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Zhang R, Jadhav DA, Kim N, Kramer B, Gonzalez-Vicente A. Profiling Cell Heterogeneity and Fructose Transporter Expression in the Rat Nephron by Integrating Single-Cell and Microdissected Tubule Segment Transcriptomes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3071. [PMID: 38474316 PMCID: PMC10931557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25053071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) is a crucial tool in kidney research. These technologies cluster cells based on transcriptome similarity, irrespective of the anatomical location and order within the nephron. Thus, a transcriptome cluster may obscure the heterogeneity of the cell population within a nephron segment. Elevated dietary fructose leads to salt-sensitive hypertension, in part, through fructose reabsorption in the proximal tubule (PT). However, the organization of the four known fructose transporters in apical PTs (SGLT4, SGLT5, GLUT5, and NaGLT1) remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that cells within each subsegment of the proximal tubule exhibit complex, heterogeneous fructose transporter expression patterns. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed rat kidney transcriptomes and proteomes from publicly available scRNAseq and tubule microdissection databases. We found that microdissected PT-S1 segments consist of 81% ± 12% cells with scRNAseq-derived transcriptional characteristics of S1, whereas PT-S2 express a mixture of 18% ± 9% S1, 58% ± 8% S2, and 19% ± 5% S3 transcripts, and PT-S3 consists of 75% ± 9% S3 transcripts. The expression of all four fructose transporters was detectable in all three PT segments, but key fructose transporters SGLT5 and GLUT5 progressively increased from S1 to S3, and both were significantly upregulated in S3 vs. S1/S2 (Slc5a10: 1.9 log2FC, p < 1 × 10-299; Scl2a5: 1.4 log2FC, p < 4 × 10-105). A similar distribution was found in human kidneys. These data suggest that S3 is the primary site of fructose reabsorption in both humans and rats. Finally, because of the multiple scRNAseq transcriptional phenotypes found in each segment, our findings also imply that anatomical labels applied to scRNAseq clusters may be misleading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghao Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Darshan Aatmaram Jadhav
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Najeong Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Benjamin Kramer
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Agustin Gonzalez-Vicente
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Kidney Medicine, Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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2
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Kopec M, Beton-Mysur K. The role of glucose and fructose on lipid droplet metabolism in human normal bronchial and cancer lung cells by Raman spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lipids 2024; 259:105375. [PMID: 38159659 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2023.105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Fructose is one of the most important monosaccharides in the human diet that the human body needs for proper metabolism. This paper presents an approach to study biochemical changes caused by sugars in human normal bronchial cells (BEpiC) and human cancer lung cells (A549) by Raman spectroscopy and Raman imaging. Results after supplementation of human bronchial and lung cells with fructose are also discussed and compared with results obtained for pure human bronchial and lung cells. Based on Raman techniques we have proved that peaks at 750 cm-1, 1126 cm-1, 1444 cm-1, 1584 cm-1 and 2845 cm-1 can be treated as biomarkers to monitor fructose changes in cells. Results for fructose have been compared with results for glucose. Raman analysis of the bands at 750 cm-1, 1126 cm-1, 1584 cm-1 and 2845 cm-1 for pure BEpiC and A549 cells and BEpiC and A549 after supplementation with fructose and glucose are higher after supplementation with fructose in comparison to glucose. The obtained results shed light on the uninvestigated influence of glucose and fructose on lipid droplet metabolism by Raman spectroscopy methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kopec
- Lodz University of Technology, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Karolina Beton-Mysur
- Lodz University of Technology, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
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3
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Chen Q, Luo Y, Shen Y, Li X, Yang H, Li J, Wang J, Xiao Y. Fructose corn syrup induces inflammatory injury and obesity by altering gut microbiota and gut microbiota-related arachidonic acid metabolism. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 124:109527. [PMID: 37979711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Excessive fructose corn syrup (FCS) intake brings a series of health problems. The aim of the present study was to explore the mechanism of FCS-induced metabolic disorders from the perspective of gut microbiota. Mice were fed for 16 weeks with normal or 30% FCS drinking water. Compared to the control group, FCS caused significantly higher fat deposition, hepatic steatosis, liver and intestinal inflammatory damages (P<.05). FCS increased the abundance of Muribaculaceae in vivo and in vitro, which was positively correlated with the indices of metabolic disorders (P<.05). In vivo and in vitro data indicated that FCS enhanced the microbial function involved in pentose phosphate pathway and arachidonic acid metabolism, metabolomics further demonstrated that FCS led to an increase in prostaglandins (the catabolites of arachidonic acid) (P<.05). Our study confirmed that FCS can directly promote gut microbiota to synthesize inflammatory factor prostaglandins, which provides new insights and directions for the treatment of FCS-induced metabolic disorders and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinmei Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Li
- Institute of Food Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinjun Li
- Institute of Food Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
| | | | - Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
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4
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Siddiqui SH, Rossi NF. Acute Intake of Fructose Increases Arterial Pressure in Humans: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:219. [PMID: 38257112 PMCID: PMC10818414 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a major cardiac risk factor. Higher blood pressures are becoming more prevalent due to changing dietary habits. Here, we evaluated the impact on blood pressure in human subjects after acutely ingesting fructose using meta-analysis. A total of 89 studies were collected from four different electronic databases from 1 January 2008 to 1 August 2023. Of these studies, 10 were selected that fulfilled all the criteria for this meta-analysis. Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and blood glucose level were analyzed using the Cohen's d analysis or standardized mean difference at a confidence interval (CI) of 95%. The SBP, DBP, and MAP showed medium effect size; HR and glucose level displayed small effect size. The standardized mean difference of normal diet groups and fructose diet groups showed a significant increase in SBP (p = 0.04, REM = 2.30), and DBP (p = 0.03, REM = 1.48) with heterogeneity of 57% and 62%, respectively. Acute fructose ingestion contributes to an increase in arterial pressure in humans. The different parameters of arterial pressure in humans correlated with each other. These findings support further rigorous investigation, retrospective of necessity, into the effect of chronic dietary of fructose in humans in order to better understand the impact on long term arterial pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noreen F. Rossi
