sensitive parameters in the health risk assessment. The results suggested that the type of receptor population will greatly affect the results of a health risk assessment for soil pollutants. It is necessary to select the risk receptors carefully based on the land use types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhaohui Guo
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Chi Peng
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Haoyu Deng
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiyuan Xiao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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Yan L, Franco AM, Elio P. Health risk assessment via ingestion and inhalation of soil PTE of an urban area. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 281:130964. [PMID: 34289622 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Potentially Toxic Elements (PTE) are common soil contaminants and pose a significant risk to human health. In this study, ingestion (<150 μm) and inhalation (<10 μm) bioaccessibility and human health risk due to PTE were investigated in soils of the urban and peri-urban area of Torino. Lead, Cd, Cu, and Zn were observed to be the most soluble elements in simulated gastric and lung fluids. Higher bioaccessible concentrations of Pb, Ni, Co and Sb were observed in the inhalable size fraction (<10 μm) compared to ingestible one probably because of the higher concentration in fine soil size fraction. Conversely, the relative bioaccessibility of Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn and As was lower, due to the different extracting conditions and to the presumable different elemental speciation. Average values suggested that PTE would be more bioavailable if ingested than inhaled, particularly in urban areas, were the bioaccessible percentages were always higher than in peri-urban sites. Health risk assessment was conducted using bioaccessible concentrations and their corresponding toxicities via ingestion and inhalation exposures. Unacceptable non-carcinogenic risk (HQ > 1) was found through ingestion exposure for children in some urban sites and Pb was the most hazardous elements. Carcinogenic risks were under the threshold levels for every soil (CR < 10-4), with Cr and As being the dominant contributors to risk. Therefore, necessary soil remediation activities are needed to reduce the risks of human, especially for children, exposure to Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yan
- University of Turin, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Grugliasco, 10095, Italy.
| | - Ajmone-Marsan Franco
- University of Turin, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Grugliasco, 10095, Italy.
| | - Padoan Elio
- University of Turin, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Grugliasco, 10095, Italy.
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Zupančič N, Miler M, Ašler A, Pompe N, Jarc S. Contamination of children's sandboxes with potentially toxic elements in historically polluted industrial city. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125275. [PMID: 33556858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
When playing in sandboxes, children are particularly vulnerable to poisoning with potentially toxic elements (PTE) due to their hand-to-mouth behaviour. In Slovenia, the city of Celje is heavily contaminated due to zinc ore smelting and iron industry. In some sandboxes, sand from Mežica Pb-Zn mine waste was used. Granulometric and XRF analysis showed that all samples contain larger percentage of fine-sized particles and some have higher As, Ba, Cd, Pb and Zn contents than allowed. By XRD and SEM/EDS analysis we identified carries of PTE, and confirmed three possible sources of contamination: the waste material from the Pb-Zn mine, the emissions from local industry and from the old Zn-smelting stockpile used as a landfill. The total health risk (ΣHI) exceeds critical value in one sandbox. The bioaccessibility of PTEs is alarming due to presence of highly soluble metal-bearing particles. Study revealed importance of combining results of health risk evaluation with bioaccessibility of elements, which is a function of the carriers of PTE. This knowledge is essential for undertaking remedial measures. Improper use of waste material could result in introducing hazardous material in the environment. We propose frequent replacement of sand and stricter legislation regulating status and usage of waste materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Zupančič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Department of Geology, Aškerčeva 12, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Ivan Rakovec Institute of Palaeontology, ZRC SAZU, Novi trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Miloš Miler
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Dimičeva ulica 14, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Ana Ašler
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Department of Geology, Aškerčeva 12, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Natalija Pompe
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Department of Geology, Aškerčeva 12, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Simona Jarc
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Department of Geology, Aškerčeva 12, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Minkina T, Konstantinova E, Bauer T, Mandzhieva S, Sushkova S, Chaplygin V, Burachevskaya M, Nazarenko O, Kizilkaya R, Gülser C, Maksimov A. Environmental and human health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in soils around the largest coal-fired power station in Southern Russia. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:2285-2300. [PMID: 32681212 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The combustion of solid fuel at power plants pollutes adjacent areas with potentially toxic elements (PTEs), which increases risks to public health in the vicinity of these facilities. The proposed paper presents the results of a geochemical study of PTEs (Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) contamination in the vicinity of Novocherkassk Power Plant (NPP) as it relates to environmental and human health risks. The impact zone of NPP is pronounced for a distance of approximately 7 km northwest of the enterprise-the second largest coal power plant in Southern Russia. Data from monitoring sites lead us to conclude that spatial patterns of soil pollution are strongly influenced by the peculiarities of local atmospheric circulation, while the characteristics of soils within the study area play a secondary role. The highest levels of PTEs and their exchangeable forms exceed both regional background and sanitary and hygienic standards within a radius of 3 km to the west of the plant, which corresponds to a zone of soils contaminated with Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb. The carcinogenic risk to human health slightly exceeds the permissible standard of 1 × 10-6 for soils in close vicinity of the enterprise due to the potential human intake of Ni, Cd, and Pb. The results of the health risk assessment indicate no noncarcinogenic risks for adults, while for children, they are low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Minkina
- Southern Federal University, 194/1 Stachki ave., Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation.
