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Jia Z, Yang F, Liu X, Zhang X, Hu W, Sheng Z. The n-butanol fraction of the Xiao-Chai-Hu decoction alleviates the endocrine disturbance in the liver of mice exposed to lead. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:114381. [PMID: 34197961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Lead is a toxic heavy metal that causes health risks globally. However, the mechanism of endocrine poisoning and detoxification of lead poisoning, especially in the liver, still needs to be studied. Xiao-Chai-Hu decoction (XCHD) is regarded as an antidote and an anti-hepatotoxic traditional prescription that has been recorded in the pharmacopeia of the People's Republic of China. AIM OF THE STUDY The study aimed to probe the hepatoprotective activity of XCHD in the regulation of endocrine dysfunction in the liver and its molecular mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mice from the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) were exposed to different concentrations of XCHD and lead. Then, serum biochemical indices and liver pathology were analyzed. The key differential genes were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot. RESULTS According to the biochemical and histopathological analysis, XCHD-NBA was the most effective in attenuating lead-induced hepatotoxicity. From the transcriptome, we analyzed the key genes of XCHD-NBA in the regulation of lead toxicity, including Tubb2a, Stip1, Cyp4a12a, Cyp2c50, Ugt1a1, Cyp3a11, Cyp4a12b, Ahsa1, Cyp2c54, Tubb4b, Esr1, Hsp90aa1, Tuba1a, Tuba1c, and Hsph1. We also analyzed the main components of XCHD-NBA by LC-MS. Because of their extensive role in regulating the endocrine function, baicalin and glycyrrhizin were identified as the main active components of XCHD in regulating endocrine disorders caused by lead. CONCLUSIONS Lead can disturb the endocrine regulatory process of the liver, while XCHD-NBA alleviates lead-induced liver injury by regulating the endocrine regulatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Wanjun Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Zunlai Sheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, PR China.
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2
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Kolli V, da Cunha IW, Kim S, Iben JR, Mallappa A, Li T, Gaynor A, Coon SL, Quezado MM, Merke DP. Morphologic and Molecular Characterization of Adrenals and Adrenal Rest Affected by Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:730947. [PMID: 34616364 PMCID: PMC8488225 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.730947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Adrenocortical hyperplasia and adrenal rest tumor (ART) formation are common in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Although driven by excessive corticotropin, much is unknown regarding the morphology and transformation of these tissues. Our study objective was to characterize CAH-affected adrenals and ART and compare with control adrenal and gonadal tissues. Patients/Methods CAH adrenals, ART and control tissues were analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, and transcriptome sequencing. We investigated protein expression of the ACTH receptor (MC2R), steroidogenic (CYP11B2, CYP11B1, CYB5A) and immune (CD20, CD3, CD68) biomarkers, and delta-like 1 homolog (DLK1), a membrane bound protein broadly expressed in fetal and many endocrine cells. RNA was isolated and gene expression was analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) followed by principle component, and unsupervised clustering analyses. Results Based on immunohistochemistry, CAH adrenals and ART demonstrated increased zona reticularis (ZR)-like CYB5A expression, compared to CYP11B1, and CYP11B2, markers of zona fasciculata and zona glomerulosa respectively. CYP11B2 was mostly absent in CAH adrenals and absent in ART. DLK1 was present in CAH adrenal, ART, and also control adrenal and testis, but was absent in control ovary. Increased expression of adrenocortical marker MC2R, was observed in CAH adrenals compared to control adrenal. Unlike control tissues, significant nodular lymphocytic infiltration was observed in CAH adrenals and ART, with CD20 (B-cell), CD3 (T-cell) and CD68 (macrophage/monocyte) markers of inflammation. RNA-seq data revealed co-expression of adrenal MC2R, and testis-specific INSL3, HSD17B3 in testicular ART indicating the presence of both gonadal and adrenal features, and high expression of DLK1 in ART, CAH adrenals and control adrenal. Principal component analysis indicated that the ART transcriptome was more similar to CAH adrenals and least similar to control testis tissue. Conclusions CAH-affected adrenal glands and ART have similar expression profiles and morphology, demonstrating increased CYB5A with ZR characteristics and lymphocytic infiltration, suggesting a common origin that is similarly affected by the abnormal hormonal milieu. Immune system modulators may play a role in tumor formation of CAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipula Kolli
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - SunA Kim
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - James R. Iben
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ashwini Mallappa
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tianwei Li
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alison Gaynor
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Steven L. Coon
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Martha M. Quezado
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Deborah P. Merke
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Kothandapani A, Larsen MC, Lee J, Jorgensen JS, Jefcoate CR. Distinctive functioning of STARD1 in the fetal Leydig cells compared to adult Leydig and adrenal cells. Impact of Hedgehog signaling via the primary cilium. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 531:111265. [PMID: 33864885 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
STARD1 stimulates cholesterol transfer to mitochondrial CYP11A1 for conversion to pregnenolone. A cholesterol-binding START domain is guided by an N-terminal domain in a cell selective manner. Fetal and adult Leydig cells (FLC, ALC) show distinct Stard1 regulation. sm- FISH microscopy, which resolves individual molecules of Stard1 mRNA, shows uniformly high basal expression in each FLC. In ALC, in vivo, and cultured MA-10 cells, basal Stard1 expression is minimal. PKA activates loci asynchronously, with delayed splicing/export of 3.5 kb mRNA to mitochondria. After 60 min, ALC transition to an integrated mRNA delivery to mitochondria that is seen in FLC. Sertoli cells cooperate in Stard1 stimulation in FLC by delivering DHH to the primary cilium. There PTCH, SMO and cholesterol cooperate to release GLI3 to activate the Stard1 locus, probably by directing histone changes. ALC lack cilia. PKA then primes locus activation. FLC and ALC share similar SIK/CRTC/CREB regulation characterized for adrenal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbarasi Kothandapani