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield Ave. Scott 5473, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
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5
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Mirzaei R, Khosrokhavar R, Arbabi Bidgoli S. The Role of High-Fructose Diet in Liver Function of Rodent Models: A Systematic Review of Molecular Analysis. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2023; 27:326-39. [PMID: 38193285 PMCID: PMC10826909 DOI: 10.52547/ibj.3965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The present systematic review of animal studies on long-term fructose intake in rodents revealed a significant decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes due to a fructose-rich diet. The reduced activity of these enzymes led to an increase in oxidative stress, which can cause liver damage in rodents. Of eight studies analyzed, 5 (62.5%) and 1 (12.5%) used male and female rats, respectively, while 2 studies (25%) used female mice. Moreover, half of the studies used HFCS, but the other half employed fructose in the diet. Hence, it is essential to monitor dietary habits to ensure public health and nutrition research outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Mirzaei
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Khosrokhavar
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Administration, MOH&ME, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Arbabi Bidgoli
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Landberg R, Karra P, Hoobler R, Loftfield E, Huybrechts I, Rattner JI, Noerman S, Claeys L, Neveu V, Vidkjaer NH, Savolainen O, Playdon MC, Scalbert A. Dietary biomarkers-an update on their validity and applicability in epidemiological studies. Nutr Rev 2023:nuad119. [PMID: 37791499 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this literature review was to identify and provide a summary update on the validity and applicability of the most promising dietary biomarkers reflecting the intake of important foods in the Western diet for application in epidemiological studies. Many dietary biomarker candidates, reflecting intake of common foods and their specific constituents, have been discovered from intervention and observational studies in humans, but few have been validated. The literature search was targeted for biomarker candidates previously reported to reflect intakes of specific food groups or components that are of major importance in health and disease. Their validity was evaluated according to 8 predefined validation criteria and adapted to epidemiological studies; we summarized the findings and listed the most promising food intake biomarkers based on the evaluation. Biomarker candidates for alcohol, cereals, coffee, dairy, fats and oils, fruits, legumes, meat, seafood, sugar, tea, and vegetables were identified. Top candidates for all categories are specific to certain foods, have defined parent compounds, and their concentrations are unaffected by nonfood determinants. The correlations of candidate dietary biomarkers with habitual food intake were moderate to strong and their reproducibility over time ranged from low to high. For many biomarker candidates, critical information regarding dose response, correlation with habitual food intake, and reproducibility over time is yet unknown. The nutritional epidemiology field will benefit from the development of novel methods to combine single biomarkers to generate biomarker panels in combination with self-reported data. The most promising dietary biomarker candidates that reflect commonly consumed foods and food components for application in epidemiological studies were identified, and research required for their full validation was summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikard Landberg
- Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Prasoona Karra
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences Program, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Rachel Hoobler
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences Program, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Erikka Loftfield
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, Lyon, France
| | - Jodi I Rattner
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, Lyon, France
| | - Stefania Noerman
- Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Liesel Claeys
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Lyon, France
| | - Vanessa Neveu
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, Lyon, France
| | - Nanna Hjort Vidkjaer
- Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Otto Savolainen
- Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mary C Playdon
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences Program, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Augustin Scalbert
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, Lyon, France
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7
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Liu Q, Chiavaroli L, Ayoub-Charette S, Ahmed A, Khan TA, Au-Yeung F, Lee D, Cheung A, Zurbau A, Choo VL, Mejia SB, de Souza RJ, Wolever TMS, Leiter LA, Kendall CWC, Jenkins DJA, Sievenpiper JL. Fructose-containing food sources and blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0264802. [PMID: 37582096 PMCID: PMC10427023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether food source or energy mediates the effect of fructose-containing sugars on blood pressure (BP) is unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of different food sources of fructose-containing sugars at different levels of energy control on BP. We searched MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane Library through June 2021 for controlled trials ≥7-days. We prespecified 4 trial designs: substitution (energy matched substitution of sugars); addition (excess energy from sugars added); subtraction (excess energy from sugars subtracted); and ad libitum (energy from sugars freely replaced). Outcomes were systolic and diastolic BP. Independent reviewers extracted data. GRADE assessed the certainty of evidence. We included 93 reports (147 trial comparisons, N = 5,213) assessing 12 different food sources across 4 energy control levels in adults with and without hypertension or at risk for hypertension. Total fructose-containing sugars had no effect in substitution, subtraction, or ad libitum trials but decreased systolic and diastolic BP in addition trials (P<0.05). There was evidence of interaction/influence by food source: fruit and 100% fruit juice decreased and mixed sources (with sugar-sweetened beverages [SSBs]) increased BP in addition trials and the removal of SSBs (linear dose response gradient) and mixed sources (with SSBs) decreased BP in subtraction trials. The certainty of evidence was generally moderate. Food source and energy control appear to mediate the effect of fructose-containing sugars on BP. The evidence provides a good indication that fruit and 100% fruit juice at low doses (up to or less than the public health threshold of ~10% E) lead to small, but important reductions in BP, while the addition of excess energy of mixed sources (with SSBs) at high doses (up to 23%) leads to moderate increases and their removal or the removal of SSBs alone (up to ~20% E) leads to small, but important decreases in BP in adults with and without hypertension or at risk for hypertension. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02716870.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Chiavaroli
