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Koch RT, Erazo D, Folly AJ, Johnson N, Dellicour S, Grubaugh ND, Vogels CBF. Genomic epidemiology of West Nile virus in Europe. One Health 2024; 18:100664. [PMID: 38193029 PMCID: PMC10772404 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus is one of the most widespread mosquito-borne zoonotic viruses, with unique transmission dynamics in various parts of the world. Genomic surveillance has provided important insights in the global patterns of West Nile virus emergence and spread. In Europe, multiple West Nile virus lineages have been isolated, with lineage 1a and 2 being the main lineages responsible for human infections. In contrast to North America, where a single introduction of lineage 1a resulted in the virus establishing itself in a new continent, at least 13 introductions of lineages 1a and 2 have occurred into Europe, which is likely a vast underestimation of the true number of introductions. Historically, lineage 1a was the main lineage circulating in Europe, but since the emergence of lineage 2 in the early 2000s, the latter has become the predominant lineage. This shift in West Nile virus lineage prevalence has been broadly linked to the expansion of the virus into northerly temperate regions, where autochthonous cases in animals and humans have been reported in Germany and The Netherlands. Here, we discuss how genomic analysis has increased our understanding of the epidemiology of West Nile virus in Europe, and we present a global Nextstrain build consisting of publicly available West Nile virus genomes (https://nextstrain.org/community/grubaughlab/WNV-Global). Our results elucidate recent insights in West Nile virus lineage dynamics in Europe, and discuss how expanded programs can fill current genomic surveillance gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tobias Koch
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Diana Erazo
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arran J Folly
- Vector-Borne Diseases, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Vector-Borne Diseases, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Chantal B F Vogels
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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García-Carrasco JM, Muñoz AR, Olivero J, Figuerola J, Fa JE, Real R. Gone (and spread) with the birds: Can chorotype analysis highlight the spread of West Nile virus within the Afro-Palaearctic flyway? One Health 2023; 17:100585. [PMID: 37359749 PMCID: PMC10285635 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a globally significant vector-borne disease that is primarily transmitted between birds and mosquitoes. Recently, there has been an increase in WNV in southern Europe, with new cases reported in more northern regions. Bird migration plays a crucial role in the introduction of WNV in distant areas. To better understand and address this complex issue, we adopted a One Health approach, integrating clinical, zoological, and ecological data. We analyzed the role of migratory birds in the Palaearctic-African region in the spread of WNV across Africa and Europe. We categorized bird species into breeding and wintering chorotypes based on their distribution during the breeding season in the Western Palaearctic and the wintering season in the Afrotropical region, respectively. By linking these chorotypes to the occurrence of WNV outbreaks in both continents throughout the annual bird migration cycle, we investigated the relationship between migratory patterns and virus spread. We demonstrate that WNV-risk areas are interconnected through the migration of birds. We identified a total of 61 species that potentially contribute to the intercontinental spread of the virus or its variants, as well as pinpointed high-risk areas for future outbreaks. This interdisciplinary approach, which considers the interconnectedness of animals, humans, and ecosystems, represents a pioneering effort to establish connections between zoonotic diseases across continents. The findings of our study can aid in anticipating the arrival of new WNV strains and predicting the occurrence of other re-emerging diseases. By incorporating various disciplines, we can enhance our understanding of these complex dynamics and provide valuable insights for proactive and comprehensive disease management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-María García-Carrasco
- Biogeography, Diversity and Conservation Lab, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio-Román Muñoz
- Biogeography, Diversity and Conservation Lab, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Olivero
- Biogeography, Diversity and Conservation Lab, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto IBYDA, Centro de Experimentación Grice-Hutchinson, Malaga, Spain
| | - Jordi Figuerola
- Estación Biológica de Doñana – CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 26, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Julia E. Fa
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Raimundo Real
- Biogeography, Diversity and Conservation Lab, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto IBYDA, Centro de Experimentación Grice-Hutchinson, Malaga, Spain
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Laabassi F, Dheilly N, Beck C, Amaral R, Gonzalez G, Gaudaire D, Madeline A, Lecouturier F, Lecollinet S, Zientara S, Hans A, Valle-Casuso JC. Serological evidence of circulation of West Nile virus in equids in Algerian eastern drylands and its epidemiological risk factors. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 94:101947. [PMID: 36638646 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.101947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to determine the prevalence of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), Usutu virus (USUV), and West Nile virus (WNV) in eastern Algerian drylands, 340 sera from distinct equids have been collected from 2015 to 2017. Serological analysis for the presence of antibodies against EIAV and flaviviruses was performed using commercially available ELISAs. Sera detected positive, doubtful, or negative close to the doubtful threshold in flavivirus ELISA were tested by the virus neutralization test (VNT), using WNV and USUV strains. The prevalence of WNV antibodies with ELISA was 11.47% (39/340) against 13.53% (46/340) by WNV VNT. EIAV antibodies were not detected in any samples. WNV seroprevalence varies with species, breed and location of horses. Only, one equid was positive for both WNV and USUV neutralizing antibodies. This is the first screening on equids sera of EIAV and USUV in Algeria. This study indicate that WNV and possibly USUV have circulated/are circulating in the Algerian equine population, unlike EIAV does not seem to be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farouk Laabassi
- PIAD Research Team, ESPA Laboratory, Department of Veterinary, Institute of Veterinary Sciences and Agronomics Sciences, University of Batna-1, 05000 Batna, Algeria.
| | - Nolwenn Dheilly
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, Animal Health Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Cécile Beck
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, Animal Health Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Rayane Amaral
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, Animal Health Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Gaëlle Gonzalez
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, Animal Health Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Delphine Gaudaire
- ANSES-Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France.
| | - Anthony Madeline
- ANSES-Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France.
| | - Fanny Lecouturier
- ANSES-Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France.
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, Animal Health Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR VIROLOGIE, Animal Health Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Aymeric Hans
- ANSES-Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France.
| | - José-Carlos Valle-Casuso
- ANSES-Laboratory for Animal Health in Normandy, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France.
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Bekele BK, Uwishema O, Nazir A, Kaushik I, Wellington J. Addressing the challenges of prevention and control of West Nile virus in Africa: A correspondence. Int J Surg 2023; 109:186-188. [PMID: 36799846 PMCID: PMC10389590 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bezawit K. Bekele
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Olivier Uwishema
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Abubakar Nazir
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ikshwaki Kaushik
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- David Tvildiani Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Jack Wellington
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Toribio RE. Arboviral Equine Encephalitides. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2022; 38:299-321. [PMID: 35953146 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of viruses transmitted by biological vectors or through direct contact, air, or ingestion cause neurologic disease in equids. Of interest are viruses of the Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Herpesviridae, Bornaviridae, and Bunyaviridae families. Many are classified as arboviruses because they use arthropod vectors, whereas others are transmitted directly via ingestion, inhalation, or integument damage. The goal of this article is to provide an overview on pathophysiologic and clinical aspects of arboviruses of equine importance, including alphaviruses (Togaviridae) and flaviviruses (Flaviviridae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro E Toribio
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Mencattelli G, Ndione MHD, Rosà R, Marini G, Diagne CT, Diagne MM, Fall G, Faye O, Diallo M, Faye O, Savini G, Rizzoli A. Epidemiology of West Nile virus in Africa: An underestimated threat. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010075. [PMID: 35007285 PMCID: PMC8789169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND West Nile virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus which has been posing continuous challenges to public health worldwide due to the identification of new lineages and clades and its ability to invade and establish in an increasing number of countries. Its current distribution, genetic variability, ecology, and epidemiological pattern in the African continent are only partially known despite the general consensus on the urgency to obtain such information for quantifying the actual disease burden in Africa other than to predict future threats at global scale. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS References were searched in PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases on January 21, 2020, using selected keywords, without language and date restriction. Additional manual searches of reference list were carried out. Further references have been later added accordingly to experts' opinion. We included 153 scientific papers published between 1940 and 2021. This review highlights: (i) the co-circulation of WNV-lineages 1, 2, and 8 in the African continent; (ii) the presence of diverse WNV competent vectors in Africa, mainly belonging to the Culex genus; (iii) the lack of vector competence studies for several other mosquito species found naturally infected with WNV in Africa; (iv) the need of more competence studies to be addressed on ticks; (iv) evidence of circulation of WNV among humans, animals and vectors in at least 28 Countries; (v) the lack of knowledge on the epidemiological situation of WNV for 19 Countries and (vii) the importance of carrying out specific serological surveys in order to avoid possible bias on WNV circulation in Africa. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the state of art on WNV investigation carried out in Africa, highlighting several knowledge gaps regarding i) the current WNV distribution and genetic diversity, ii) its ecology and transmission chains including the role of different arthropods and vertebrate species as competent reservoirs, and iii) the real disease burden for humans and animals. This review highlights the needs for further research and coordinated surveillance efforts on WNV in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mencattelli
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Rosà
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Giovanni Marini
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | | | | | - Gamou Fall
- Department of Virology, Fondation Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Department of Virology, Fondation Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Department of Zoology, Fondation Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Oumar Faye
- Department of Virology, Fondation Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Department of Public Health, OIE Reference Laboratory for WND, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Annapaola Rizzoli
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
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Srihi H, Chatti N, Ben Mhadheb M, Gharbi J, Abid N. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis of the complete genome of the West Nile virus lineage 2 (WNV-2) in the Mediterranean basin. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:183. [PMID: 34579648 PMCID: PMC8477494 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01902-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The West Nile virus is a highly contagious agent for a wide range of hosts. Its spread in the Mediterranean region raises several questions about its origin and the risk factors underlying the virus’s dispersal. Materials and methods The present study aims to reconstruct the temporal and spatial phylodynamics of West Nile virus lineage 2 in the Mediterranean region using 75 complete genome sequences from different host species retrieved from international databases. Results This data set suggests that current strains of WNV-2 began spreading in South Africa or nearby regions in the early twentieth century, and it migrated northwards via at least one route crossing the Mediterranean to reach Hungary in the early 2000s, before spreading throughout Europe. Another introduction event, according to the data set collected and analyses performed, is inferred to have occurred in around 1978. Migratory birds constitute, among others, additional risk factors that enhance the geographical transmission of the infection.