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michele Campaigne Larsen
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Joan S Jorgensen
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Colin R Jefcoate
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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Endocrine and molecular milieus of ovarian follicles are diversely affected by human chorionic gonadotropin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone in prepubertal and mature gilts. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13465. [PMID: 34188064 PMCID: PMC8242046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Different strategies are used to meet optimal reproductive performance or manage reproductive health. Although exogenous human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists (A) are commonly used to trigger ovulation in estrous cycle synchronization, little is known about their effect on the ovarian follicle. Here, we explored whether hCG- and GnRH-A-induced native luteinizing hormone (LH) can affect the endocrine and molecular milieus of ovarian preovulatory follicles in pigs at different stages of sexual development. We collected ovaries 30 h after hCG/GnRH-A administration from altrenogest and pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (eCG)-primed prepubertal and sexually mature gilts. Several endocrine and molecular alternations were indicated, including broad hormonal trigger-induced changes in follicular fluid steroid hormones and prostaglandin levels. However, sexual maturity affected only estradiol levels. Trigger- and/or maturity-dependent changes in the abundance of hormone receptors (FSHR and LHCGR) and proteins associated with lipid metabolism and steroidogenesis (e.g., STAR, HSD3B1, and CYP11A1), prostaglandin synthesis (PTGS2 and PTGFS), extracellular matrix remodeling (MMP1 and TIMP1), protein folding (HSPs), molecular transport (TF), and cell function and survival (e.g., VIM) were observed. These data revealed different endocrine properties of exogenous and endogenous gonadotropins, with a potent progestational/androgenic role of hCG and estrogenic/pro-developmental function of LH.
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Barnard M, Mostaghel EA, Auchus RJ, Storbeck KH. The role of adrenal derived androgens in castration resistant prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 197:105506. [PMID: 31672619 PMCID: PMC7883395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains androgen dependant despite castrate levels of circulating testosterone following androgen deprivation therapy, the first line of treatment for advanced metstatic prostate cancer. CRPC is characterized by alterations in the expression levels of steroidgenic enzymes that enable the tumour to derive potent androgens from circulating adrenal androgen precursors. Intratumoral androgen biosynthesis leads to the localized production of both canonical androgens such as 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) as well as less well characterized 11-oxygenated androgens, which until recently have been overlooked in the context of CRPC. In this review we discuss the contribution of both canonical and 11-oxygenated androgen precursors to the intratumoral androgen pool in CRPC. We present evidence that CRPC remains androgen dependent and discuss the alterations in steroidogenic enzyme expression and how these affect the various pathways to intratumoral androgen biosynthesis. Finally we summarize the current treatment strategies for targeting adrenal derived androgen biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Barnard
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Elahe A Mostaghel
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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Yu J, Liu Y, Zhang D, Zhai D, Song L, Cai Z, Yu C. Baicalin inhibits recruitment of GATA1 to the HSD3B2 promoter and reverses hyperandrogenism of PCOS. J Endocrinol 2019; 240:JOE-18-0678.R2. [PMID: 30650063 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
High androgen levels in patients suffering from polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can be effectively reversed if the herb Scutellaria baicalensis is included in traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions. To characterize the effects of baicalin, extracted from S. baicalensis, on androgen biosynthesis in NCI-H295R cells and on hyperandrogenism in PCOS model rats and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The optimum concentration and intervention time for baicalin treatment of NCI-H295R cells were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The functional genes affected by baicalin were studied by gene expression profiling (GEP), and the key genes were identified using a dual luciferase assay, RNA interference technique, and genetic mutations. Besides, hyperandrogenic PCOS model rats were induced and confirmed before and after baicalin intervention. As a result, Baicalin decreased the testosterone concentrations in a dose-and time-dependent manner in NCI-H295R cells. GEP revealed that 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II (HSD3B2) was the key enzyme of androgen biosynthesis, and baicalin inhibited the expression of HSD3B2 by regulating the binding of transcription factor GATA-binding factor 1 (GATA1) to the HSD3B2 promoter. Hyperandrogenic PCOS model rats treated with baicalin significantly reversed the high androgen levels of serum and the abnormal ovarian status, restored the estrous cyclicity, and decreased the expression of HSD3B2 in ovarian. In summary , our data revealed that GATA1 is an important transcription factor activating the HSD3B2 promoter in steroidogenesis, and baicalin potentially be an effective therapeutic agent for hyperandrogenism in PCOS by inhibiting the recruitment of GATA1 to the HSD3B2 promoter in ovarian tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yu
- J Yu, Department of Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai hospital, Naval medical university, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- Y Yang, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Changhai hospital, Naval medical university, Shanghai, China
| | - Danying Zhang
- D Zhang, Department of Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai hospital, Naval medical university, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxia Zhai