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabrina Ayoub-Charette
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amna Ahmed
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tauseef A. Khan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fei Au-Yeung
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- INQUIS Clinical Research Ltd. (formerly GI Labs), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annette Cheung
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andreea Zurbau
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- INQUIS Clinical Research Ltd. (formerly GI Labs), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vivian L. Choo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonia Blanco Mejia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russell J. de Souza
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas M. S. Wolever
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- INQUIS Clinical Research Ltd. (formerly GI Labs), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence A. Leiter
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cyril W. C. Kendall
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - David J. A. Jenkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John L. Sievenpiper
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Sánchez-Lozada LG, Madero M, Mazzali M, Feig DI, Nakagawa T, Lanaspa MA, Kanbay M, Kuwabara M, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Johnson RJ. Sugar, salt, immunity and the cause of primary hypertension. Clin Kidney J 2023; 16:1239-1248. [PMID: 37529651 PMCID: PMC10387395 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its discovery more than 150 years ago, the cause of primary hypertension remains unknown. Most studies suggest that hypertension involves genetic, congenital or acquired risk factors that result in a relative inability of the kidney to excrete salt (sodium chloride) in the kidneys. Here we review recent studies that suggest there may be two phases, with an initial phase driven by renal vasoconstriction that causes low-grade ischemia to the kidney, followed by the infiltration of immune cells that leads to a local autoimmune reaction that maintains the renal vasoconstriction. Evidence suggests that multiple mechanisms could trigger the initial renal vasoconstriction, but one way may involve fructose that is provided in the diet (such as from table sugar or high fructose corn syrup) or produced endogenously. The fructose metabolism increases intracellular uric acid, which recruits NADPH oxidase to the mitochondria while inhibiting AMP-activated protein kinase. A drop in intracellular ATP level occurs, triggering a survival response. Leptin levels rise, triggering activation of the sympathetic central nervous system, while vasopressin levels rise, causing vasoconstriction in its own right and stimulating aldosterone production via the vasopressin 1b receptor. Low-grade renal injury and autoimmune-mediated inflammation occur. High-salt diets can amplify this process by raising osmolality and triggering more fructose production. Thus, primary hypertension may result from the overactivation of a survival response triggered by fructose metabolism. Restricting salt and sugar and hydrating with ample water may be helpful in the prevention of primary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura G Sánchez-Lozada
- Department of Cardio-Renal Physiopathology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chavez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Magdalena Madero
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chavez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marilda Mazzali
- Division of Nephrology, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel I Feig
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Miguel A Lanaspa
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Bernardo Rodriguez-Iturbe
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City
| | - Richard J Johnson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
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9
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Kim E. Effects of Natural Alternative Sweeteners on Metabolic Diseases. Clin Nutr Res 2023; 12:229-243. [PMID: 37593210 PMCID: PMC10432160 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2023.12.3.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising prevalence of obesity and diabetes is a significant health concern both in globally and is now regarded as a worldwide epidemic. Added sugars like sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) are a major concern due to their link with an increased incidence of diet-induced obesity and diabetes. The purpose of this review is to provide insight into the effects of natural sweeteners as alternatives to sucrose and HFCS, which are known to have negative impacts on metabolic diseases and to promote further research on sugar consumption with a focus on improving metabolic health. The collective evidences suggest that natural alternative sweeteners have positive impacts on various markers associated with obesity and diabetes, including body weight gain, hepatic fat accumulation, abnormal blood glucose or lipid homeostasis, and insulin resistance. Taken together, natural alternative sweeteners can be useful substitutes to decrease the risk of obesity and diabetes compared with sucrose and HFCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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10
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Angelico F, Baratta F, Coronati M, Ferro D, Del Ben M. Diet and metabolic syndrome: a narrative review. Intern Emerg Med 2023; 18:1007-1017. [PMID: 36929350 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-023-03226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a highly prevalent condition defined by the presence of at least three out of five risk factors including central obesity, increased fasting glucose, high blood pressure, and dyslipidaemia. Metabolic syndrome is associated with a 2-fold increase in cardiovascular outcomes and a 1.5-fold increase in all-cause mortality. Excess energy intake and Western dietary pattern may influence the development of metabolic syndrome. By contrast, both Mediterranean diet (Med-diet) and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, with or without calorie restriction, have positive effects. For the prevention and management of MetS, it is recommended to increase the daily intake of fiber-rich and low-glycaemic-index foods and the consumption of fish and dairy products, especially yogurt and nuts. Moreover, it is advisable to consume a large variety of unprocessed cereals, legumes, and fruit. Finally, it is suggested to replace saturated fatty acids with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and to limit the consumption of free sugars to less than 10% of the total energy intake. The aim of this narrative review is to analyze current evidence on the different dietary patterns and nutrients that may affect prevention and treatment of MetS and to discuss the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Angelico