Conclusion Our data underline the importance of the spatial–temporal tracking of migratory birds and phylodynamic reconstruction in setting up an efficient surveillance system for emerging and reemerging zoonoses in the Mediterranean region. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01902-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haythem Srihi
- Research Unit UR17ES30 "Genomics, Biotechnology and Antiviral Strategies", Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tahar Hadded Avenue, PB 74, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Noureddine Chatti
- Research Unit UR17ES30 "Genomics, Biotechnology and Antiviral Strategies", Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tahar Hadded Avenue, PB 74, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Manel Ben Mhadheb
- Research Unit UR17ES30 "Genomics, Biotechnology and Antiviral Strategies", Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tahar Hadded Avenue, PB 74, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jawhar Gharbi
- Research Unit UR17ES30 "Genomics, Biotechnology and Antiviral Strategies", Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tahar Hadded Avenue, PB 74, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, PB 400, Post Code 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil Abid
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biological Active Substances LR99ES27, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Ibn Sina Street, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia. .,High Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, Department of Biotechnology, University of Manouba, BiotechPôlet Sidi Thabet, PB 66, 2020, Ariana-Tunis, Tunisia.
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8
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Ferraguti M, Martínez-de la Puente J, Figuerola J. Ecological Effects on the Dynamics of West Nile Virus and Avian Plasmodium: The Importance of Mosquito Communities and Landscape. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071208. [PMID: 34201673 PMCID: PMC8310121 DOI: 10.3390/v13071208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans and wildlife are at risk from certain vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and West Nile and yellow fevers. Factors linked to global change, including habitat alteration, land-use intensification, the spread of alien species, and climate change, are operating on a global scale and affect both the incidence and distribution of many vector-borne diseases. Hence, understanding the drivers that regulate the transmission of pathogens in the wild is of great importance for ecological, evolutionary, health, and economic reasons. In this literature review, we discuss the ecological factors potentially affecting the transmission of two mosquito-borne pathogens circulating naturally between birds and mosquitoes, namely, West Nile virus (WNV) and the avian malaria parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Traditionally, the study of pathogen transmission has focused only on vectors or hosts and the interactions between them, while the role of landscape has largely been ignored. However, from an ecological point of view, it is essential not only to study the interaction between each of these organisms but also to understand the environmental scenarios in which these processes take place. We describe here some of the similarities and differences in the transmission of these two pathogens and how research into both systems may facilitate a greater understanding of the dynamics of vector-borne pathogens in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ferraguti
- Department of Theoretical and Computational Ecology (TCE), Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (J.M.-d.l.P.)
| | - Josué Martínez-de la Puente
- Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (J.M.-d.l.P.)
| | - Jordi Figuerola
- Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC), E-41092 Seville, Spain;
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
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Metz MBC, Olufemi OT, Daly JM, Barba M. Systematic review and meta-analysis of seroprevalence studies of West Nile virus in equids in Europe between 2001 and 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1814-1823. [PMID: 33012076 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There is some evidence that West Nile virus (WNV), which causes encephalomyelitis in equids, is an emerging disease in Europe. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to analyse seroprevalence studies of WNV in equids in European countries between 2001 and 2018. Two electronic databases, PubMed and Scopus, were searched for relevant publications published from 2001 to 2018 using predetermined keywords. A total of 1,484 papers were initially found. After applying the eligibility criteria, 39 papers were finally included in the systematic review. Analysis of 28,089 equids from 16 European countries revealed a pooled seroprevalence of 8% (95% CI 5%-12%, p < .001, I2 = 99.3%) in Europe. The pooled seroprevalence was slightly higher in Mediterranean basin countries than other countries and when calculated for samples collected between 2001 and 2009 compared to 2010 to 2018. Differences in study design (e.g. sampling associated with recent outbreaks of WNV) contributed to a high degree of variability among studies. Further studies with harmonized study design and reporting of the results are recommended to better estimate and monitor European seroprevalence of WNV in equids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine B C Metz
- Agentes Microbiológicos asociados a la Reproducción Animal (ProVaginBio), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Olaolu T Olufemi
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Janet M Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Marta Barba
- Agentes Microbiológicos asociados a la Reproducción Animal (ProVaginBio), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
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West Nile Virus: An Update on Pathobiology, Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Control and "One Health" Implications. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070589. [PMID: 32707644 PMCID: PMC7400489 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an important zoonotic flavivirus responsible for mild fever to severe, lethal neuroinvasive disease in humans, horses, birds, and other wildlife species. Since its discovery, WNV has caused multiple human and animal disease outbreaks in all continents, except Antarctica. Infections are associated with economic losses, mainly due to the cost of treatment of infected patients, control programmes, and loss of animals and animal products. The pathogenesis of WNV has been extensively investigated in natural hosts as well as in several animal models, including rodents, lagomorphs, birds, and reptiles. However, most of the proposed pathogenesis hypotheses remain contentious, and much remains to be elucidated. At the same time, the unavailability of specific antiviral treatment or effective and safe vaccines contribute to the perpetuation of the disease and regular occurrence of outbreaks in both endemic and non-endemic areas. Moreover, globalisation and climate change are also important drivers of the emergence and re-emergence of the virus and disease. Here, we give an update of the pathobiology, epidemiology, diagnostics, control, and “One Health” implications of WNV infection and disease.
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Chevalier V, Marsot M, Molia S, Rasamoelina H, Rakotondravao R, Pedrono M, Lowenski S, Durand B, Lecollinet S, Beck C. Serological Evidence of West Nile and Usutu Viruses Circulation in Domestic and Wild Birds in Wetlands of Mali and Madagascar in 2008. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17061998. [PMID: 32197367 PMCID: PMC7142923 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17061998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The geographical distribution and impact on animal and human health of both West Nile and Usutu viruses, two flaviviruses of the Japanese encephalitis complex, have been increasing during the past two decades. Both viruses circulate in Europe and Africa within a natural cycle between wild birds and mosquitoes, mainly from the Culex genus. We retrospectively analyzed sera from domestic and wild birds sampled in 2008 in two wetlands, namely the Inner Niger Delta, Mali, and the Lake Alaotra area, Madagascar. Sera were first tested using a commercial ID Screen West Nile Competition Multi-species ELISA kit. Then, positive sera and sera with insufficient volume for testing with ELISA were tested with a Microneutralization Test. In Mali, the observed seroprevalence in domestic birds was 28.5% [24.5; 32.8] 95%CI, 3.1 % [1.8; 5.2] 95%CI, 6.2% [3.4; 10.2] 95%CI and 9.8 % [7.3; 12.8] 95%CI, for West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV), undetermined flavivirus, and WNV/USUV respectively. Regarding domestic birds of Madagascar, the observed seroprevalence was 4.4 % [2.1; 7.9]95%CI for WNV, 0.9% [0.1; 3.1] 95%CI for USUV, 1.3% [0.5; 2.8] 95%CI for undetermined flavivirus, and null for WNV/USUV. Among the 150 wild birds sampled in Madagascar, two fulvous whistling-ducks (Dendrocygna bicolor) were positive for WNV and two for an undetermined flavivirus. One white-faced whistling-duck (Dendrocygna viduata) and one Hottentot teal (Spatula hottentota) were tested positive for USUV. African and European wetlands are linked by wild bird migrations. This first detection of USUV—as well as the confirmed circulation of WNV in domestic birds of two wetlands of Mali and Madagascar—emphasizes the need to improve the surveillance, knowledge of epidemiological patterns, and phylogenetic characteristics of flavivirus in Africa, particularly in areas prone to sustained, intense flavivirus transmission such as wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Chevalier
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier, F-34090 Montpellier, France
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh PO Box 983, Cambodia
| | - Maud Marsot
- University Paris Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sophie Molia
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier, F-34090 Montpellier, France
- Centre Régional de Santé Animale, Parc Sotuba, Bamako, Mali
| | | | | | - Miguel Pedrono
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier, F-34090 Montpellier, France
- FOFIFA-DRZV, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Steve Lowenski
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Benoit Durand
- University Paris Est, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cécile Beck
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
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12
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Tomazatos A, Jansen S, Pfister S, Török E, Maranda I, Horváth C, Keresztes L, Spînu M, Tannich E, Jöst H, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Cadar D, Lühken R. Ecology of West Nile Virus in the Danube Delta, Romania: Phylogeography, Xenosurveillance and Mosquito Host-Feeding Patterns. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121159. [PMID: 31847345 PMCID: PMC6950446 DOI: 10.3390/v11121159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecology of West Nile virus (WNV) in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve (Romania) was investigated by combining studies on the virus genetics, phylogeography, xenosurveillance and host-feeding patterns of mosquitoes. Between 2014 and 2016, 655,667 unfed and 3842 engorged mosquito females were collected from four sampling sites. Blood-fed mosquitoes were negative for WNV-RNA, but two pools of unfed Culex pipiens s.l./torrentium collected in 2014 were tested positive. Our results suggest that Romania experienced at least two separate WNV lineage 2 introductions: from Africa into Danube Delta and from Greece into south-eastern Romania in the 1990s and early 2000s, respectively. The genetic diversity of WNV in Romania is primarily shaped by in situ evolution. WNV-specific antibodies were detected for 19 blood-meals from dogs and horses, but not from birds or humans. The hosts of mosquitoes were dominated by non-human mammals (19 species), followed by human and birds (23 species). Thereby, the catholic host-feeding pattern of Culex pipiens s.l./torrentium with a relatively high proportion of birds indicates the species’ importance as a potential bridge vector. The low virus prevalence in combination with WNV-specific antibodies indicate continuous, but low activity of WNV in the Danube Delta during the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Tomazatos
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (A.T.); (S.J.); (I.M.); (E.T.); (H.J.)