- D Zhai, Department of Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai hospital, Naval medical university, Shanghai, China
| | - Linyi Song
- L Song, Department of Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai hospital, Naval medical university, Shanghai, China
| | - Zailong Cai
- Z Cai, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Naval medical university, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoqin Yu
- C Yu, Department of Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai hospital, Naval medical university, Shanghai, China
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7
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Baranowski ES, Arlt W, Idkowiak J. Monogenic Disorders of Adrenal Steroidogenesis. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 89:292-310. [PMID: 29874650 PMCID: PMC6067656 DOI: 10.1159/000488034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of adrenal steroidogenesis comprise autosomal recessive conditions affecting steroidogenic enzymes of the adrenal cortex. Those are located within the 3 major branches of the steroidogenic machinery involved in the production of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. This mini review describes the principles of adrenal steroidogenesis, including the newly appreciated 11-oxygenated androgen pathway. This is followed by a description of pathophysiology, biochemistry, and clinical implications of steroidogenic disorders, including mutations affecting cholesterol import and steroid synthesis, the latter comprising both mutations affecting steroidogenic enzymes and co-factors required for efficient catalysis. A good understanding of adrenal steroidogenic pathways and their regulation is crucial as the basis for sound management of these disorders, which in the majority present in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S. Baranowski
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom,Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom,*Prof. Wiebke Arlt, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT (UK), E-Mail
| | - Jan Idkowiak
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom,Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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8
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Abstract
3βHSD2 enzyme is crucial for adrenal and gonad steroid biosynthesis. In enzyme deficiency states, due to recessive loss-of-function HSD3B2 mutations, steroid flux is altered and clinical manifestations result. Deficiency of 3βHSD2 activity in the adrenals precludes normal aldosterone and cortisol synthesis and the alternative backdoor and 11-oxygenated C19 steroid pathways and the flooding of cortisol precursors along the Δ5 pathway with a marked rise in DHEA and DHEAS production. In gonads, it precludes normal T and estrogen synthesis. Here, we review androgen-dependent male differentiation of the external genitalia in humans and link this to female development and steroidogenesis in the developing adrenal cortex. The molecular mechanisms governing postnatal adrenal cortex zonation and ZR development were also revised. This chapter will review relevant clinical, hormonal, and genetic aspects of 3βHSD2 deficiency with emphasis on the significance of alternate fates encountered by steroid hormone precursors in the adrenal gland and gonads. Our current knowledge of the process of steroidogenesis and steroid action is derived from pathological conditions. In humans the 3βHSD2 deficiency represents a model of nature that reinforces our knowledge about the role of the steroidogenic alternative pathway in sex differentiation in both sexes. However, the physiological role of the high serum DHEAS levels in fetal life as well as after adrenarche remains to be elucidated.
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Cao BY, Gong CX, Wu D, Liang XJ, Li WJ, Liu M, Su C, Qin M, Meng X, Chen JJ, Wei LY. Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry-Based Characterization of Steroid Hormone Profiles in Healthy 6 to 14-Year-Old Male Children. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131:862-866. [PMID: 29578133 PMCID: PMC5887748 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.228238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Yan Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Chun-Xiu Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Xue-Jun Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Wen-Jing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Chang Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Miao Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Xi Meng
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Jia-Jia Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Li-Ya Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
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Pinto CL, Markey K, Dix D, Browne P. Identification of candidate reference chemicals for in vitro steroidogenesis assays. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 47:103-119. [PMID: 29146384 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) is transitioning from traditional testing methods to integrating ToxCast/Tox21 in vitro high-throughput screening assays for identifying chemicals with endocrine bioactivity. The ToxCast high-throughput H295R steroidogenesis assay may potentially replace the low-throughput assays currently used in the EDSP Tier 1 battery to detect chemicals that alter the synthesis of androgens and estrogens. Herein, we describe an approach for identifying in vitro candidate reference chemicals that affect the production of androgens and estrogens in models of steroidogenesis. Candidate reference chemicals were identified from a review of H295R and gonad-derived in vitro assays used in methods validation and published in the scientific literature. A total of 29 chemicals affecting androgen and estrogen levels satisfied all criteria for positive reference chemicals, while an additional set of 21 and 15 chemicals partially fulfilled criteria for positive reference chemicals for androgens and estrogens, respectively. The identified chemicals included pesticides, pharmaceuticals, industrial and naturally-occurring chemicals with the capability to increase or decrease the levels of the sex hormones in vitro. Additionally, 14 and 15 compounds were identified as potential negative reference chemicals for effects on androgens and estrogens, respectively. These candidate reference chemicals will be informative for performance-based validation of in vitro steroidogenesis models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lucia Pinto
- U.S. EPA, Office of Science Coordination and Policy, Washington, D.C. 20004, United States; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0117, United States.