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anaesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, I Clinica Medica, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto 1, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Baratta
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anaesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, I Clinica Medica, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto 1, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Mattia Coronati
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anaesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, I Clinica Medica, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto 1, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Ferro
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anaesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, I Clinica Medica, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto 1, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Del Ben
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anaesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, I Clinica Medica, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto 1, 00161, Rome, Italy
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11
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Tasevska N, Palma-Duran SA, Sagi-Kiss V, Commins J, Barrett B, Kipnis V, Midthune D, O'Brien DM, Freedman LS. Urinary Sucrose and Fructose From Spot Urine May Be Used as a Predictive Biomarker of Total Sugar Intake-Findings From a Controlled Feeding Study. J Nutr 2023; 153:1816-1824. [PMID: 37030594 PMCID: PMC10308266 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, we confirmed 24-h urinary sucrose plus fructose (24 uSF) as a predictive biomarker of total sugar intake. However, the collection of 24-h urine samples has limited feasibility in population studies. OBJECTIVE We investigated the utility of the urinary sucrose plus fructose (uSF) biomarker measured in spot urine as a measure of 24 uSF biomarker and total sugar intake. METHODS Hundred participants, 18-70 y of age, from the Phoenix Metropolitan Area completed a 15-d feeding study. For 2 of the 8 collected 24-h urine samples, each spot urine sample was collected in a separate container. We considered 4 timed voids of the day [morning (AM) void: first void 08:30-12:30; afternoon (PM) void: first void 12:31-17:30; evening (EVE) void: first void 17:31-12:00; and next-day (ND) void: first void 04:00-12:00]. We investigated the performance of uSF from 1 void, and uSF combined from 2 and 3 voids as a measure of 24 uSF and sugar intake. RESULTS The biomarker averaged from PM/EVE void strongly correlated with 24 uSF (partial r = 0.75). The 24 uSF predicted from the PM/EVE combination was significantly associated with observed sugar intake and was selected for building the calibrated biomarker equation (marginal R2 = 0.36). Spot urine-based calibrated biomarker, ie, biomarker-estimated sugar intake was moderately correlated with the 15-d mean-observed sugar intake (r = 0.50). CONCLUSIONS uSF measured from a PM and EVE void may be used to generate biomarker-based sugar intake estimate when collecting 24-h urine samples is not feasible, pending external validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Tasevska
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States.
| | - Susana A Palma-Duran
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Virag Sagi-Kiss
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - John Commins
- Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Brian Barrett
- Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Victor Kipnis
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Douglas Midthune
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Diane M O'Brien
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Laurence S Freedman
- Biostatistics Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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12
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Hoshino R, Sano H, Yoshinari Y, Nishimura T, Niwa R. Circulating fructose regulates a germline stem cell increase via gustatory receptor-mediated gut hormone secretion in mated Drosophila. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd5551. [PMID: 36827377 PMCID: PMC9956130 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add5551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Oogenesis is influenced by multiple environmental factors. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, nutrition and mating have large impacts on an increase in female germline stem cells (GSCs). However, it is unclear whether these two factors affect this GSC increase interdependently. Here, we report that dietary sugars are crucial for the GSC increase after mating. Dietary glucose is required for mating-induced release of neuropeptide F (NPF) from enteroendocrine cells (EECs), followed by NPF-mediated enhancement of GSC niche signaling. Unexpectedly, dietary glucose does not directly act on NPF-positive EECs. Rather, it contributes to elevation of hemolymph fructose generated through the polyol pathway. Elevated fructose stimulates the fructose-specific gustatory receptor, Gr43a, in NPF-positive EECs, leading to NPF secretion. This study demonstrates that circulating fructose, derived from dietary sugars, is a prerequisite for the GSC increase that leads to enhancement of egg production after mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Hoshino
- Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroko Sano
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yuto Yoshinari
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishimura
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Niwa
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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13
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Sukiasyan L. Fructose-Induced Alteration of the Heart and Vessels Homeostasis. Curr Probl Cardiol 2023; 48:101013. [PMID: 34637847 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.101013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To date, the role of uncontrolled sugar consumption in the triggering and progression of cardiovascular events is undeniable. Modern concepts offer a new hypothesis regarding the direct myocardiotoxic effects of fructose. Experimental studies have demonstrated that cardiomyocytes have a unique ability to transport and use fructose along with the expression of all components involved in fructose metabolism. The purpose of this review article is to assess and analyze the available knowledge on fructose-induced cardiotoxicity detection since understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms and pathobiochemical aspects will become the basis for the determination of a rational myocardioprotection regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Sukiasyan
- Yerevan State Medical University after M.Heratsi, Armenia; L. A. Orbeli Institute of Human Physiology, Armenia.