| | | | - Tatiana Bauer
- Southern Federal University, 194/1 Stachki ave., Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
- Federal Research Centre, Southern Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Saglara Mandzhieva
- Southern Federal University, 194/1 Stachki ave., Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana Sushkova
- Southern Federal University, 194/1 Stachki ave., Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Victor Chaplygin
- Southern Federal University, 194/1 Stachki ave., Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Marina Burachevskaya
- Southern Federal University, 194/1 Stachki ave., Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Nazarenko
- State Center for Agrochemical Service "Rostov", Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Alexey Maksimov
- Southern Federal University, 194/1 Stachki ave., Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
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Li Q, Yuan M, Shangguan J, Guo M, Wu J, Zhang Y, Pei M, Zhang Z, Zhang M, Sun Y, Tian C, Li J, Zhang G. Insights into Persistent Toxic Substances in Protective Cases of Mobile Phones: Occurrence, Health Risks, and Implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6076-6086. [PMID: 33856783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the popularity of smartphones worldwide, persistent toxic substances (PTSs) in protective cases of mobile phones (PCMPs) and their health risks via direct skin contact have been ignored. This study investigated PTSs in PCMPs made in China with different materials and sales territory and their potential harm to human health. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs, 6.40 ng/g), new brominated flame retardants (NBFRs, 144 ng/g), organophosphate esters (OPEs, 10.1 μg/g), short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, 3.58 μg/g), medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs, 3.17 μg/g), and heavy metals (HMs, 72.3 μg/g) were detected. It was found that the different concentrations and compositions depend on the material, region, and use. Moreover, the raw materials used to fabricate PCMPs are of variable quality and may include recycled plastic waste. There are no standard quality specifications for PCMPs, and different materials have different properties, including specific surface area and adsorption ability. The risk assessment performed by Monte Carlo simulations indicated that the PTSs evaluated pose no health risks to the general population and may have adverse effects on individual high-exposure populations. According to the results of this work, it is suggested that more stringent global specifications for the selection of raw materials should be established, including the content and structural characteristics of PTSs, limitations on the use of additives in the production process, and the handling after use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilu Li
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Jingfang Shangguan
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Mengran Guo
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Jiajia Wu
- Agilent Technologies (China), Inc., Beijing 100102, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Mengyuan Pei
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Mengqiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yujing Sun
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Du B, Li P, Feng X, Yin R, Zhou J, Maurice L. Monthly variations in mercury exposure of school children and adults in an industrial area of southwestern China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 196:110362. [PMID: 33169691 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that rice consumption can be the major pathway for human methylmercury (MeHg) exposure in inland China. However, few studies have considered the susceptible population of school children's exposure through rice ingestion. In this study, monthly variations in total Hg (THg)/MeHg concentrations in rice, fish, hair, and urine samples were studied to evaluate the Hg (both THg and MeHg) exposure in Guiyang, a typical industrial area with high anthropogenic emission of Hg. A total of 17 primary school (school A) students, 29 middle school (school B) students, and 46 guardians participated in this study for one year. Hair THg, hair MeHg, and urine THg concentrations ranged from 355-413 ng g-1, 213-236 ng g-1, and 469-518 ng g-1 Creatinine (ng·g-1 Cr), respectively, and no significant differences were observed between different genders and age groups. Hair and urine Hg concentrations showed slightly higher values in the cold season (October to February) than the hot season (March to September), but without significant difference. High monthly variability of individual hair and urine Hg concentrations suggested that long-term study could effectively decrease the uncertainty. The school students showed significantly higher urine THg concentrations than adults due to children's unique physiological structure and behaviors. Probable daily intake (PDI) of MeHg via rice and fish ingestion averaged at 0.0091, 0.0090, and 0.0079 μg kg-1 d-1 for school A students, school B students, and their guardians, respectively, which means that 86%, 84%, and 87% of the PDI were originated from rice ingestion, respectively. Therefore, more attention should be paid to children as a susceptible population. The results indicated low risk of Hg exposure via rice and fish consumption for urban residents in a Chinese industrial city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buyun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China; Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China.
| | - Xinbin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China.