| | - Kristan Markey
- U.S. EPA, Office of Science Coordination and Policy, Washington, D.C. 20004, United States
| | - David Dix
- U.S. EPA, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, Washington, D.C. 20004, United States
| | - Patience Browne
- U.S. EPA, Office of Science Coordination and Policy, Washington, D.C. 20004, United States
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Zhang C, Wang M, He N, Ahmed MF, Wang Y, Zhao R, Yu X, Jin J, Song J, Zuo Q, Zhang Y, Li B. Hsd3b2 associated in modulating steroid hormone synthesis pathway regulates the differentiation of chicken embryonic stem cells into spermatogonial stem cells. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:1111-1121. [PMID: 28703914 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormones regulate differentiation of various types of cell during embryogenesis. Testosterone is one of the androgens that bind to receptors to regulate gene expression and promote spermatogenesis. Our results showed that testosterone, as a product of steroid hormones synthesis pathway, could facilitate the differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). The analysis of the steroid hormones synthesis pathway demonstrated that 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase2 (Hsd3b2) plays a major role in the synthesis of testosterone. In the absence of Hsd3b2, the expression of downstream genes such as Cyp1a1, Ugt1a1, and Hsd17b7 was not maintained. This reduction is probably due to the down-regulation of the steroid hormones synthesis pathway. Furthermore, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry analysis confirmed that the steroid hormones synthesis pathway could facilitate the differentiation of ESCs. Altogether, these results lead to a model in which Hsd3b2 regulates ESCs differentiation via modulating the activity of steroid hormones synthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Man Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Nana He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mahmoud F Ahmed
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Yilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ruifeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinjian Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiuzhou Song
- Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Qisheng Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yani Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bichun Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Fan Y, Zhang X, Wang L, Wang R, Huang Z, Sun Y, Yao R, Huang X, Ye J, Han L, Qiu W, Zhang H, Liang L, Gu X, Yu Y. Diagnostic Application of Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing of 80 Genes Associated with Disorders of Sexual Development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44536. [PMID: 28295047 PMCID: PMC5353765 DOI: 10.1038/srep44536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of sexual development (DSD) are estimated to occur in 1 of 4500 births. Since the genetic etiology of DSD is highly heterogeneous, obtaining a definitive molecular diagnosis by single gene test is challenging. Utilizing a high-throughput sequencing upfront is proposed as an efficient approach to aid in the diagnosis. This study aimed to examine the diagnostic yield of next-generation sequencing in DSD. 32 DSD patients that previously received clinical examinations and single gene tests were selected, with or without a diagnosis. Prior single gene tests were masked, and then samples went through targeted next-generation sequencing of 80 genes from which the diagnostic yield was assessed. A likely diagnosis, with pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants identified, was obtained from nine of the 32 patients (i.e., 28.1%, versus 10% by single gene tests). In another five patients (15.6%), variants of uncertain significance were found. Among 18 variants identified (i.e., 17 single nucleotide variants and one small deletion), eight had not been previously reported. This study supports the notion that next-generation sequencing can be an efficient tool in the clinical diagnosis and variant discovery in DSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Fan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Genetics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Genetics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Genetics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ruifang Wang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Genetics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhuo Huang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Genetics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Genetics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ruen Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jun Ye
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Genetics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lianshu Han
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Genetics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wenjuan Qiu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Genetics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Huiwen Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Genetics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lili Liang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Genetics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xuefan Gu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Genetics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yongguo Yu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology/Genetics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, 200092, China
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13
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Pretorius E, Arlt W, Storbeck KH. A new dawn for androgens: Novel lessons from 11-oxygenated C19 steroids. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 441:76-85. [PMID: 27519632 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The abundant adrenal C19 steroid 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione (11OHA4) has been written off as a dead-end product of adrenal steroidogenesis. However, recent evidence has demonstrated that 11OHA4 is the precursor to the potent androgenic 11-oxygenated steroids, 11-ketotestosterone and 11-ketodihydrotestosterone, that bind and activate the human androgen receptor similarly to testosterone and DHT. The significance of this discovery becomes apparent when considering androgen dependent diseases such as castration resistant prostate cancer and diseases associated with androgen excess, e.g. congenital adrenal hyperplasia and polycystic ovary syndrome. In this review we describe the production and metabolism of 11-oxygenated steroids. We subsequently discuss their androgenic activity and highlight the putative role of these androgens in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzette Pretorius
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
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14
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Gomez-Sanchez CE, Qi X, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Sasano H, Bohlen MO, Wisgerhof M. Disordered zonal and cellular CYP11B2 enzyme expression in familial hyperaldosteronism type 3. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 439:74-80. [PMID: 27793677 PMCID: PMC5123946 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Three forms of familial primary aldosteronism have been recognized. Familial Hyperaldosteronism type 1 (FH1) or dexamethasone suppressible hyperaldosteronism, FH2, the most common form of as yet unknown cause(s), and FH3. FH3 is due to activating mutations of the potassium channel gene KCNJ5 that increase constitutive and angiotensin II-induced aldosterone synthesis. In this study we examined the cellular distribution of CYP11B2, CYP11B1, CYP17A1 and KCNJ5 in adrenals from two FH3 siblings using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence and obtained unexpected results. The adrenals were markedly enlarged with loss of zonation. CYP11B2 was expressed sporadically throughout the adrenal cortex. CYP11B2 was most often expressed by itself, relatively frequently with CYP17A1, and less frequently with CYP11B1. KCNJ5 was co-expressed with CYP11B2 and in some cells with CYP11B1. This aberrant co-expression of enzymes likely explains the abnormally high secretion rate of the hybrid steroid, 18-oxocortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrinology Division, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States; University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States.