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14
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Kawakami Y, Mazuka M, Yasuda A, Sato M, Hosaka T, Arai H. Acute effect of fructose, sucrose, and isomaltulose on uric acid metabolism in healthy participants. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2023; 72:61-67. [PMID: 36777082 PMCID: PMC9899922 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.22-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fructose is associated with hyperuricemia and gout development. Focusing on fructose and fructose-containing disaccharides, we investigated the effects of three different types of carbohydrates (fructose, sucrose, and isomaltulose) on uric acid metabolism and gene expression profiling in peripheral white blood cells. In a randomized crossover study, ten healthy participants ingested test drinks of fructose, sucrose, and isomaltulose, each containing 25 g of fructose. Plasma glucose, serum and urine uric acid, and xanthine/hypoxanthine concentrations were measured. Microarray analysis in peripheral white blood cells and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were examined at 0 and 120 in after the intake of test drinks. Serum uric acid concentrations for group fructose were significantly higher than group sucrose at 30-120 min and were significantly higher than those for group isomaltulose at 30-240 min. Several genes involved in the "nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway" were markedly changed in group fructose. No significant differences in the mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor, nuclear factor-kappa B, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-18 were noted. This study indicated that fructose intake (monosaccharide) elevated serum uric acid concentrations compared with disaccharide intake. Differences in the quality of carbohydrates might reduce the rapid increase of postprandial serum uric acid concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kawakami
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Management, Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, and Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Megumi Mazuka
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Management, Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, and Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Arisa Yasuda
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Management, Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, and Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Megumi Sato
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Management, Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, and Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Toshio Hosaka
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, and Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Arai
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition and Management, Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, and Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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15
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Bahena-Lopez JP, Rojas-Vega L, Chávez-Canales M, Bazua-Valenti S, Bautista-Pérez R, Lee JH, Madero M, Vazquez-Manjarrez N, Alquisiras-Burgos I, Hernandez-Cruz A, Castañeda-Bueno M, Ellison DH, Gamba G. Glucose/Fructose Delivery to the Distal Nephron Activates the Sodium-Chloride Cotransporter via the Calcium-Sensing Receptor. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:55-72. [PMID: 36288902 PMCID: PMC10101570 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021121544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) activates the NaCl cotransporter (NCC). Glucose acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the CaSR. Under physiologic conditions, no glucose is delivered to the DCT, and fructose delivery depends on consumption. We hypothesized that glucose/fructose delivery to the DCT modulates the CaSR in a positive allosteric way, activating the WNK4-SPAK-NCC pathway and thus increasing salt retention. METHODS We evaluated the effect of glucose/fructose arrival to the distal nephron on the CaSR-WNK4-SPAK-NCC pathway using HEK-293 cells, C57BL/6 and WNK4-knockout mice, ex vivo perfused kidneys, and healthy humans. RESULTS HEK-293 cells exposed to glucose/fructose increased SPAK phosphorylation in a WNK4- and CaSR-dependent manner. C57BL/6 mice exposed to fructose or a single dose of dapagliflozin to induce transient glycosuria showed increased activity of the WNK4-SPAK-NCC pathway. The calcilytic NPS2143 ameliorated this effect, which was not observed in WNK4-KO mice. C57BL/6 mice treated with fructose or dapagliflozin showed markedly increased natriuresis after thiazide challenge. Ex vivo rat kidney perfused with glucose above the physiologic threshold levels for proximal reabsorption showed increased NCC and SPAK phosphorylation. NPS2143 prevented this effect. In healthy volunteers, cinacalcet administration, fructose intake, or a single dose of dapagliflozin increased SPAK and NCC phosphorylation in urinary extracellular vesicles. CONCLUSIONS Glycosuria or fructosuria was associated with increased NCC, SPAK, and WNK4 phosphorylation in a CaSR-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Paola Bahena-Lopez
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- MD/PhD (PECEM) program, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lorena Rojas-Vega
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Intellectual Property Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Chávez-Canales
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INCICH, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Silvana Bazua-Valenti
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rocío Bautista-Pérez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ju-Hye Lee
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Magdalena Madero
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Natalia Vazquez-Manjarrez
- Nutrition Division, Department of Nutrition Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ivan Alquisiras-Burgos
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Arturo Hernandez-Cruz
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David H. Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- MD/PhD (PECEM) program, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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16