| | - Stephanie Jansen
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (A.T.); (S.J.); (I.M.); (E.T.); (H.J.)
| | | | - Edina Török
- “Lendület” Landscape and Conservation Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Botany, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, 2163 Vácrátót, Hungary;
| | - Iulia Maranda
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (A.T.); (S.J.); (I.M.); (E.T.); (H.J.)
| | - Cintia Horváth
- Department of Clinical Sciences-Infectious Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (M.S.)
| | - Lujza Keresztes
- Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400372 Cluj Napoca, Romania;
| | - Marina Spînu
- Department of Clinical Sciences-Infectious Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (M.S.)
| | - Egbert Tannich
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (A.T.); (S.J.); (I.M.); (E.T.); (H.J.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Jöst
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (A.T.); (S.J.); (I.M.); (E.T.); (H.J.)
| | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (A.T.); (S.J.); (I.M.); (E.T.); (H.J.)
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, 20148 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Cadar
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (A.T.); (S.J.); (I.M.); (E.T.); (H.J.)
| | - Renke Lühken
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (A.T.); (S.J.); (I.M.); (E.T.); (H.J.)
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, 20148 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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13
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Ciccozzi M, Cella E, Benvenuto D, Donati D, Garilli F, Angeletti S, Pascarella S. Phylogeny of Culex theileri virus flavivirus in Spain, Myanmar, Portugal and Turkey. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/1995-7645.259242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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14
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Abstract
Eastern Europe (EE) has been severely affected by mosquito-borne viruses (moboviruses). In this review, we summarize the epidemiology of moboviruses, with particular attention to West Nile virus (WNV). The study of WNV human cases in EE between 2010 and 2016, revealed that the epidemiology of WNV in EE is complex with the combination of introduction of different WNV strains from lineages 1 and 2, and the establishment of endemic cycles. We found a positive correlation between the risk of WNV re-emergence in an area and the number of human cases reported in the previous year. We also report the main ecological and biological characteristics of the key mosquito species vectors of moboviruses. Recent expansion of invasive mosquito species in EE, mainly Aedes albopictus but also Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, may result in new scenarios with an increased risk of transmission of moboviruses. Main gaps of knowledge in relation to moboviruses and their vectors in EE are identified. Understanding the epidemiology of moboviruses in EE is essential for the improvement of their surveillance and the control of the diseases they cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Napp
- IRTA,Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona,Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Dusan Petrić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Laboratory for Medical Entomology, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Núria Busquets
- IRTA,Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona,Bellaterra, Spain
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15
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Pérez-Ramírez E, Llorente F, Del Amo J, Nowotny N, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ. Susceptibility and role as competent host of the red-legged partridge after infection with lineage 1 and 2 West Nile virus isolates of Mediterranean and Central European origin. Vet Microbiol 2018; 222:39-45. [PMID: 30080671 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV; genus Flavivirus; family Flaviviridae) is the aetiological agent of an emerging, mosquito-borne disease with great impact on human and animal health. Over the past 15 years, WNV has been responsible for large epidemics mainly in North America but also in Europe, where lineage 1 and more recently lineage 2 strains have caused an upsurge in the number of outbreaks with increased human infection and higher virulence for certain wild bird species. This study aimed to compare the course of infection of the lineage 1 WNV strains Israel/98 and Italy/08 and the lineage 2 strain Austria/08 in the red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa), a gallinaceous bird indigenous to the Iberian Peninsula and widely distributed in Southern and Western Europe. After experimental inoculation, clinical and analytic parameters (viraemia, viral load, antibodies) were examined over a period of 15 days. All inoculated birds became viremic and showed clinical disease, with a morbidity rate of 100% and mortality rates between 22.2 and 55.5% depending on the virus strain. The red-legged partridge demonstrated to be a competent host for transmission of the three investigated WNV isolates with the highest competence index observed for the Italian strain. Likewise, this strain was the most pathogenic causing the highest viral loads in blood, organs, feathers and oral and cloacal secretions. These experimental results indicate that the red-legged partridge is highly susceptible to the infection with lineage 1 and 2 WNV strains and that this species may act as an amplifying host for both WNV lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pérez-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA), Carretera Algete-El Casar s/n, 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco Llorente
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA), Carretera Algete-El Casar s/n, 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Del Amo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA), Carretera Algete-El Casar s/n, 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, P.O. Box 505055, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA), Carretera Algete-El Casar s/n, 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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16
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The Effects of Sampling Location and Predictor Point Estimate Certainty on Posterior Support in Bayesian Phylogeographic Generalized Linear Models. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5905. [PMID: 29651124 PMCID: PMC5897398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of generalized linear models in Bayesian phylogeography has enabled researchers to simultaneously reconstruct the spatiotemporal history of a virus and quantify the contribution of predictor variables to that process. However, little is known about the sensitivity of this method to the choice of the discrete state partition. Here we investigate this question by analyzing a data set containing 299 sequences of the West Nile virus envelope gene sampled in the United States and fifteen predictors aggregated at four spatial levels. We demonstrate that although the topology of the viral phylogenies was consistent across analyses, support for the predictors depended on the level of aggregation. In particular, we found that the variance of the predictor support metrics was minimized at the most precise level for several predictors and maximized at more sparse levels of aggregation. These results suggest that caution should be taken when partitioning a region into discrete locations to ensure that interpretable, reproducible posterior estimates are obtained. These results also demonstrate why researchers should use the most precise discrete states possible to minimize the posterior variance in such estimates and reveal what truly drives the diffusion of viruses.