| | - Runsheng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Laurence Maurice
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, IRD-CNRS-Université Toulouse, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse, 31400, France
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Zgłobicki W, Telecka M, Skupiński S. Heavy metals in playgrounds in Lublin (E Poland): sources, pollution levels and health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:18328-18341. [PMID: 32537690 PMCID: PMC8021521 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09375-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the paper, the pollution of playgrounds in Lublin with heavy metals was assessed. Since playgrounds are a place of activity of children-the most vulnerable group of city residents, identifying the degree of pollution and the related health hazards is particularly important. 50 playgrounds were investigated, and samples were collected from three types of places: soil in the playgrounds, soil beneath the swings and soil in the sandpits (a total of 91 samples); heavy metal levels were determined in the < 0.05-mm fraction. The mean heavy metal levels were Cd-4.7 mg kg-1, Cr-192.4 mg kg-1, Cu-16.3 mg kg-1, Hg-0.027 mg kg-1, Ni-12.7 mg kg-1, Pb-41 mg kg-1, and Zn-79.8 mg kg-1, and they were in the following order when normalised to the geochemical background: Cd > Cr > Zn > Pb > Hg > Ni > Cu. The highest mean levels occurred in the case of soil collected from beneath the swings (Cd, Cr, Ni and Zn) or soil in the playgrounds (Cu, Hg and Pb). Geochemical indices such as Igeo and EF indicate the lack of pollution or low level of pollution with Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn and Pb. Moderate or considerable pollution with Cd and, sporadically, with Hg occurred in some playgrounds. A significant ecological risk was found for all samples due to the presence of Cd and, for about 20% of the samples, the concentration of Hg. In all the cases analysed, the values of health hazard indices (HI, CR) for children are very low and well below the hazard threshold for each element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Zgłobicki
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Kraśnicka 2D, 20-718, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Telecka
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Kraśnicka 2D, 20-718, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Skupiński
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Kraśnicka 2D, 20-718, Lublin, Poland
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Different Approaches for Incorporating Bioaccessibility of Inorganics in Human Health Risk Assessment of Contaminated Soils. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11073005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ingestion of soil represents one of the critical exposure pathways in the human health risk assessment (HHRA) framework at sites contaminated by inorganic species, especially for residential scenarios. HHRA is typically carried out through starting from the so-called “total concentration”, which is estimated from the fraction of inorganic species extracted from the soil using standardized approaches, i.e., microwave acid extraction. Due to the milder conditions, a smaller portion of the inorganics present in the soil is actually dissolved in the gastro-intestinal tract (bioaccessible fraction), and afterward reaches the bloodstream, exerting an effect on human health (bioavailable fraction). Including bioaccessibility in HHRA could then allow for the achievement of a more realistic assessment than using the total concentration. In this paper, the bioaccessible concentration of different inorganics in soil samples collected from a firing range was estimated by applying two in vitro tests, i.e., the Unified Barge Method (UBM) and the Simple Bioaccessibility Extraction Test (SBET). Moreover, different options for incorporating bioaccessibility in HHRA for the estimation of the cleanup goals were also applied and discussed. Despite the notable differences in terms of reagents and procedure between the two methods, the obtained results were quite close, with the SBET method providing slightly higher values. The role of the soil particle size distribution on the calculation of the cleanup goals accounting for bioaccessibility is also discussed.
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Porcherie M, Linn N, Le Gall AR, Thomas MF, Faure E, Rican S, Simos J, Cantoreggi N, Vaillant Z, Cambon L, Regnaux JP. Relationship between Urban Green Spaces and Cancer: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:1751. [PMID: 33670207 PMCID: PMC7916941 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This scoping study aims to explore the relationships between urban green spaces (UGSs) and the onset, remission and recovery of cancer. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews (protocol published in 2018). Eligibility criteria for papers were: (1) to be concerned with UGSs, (2) reporting effects of UGSs on cancer-related outcomes including direct or indirect measures, (3) reporting randomized controlled trials, prospective cohort studies, case studies, observational studies, non-comparative studies, (4) in English or French. The search covered primary studies in the published and unpublished (grey) literatures searching by hand and electronic databases (MEDLINE, Green File, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and ScienceDirect). Among 1703 records screened by two reviewers independently, 29 were included for qualitative synthesis. We classify the cancers concerned and the effects reported i.e., protective effect, risk or without association. The most investigated cancers are bladder, breast and lung cancer. Our study also identified contributing factors and their mediating effects between UGSs and cancer. Even though the strength of the evidence of the associations between UGSs and cancer is still weak due to the low number of studies and their design, results highlight the wide variety of possible mediating factors between the use of green spaces and cancer occurrence, remission and/or prevention. Knowledge gaps and future research perspectives should be oriented to qualitative research on protective factors with an attention to equity in UGS access and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Porcherie
- EHESP, French School of Public Health, Av du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes CEDEX, France; (A.R.L.G.); (M.-F.T.)