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Reed EL, Worley ML, Kueck PJ, Pietrafasa LD, Schlader ZJ, Johnson BD. Cerebral vascular function following the acute consumption of caffeinated artificially- and sugar sweetened soft drinks in healthy adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:1063273. [PMID: 36618993 PMCID: PMC9815463 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1063273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic consumption of sugar- and artificially-sweetened beverages (SSB and ASB) are associated with an increased risk of stroke but it is unclear how acute consumption influences cerebral vascular function. Purpose: We hypothesized that: (1) acute consumption of SSB and ASB would augment dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) and attenuate cerebral vascular reactivity to hypercapnia (CVRCO2) compared to water; and (2) dCA and CVRCO2 would be attenuated with SSB compared to ASB and water. Methods: Twelve healthy adults (age: 23 ± 2 years, four females) completed three randomized trials where they drank 500 ml of water, SSB (Mountain Dew®), or ASB (Diet Mountain Dew®). We measured mean arterial pressure (MAP), middle and posterior cerebral artery blood velocities (MCAv and PCAv), and end-tidal CO2 tension (PETCO2). Cerebral vascular conductance was calculated as cerebral artery blood velocity/MAP (MCAc and PCAc). Twenty min after consumption, participants completed a 5 min baseline, and in a counterbalanced order, a CVRCO2 test (3%, 5%, and 7% CO2 in 3 min stages) and a dCA test (squat-stand tests at 0.10 Hz and 0.05 Hz for 5 min each) separated by 10 min. CVRCO2 was calculated as the slope of the linear regression lines of MCAv and PCAv vs. PETCO2. dCA was assessed in the MCA using transfer function analysis. Coherence, gain, and phase were determined in the low frequency (LF; 0.07-0.2 Hz) and very low frequency (VLF; 0.02-0.07 Hz). Results: MCAv and MCAc were lower after SSB (54.11 ± 12.28 cm/s, 0.58 ± 0.15 cm/s/mmHg) and ASB (51.07 ± 9.35 cm/s, 0.52 ± 1.0 cm/s/mmHg) vs. water (62.73 ± 12.96 cm/s, 0.67 ± 0.11 cm/s/mmHg; all P < 0.035), respectively. PCAc was also lower with the ASB compared to water (P = 0.007). MCA CVRCO2 was lower following ASB (1.55 ± 0.38 cm/s/mmHg) vs. water (2.00 ± 0.57 cm/s/mmHg; P = 0.011) but not after SSB (1.90 ± 0.67 cm/s/mmHg; P = 0.593). PCA CVRCO2 did not differ between beverages (P > 0.853). There were no differences between beverages for coherence (P ≥ 0.295), gain (P ≥ 0.058), or phase (P ≥ 0.084) for either frequency. Discussion: Acute consumption of caffeinated SSB and ASB resulted in lower intracranial artery blood velocity and conductance but had a minimal effect on cerebral vascular function as only MCA CVRCO2 was altered with the ASB compared to water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Reed
- Human Integrative Physiology Lab, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Morgan L. Worley
- Human Integrative Physiology Lab, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Paul J. Kueck
- Human Integrative Physiology Lab, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Leonard D. Pietrafasa
- Human Integrative Physiology Lab, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Zachary J. Schlader
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Blair D. Johnson
- Human Integrative Physiology Lab, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States,H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States,*Correspondence: Blair D. Johnson
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17
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Zhang P, Sun H, Cheng X, Li Y, Zhao Y, Mei W, Wei X, Zhou H, Du Y, Zeng C. Dietary intake of fructose increases purine de novo synthesis: A crucial mechanism for hyperuricemia. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1045805. [PMID: 36601078 PMCID: PMC9807165 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1045805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fructose consumption is a potential risk factor for hyperuricemia because uric acid (UA) is a byproduct of fructose metabolism caused by the rapid consumption of adenosine triphosphate and accumulation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and other purine nucleotides. Additionally, a clinical experiment with four gout patients demonstrated that intravenous infusion of fructose increased the purine de novo synthesis rate, which implied fructose-induced hyperuricemia might be related to purine nucleotide synthesis. Moreover, the mechanistic (mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key protein both involved in fructose metabolism and purine de novo synthesis. The present study was conducted to elucidate how fructose influences mTOR and purine de novo synthesis in a hepatic cell line and livers of mice. Materials and methods RNA-sequencing in NCTC 1469 cells treated with 0- and 25-mM fructose for 24 h and metabolomics analysis on the livers of mice fed with 0- and 30-g/kg fructose for 2 weeks were assessed. Gene and protein expression of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthase (PRPSAP1), Glutamine PRPP aminotransferase (PPAT), adenyl succinate lyase (ADSL), adenyl succinate synthetase isozyme-1 (Adss1), inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), and guanine monophosphate synthetase (GMPS) was measured. The location of PRPSAP1 and PPAT in the liver was assessed by an immunofluorescence assay. Results Metabolite profiling showed that the level of AMP, adenine, adenosine, hypoxanthine, and guanine was increased significantly. RNA-sequencing showed that gene expression of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthase (PRPS2), phosphoribosyl glycinamide formyl transferase (GART), AICAR transformylase (ATIC), ADSL, Adss1, and IMPDH were raised, and gene expression of adenosine monophosphate deaminase 3 (AMPD3), adenosine deaminase (ADA), 5',3'-nucleotidase, cytosolic (NT5C), and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) was also increased significantly. Fructose increased the gene expression, protein expression, and fluorescence intensity of PRPSAP1 and PPAT in mice livers by increasing mTOR expression. Fructose increased the expression and activity of XOR, decreased the expression of uricase, and increased the serum level of UA. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the increased purine de novo synthesis may be a crucial mechanism for fructose-induced hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China,Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huimin Sun