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17
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Popescu CP, Florescu SA, Cotar AI, Badescu D, Ceianu CS, Zaharia M, Tardei G, Codreanu D, Ceausu E, Ruta SM. Re-emergence of severe West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease in humans in Romania, 2012 to 2017-implications for travel medicine. Travel Med Infect Dis 2018; 22:30-35. [PMID: 29544774 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Romania, after a major outbreak in 1996, West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND) was reported only in a limited number of cases annually. During 2016-2017, a significant increase in the number of WNND cases was reported at the national level, associated with high mortality rates. METHODS A retrospective analysis of all cases confirmed with WNND, hospitalized during 2012-2017 in a single tertiary facility from Bucharest was performed in order to determine the annual prevalence and mortality rate and the risk factors associated with a severe outcome. RESULTS 47 cases were confirmed as WNND. The mortality rate was 25.5%, all death occurred during 2016-2017. Coma, confusion, obtundation, sleepiness and depressed deep tendon reflexes were symptoms predicting a severe outcome. In a univariate analysis age (p < 0.001), associated cancers (p = 0.012) and low levels of chloride in the CSF (p = 0.008) were risk factors for mortality. In a multinomial logistic analysis, age older than 75 years remained the only independent predictor of death in WNND. CONCLUSIONS The increase in both the number and the mortality rate of WNND cases suggest a changing pattern of WNV infection in Romania. Public health authorities and clinicians should be aware of the risk of severe WNV infection in travelers returning from Romania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corneliu Petru Popescu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Dr Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania; ESCMID Study Group for Infectious Diseases of the Brain, Basel, Switzerland; ESCMID Study Group for Infections in Travellers and Migrants, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Simin Aysel Florescu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Dr Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ani Ioana Cotar
- Laboratory for Vector-Borne Infections, Cantacuzino National Institute for Research, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Badescu
- Laboratory for Vector-Borne Infections, Cantacuzino National Institute for Research, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cornelia Svetlana Ceianu
- Laboratory for Vector-Borne Infections, Cantacuzino National Institute for Research, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Zaharia
- Dr Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania; ESCMID Study Group for Infectious Diseases of the Brain, Basel, Switzerland; ESCMID Study Group for Infections in Travellers and Migrants, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gratiela Tardei
- Dr Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Codreanu
- Dr Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Emanoil Ceausu
- Dr Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Maria Ruta
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Stefan S Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
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18
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Fall G, Di Paola N, Faye M, Dia M, Freire CCDM, Loucoubar C, Zanotto PMDA, Faye O, Sall AA. Biological and phylogenetic characteristics of West African lineages of West Nile virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006078. [PMID: 29117195 PMCID: PMC5695850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The West Nile virus (WNV), isolated in 1937, is an arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) that infects thousands of people each year. Despite its burden on global health, little is known about the virus’ biological and evolutionary dynamics. As several lineages are endemic in West Africa, we obtained the complete polyprotein sequence from three isolates from the early 1990s, each representing a different lineage. We then investigated differences in growth behavior and pathogenicity for four distinct West African lineages in arthropod (Ap61) and primate (Vero) cell lines, and in mice. We found that genetic differences, as well as viral-host interactions, could play a role in the biological properties in different WNV isolates in vitro, such as: (i) genome replication, (ii) protein translation, (iii) particle release, and (iv) virulence. Our findings demonstrate the endemic diversity of West African WNV strains and support future investigations into (i) the nature of WNV emergence, (ii) neurological tropism, and (iii) host adaptation. The West Nile virus (WNV) can cause severe neurological diseases including meningitis, encephalitis, and acute flaccid paralysis. Differences in WNV genetics could play a role in the frequency of neurological symptoms from an infection. For the first time, we observed how geographically similar but genetically distinct lineages grow in cellular environments that agree with the transmission chain of West Nile virus—vertebrate-arthropod-vertebrate. We were able to connect our in vitro and in vivo results with relevant epidemiological and molecular data. Our findings highlight the existence of West African lineages with higher virulence and replicative efficiency in vitro and in vivo compared to lineages similar to circulating strains in the United States and Europe. Our investigation of four West African lineages of West Nile virus will help us better understand the biology of the virus and assess future epidemiological threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamou Fall
- Pôle de Virologie, Unité des Arbovirus et virus des fièvres hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Nicholas Di Paola
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Bioinformatics, Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martin Faye
- Pôle de Virologie, Unité des Arbovirus et virus des fièvres hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Moussa Dia
- Pôle de Virologie, Unité des Arbovirus et virus des fièvres hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | | | - Cheikh Loucoubar
- Groupe à 4 ans de Biostatistiques, Bioinformatique et modélisation, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Paolo Marinho de Andrade Zanotto
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Bioinformatics, Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Pôle de Virologie, Unité des Arbovirus et virus des fièvres hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Amadou Alpha Sall
- Pôle de Virologie, Unité des Arbovirus et virus des fièvres hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
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19
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Ciota AT. West Nile virus and its vectors. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 22:28-36. [PMID: 28805636 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV Flaviviridae; Flavivrus) is the most geographically widespread arbovirus in the world and the leading cause of arboviral encephalitis globally. Worldwide, WNV is maintained in an enzootic cycle between primarily Culex spp. mosquitoes and birds, with human infection and disease resulting from enzootic spillover. Dynamic and complex intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to the temporal and spatial variability in WNV transmission. The most current information on the relative contribution of each of these factors is reviewed and a case to incorporate detailed and localized environmental and genetic data into predictive models is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Ciota
- The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY, USA.
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20
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Diseases of the Nervous System. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7322266 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Tantely ML, Goodman SM, Rakotondranaivo T, Boyer S. Review of West Nile virus circulation and outbreak risk in Madagascar: Entomological and ornithological perspectives. Parasite 2016; 23:49. [PMID: 27849515 PMCID: PMC5112766 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2016058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile fever (WNF) is a zoonotic disease, occurring nearly globally. In Madagascar, West Nile virus (WNV) was first detected in 1978 from wild birds and the virus is currently distributed across the island, but no epidemic or epizootic period has been recorded. One fatal human case of WNV infection was reported in 2011, suggesting a "tip of the iceberg" phenomenon of a possible WNF epidemic/epizootic on the island. The main objective of this literature-based survey is to review patterns of WNV circulation in Madagascar from the entomological and ornithological points of view. Among the 235 mosquito species described from Madagascar, 29 species are widely associated with WNV infection; 16 of them are found naturally infected with WNV on the island and categorized into major, candidate, and potential vectors of WNV according to their vector capacity. This study upholds the hypothesis that WNV enzooticity is independent of annual movements of migratory birds passing through Madagascar. Moreover, the lack of regular migratory bird flux between Africa and Madagascar would reduce the probability of transmission and the subsequent reintroduction of the virus into locally occurring mosquito species. Given that Palearctic migratory birds are strongly implicated in the transmission of WNV, we highlight notable differences in the movements and species diversity of these birds in Madagascar as compared to eastern and northern Africa. Risk factors from this two-pronged approach are presented for the emergence of WNF outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Luciano Tantely
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Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Ambatofotsikely BP 1274 Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
| | - Steven M. Goodman
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Field Museum of Natural History 1400 South Lake Shore Drive Chicago
60605 Illinois USA
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Association Vahatra BP 3972 Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
| | - Tsirinaina Rakotondranaivo
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Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Ambatofotsikely BP 1274 Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
| | - Sébastien Boyer
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Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Ambatofotsikely BP 1274 Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
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22
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Szentpáli-Gavallér K, Lim SM, Dencső L, Bányai K, Koraka P, Osterhaus ADME, Martina BEE, Bakonyi T, Bálint Á. In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation of Mutations in the NS Region of Lineage 2 West Nile Virus Associated with Neuroinvasiveness in a Mammalian Model. Viruses 2016; 8:v8020049. [PMID: 26907325 PMCID: PMC4776204 DOI: 10.3390/v8020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) strains may differ significantly in neuroinvasiveness in vertebrate hosts. In contrast to genetic lineage 1 WNVs, molecular determinants of pathogenic lineage 2 strains have not been experimentally confirmed so far. A full-length infectious clone of a neurovirulent WNV lineage 2 strain (578/10; Central Europe) was generated and amino acid substitutions that have been shown to attenuate lineage 1 WNVs were introduced into the nonstructural proteins (NS1 (P250L), NS2A (A30P), NS3 (P249H) NS4B (P38G, C102S, E249G)). The mouse neuroinvasive phenotype of each mutant virus was examined following intraperitoneal inoculation of C57BL/6 mice. Only the NS1-P250L mutation was associated with a significant attenuation of virulence in mice compared to the wild-type. Multiplication kinetics in cell culture revealed significantly lower infectious virus titres for the NS1 mutant compared to the wild-type, as well as significantly lower amounts of positive and negative stranded RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie M Lim
- Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3015CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - László Dencső
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Penelope Koraka
- Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3015CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Byron E E Martina
- Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3015CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Tamás Bakonyi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary.
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, A-1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ádám Bálint
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary.
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Alsaleh K, Khou C, Frenkiel MP, Lecollinet S, Vàzquez A, de Arellano ER, Després P, Pardigon N. The E glycoprotein plays an essential role in the high pathogenicity of European-Mediterranean IS98 strain of West Nile virus. Virology 2016; 492:53-65. [PMID: 26896935 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is the most widespread arbovirus in the world. Several recent outbreaks and epizootics have been reported in Europe and the Mediterranean basin with increased virulence. In contrast to the well-characterized American and Australian strains, little is known about the virulence determinants of the WNV European-Mediterranean strains. To investigate the viral factors involved in the virulence of these strains, we generated chimeras between the highly neuropathogenic Israel 1998 (IS-98-ST1, IS98) strain and the non-pathogenic Malaysian Kunjin virus (KJMP-502). In vivo analyses in a mouse model of WNV pathogenesis shows that chimeric virus where KJMP-502 E glycoprotein was replaced by that of IS98 is neuropathogenic, demonstrating that this protein is a major virulence determinant. Presence of the N-glycosylation site had limited impact on virus virulence and the 5'UTR does not seem to influence pathogenesis. Finally, mice inoculated with KJMP-502 virus were protected against lethal IS98 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cécile Khou
- Institut Pasteur, URE ERI/CIBU, Paris, France
| | | | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Animal Health Laboratory, UMR1161 Virology, INRA, ANSES, ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Ana Vàzquez
- Arbovirus & Imported Viral Diseases, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Ctra. Pozuelo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Ramírez de Arellano
- Arbovirus & Imported Viral Diseases, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Ctra. Pozuelo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Philippe Després
- University of La Réunion Island, UM134 PIMIT, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR9192, IRD UMR249, Technology Platform CYROI, 97490 Saint-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
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24
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Kauffman EB, Franke MA, Kramer LD. Detection Protocols for West Nile Virus in Mosquitoes, Birds, and Nonhuman Mammals. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1435:175-206. [PMID: 27188559 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3670-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus is the most widespread mosquito-borne virus in the world, and the most common cause of encephalitis in the USA. Surveillance for this medially important mosquito-borne pathogen is an important part of public health practice. Here we present protocols for testing environmental samples such as mosquitoes, nonvertebrate mammals, and birds for this virus, including RT-PCR, virus isolation in cell culture, and antigenic assays, as well as serologic assays for antibody detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Kauffman
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY, 12159, USA.