- Arènes UMR CNRS 6051, Université Rennes 1, 140 Bd de la Duchesse Anne, 35700 Rennes, France;
| | - Nyan Linn
- Arènes UMR CNRS 6051, Université Rennes 1, 140 Bd de la Duchesse Anne, 35700 Rennes, France;
| | - Anne Roué Le Gall
- EHESP, French School of Public Health, Av du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes CEDEX, France; (A.R.L.G.); (M.-F.T.)
- Arènes UMR CNRS 6051, Université Rennes 1, 140 Bd de la Duchesse Anne, 35700 Rennes, France;
| | - Marie-Florence Thomas
- EHESP, French School of Public Health, Av du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes CEDEX, France; (A.R.L.G.); (M.-F.T.)
- Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)—UMR_S 1085, Univ. Rennes, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Emmanuelle Faure
- Laboratoire Dynamiques Sociales et Recomposition des Espaces (LADYSS UMR CNRS 7533), Université Paris-Nanterre, 92001 Nanterre, France; (E.F.); (S.R.); (Z.V.)
| | - Stéphane Rican
- Laboratoire Dynamiques Sociales et Recomposition des Espaces (LADYSS UMR CNRS 7533), Université Paris-Nanterre, 92001 Nanterre, France; (E.F.); (S.R.); (Z.V.)
| | - Jean Simos
- Campus Biotech—Chemin des Mines 9, Institut de Santé Globale, Université de Genève, 1202 Genève, Switzerland; (J.S.); (N.C.)
| | - Nicola Cantoreggi
- Campus Biotech—Chemin des Mines 9, Institut de Santé Globale, Université de Genève, 1202 Genève, Switzerland; (J.S.); (N.C.)
| | - Zoé Vaillant
- Laboratoire Dynamiques Sociales et Recomposition des Espaces (LADYSS UMR CNRS 7533), Université Paris-Nanterre, 92001 Nanterre, France; (E.F.); (S.R.); (Z.V.)
| | - Linda Cambon
- Equipe MesRI-Inserm U1219, Université de Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France;
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Khelifi F, Caporale AG, Hamed Y, Adamo P. Bioaccessibility of potentially toxic metals in soil, sediments and tailings from a north Africa phosphate-mining area: Insight into human health risk assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 279:111634. [PMID: 33213991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The risk assessment of phosphate mining/processing industrial activities on the environment and human health is crucial to properly manage and minimize the risks over time. In this work, we studied the inhalation and dermal bioaccessibility of potentially toxic metals (PTM) in different particle-size fractions of urban soil, sediments and tailings from Gafsa-Metlaoui phosphate mining area, to assess afterwards the non-carcinogenic (NCR) and carcinogenic (CR) risks for the health of local citizens and workers constantly exposed to airborne particulate matter (PM) originating from these sources of contamination. Samples were separated in particle-size fractions by centrifugation and consecutive cycles of sedimentation and decanting. The pseudo-total concentrations and bioaccessible fractions of PTM were extracted by aqua regia and in vitro bioaccessibility tests, respectively. Both sediments and tailings showed higher-than-background concentrations of PTM (mainly Cd, Zn and Cr), with a tendency to accumulate these metals in fine particles (<10 μm). In urban soil, only Cd was above the background concentration. The bioaccessibility of PTM via inhalation was significantly higher in artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF) than in simulated epithelial lung fluid (SELF): basically, Cd was the most bioaccessible metal (relative bioaccessibility up to 80%), followed by the medium-to-high bioaccessible Zn (47%), Pb (46%) and Cu (39%), and the least bioaccessible Cr (16%). In synthetic skin surface liquid (NIHS 96-10), only Cd was bioaccessible at worrying extent (20-44%). On the basis of US.EPA risk assessment, the exposure to PTM bioaccessible fractions or pseudo-total concentrations would not cause serious NCR and CR risks for human health. Significant health risks (Hazard Index >1 and CR > 10-4), especially for children, can occur if ingestion route is also considered. The findings underline the need for adequate protection of contaminated soil, sediments and mine tailings laying nearby urban agglomerates, to reduce the health risks for inhabitants and workers of Gafsa-Metlaoui mining area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten Khelifi
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Jarzouna, 7021, Bizerte, Tunisia; Laboratory for the Application of Materials to the Environment, Water and Energy Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Campus Sidi Ahmed Zarroug, 2112, Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Antonio G Caporale
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy.