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyu Cheng
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yajing Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wuxuan Mei
- Clinical Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Xing Wei
- Department of Nephrotic Rheumatism, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hairong Zhou
- Department of General Practice, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunbo Du
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changchun Zeng
- Department of General Practice, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China,*Correspondence: Changchun Zeng,
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18
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Taylor SR, Falcone JN, Cantley LC, Goncalves MD. Developing dietary interventions as therapy for cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22:452-466. [PMID: 35614234 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-022-00485-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells acquire distinct metabolic preferences based on their tissue of origin, genetic alterations and degree of interaction with systemic hormones and metabolites. These adaptations support the increased nutrient demand required for increased growth and proliferation. Diet is the major source of nutrients for tumours, yet dietary interventions lack robust evidence and are rarely prescribed by clinicians for the treatment of cancer. Well-controlled diet studies in patients with cancer are rare, and existing studies have been limited by nonspecific enrolment criteria that inappropriately grouped together subjects with disparate tumour and host metabolic profiles. This imprecision may have masked the efficacy of the intervention for appropriate candidates. Here, we review the metabolic alterations and key vulnerabilities that occur across multiple types of cancer. We describe how these vulnerabilities could potentially be targeted using dietary therapies including energy or macronutrient restriction and intermittent fasting regimens. We also discuss recent trials that highlight how dietary strategies may be combined with pharmacological therapies to treat some cancers, potentially ushering a path towards precision nutrition for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Taylor
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-I MD-PhD program, New York, NY, USA
| | - John N Falcone
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marcus D Goncalves
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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19
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Effects of Sporisorium reiliana polysaccharides and Phoenix dactylifera monosaccharides on the gut microbiota and serum metabolism in mice with fructose-induced hyperuricemia. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:436. [PMID: 35763072 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the prevalence of hyperuricemia has increased, and dietary fructose is an important risk factor for the development of this disease. This study investigated and compared the effects of Sphacelotheca reiliana polysaccharides and Phoenix dactylifera monosaccharides on a series of physiological and biochemical indicators and on the metagenomes and serum metabolites in mice with hyperuricemia caused by a high-fructose diet. S. reiliana polysaccharides inhibited uric acid biosynthesis and promoted uric acid excretion, thereby alleviating the hyperuricemia phenotype. In addition, hyperuricemia was closely related to the gut microbiota. After treatment with S. reiliana polysaccharides, the abundances of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria in the mouse intestines were decreased, the expression of genes involved in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis metabolic pathways and purine metabolism was downregulated, and the dysfunction of the gut microbiota was alleviated. With regard to serum metabolism, the abundance of hippuric acid, uridine, kynurenic acid, propionic acid and arachidonoyl decreased, and the abundances of serum metabolites in inflammatory pathways involved in kidney injury and gout, such as bile acid metabolism, purine metabolism and tryptophan metabolism pathways, decreased. P. dactylifera monosaccharides aggravated hyperuricemia. This research provides a valuable reference for the development of sugar applications.
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Wei R, Deng D, Teng Y, Lu C, Luo Z, Abdulai M, Liu H, Xu H, Li L, Hu S, Hu J, Wei S, Zeng X, Han C. Study on the effect of different types of sugar on lipid deposition in goose fatty liver. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101729. [PMID: 35172237 PMCID: PMC8850742 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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21
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Added Fructose in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and in Metabolic Syndrome: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061127. [PMID: 35334784 PMCID: PMC8950441 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the most common chronic liver disease and it is considered the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Diet represents the key element in NAFLD and MetS treatment, but some nutrients could play a role in their pathophysiology. Among these, fructose added to foods via high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) and sucrose might participate in NAFLD and MetS onset and progression. Fructose induces de novo lipogenesis (DNL), endoplasmic reticulum stress and liver inflammation, promoting insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Fructose also reduces fatty acids oxidation through the overproduction of malonyl CoA, favoring steatosis. Furthermore, recent studies suggest changes in intestinal permeability associated with fructose consumption that contribute to the risk of NAFLD and MetS. Finally, alterations in the hunger–satiety mechanism and in the synthesis of uric acid link the fructose intake to weight gain and hypertension, respectively. However, further studies are needed to better evaluate the causal relationship between fructose and metabolic diseases and to develop new therapeutic and preventive strategies against NAFLD and MetS.