| | - Xin Qi
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | | | - Martin O Bohlen
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Max Wisgerhof
- Division of Endocrinology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Primary aldosteronism is a major cause of hypertension; aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA) cause about half of primary aldosteronism; idiopathic hyperplasia of adrenal glomerulosa cells are responsible for the rest. A surprising variety of mutations have recently been identified in ion channels and pumps in a significant number of APA. The present review addresses histological and molecular aspects of APA and the surrounding adrenal. RECENT FINDINGS Specific antibodies against the CYP11B2 and CYP11B1 enzymes, the last enzyme in aldosterone and cortisol synthesis, respectively, allow for the first time study of the steroidogenic capabilities of cells within the APA and adjacent adrenal. Cells expressing CYP11B2 may be scattered and/or in clusters throughout the normal adrenal zona glomerulosa. APA differ widely in the number of cells expressing CYP11B2; some did not express it at all, but were surrounded by cells, some in clusters or micronodules, that expressed CYP11B2. Some APAs also comprised cells expressing both CYP11B1 and CYP17A1. In some samples, analysis of the tissue adjacent to APA detected ion channel and pump mutations heretofore associated only with APA. SUMMARY APAs have a complex structure and expression of steroidogenic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso E. Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine Section, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Elise P. Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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16
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Mitchell RD, Dhammi A, Wallace A, Hodgson E, Roe RM. Impact of Environmental Chemicals on the Transcriptome of Primary Human Hepatocytes: Potential for Health Effects. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2016; 30:375-95. [PMID: 27091632 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
New paradigms for human health risk assessment of environmental chemicals emphasize the use of molecular methods and human-derived cell lines. In this study, we examined the effects of the insect repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) and the phenylpyrazole insecticide fipronil (fluocyanobenpyrazole) on transcript levels in primary human hepatocytes. These chemicals were tested individually and as a mixture. RNA-Seq showed that 100 μM DEET significantly increased transcript levels (α = 0.05) for 108 genes and lowered transcript levels for 64 genes and fipronil at 10 μM increased the levels of 2246 transcripts and decreased the levels for 1428 transcripts. Fipronil was 21-times more effective than DEET in eliciting changes, even though the treatment concentration was 10-fold lower for fipronil versus DEET. The mixture of DEET and fipronil produced a more than additive effect (levels increased for 3017 transcripts and decreased for 2087 transcripts). The transcripts affected for all chemical treatments were classified by GO analysis and mapped to chromosomes. The overall treatment responses, specific pathways, and individual transcripts affected were discussed at different levels of fold-change. Changes found in transcript levels in response to treatments will require further research to understand their importance in overall cellular, organ, and organismic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Mitchell
- Department of Entomology, Toxicology Program, Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Anirudh Dhammi
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Andrew Wallace
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Ernest Hodgson
- Department of Applied Ecology, Toxicology Program, Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - R Michael Roe
- Department of Entomology, Toxicology Program, Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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17
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Storbeck KH, Swart AC, Fox CL, Swart P. Cytochrome b5 modulates multiple reactions in steroidogenesis by diverse mechanisms. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 151:66-73. [PMID: 25446886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome b5 (cyt-b5) is a relatively small haemoprotein which plays an important role in the regulation of mammalian steroidogenesis. This unique protein has the ability to modulate the activity of key steroidogenic enzymes via a number of diverse reaction mechanisms. Cyt-b5 can augment the 17,20-lyase activity of CYP17A1 by promoting the interaction of CYP17A1 and POR; enhance the 16-ene-synthase activity of CYP17A1 by acting as an electron donor; and enhance the activity of 3βHSD by increasing the affinity of 3βHSD for its cofactor NAD(+). We review the modulation of CYP17A1 and 3βHSD activity by cyt-b5 and discuss the reaction mechanisms associated with each activity. The physiological importance of cyt-b5 in regulating mammalian steroidogenesis is presented and the impact of inactivating cyt-b5 mutations are reviewed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Steroid/Sterol signaling'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Amanda C Swart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Cheryl L Fox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Pieter Swart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
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18
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Kempná P, Marti N, Udhane S, Flück CE. Regulation of androgen biosynthesis - A short review and preliminary results from the hyperandrogenic starvation NCI-H295R cell model. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 408:124-32. [PMID: 25543021 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of androgen production is poorly understood. Adrenarche is the physiologic event in mid-childhood when the adrenal zona reticularis starts to produce androgens through specific expression of genes for enzymes and cofactors necessary for androgen synthesis. Similarly, expression and activities of same genes and products are deregulated in hyperandrogenic disorders such as the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Numerous studies revealed involvement of several signaling pathways stimulated through G-protein coupled receptors or growth factors transmitting their effects through cAMP- or non-cAMP-dependent signaling. Overall a complex network regulates androgen synthesis targeting involved genes and proteins at the transcriptional and post-translational levels. Newest players in the field are the DENND1A gene identified in PCOS patients and the MAPK14 which is the kinase phosphorylating CYP17 for enhanced lyase activity. Next generation sequencing studies of PCOS patients and transcriptome analysis of androgen producing tissues or cell models provide newer tools to identify modulators of androgen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kempná