| | - Younes Hamed
- Laboratory for the Application of Materials to the Environment, Water and Energy Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Campus Sidi Ahmed Zarroug, 2112, Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Paola Adamo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Centre on the "Earth Critical Zone" for Supporting the Landscape and Agroenvironment Management (CRISP), University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
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Shahid M, Dumat C, Niazi NK, Xiong TT, Farooq ABU, Khalid S. Ecotoxicology of Heavy Metal(loid)-Enriched Particulate Matter: Foliar Accumulation by Plants and Health Impacts. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 253:65-113. [PMID: 31897760 DOI: 10.1007/398_2019_38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric contamination by heavy metal-enriched particulate matter (metal-PM) is highly topical nowadays because of its high persistence and toxic nature. Metal-PMs are emitted to the atmosphere by various natural and anthropogenic activities, the latter being the major source. After being released into the atmosphere, metal-PM can travel over a long distance and can deposit on the buildings, water, soil, and plant canopy. In this way, these metal-PMs can contaminate different parts of the ecosystem. In addition, metal-PMs can be directly inhaled by humans and induce several health effects. Therefore, it is of great importance to understand the fate and behavior of these metal-PMs in the environment. In this review, we highlighted the atmospheric contamination by metal-PMs, possible sources, speciation, transport over a long distance, and deposition on soil, plants, and buildings. This review also describes the foliar deposition and uptake of metal-PMs by plants. Moreover, the inhalation of these metal-PMs by humans and the associated health risks have been critically discussed. Finally, the article proposed some key management strategies and future perspectives along with the summary of the entire review. The abovementioned facts about the biogeochemical behavior of metal-PMs in the ecosystem have been supported with well-summarized tables (total 14) and figures (4), which make this review article highly informative and useful for researchers, scientists, students, policymakers, and the organizations involved in development and management. It is proposed that management strategies should be developed and adapted to cope with atmospheric release and contamination of metal-PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Camille Dumat
- Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Travail Organisation Pouvoir (CERTOP), UMR5044, Université J. Jaurès - Toulouse II, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France.
- Université de Toulouse, INP-ENSAT, Auzeville-Tolosane, France.
- Association Réseau-Agriville, Toulouse, France.
| | - Nabeel Khan Niazi
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Tian Tian Xiong
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Abu Bakr Umer Farooq
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sana Khalid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Pobi KK, Nayek S, Gope M, Rai AK, Saha R. Sources evaluation, ecological and health risk assessment of potential toxic metals (PTMs) in surface soils of an industrial area, India. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:4159-4180. [PMID: 32056062 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00517-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to appraise the spatial distribution of potential toxic metals by using geostatistical technique and find their associated ecological and human health risks from surface soils of Durgapur industrial area, India. The results show that the mean metal concentrations are 116.03, 32.96, 154.37, 321.20, 50.08, 29.54 and 2.97 mg/kg for Pb, Cd, Cr, Fe, Cu, Ni and Hg, respectively, and majority of them is found higher than their background and world natural soil concentrations. The GIS contour map of pollution load index values clearly distinguished the studied sampling area is highly to very highly polluted by the toxic metals. Contamination factor (Cf) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) values of studied metals show a similar sequence of Hg > Cd > Pb > Fe > Cr > Ni > Cu. Calculated enrichment factor (EF) value for Hg (13.29), Cd (5.26) and Pb (1.11) in studied soils was found significantly higher, which suggests that their primary sources are higher industrial activities in the studied area. Computation of potential ecological risk index reveals that the entire study area is under high risk level (1941.60-3367.23), in which Cd (588.52) and Hg (1979.26) possess the maximum ecological risk factor in all the sampling sites. The results of correlation analysis, principle component analysis and cluster analysis explore that industrial discharges, atmospheric disposition and waste disposal are the major sources of soil metal pollution in the studied region. Human health hazard indices are lower than 1 for all metals, indicating low non-carcinogenic risks to children and adults. Carcinogenic risk assessment reveals the existence of cancer risk of Cd (5.5E-03), Cr (8.6E-04) and Ni (3.0E-04) to child and Cd (8.2E-04) and Cr (1.3E-04) to adults in Durgapur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Kumar Pobi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Sumanta Nayek
- Department of Environmental Science, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Kolkata, 700135, India
| | - Manash Gope
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Atul Kumar Rai
- Department of Mining Engineering (Geomatics), Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India
| | - Rajnarayan Saha
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India.