| | - Mary A Franke
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY, 12159, USA
| | - Laura D Kramer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY, 12159, USA.,School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Slingerlands, NY, 12159, USA
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Dridi M, Van Den Berg T, Lecollinet S, Lambrecht B. Evaluation of the pathogenicity of West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 strains in a SPF chicken model of infection: NS3-249Pro mutation is neither sufficient nor necessary for conferring virulence. Vet Res 2015; 46:130. [PMID: 26518144 PMCID: PMC4628354 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lineage 2 West Nile virus (WNV) strains were reported for the first time in Europe in 2004. Despite an almost silent circulation around their entry point in Hungary, an upsurge of pathogenicity occurred in 2010 as 262 people suffered from neuroinvasive disease in Greece. This increase in virulence was imputed to the emergence of a His249Pro mutation in the viral NS3 helicase, as previously evidenced in American crows experimentally infected with the prototype lineage 1 North-American WNV strain. However, since 2003, WNV strains bearing the NS3Pro genotype are regularly isolated in Western-Mediterranean countries without being correlated to any virulent outbreak in vertebrates. We thus sought to evaluate the weight of the NS3249Pro genotype as a virulence marker of WNV in an in vivo avian model of WNV infection. We therefore characterized three genetically-related Eastern-Europe lineage 2 WNV strains in day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens: Hun2004 and Aus2008 which are both characterized by a NS3249His genotype, and Gr2011 which is characterized by a NS3249Pro genotype. Unlike Hun2004 and Aus2008, Gr2011 was weakly virulent in SPF chicks as Gr2011-induced viremia was lower and waned quicklier than in the Hun2004 and Aus2008 groups. Overall, this study showed that the presence of a proline residue at position 249 of the viral NS3 helicase is neither sufficient nor necessary to confer pathogenicity to any given lineage 2 WNV strain in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Dridi
- Operational Direction of Viral Diseases, CODA-CERVA-Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, 99 Groeselenberg, 1180, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Thierry Van Den Berg
- Operational Direction of Viral Diseases, CODA-CERVA-Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, 99 Groeselenberg, 1180, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- UPE, UMR1161 Virologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Benedicte Lambrecht
- Operational Direction of Viral Diseases, CODA-CERVA-Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, 99 Groeselenberg, 1180, Brussels, Belgium.
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26
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Ravagnan S, Montarsi F, Cazzin S, Porcellato E, Russo F, Palei M, Monne I, Savini G, Marangon S, Barzon L, Capelli G. First report outside Eastern Europe of West Nile virus lineage 2 related to the Volgograd 2007 strain, northeastern Italy, 2014. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:418. [PMID: 26265490 PMCID: PMC4534017 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND West Nile virus (WNV) is a Flavivirus transmitted to vertebrate hosts by mosquitoes, maintained in nature through an enzootic bird-mosquito cycle. In Europe the virus became of major public health and veterinary concern in the 1990s. In Italy, WNV re-emerged in 2008, ten years after the previous outbreak and is currently endemic in many areas of the country. In particular, the northeastern part of Italy experience continuous viral circulation, with human outbreaks caused by different genovariants of WNV lineage 1, Western-European and Mediterranean subcluster, and WNV lineage 2, Hungarian clade. Alongside the WNV National Surveillance Program that has been in place since 2002, regional surveillance plans were implemented after 2008 targeting mosquitoes, animals and humans. FINDINGS In July and September 2014, West Nile virus lineage 2 was detected in pools of Culex pipiens s.l. mosquitoes from northeastern Italy. Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of two representative samples identified the presence of WNV lineage 2 related to the Volgograd 2007 strain (99.3 % nucleotide sequence identity), in addition to WNV lineage 2 Hungarian clade. CONCLUSIONS This is the first evidence of the circulation of a WNV lineage 2 strain closely related to the Volgograd 2007 outside Eastern Europe, where it has caused large human outbreaks. This strain may pose a new threat to animal and human health in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ravagnan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Montarsi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| | - Stefania Cazzin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| | - Elena Porcellato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| | - Francesca Russo
- Promotion and Development of Hygiene and Public Health, Veneto Region, Venezia, Italy.
| | - Manlio Palei
- Veterinary Public Health Service, Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, Udine, Italy.
| | - Isabella Monne
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Stefano Marangon
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| | - Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Gioia Capelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
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27
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Barzon L, Papa A, Lavezzo E, Franchin E, Pacenti M, Sinigaglia A, Masi G, Trevisan M, Squarzon L, Toppo S, Papadopoulou E, Nowotny N, Ulbert S, Piralla A, Rovida F, Baldanti F, Percivalle E, Palù G. Phylogenetic characterization of Central/Southern European lineage 2 West Nile virus: analysis of human outbreaks in Italy and Greece, 2013-2014. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:1122.e1-10. [PMID: 26235197 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 has been spreading and causing disease outbreaks in humans and animals in Europe. In order to characterize viral diversity, we performed full-length genome sequencing of WNV lineage 2 from human samples collected during outbreaks in Italy and Greece in 2013 and 2014. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these WNV lineage 2 genomes belonged to a monophyletic clade derived from a single introduction into Europe of the prototype Hungarian strain. Correlation of phylogenetic data with geospatial information showed geographical clustering of WNV genome sequences both in Italy and in Greece, indicating that the virus had evolved and diverged during its dispersal in Europe, leading to the emergence of novel genotypes, as it adapted to local ecological niches. These genotypes carried divergent conserved amino acid substitutions, which might have been relevant for viral adaptation, as suggested by selection pressure analysis and in silico and experimental modelling of sequence changes. In conclusion, the results of this study provide further information on WNV lineage 2 transmission dynamics in Europe, and emphasize the need for WNV surveillance activities to monitor viral evolution and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy.
| | - A Papa
- National Reference Centre for Arboviruses, Department of Microbiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E Lavezzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - E Franchin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - M Pacenti
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - A Sinigaglia
- IRCCS-IOV Istituto Oncologico Veneto, Padova, Italy
| | - G Masi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - M Trevisan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - L Squarzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - S Toppo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - E Papadopoulou
- National Reference Centre for Arboviruses, Department of Microbiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - S Ulbert
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Piralla
- Molecular Virology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - F Rovida
- Molecular Virology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - F Baldanti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences, Surgery, Diagnostics and Paediatrics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - E Percivalle
- Molecular Virology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - G Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
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28
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Szentpáli-Gavallér K, Antal L, Tóth M, Kemenesi G, Soltész Z, Dán A, Erdélyi K, Bányai K, Bálint A, Jakab F, Bakonyi T. Monitoring of West Nile virus in mosquitoes between 2011-2012 in Hungary. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015; 14:648-55. [PMID: 25229703 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2013.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a widely distributed mosquito-borne flavivirus. WNV strains are classified into several genetic lineages on the basis of phylogenetic differences. Whereas lineage 1 viruses are distributed worldwide, lineage 2 WNV was first detected outside of Africa in Hungary in 2004. Since then, WNV-associated disease and mortality in animal and human hosts have been documented periodically in Hungary. After the first detection of WNV from a pool of Culex pipiens mosquitoes in 2010, samples were collated from several sources and tested in a 2-year monitoring program. Collection areas were located in the Southern Transdanubium, in northeastern Hungary, in eastern Hungary, and in southeastern Hungary. During the 2 years, 23,193 mosquitoes in 645 pools were screened for WNV virus presence with RT-PCR. Three pools were found positive for WNV in 2011 (one pool of Ochlerotatus annulipes collected in Fényeslitke in June, one pool of Coquillettidia richiardii collected in Debrecen, Fancsika-tó, in July, and one pool of Cx. pipiens captured near Red-Footed Falcon colonies at Kardoskút in September). The minimal infection rate (MIR=proportion of infected mosquitoes per 1000 mosquitoes) of all mosquito pools was 0.25, whereas the MIR of infected species was 2.03 for O. annulipes, 0.63 for C. richiardii, and 2.70 for C.x pipiens. Molecular data have demonstrated that the same lineage 2 WNV strain has circulated in wild birds, horses, humans, and mosquitoes in Hungary since 2004. Mosquito-based surveillance successfully complemented the ongoing, long-term passive surveillance system and it was useful for the early detection of WNV circulation.