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nesa Marti
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sameer Udhane
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christa E Flück
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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19
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Udhane SS, Pandey AV, Hofer G, Mullis PE, Flück CE. Retinoic acid receptor beta and angiopoietin-like protein 1 are involved in the regulation of human androgen biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10132. [PMID: 25970467 PMCID: PMC4429542 DOI: 10.1038/srep10132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens are essential for sexual development and reproduction. However, androgen regulation in health and disease is poorly understood. We showed that human adrenocortical H295R cells grown under starvation conditions acquire a hyperandrogenic steroid profile with changes in steroid metabolizing enzymes HSD3B2 and CYP17A1 essential for androgen production. Here we studied the regulatory mechanisms underlying androgen production in starved H295R cells. Microarray expression profiling of normal versus starved H295R cells revealed fourteen differentially expressed genes; HSD3B2, HSD3B1, CYP21A2, RARB, ASS1, CFI, ASCL1 and ENC1 play a role in steroid and energy metabolism and ANGPTL1, PLK2, DUSP6, DUSP10 and FREM2 are involved in signal transduction. We discovered two new gene networks around RARB and ANGPTL1, and show how they regulate androgen biosynthesis. Transcription factor RARB stimulated the promoters of genes involved in androgen production (StAR, CYP17A1 and HSD3B2) and enhanced androstenedione production. For HSD3B2 regulation RARB worked in cooperation with Nur77. Secretory protein ANGPTL1 modulated CYP17A1 and DUSP6 expression by inducing ERK1/2 phosphorylation. By contrast, our studies revealed no evidence for hormones or cell cycle involvement in regulating androgen biosynthesis. In summary, these studies establish a firm role for RARB and ANGPTL1 in the regulation of androgen production in H295R cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer S Udhane
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital.,The Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Amit V Pandey
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital.,The Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gaby Hofer
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital.,The Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Primus E Mullis
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital.,The Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christa E Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital.,The Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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20
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Nakamura Y, Fujishima F, Hui XG, Felizola SJ, Shibahara Y, Akahira JI, McNamara KM, Rainey WE, Sasano H. 3βHSD and CYB5A double positive adrenocortical cells during adrenal development/aging. Endocr Res 2015; 40:8-13. [PMID: 24832628 PMCID: PMC4242803 DOI: 10.3109/07435800.2014.895377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Androstenedione is a common precursor of sex steroids produced and secreted in the human adrenal gland and produced by 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD), 17β-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17) and cytochrome b5 (CYB5A). 3βHSD is expressed in the zona glomerulosa (ZG) and fasciculata (ZF), CYP17 in the ZF and zona reticularis (ZR) and CYB5A in the ZR, respectively. We previously demonstrated the presence of cortical parenchymal cells co-expressing 3βHSD and CYB5A with hybrid features of both ZF and ZR in human adrenal cortex and hypothesized that these cells may play an important role in androstenedione production in human adrenal gland. Age-related morphologic development of these hybrid cells has, however, not been studied. Therefore, in this study, 48 human adrenal specimens from various age groups were retrieved. Double-immunohistochemical analyses were used in order to study the correlation between this hybrid cell type and age. In both male and female adrenal cortex, the means of total adrenocortical area, the area positive for CYB5A and its ratio reached highest peak in the 21-40-year-old (y.o.) group. The greatest overlap between 3βHSD and CYB5A in both total and relative area was present in the 13-20 y.o. group. For all the markers mentioned above, statistically significant differences were detected among the different age groups examined (p < 0.05). These findings indicated that both area and ratio of 3βHSD and CYB5A double positive cells, which could represent the hybrid cells of ZF and ZR, are correlated with human adrenal development and could subsequently influence age-related serum androstenedione levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Fujishima
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Xiao-Gang Hui
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Saulo J.A. Felizola
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukiko Shibahara
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Akahira
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keely M. McNamara
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - William E. Rainey
- University of Michigan, Department of Physiology and Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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21