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Li Z, Liang T, Li K, Wang P. Exposure of children to light rare earth elements through ingestion of various size fractions of road dust in REEs mining areas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140432. [PMID: 32659548 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Road dust, contains enhanced amounts of light rare earth elements (LREEs) in rare earth industrial cities, which poses a serious health risk particularly to children. Road dust samples were collected from Baotou, the largest rare earth industrial city in northern China, and sieved into six size fractions. The pollution characteristics of the LREEs (La, Ce, Pr, and Nd) in the size-fractioned road dust were investigated, and the LREEs exposure dose of children via ingestion of road dust was evaluated. The results showed that the finer size fractions of road dust had enhanced REEs concentrations, and the pollution level was found to be elevated with a decrease in particle size. Ce was the most abundant element, with concentrations ranging from 105 to 5420 mg·kg-1, followed by La, Nd and Pr. REEs mining activities had a major contribution to the LREEs in the road dust and crust, among which coal combustion emissions could also be a potential source. The average daily intake dose of LREEs through ingestion of road dust by children ranged from 4.27 × 10-4 to 2.63 × 10-2 mg·kg-1·day-1 and was significantly affected by particle size. Road dust exposure is notably affected by particle size, and there is a serious risk to children of LREEs uptake from fine particles (<100 μm) of road dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Tao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Kexin Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Mokhtarzadeh Z, Keshavarzi B, Moore F, Marsan FA, Padoan E. Potentially toxic elements in the Middle East oldest oil refinery zone soils: source apportionment, speciation, bioaccessibility and human health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:40573-40591. [PMID: 32666464 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09895-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this research, fifteen potentially toxic elements (PTEs) (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc and Zn) were analysed and quantified in samples collected at 44 sites in an urban area of Iran. Sources were apportioned using enrichment factors (EFs), modified pollution index (MPI), principal component analysis (PCA), multivariate linear regression of absolute principal component scores (MLR-APCS) and speciation, with a focus on anthropogenic PTEs in the urban and industrial soils of the Arvand Free Zone area, an oil-rich zone in the country. Furthermore, the bioaccessibility and the human health risks of PTEs were investigated. The EF revealed a significant enrichment for elements such as Cd, Cu, Hg, Mo, Pb, Sb and Zn. Values of MPI showed that Abadan industrial district and Abadan petrochemical complex are the most polluted sites in the study area.The PCA/MLR analysis revealed four main sources: natural sources, fossil fuel combustion, traffic and oil derivatives and petroleum waste. The relative contribution of each source to PTE concentration varied from 32.3% of the natural sources to 30.6% of traffic and from 20.1% of petroleum waste to 17% of fossil fuel combustion. The source apportionment of metals generated using MLR-APCS receptor modelling revealed that 85.0% of Hg was generated by oil products. Chemical speciation results were compatible with the results obtained from PCA. Bioaccessibility of PTEs decreased from gastric to intestinal phase except Mo and Sb due to their different geochemical characteristics. Hazard index (HI) for non-cancer risk of PTEs for both children and adults based on total element concentrations was estimated to range from 2-fold to more than 10-fold higher than that of bioaccessible phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Mokhtarzadeh
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
| | - Behnam Keshavarzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran.
| | - Farid Moore
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
| | - Franco Ajmone Marsan
- DISAFA, Chimica Agraria e Pedologia, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci, 44, Grugliasco, 10095, Turin, Italy
| | - Elio Padoan
- DISAFA, Chimica Agraria e Pedologia, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci, 44, Grugliasco, 10095, Turin, Italy
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Adewumi AJ, Laniyan TA, Ikhane PR. Distribution, contamination, toxicity, and potential risk assessment of toxic metals in media from Arufu Pb–Zn–F mining area, northeast Nigeria. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1815787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Temitope A. Laniyan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Phillips R. Ikhane
- Department of Earth Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria
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He M, Yan P, Yu H, Yang S, Xu J, Liu X. Spatiotemporal modeling of soil heavy metals and early warnings from scenarios-based prediction. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 255:126908. [PMID: 32388257 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Prediction of soil heavy metal concentrations based on continuous site specific investigation can provide reference for soil metal contamination prevention and early warning of soil environmental quality. In this study, the spatiotemporal variations of soil heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Zn, Pb and Cu) in Wenling were analyzed with 132 and 169 soil samples gathered in 2011 and 2016. In addition, we adopted a scenario-simulation model to predict future dynamic concentrations of soil heavy metals under optimistic (the pollution inputs are zero under strict environmental policy) and default (the pollution status maintain constant) conditions. Results indicated that the paddy soil was contaminated mainly by Cd and Cu. Spatiotemporal maps revealed distinct patterns in the joint area, where soil Cd, Ni, Zn, Pb and Cu all increased in northwest. Soil heavy metal concentrations as well as the associated ecological risks would decline gradually under optimistic scenario, while sharply increase when no control acts are taken over long term in default condition. The percentages of soil Cd and Cu that exceeding their corresponding risk screening value (RSV) under the default condition would be 1.6 and 1.3 times higher than those under optimistic scenario 10 years later. The probability of high potential ecological risk in default condition would be twice higher than that under optimistic scenario in 2026. Overall, strengthening the control of pollution sources and strict environmental policy are very important for soil heavy metals contamination prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjiang He
- College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ping Yan