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29
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The global ecology and epidemiology of West Nile virus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:376230. [PMID: 25866777 PMCID: PMC4383390 DOI: 10.1155/2015/376230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Since its initial isolation in Uganda in 1937 through the present, West Nile virus (WNV) has become an important cause of human and animal disease worldwide. WNV, an enveloped virus of the genus Flavivirus, is naturally maintained in an enzootic cycle between birds and mosquitoes, with occasional epizootic spillover causing disease in humans and horses. The mosquito vectors for WNV are widely distributed worldwide, and the known geographic range of WNV transmission and disease has continued to increase over the past 77 years. While most human infections with WNV are asymptomatic, severe neurological disease may develop resulting in long-term sequelae or death. Surveillance and preventive measures are an ongoing need to reduce the public health impact of WNV in areas with the potential for transmission.
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30
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Tompkins DM, Carver S, Jones ME, Krkošek M, Skerratt LF. Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife: a critical perspective. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:149-59. [PMID: 25709109 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We review the literature to distinguish reports of vertebrate wildlife disease emergence with sufficient evidence, enabling a robust assessment of emergence drivers. For potentially emerging agents that cannot be confirmed, sufficient data on prior absence (or a prior difference in disease dynamics) are frequently lacking. Improved surveillance, particularly for neglected host taxa, geographical regions and infectious agents, would enable more effective management should emergence occur. Exposure to domestic sources of infection and human-assisted exposure to wild sources were identified as the two main drivers of emergence across host taxa; the domestic source was primary for fish while the wild source was primary for other taxa. There was generally insufficient evidence for major roles of other hypothesized drivers of emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Menna E Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Martin Krkošek
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Lee F Skerratt
- One Health Research Group, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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31
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Grisenti M, Vázquez A, Herrero L, Cuevas L, Perez-Pastrana E, Arnoldi D, Rosà R, Capelli G, Tenorio A, Sánchez-Seco MP, Rizzoli A. Wide detection of Aedes flavivirus in north-eastern Italy – a European hotspot of emerging mosquito-borne diseases. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:420-430. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.069625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Grisenti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Ana Vázquez
- Laboratory of Arboviruses and Viral Imported Diseases, Institute of Health ‘Carlos III’, Ctra Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Herrero
- Laboratory of Arboviruses and Viral Imported Diseases, Institute of Health ‘Carlos III’, Ctra Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laureano Cuevas
- Electron Microscopy Department, National Center of Microbiology, Institute of Health ‘Carlos III’, Ctra Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esperanza Perez-Pastrana
- Electron Microscopy Department, National Center of Microbiology, Institute of Health ‘Carlos III’, Ctra Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniele Arnoldi
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Roberto Rosà
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Gioia Capelli
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Tenorio
- Laboratory of Arboviruses and Viral Imported Diseases, Institute of Health ‘Carlos III’, Ctra Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Paz Sánchez-Seco
- Laboratory of Arboviruses and Viral Imported Diseases, Institute of Health ‘Carlos III’, Ctra Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Annapaola Rizzoli
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
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32
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New insights into innate immune restriction of West Nile virus infection. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 11:1-6. [PMID: 25554924 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an encephalitic flavivirus that has provided a valuable experimental system for studying viral pathogenesis and immunity. Although in vitro approaches and mouse models of infection have identified pattern recognition receptor and interferon pathways that control WNV infection, our appreciation of specific antiviral effectors has been more limited. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the host factors that restrict WNV infection in mammals and insects, especially those resulting from large-scale screening approaches.
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33
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Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases affect horses worldwide. Mosquito-borne diseases generally cause encephalomyelitis in the horse and can be difficult to diagnose antemortem. In addition to general disease, and diagnostic and treatment aspects, this review article summarizes the latest information on these diseases, covering approximately the past 5 years, with a focus on new equine disease encroachments, diagnostic and vaccination aspects, and possible therapeutics on the horizon.
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34
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The complete sequence of a West Nile virus lineage 2 strain detected in a Hyalomma marginatum marginatum tick collected from a song thrush (Turdus philomelos) in eastern Romania in 2013 revealed closest genetic relationship to strain Volgograd 2007. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109905. [PMID: 25279973 PMCID: PMC4184904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study the first complete sequence of the West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 strain currently circulating in Romania was determined. The virus was detected in a Hyalomma marginatum marginatum tick collected from a juvenile song thrush (Turdus philomelos) in the Romanian Danube Delta close to the city of Tulcea, end of August 2013. Our finding emphasizes the role of ticks in introduction and maintenance of WNV infections. Sequence analyses revealed close genetic relationship of the Romanian WNV strain to strain Reb_Volgograd_07_H, which was isolated from human brain tissue during an outbreak of West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND) in Russia in 2007. In 2010 the Eastern European lineage 2 WNV caused an outbreak of human WNND in Romania. Partial sequences from subsequent years demonstrated that this WNV strain became endemic in Eastern Europe and has been causing outbreaks of varying sizes in southern Russia since 2007 and in Romania since 2010.
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35
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Di Sabatino D, Bruno R, Sauro F, Danzetta ML, Cito F, Iannetti S, Narcisi V, De Massis F, Calistri P. Epidemiology of West Nile disease in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin from 2009 to 2013. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:907852. [PMID: 25302311 PMCID: PMC4180897 DOI: 10.1155/2014/907852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) transmission has been confirmed in the last four years in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin. An increasing concern towards West Nile disease (WND) has been observed due to the high number of human and animal cases reported in these areas confirming the importance of this zoonosis. A new epidemiological scenario is currently emerging: although new introductions of the virus from abroad are always possible, confirming the epidemiological role played by migratory birds, the infection endemisation in some European territories today is a reality supported by the constant reoccurrence of the same strains across years in the same geographical areas. Despite the WND reoccurrence in the Old World, the overwintering mechanisms are not well known, and the role of local resident birds or mosquitoes in this context is poorly understood. A recent new epidemiological scenario is the spread of lineage 2 strain across European and Mediterranean countries in regions where lineage 1 strain is still circulating creating favourable conditions for genetic reassortments and emergence of new strains. This paper summarizes the main epidemiological findings on WNV occurrence in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin from 2009 to 2013, considering potential future spread patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Di Sabatino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale,” 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Rossana Bruno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale,” 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesca Sauro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale,” 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Danzetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale,” 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesca Cito
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale,” 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Simona Iannetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale,” 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Valeria Narcisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale,” 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio De Massis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale,” 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Paolo Calistri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale,” 64100 Teramo, Italy
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36
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Rapid molecular detection and genotyping of West Nile Virus lineages 1 and 2 by real time PCR and melting curve analysis. J Virol Methods 2014; 207:54-9. [PMID: 24992671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Following its spread in the USA, West Nile Virus (WNV) has reemerged in the Mediterranean basin with a renewed pathogenicity. The introduction of WNV lineage 2 in Europe and its co-circulation with lineage 1 has resulted in a continuously changing epidemiological scenario, highlighting the importance of differential detection of the two lineages. The paper describes a new real-time PCR method for the detection and genotyping of the two main lineages of WNV. The method requires a single pair of primers and probes and is based on the analysis of highly conserved consensus sequences detected in the 5' terminus of the viral genome.
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Chikungunya virus and West Nile virus infections imported into Belgium, 2007–2012. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 143:2227-36. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814000685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYArboviral infections are emerging among tourists travelling to (sub)tropical regions. This study aims to describe the importation of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and West Nile virus (WNV) into Belgium over a 6-year period from 2007 to 2012. Clinical samples were obtained from travellers presenting at the outpatient clinic of the Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium or submitted to the Central Laboratory for Clinical Biology of the ITM. Testing was performed by serology and/or by real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. A total of 1288 returning travellers were investigated for CHIKV infection resulting in 34 confirmed and two probable diagnoses (2·80%). Out of 899 patients, four confirmed and one probable imported WNV infections were diagnosed (0·55%). No locally acquired cases have been registered in Belgium until now and the geographical origin of the imported infections reflects the global locations where the viruses are circulating.
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Experimental infections of wild birds with West Nile virus. Viruses 2014; 6:752-81. [PMID: 24531334 PMCID: PMC3939481 DOI: 10.3390/v6020752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian models of West Nile virus (WNV) disease have become pivotal in the study of infection pathogenesis and transmission, despite the intrinsic constraints that represents this type of experimental research that needs to be conducted in biosecurity level 3 (BSL3) facilities. This review summarizes the main achievements of WNV experimental research carried out in wild birds, highlighting advantages and limitations of this model. Viral and host factors that determine the infection outcome are analyzed in detail, as well as recent discoveries about avian immunity, viral transmission, and persistence achieved through experimental research. Studies of laboratory infections in the natural host will help to understand variations in susceptibility and reservoir competence among bird species, as well as in the epidemiological patterns found in different affected areas.