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Christakoudi S, Cowan DA, Christakudis G, Taylor NF. 21-hydroxylase deficiency in the neonate - trends in steroid anabolism and catabolism during the first weeks of life. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 138:334-47. [PMID: 23916492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of 21-hydroxylase provides an in vivo model of intrauterine induction of enzymes participating in steroid anabolism and catabolism. Quantitative data for 93 steroid metabolites in urine from 111 patients and 7 controls (25 samples) were compared over the first six weeks of life. Net flux through the key anabolic enzymes was examined by comparison of the totals of steroids derived from the intermediates prior to and following each enzymatic step. Metabolic relationships were established on structural grounds and by Pearson correlation. The relative importance of each catabolic route was evaluated after summing metabolites classified according to their structure as fetal, neonatal, and classical (adult) type. Hierarchical cluster analysis identified the structure at C3-C5 as a key distinguishing feature of the major catabolic streams and demonstrated a split point in metabolic pattern in patients at 7 days. Changes with time in steroid metabolism, larger in patients than in controls, could be interpreted as reflecting increased cortisol demand post partum, the clinical onset of salt-wasting and a transition in catabolism from fetal to postnatal life. Faster involution of the fetal zone and pronounced enhancement of steroid production in zona fasciculata and zona glomerulosa were indicated in patients. Predominant at birth were 'planar' fetal-type 5α-reduced metabolites, adapted to placental excretion, which gave way to additionally hydroxylated neonatal-type metabolites, facilitating renal excretion. Classical metabolism made gains over the study period. Overproduction of steroids in utero in 21-hydroxylase deficiency would have induced fetal catabolic pathways dependent on 5α-reduction. A progressive increase of steroids likely to arise from 5α-reductase type 2 activity, again more distinct in disease, was observed. We demonstrate that the key intermediates in the hypothetical 'backdoor' pathway of androgen synthesis are part of a broader catabolic network and should not be examined in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Christakoudi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK.
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22
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Storbeck KH, Swart AC, Goosen P, Swart P. Cytochrome b5: novel roles in steroidogenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 371:87-99. [PMID: 23228600 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome b(5) (cyt-b(5)) is essential for the regulation of steroidogenesis and as such has been implicated in a number of clinical conditions. It is well documented that this small hemoprotein augments the 17,20-lyase activity of cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17A1). Studies have revealed that this augmentation is accomplished by cyt-b(5) enhancing the interaction between cytochrome P450 reductase (POR) and CYP17A1. In this paper we present evidence that cyt-b(5) induces a conformational change in CYP17A1, in addition to facilitating the interaction between CYP17A1 and POR. We also review the recently published finding that cyt-b(5) allosterically augments the activity of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ(5)-Δ(4) isomerase (3βHSD), a non cytochrome P450 enzyme, by increasing the enzymes affinity for its cofactor, NAD(+). The physiological importance of this finding, in terms of understanding adrenal androstenedione production, is examined. Finally, evidence that cyt-b(5) is able to form homomeric complexes in living cells is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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23
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Storbeck KH, Swart AC, Lombard N, Adriaanse CV, Swart P. Cytochrome b(5) forms homomeric complexes in living cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 132:311-21. [PMID: 22878120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome b(5) (cyt-b(5)) is a ubiquitous hemoprotein also associated with microsomal cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase (CYP17A1). In the steroidogenic pathway CYP17A1 catalyses the metabolism of pregnenolone, yielding both glucocorticoid and androgen precursors. While not affecting the 17α-hydroxylation of pregnenolone, cyt-b(5) augments the 17,20 lyase reaction of 17-hydroxypregnenolone, catalyzing the formation of DHEA, through direct protein-protein interactions. In this study, multimeric complex formation of cyt-b(5) and the possible regulatory role of these complexes were investigated. Cyt-b(5) was isolated from ovine liver and used to raise anti-sheep cyt-b(5) immunoglobulins. Immunochemical studies revealed that, in vivo, cyt-b(5) is primarily found in the tetrameric form. Subsequent fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) studies in COS-1 cells confirmed the formation of homomeric complexes by cyt-b(5) in live cells. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the C-terminal linker domain of cyt-b(5) is vital for complex formation. The 17,20-lyase activity of CYP17 was augmented by truncated cyt-b(5), which is unable to form complexes when co-expressed in COS-1 cells, thereby implicating the monomeric form of cyt-b(5) as the active species. This study has shown for the first time that cyt-b(5) forms homomeric complexes in vivo, implicating complex formation as a possible regulatory mechanism in steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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24