- College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haodan Yu
- College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shiyan Yang
- College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xingmei Liu
- College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Alharbi BH, Pasha MJ, Alotaibi MD, Alduwais AK, Al-Shamsi MAS. Contamination and risk levels of metals associated with urban street dust in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:18475-18487. [PMID: 32193734 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Urban street dust was collected from 22 locations in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and nine metals (Pb, Cr, Zn, Co, Cu, Al, Fe, Mn, and Ni) were investigated. The concentrations of these metals were employed in several common contamination evaluation indices to examine the contamination and the health risk caused by metals. Evaluation of these indices showed that they had variable degrees of contamination sensitivity. For individual contaminating elements (Pb, Cr, Zn, Co, Cu, and Ni), the sensitivities of the contamination of contamination factor (CF), the potential ecological risk (Ei), and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) were very similar. Therefore, these indices should yield very similar results. However, enrichment factor (EF) exhibited a different sensitivity pattern for determining the contamination caused by metals compared with the contamination level indicated by the other indices used in this study. Therefore, to avoid potential false indication of contamination, it is not recommended to use EF alone for determining contamination level. As indicated by four contamination evaluation indices (CF, Ei, Igeo, and EF), Riyadh was mainly contaminated by Pb. However, the health risk assessment results revealed that the Pb contamination level did not exceed the significant risk level for non-cancer effects. The cancer risk values indicated a negligible cancer risk to inhabitants of Riyadh exposed to metals associated with street dust. Considering the comprehensive contamination evaluation indices, the ecological risk index (RI) showed that about 77% of the sampling locations featured high ecological risk of which approximately 41% also featured high contamination indicated by pollution load index (PLI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Badr H Alharbi
- National Centre for Environmental Technology (NCET), Life Science & Environment Research Institute (LSERI), King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST), 6086 Prince Turky 1st St., Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad J Pasha
- National Centre for Environmental Technology (NCET), Life Science & Environment Research Institute (LSERI), King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST), 6086 Prince Turky 1st St., Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed D Alotaibi
- National Centre for Agricultural Technology (NCRT), Life Science & Environment Research Institute (LSERI), King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulilah K Alduwais
- National Centre for Environmental Technology (NCET), Life Science & Environment Research Institute (LSERI), King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST), 6086 Prince Turky 1st St., Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ahmad S Al-Shamsi
- National Centre for Environmental Technology (NCET), Life Science & Environment Research Institute (LSERI), King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST), 6086 Prince Turky 1st St., Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia.
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47
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Laniyan TA, Adewumi AJ. Potential ecological and health risks of toxic metals associated with artisanal mining contamination in Ijero, southwest Nigeria. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020; 55:858-877. [PMID: 32338130 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1751504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This investigation was done to decide the concentrations, sources and potential risks of metals in media around Ijero area. A total of 80 samples including topsoils, sediments, tailings and whole plants were gathered from this territory while control samples were taken from zone with less human exercises. Samples were pounded, sieved and chemically analyzed utilizing Agilent High Plasma Liquid Chromatography Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer. Results demonstrated that the mean concentrations of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in soils are 30.61 and 123.71 µg/g individually. In tailings the mean distribution of Pb and Zn are 33.16 and 22.44 µg/g each. Toxic units in all media were less than 4, indicating low effect on the ecosystem. Bivariate correlation, hierarchical cluster and principal component analyses revealed that metals in media from this area originated from mining and mineral processing activities, mixed and geogenic sources. Study revealed that metals in the media pose high degree of contamination and moderate to high ecological hazard. Also, there is high cancer-causing hazard index (HI) (10-6-10-4) and non-cancer-causing (HI > 1) dangers which is more articulated in kids than the grown-ups. It is important to introduce measures that will decrease the negative impacts associated with mining in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope Ayodeji Laniyan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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48
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Wang YL, Tsou MC, Liao HT, Hseu ZY, Dang W, Hsi HC, Chien LC. Influence of soil properties on the bioaccessibility of Cr and Ni in geologic serpentine and anthropogenically contaminated non-serpentine soils in Taiwan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 714:136761. [PMID: 31982757 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Serpentine minerals with high levels of geologic chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) and non-serpentine farmlands polluted by irrigation water causing high anthropogenic Cr and Ni levels are both found in Taiwan. Elevated levels of Cr and Ni in these soils are a concern due to their potential to promote cancer mortality in humans. Bioaccessibility is a crucial factor determining the actual health risk via oral ingestion when children are exposed to metal-contaminated soils. Furthermore, the bioaccessibility of metals varies with the source, soil properties, and fractionation of metals in the soil. Therefore in this study, soil pH, total organic carbon (TOC), texture, and the total concentrations, fractionation, and bioaccessibility of Cr and Ni were analyzed and correlated for soils collected from serpentine mineral-containing deposits and contaminated non-serpentine farmlands. The low bioaccessibility and low mobility of Cr and Ni in serpentine soils suggested that incidental ingesting of soils posed a low health risk; however, the higher bioaccessibility and mobility of Ni in non-serpentine soils contaminated by electroplating wastewater could lead to potential risks for humans. Additionally, a significant difference in the bioaccessibility of Ni was observed between serpentine and non-serpentine soils, but this was not shown for Cr. Accordingly, a correlation analysis showed that Cr bioaccessibility was positively correlated with TOC, with no distinction between serpentine and non-serpentine soils. In contrast, TOC and the fractions of the sequential extraction procedure were significantly correlated with Ni bioaccessibility both in anthropogenically contaminated non-serpentine soils and in natural serpentine soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Lin Wang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chien Tsou