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Platonov AE, Tolpin VA, Gridneva KA, Titkov AV, Platonova OV, Kolyasnikova NM, Busani L, Rezza G. The incidence of West Nile disease in Russia in relation to climatic and environmental factors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:1211-32. [PMID: 24464233 PMCID: PMC3945534 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110201211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since 1999, human cases of West Nile fever/neuroinvasive disease (WND) have been reported annually in Russia. The highest incidence has been recorded in three provinces of southern European Russia (Volgograd, Astrakhan and Rostov Provinces), yet in 2010-2012 the distribution of human cases expanded northwards considerably. From year to year, the number of WND cases varied widely, with major WND outbreaks in 1999, 2007, 2010, and 2012. The present study was aimed at identifying the most important climatic and environmental factors potentially affecting WND incidence in the three above-mentioned provinces and at building simple prognostic models, using those factors, by the decision trees method. The effects of 96 variables, including mean monthly temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, etc. were taken into account. The findings of this analysis show that an increase of human WND incidence, compared to the previous year, was mostly driven by higher temperatures in May and/or in June, as well as (to a lesser extent) by high August-September temperatures. Declining incidence was associated with cold winters (December and/or January, depending on the region and type of model). WND incidence also tended to decrease during year following major WND outbreaks. Combining this information, the future trend of WND may be, to some extent, predicted, in accordance with the climatic conditions observed before the summer peak of WND incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Platonov
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Novogireevskaya Street 3A, Moscow 111123, Russia.
| | - Vladimir A Tolpin
- Space Research Institute, Profsoyuznaya Street 84/32, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Kristina A Gridneva
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Novogireevskaya Street 3A, Moscow 111123, Russia.
| | - Anton V Titkov
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Novogireevskaya Street 3A, Moscow 111123, Russia.
| | - Olga V Platonova
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Novogireevskaya Street 3A, Moscow 111123, Russia.
| | - Nadezhda M Kolyasnikova
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Novogireevskaya Street 3A, Moscow 111123, Russia.
| | - Luca Busani
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome 00161, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Rezza
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome 00161, Italy.
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Chevalier V, Tran A, Durand B. Predictive modeling of West Nile virus transmission risk in the Mediterranean Basin: how far from landing? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 11:67-90. [PMID: 24362544 PMCID: PMC3924437 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The impact on human and horse health of West Nile fever (WNF) recently and dramatically increased in Europe and neighboring countries. Involving several mosquito and wild bird species, WNF epidemiology is complex. Despite the implementation of surveillance systems in several countries of concern, and due to a lack of knowledge, outbreak occurrence remains unpredictable. Statistical models may help identifying transmission risk factors. When spatialized, they provide tools to identify areas that are suitable for West Nile virus transmission. Mathematical models may be used to improve our understanding of epidemiological process involved, to evaluate the impact of environmental changes or test the efficiency of control measures. We propose a systematic literature review of publications aiming at modeling the processes involved in WNF transmission in the Mediterranean Basin. The relevance of the corresponding models as predictive tools for risk mapping, early warning and for the design of surveillance systems in a changing environment is analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Chevalier
- Cirad, UPR AGIRs, Montpellier F-34398, France
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +33-4-6759-3706; Fax: +33-4-6759-3754
| | - Annelise Tran
- Cirad, UPR AGIRs, Montpellier F-34398, France
- Cirad, UMR TETIS, Montpellier F-34398, France; E-Mail:
| | - Benoit Durand
- Anses, Epidemiology Unit, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort F-94706, France; E-Mail:
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Vector-virus interactions and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus. Viruses 2013; 5:3021-47. [PMID: 24351794 PMCID: PMC3967159 DOI: 10.3390/v5123021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV; Flavivirus; Flaviviridae) is the cause of the most widespread arthropod-borne viral disease in the world and the largest outbreak of neuroinvasive disease ever observed. Mosquito-borne outbreaks are influenced by intrinsic (e.g., vector and viral genetics, vector and host competence, vector life-history traits) and extrinsic (e.g., temperature, rainfall, human land use) factors that affect virus activity and mosquito biology in complex ways. The concept of vectorial capacity integrates these factors to address interactions of the virus with the arthropod host, leading to a clearer understanding of their complex interrelationships, how they affect transmission of vector-borne disease, and how they impact human health. Vertebrate factors including host competence, population dynamics, and immune status also affect transmission dynamics. The complexity of these interactions are further exacerbated by the fact that not only can divergent hosts differentially alter the virus, but the virus also can affect both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts in ways that significantly alter patterns of virus transmission. This chapter concentrates on selected components of the virus-vector-vertebrate interrelationship, focusing specifically on how interactions between vector, virus, and environment shape the patterns and intensity of WNV transmission.
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Donadieu E, Bahuon C, Lowenski S, Zientara S, Coulpier M, Lecollinet S. Differential virulence and pathogenesis of West Nile viruses. Viruses 2013; 5:2856-80. [PMID: 24284878 PMCID: PMC3856419 DOI: 10.3390/v5112856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a neurotropic flavivirus that cycles between mosquitoes and birds but that can also infect humans, horses, and other vertebrate animals. In most humans, WNV infection remains subclinical. However, 20%-40% of those infected may develop WNV disease, with symptoms ranging from fever to meningoencephalitis. A large variety of WNV strains have been described worldwide. Based on their genetic differences, they have been classified into eight lineages; the pathogenic strains belong to lineages 1 and 2. Ten years ago, Beasley et al. (2002) found that dramatic differences exist in the virulence and neuroinvasion properties of lineage 1 and lineage 2 WNV strains. Further insights on how WNV interacts with its hosts have recently been gained; the virus acts either at the periphery or on the central nervous system (CNS), and these observed differences could help explain the differential virulence and neurovirulence of WNV strains. This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge on factors that trigger WNV dissemination and CNS invasion as well as on the inflammatory response and CNS damage induced by WNV. Moreover, we will discuss how WNV strains differentially interact with the innate immune system and CNS cells, thus influencing WNV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Donadieu
- Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), UMR 1161 Virologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES) , Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), 7 avenue du Général De Gaulle, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France.
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Bayesian phylogeography of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Europe. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79663. [PMID: 24223988 PMCID: PMC3817137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a zoonosis mainly transmitted by ticks that causes severe hemorrhagic fever and has a mortality rate of 5-60%. The first outbreak of CCHF occurred in the Crimean peninsula in 1944-45 and it has recently emerged in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. In order to reconstruct the origin and pathway of the worldwide dispersion of the virus at global and regional (eastern European) level, we investigated the phylogeography of the infection by analysing 121 publicly available CCHFV S gene sequences including two recently characterised Albanian isolates. The spatial and temporal phylogeny was reconstructed using a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo approach, which estimated a mean evolutionary rate of 2.96 x 10-4 (95%HPD=1.6 and 4.7 x 10-4) substitutions/site/year for the analysed fragment. All of the isolates segregated into seven highly significant clades that correspond to the known geographical clades: in particular the two new isolates from northern Albania clustered significantly within the Europe 1 clade. Our phylogeographical reconstruction suggests that the global CCHFV clades originated about one thousand years ago from a common ancestor probably located in Africa. The virus then spread to Asia in the XV century and entered Europe on at least two occasions: the first in the early 1800s, when a still circulating but less or non-pathogenic virus emerged in Greece and Turkey, and the second in the early 1900s, when a pathogenic CCHFV strain began to spread in eastern Europe. The most probable location for the origin of this European clade 1 was Russia, but Turkey played a central role in spreading the virus throughout Europe. Given the close proximity of the infected areas, our data suggest that the movement of wild and domestic ungulates from endemic areas was probably the main cause of the dissemination of the virus in eastern Europe.
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Molecular epidemiology and evolution of West Nile virus in North America. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:5111-29. [PMID: 24135819 PMCID: PMC3823310 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10105111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) was introduced to New York in 1999 and rapidly spread throughout North America and into parts of Central and South America. Displacement of the original New York (NY99) genotype by the North America/West Nile 2002 (NA/WN02) genotype occurred in 2002 with subsequent identification of a novel genotype in 2003 in isolates collected from the southwestern Unites States region (SW/WN03 genotype). Both genotypes co-circulate to date. Subsequent WNV surveillance studies have confirmed additional genotypes in the United States that have become extinct due to lack of a selective advantage or stochastic effect; however, the dynamic emergence, displacement, and extinction of multiple WNV genotypes in the US from 1999–2012 indicates the continued evolution of WNV in North America.