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Goosen P, Swart AC, Storbeck KH, Swart P. Allosteric interaction between 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ⁵-Δ⁴ isomerase and cytochrome b5 influences cofactor binding. FASEB J 2012; 27:322-32. [PMID: 22982379 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-213736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of steroid hormones, essential to the survival of all mammals, is dependent on the activity of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ(5)-Δ(4) isomerase (3βHSD). 3βHSD activity is, in turn, influenced by cytochrome-b(5) (Cyt-b(5)). However, the mechanism through which this occurs is unknown. In this study, we investigated this mechanism by evaluating the influence of Cyt-b(5) on the dehydrogenase and isomerase activities of 3βHSD. Capra hircus 3βHSD was overexpressed in SF-9 cells, using a baculovirus expression system, and purified. Substrate and cofactor kinetics were determined spectrophotometrically in the presence and absence of purified Ovis aries liver Cyt-b(5). Nonspecific enzyme activity was evaluated by zero-enzyme, -substrate, and -cofactor blanks. Fusion proteins, 3βHSD-eCFP, and Cyt-b(5)-eYFP were subsequently coexpressed in COS-1 cells and analyzed for FRET. A CFP-YFP fusion protein served as positive control, while coexpression of 3βHSD-eCFP and cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase-eYFP (CYP17A1-eYFP) served as negative control. Results showed Cyt-b(5) to decrease the K(m,)(NAD(+)) value of 3βHSD ≈3.5-fold while increasing the V(max,app) of the dehydrogenase reaction ≈17%. FRET analysis showed COS-1 cells coexpressing 3βHSD-eCFP and Cyt-b(5)-eYFP to exhibit a FRET signal ≈9-fold greater than that of the negative control. These results indicate that Cyt-b(5) augments 3βHSD activity via an allosteric mechanism by increasing the affinity of the enzyme toward NAD(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Goosen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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Abstract
Adrenarche is an endocrine developmental process whereby humans and select nonhuman primates increase adrenal output of a series of steroids, especially DHEA and DHEAS. The timing of adrenarche varies among primates, but in humans serum levels of DHEAS are seen to increase at around 6 years of age. This phenomenon corresponds with the development and expansion of the zona reticularis of the adrenal gland. The physiological phenomena that trigger the onset of adrenarche are still unknown; however, the biochemical pathways leading to this event have been elucidated in detail. There are numerous reviews examining the process of adrenarche, most of which have focused on the changes within the adrenal as well as the phenotypic results of adrenarche. This article reviews the recent and past studies that show the breadth of changes in the circulating steroid metabolome that occur during the process of adrenarche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juilee Rege
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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Goosen P, Storbeck KH, Swart AC, Conradie R, Swart P. Cytochrome b5 augments 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase activity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:238-47. [PMID: 21930205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During adrenal steroidogenesis the competition between 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ(5)-Δ(4) isomerase (3βHSD) and cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase (CYP17A1) for Δ(5) steroid intermediates greatly influences steroidogenic output. Cytochrome-b(5) (Cyt-b(5)), a small electron transfer hemoprotein, known to augment the lyase activity of CYP17A1, has been shown to alter the steroidogenic outcome of this competition. In this study, the influence of Cyt-b(5) on 3βHSD activity was investigated. In COS-1 cells, Cyt-b(5) was shown to significantly increase the activity of both caprine and ovine 3βHSD towards pregnenolone, 17-OH pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone in a substrate and species specific manner. Furthermore, kinetic studies revealed Cyt-b(5) to have no influence on the K(m) values while significantly increasing the V(max) values of ovine 3βHSD for all its respective substrates. In addition, the activity of ovine 3βHSD in microsomal preparations was significantly influenced by the addition of either purified Cyt-b(5) or anti-Cyt-b(5) IgG. The results presented in this study indicate that Cyt-b(5) augments 3βHSD activity and represents the first documentation of such augmentation in any species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Goosen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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Tkachenko IV, Jääskeläinen T, Jääskeläinen J, Palvimo JJ, Voutilainen R. Interleukins 1α and 1β as regulators of steroidogenesis in human NCI-H295R adrenocortical cells. Steroids 2011; 76:1103-15. [PMID: 21600230 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) regulate the activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis at several levels. Although hypothalamic CRH secretion may be the primary mechanism by which these cytokines activate the HPA axis, IL-1 expression is increased within the adrenal glands in models for systemic inflammation, and IL-1 may augment adrenal glucocorticoid production. Our aim was to investigate the direct effects of IL-1α and IL-1β on adrenal steroidogenesis and expression of three key steroidogenic genes in human adrenocortical cells using the NCI-H295R cell line as a model. mRNAs encoding receptors for IL-1, TNF-α, and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) were detectable in the cell line (Affymetrix microarray analysis). Both IL-1α and IL-1β increased cortisol, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate production, and the accumulation of mRNAs for steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR), 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17A1) and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (HSD3B2) in these cells (P<0.05 for all). Both ILs augmented TNF-α- and LIF-induced STAR and CYP17A1 mRNA accumulation, and TNF-α-induced cortisol production (P<0.05 for all). Both ILs also increased the apoptotic index of the cells (P<0.05), which was efficiently neutralized by their specific antibodies. The IL-induced changes in the STAR, HSD3B2, and CYP17A1 protein levels were not as evident as those in the respective mRNA levels. In conclusion, the combined effect of inflammatory cytokines at the adrenal level in acute or chronic inflammatory states could significantly stimulate glucocorticoid production, and thus explain the observed discrepancy between the cortisol and ACTH concentrations sometimes seen in sepsis and chronic inflammatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Tkachenko
- Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1777, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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