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ting Liao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zeng-Yei Hseu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Winston Dang
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Cheng Hsi
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ling-Chu Chien
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Bradham K, Herde C, Herde P, Juhasz AL, Herbin-Davis K, Elek B, Farthing A, Diamond GL, Thomas DJ. Intra- and Interlaboratory Evaluation of an Assay of Soil Arsenic Relative Bioavailability in Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2615-2622. [PMID: 32027133 PMCID: PMC8190816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hand-to-mouth activity in children can be an important route for ingestion of soil and dust contaminated with inorganic arsenic. Estimating the relative bioavailability of arsenic present in these media is a critical element in assessing the risks associated with aggregate exposure to this toxic metalloid during their early life. Here, we evaluated the performance of a mouse assay for arsenic bioavailability in two laboratories using a suite of 10 soils. This approach allowed us to examine both intralaboratory and interlaboratory variations in assay performance. Use of a single vendor for preparation of all amended test diets and of a single laboratory for arsenic analysis of samples generated in the participating laboratories minimized contributions of these potential sources of variability in assay performance. Intralaboratory assay data showed that food and water intake and cumulative urine and feces production remained stable over several years. The stability of these measurements accounted for the reproducibility of estimates of arsenic bioavailability obtained from repeated intralaboratory assays using sodium arsenate or soils as the test material. Interlaboratory comparisons found that estimates of variables used to evaluate assay performance (recovery and urinary excretion factor) were similar in the two laboratories. For all soils, estimates of arsenic relative bioavailability obtained in the two laboratories were highly correlated (r2 = 0.94 and slope = 0.9) in a linear regression model. Overall, these findings show that this mouse assay for arsenic bioavailability provides reproducible estimates using a variety of test soils. This robust model may be adaptable for use in other laboratory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bradham
- Public Health Chemistry Branch, Exposure Measurements and Methods Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 USA
| | - Carina Herde
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul Herde
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Albert L. Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Karen Herbin-Davis
- Pharmacokinetics Branch, Integrated Systems Toxicology Divison, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 USA
| | - Brittany Elek
- Pharmacokinetics Branch, Integrated Systems Toxicology Divison, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 USA
| | - Amy Farthing
- Pharmacokinetics Branch, Integrated Systems Toxicology Divison, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 USA
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50
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Čakmak D, Perović V, Kresović M, Pavlović D, Pavlović M, Mitrović M, Pavlović P. Sources and a Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Dust at Children's Playgrounds with Artificial Surfaces: A Case Study in Belgrade. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:190-205. [PMID: 31901970 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00702-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this research on children's playgrounds with artificial surfaces aimed to establish levels of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in dust, their origin, and impact on children at 15 playgrounds: 9 on school grounds and 6 on day nurseries in Belgrade (Serbia). Soil samples were taken from the immediate vicinity of the playgrounds to establish the origin of PTEs in the dust samples. Soil analyses revealed the lithogenic origin of Co, Cr, Ni, Fe, Mn, As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn and the anthropogenic origin of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. However, in the dust samples, the origin of the elements was different with As, Co, Fe, and Mn originating from the surrounding soil; Cr and Ni levels affected by both atmospheric deposition and the surrounding soil; Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations impacted by atmospheric deposition; and Cu levels affected by factors of a local character. No noncancer risk was found for any of the individual elements investigated, nor for any of the playgrounds being studied, while a minimal cancer risk was found from As with values greater than 1E-6 at almost all the sites. Based on the results obtained for the spatial distribution of individual PTE levels, it was determined that the surrounding soil and atmospheric deposition have an almost equal impact on noncancer risk values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Čakmak
- Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković' - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
| | - Veljko Perović
- Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković' - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Kresović
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, Belgrade, 11080, Serbia
| | - Dragana Pavlović
- Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković' - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Marija Pavlović
- Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković' - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Miroslava Mitrović
- Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković' - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Pavle Pavlović
- Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković' - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
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