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Engler O, Savini G, Papa A, Figuerola J, Groschup MH, Kampen H, Medlock J, Vaux A, Wilson AJ, Werner D, Jöst H, Goffredo M, Capelli G, Federici V, Tonolla M, Patocchi N, Flacio E, Portmann J, Rossi-Pedruzzi A, Mourelatos S, Ruiz S, Vázquez A, Calzolari M, Bonilauri P, Dottori M, Schaffner F, Mathis A, Johnson N. European surveillance for West Nile virus in mosquito populations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:4869-95. [PMID: 24157510 PMCID: PMC3823308 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10104869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of arthropod-borne viruses threaten both human and animal health either through their presence in Europe or through risk of introduction. Prominent among these is West Nile virus (WNV), primarily an avian virus, which has caused multiple outbreaks associated with human and equine mortality. Endemic outbreaks of West Nile fever have been reported in Italy, Greece, France, Romania, Hungary, Russia and Spain, with further spread expected. Most outbreaks in Western Europe have been due to infection with WNV Lineage 1. In Eastern Europe WNV Lineage 2 has been responsible for human and bird mortality, particularly in Greece, which has experienced extensive outbreaks over three consecutive years. Italy has experienced co-circulation with both virus lineages. The ability to manage this threat in a cost-effective way is dependent on early detection. Targeted surveillance for pathogens within mosquito populations offers the ability to detect viruses prior to their emergence in livestock, equine species or human populations. In addition, it can establish a baseline of mosquito-borne virus activity and allow monitoring of change to this over time. Early detection offers the opportunity to raise disease awareness, initiate vector control and preventative vaccination, now available for horses, and encourage personal protection against mosquito bites. This would have major benefits through financial savings and reduction in equid morbidity/mortality. However, effective surveillance that predicts virus outbreaks is challenged by a range of factors including limited resources, variation in mosquito capture rates (too few or too many), difficulties in mosquito identification, often reliant on specialist entomologists, and the sensitive, rapid detection of viruses in mosquito pools. Surveillance for WNV and other arboviruses within mosquito populations varies between European countries in the extent and focus of the surveillance. This study reviews the current status of WNV in mosquito populations across Europe and how this is informing our understanding of virus epidemiology. Key findings such as detection of virus, presence of vector species and invasive mosquito species are summarized, and some of the difficulties encountered when applying a cost-effective surveillance programme are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Engler
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Austrasse, Spiez 3700, Switzerland; E-Mails: (O.E.); (J.P.)
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Zooprofilactic Institute Abruzzo and Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, Teramo 64100, Italy; E-Mails: (G.S.); (M.G.); (V.F.)
| | - Anna Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece; E-Mail:
| | - Jordi Figuerola
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio s/n, Sevilla 41092, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Martin H. Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald—Insel Riems, Südufer 17493, Germany; E-Mails: (M.H.G.); (H.K.)
| | - Helge Kampen
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald—Insel Riems, Südufer 17493, Germany; E-Mails: (M.H.G.); (H.K.)
| | - Jolyon Medlock
- Public Health England, Medical Entomology group, MRA, Emergency Response Department, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; E-Mails: (J.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Alexander Vaux
- Public Health England, Medical Entomology group, MRA, Emergency Response Department, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; E-Mails: (J.M.); (A.V.)
| | | | - Doreen Werner
- Institute of Land Use Systems, Leibnitz Centre for Agricultural Lanscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Strasse 84, Müncheberg 15374, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Hanna Jöst
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel, Hamburg, Germany and German Mosquito Control Association (KABS), Waldsee and Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg D-20359, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Maria Goffredo
- Zooprofilactic Institute Abruzzo and Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, Teramo 64100, Italy; E-Mails: (G.S.); (M.G.); (V.F.)
| | - Gioia Capelli
- Zooprofilactic Institute Venezie, Viale dell’ Università, 10, Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Valentina Federici
- Zooprofilactic Institute Abruzzo and Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, Teramo 64100, Italy; E-Mails: (G.S.); (M.G.); (V.F.)
| | - Mauro Tonolla
- Institute of Microbiology, Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Via Mirasole 22a, Bellinzona CH-6500, Switzerland; E-Mail:
| | - Nicola Patocchi
- Mosquito Working Group, via al Castello, Canobbio CH-6952, Switzerland; E-Mails: (N.P.); (E.F.); (A.R.-P.)
| | - Eleonora Flacio
- Mosquito Working Group, via al Castello, Canobbio CH-6952, Switzerland; E-Mails: (N.P.); (E.F.); (A.R.-P.)
| | - Jasmine Portmann
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Austrasse, Spiez 3700, Switzerland; E-Mails: (O.E.); (J.P.)
| | - Anya Rossi-Pedruzzi
- Mosquito Working Group, via al Castello, Canobbio CH-6952, Switzerland; E-Mails: (N.P.); (E.F.); (A.R.-P.)
| | | | - Santiago Ruiz
- Servicio de Control de Mosquitos, Diputación Provincial de Huelva, Huelva E-21003, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Ana Vázquez
- CNM-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid 28220, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Mattia Calzolari
- Zooprofilactic Institute Lombardy and Emilia Romagna “B. Ubertini”, Brescia 25124, Italy; E-Mails: (M.C.); (P.B.); (M.D.)
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- Zooprofilactic Institute Lombardy and Emilia Romagna “B. Ubertini”, Brescia 25124, Italy; E-Mails: (M.C.); (P.B.); (M.D.)
| | - Michele Dottori
- Zooprofilactic Institute Lombardy and Emilia Romagna “B. Ubertini”, Brescia 25124, Italy; E-Mails: (M.C.); (P.B.); (M.D.)
| | - Francis Schaffner
- Institute of Parasitology, National Centre for Vector Entomology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr 266a, Zurich 8057, Switzerland; E-Mails: (F.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Alexander Mathis
- Institute of Parasitology, National Centre for Vector Entomology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr 266a, Zurich 8057, Switzerland; E-Mails: (F.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, Surrey KT15, 3NB, UK
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +44-(0)1932-357-937; Fax: +44-(0)1932-357-239
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Barzon L, Papa A, Pacenti M, Franchin E, Lavezzo E, Squarzon L, Masi G, Martello T, Testa T, Cusinato R, Palù G. Genome sequencing of West Nile Virus from human cases in Greece, 2012. Viruses 2013; 5:2311-9. [PMID: 24064795 PMCID: PMC3798904 DOI: 10.3390/v5092311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A West Nile Virus (WNV) lineage 2 strain, named Nea Santa-Greece-2010, has been demonstrated to be responsible for the large outbreaks of neuroinvasive disease (WNND) that have been occurring in Greece since 2010, based on sequence similarities of viral isolates identified between 2010–2012. However, knowledge on the evolution of this strain is scarce because only partial WNV genome sequences are available from Greece. The aim of this study was to get the complete genome sequence of WNV from patients with infection. To this aim, plasma and urine samples collected during the 2012 Greek outbreak were retrospectively investigated. Full WNV genome sequence was obtained from a patient with WNND. The genome had 99.7% sequence identity to Nea Santa, higher than to other related WNV lineage 2 strains, and five amino acid changes apparently not relevant for viral pathogenicity or fitness. In addition, infection by WNV lineage 2 was confirmed in additional nine patients with WNND; in three of them the infection with WNV Nea Santa was demonstrated by sequencing. In conclusion, this study characterized for the first time a WNV full genome from a patient with WNND from Greece, demonstrated the persistence of the Nea Santa strain, and suggested that the virus might have locally evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; E-Mails: (L.B.); (E.F.); (E.L.); (L.S.); (G.M.); (T.M.)
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova University Hospital, 35122 Padova, Italy; E-Mails: (M.P.); (R.C.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (L.B.); (G.P.); Tel.: +39-049-821-8946 (L.B.); +39-049-827-2350 (G.P.); Fax: +39-049-827-2355 (L.B.); +39-049-827-2355 (G.P.)
| | - Anna Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54621, Greece; E-Mails: (A.P.); (T.T.)
| | - Monia Pacenti
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova University Hospital, 35122 Padova, Italy; E-Mails: (M.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Elisa Franchin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; E-Mails: (L.B.); (E.F.); (E.L.); (L.S.); (G.M.); (T.M.)
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova University Hospital, 35122 Padova, Italy; E-Mails: (M.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Enrico Lavezzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; E-Mails: (L.B.); (E.F.); (E.L.); (L.S.); (G.M.); (T.M.)
| | - Laura Squarzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; E-Mails: (L.B.); (E.F.); (E.L.); (L.S.); (G.M.); (T.M.)
| | - Giulia Masi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; E-Mails: (L.B.); (E.F.); (E.L.); (L.S.); (G.M.); (T.M.)
| | - Thomas Martello
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; E-Mails: (L.B.); (E.F.); (E.L.); (L.S.); (G.M.); (T.M.)
| | - Theodolinta Testa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54621, Greece; E-Mails: (A.P.); (T.T.)
| | - Riccardo Cusinato
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova University Hospital, 35122 Padova, Italy; E-Mails: (M.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; E-Mails: (L.B.); (E.F.); (E.L.); (L.S.); (G.M.); (T.M.)
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova University Hospital, 35122 Padova, Italy; E-Mails: (M.P.); (R.C.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (L.B.); (G.P.); Tel.: +39-049-821-8946 (L.B.); +39-049-827-2350 (G.P.); Fax: +39-049-827-2355 (L.B.); +39-049-827-2355 (G.P.)
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Barzon L, Pacenti M, Franchin E, Lavezzo E, Masi G, Squarzon L, Pagni S, Toppo S, Russo F, Cattai M, Cusinato R, Palu G. Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of West Nile virus lineage 1 and lineage 2 from human cases of infection, Italy, August 2013. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18. [PMID: 24084339 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.38.20591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A human outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV) infection caused by WNV lineage 2 is ongoing in northern Italy. Analysis of six WNV genome sequences obtained from clinical specimens demonstrated similarities with strains circulating in central Europe and Greece and the presence of unique amino acid changes that identify a new viral strain. In addition, WNV lineage 1 Livenza, responsible for a large outbreak in north-eastern Italy in 2012, was fully sequenced from a blood donor during this 2013 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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