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22
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Jansen LT, Yang N, Wong JMW, Mehta T, Allison DB, Ludwig DS, Ebbeling CB. Prolonged Glycemic Adaptation Following Transition From a Low- to High-Carbohydrate Diet: A Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:576-584. [PMID: 35108378 PMCID: PMC8918196 DOI: 10.2337/dc21-1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Consuming ≥150 g/day carbohydrate is recommended for 3 days before an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for diabetes diagnosis. For evaluation of this recommendation, time courses of glycemic changes following transition from a very-low-carbohydrate (VLC) to high-carbohydrate diet were assessed with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS After achieving a weight loss target of 15% (±3%) on the run-in VLC diet, participants (18-50 years old, BMI ≥27 kg/m2) were randomly assigned for 10 weeks to one of three isoenergetic diets: VLC (5% carbohydrate and 77% fat); high carbohydrate, high starch (HC-Starch) (57% carbohydrate and 25% fat, including 20% refined grains); and high carbohydrate, high sugar (HC-Sugar) (57% carbohydrate and 25% fat, including 20% sugar). CGM was done throughout the trial (n = 64) and OGTT at start and end (n = 41). All food was prepared in a metabolic kitchen and consumed under observation. RESULTS Glucose metrics continued to decline after week 1 in the HC-Starch and HC-Sugar groups (P < 0.05) but not VLC. During weeks 2-5, fasting and 2-h glucose (millimoles per liter per week) decreased in HC-Starch (fasting -0.10, P = 0.001; 2 h -0.10, P = 0.04). During weeks 6-9, 2-h glucose decreased in HC-Starch (-0.07, P = 0.01) and fasting and 2-h glucose decreased in HC-Sugar (fasting -0.09, P = 0.001; 2 h -0.09, P = 0.003). The number of participants with abnormal glucose tolerance by OGTT remained 10 (of 16) in VLC at start and end but decreased from 17 to 9 (of 25) in both high-carbohydrate groups. CONCLUSIONS Physiological adaptation from a low- to high-carbohydrate diet may require many weeks, with implications for the accuracy of diabetes tests, interpretation of macronutrient trials, and risks of periodic planned deviations from a VLC diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa T Jansen
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nianlan Yang
- University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Julia M W Wong
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Tapan Mehta
- University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - David B Allison
- Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN
| | - David S Ludwig
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Cara B Ebbeling
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Herman MA, Birnbaum MJ. Molecular aspects of fructose metabolism and metabolic disease. Cell Metab 2021; 33:2329-2354. [PMID: 34619074 PMCID: PMC8665132 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Excessive sugar consumption is increasingly considered as a contributor to the emerging epidemics of obesity and the associated cardiometabolic disease. Sugar is added to the diet in the form of sucrose or high-fructose corn syrup, both of which comprise nearly equal amounts of glucose and fructose. The unique aspects of fructose metabolism and properties of fructose-derived metabolites allow for fructose to serve as a physiological signal of normal dietary sugar consumption. However, when fructose is consumed in excess, these unique properties may contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic disease. Here, we review the biochemistry, genetics, and physiology of fructose metabolism and consider mechanisms by which excessive fructose consumption may contribute to metabolic disease. Lastly, we consider new therapeutic options for the treatment of metabolic disease based upon this knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Herman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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24
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Musso PY, Junca P, Gordon MD. A neural circuit linking two sugar sensors regulates satiety-dependent fructose drive in Drosophila. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj0186. [PMID: 34851668 PMCID: PMC8635442 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In flies, neuronal sensors detect prandial changes in circulating fructose levels and either sustain or terminate feeding, depending on internal state. Here, we describe a three-part neural circuit that imparts satiety-dependent modulation of fructose sensing. We show that dorsal fan-shaped body neurons display oscillatory calcium activity when hemolymph glucose is high and that these oscillations require glutamatergic input from SLP-AB or “Janus” neurons projecting from the protocerebrum to the asymmetric body. Suppression of activity in this circuit, either by starvation or by genetic silencing, promotes specific drive for fructose ingestion. This is achieved through neuropeptidergic signaling by tachykinin, which is released from the fan-shaped body when glycemia is high. Tachykinin, in turn, signals to Gr43a-positive fructose sensors to modulate their response to fructose. Together, our results demonstrate how a three-layer neural circuit links the detection of two sugars to produce precise satiety-dependent control of feeding behavior.
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25
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Greenshields JT, Keeler JM, Freemas JA, Baker TB, Johnson BD, Carter SJ, Schlader ZJ. Cutaneous microvascular vasodilatory consequences of acute consumption of a caffeinated soft drink sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15074. [PMID: 34676680 PMCID: PMC8531600 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypotheses that compared to drinking water, consumption of a caffeinated soft drink sweetened with high‐fructose corn syrup (HFCS) attenuates the cutaneous vasodilatory response to local skin heating without (Protocol 1) and following ischemia‐reperfusion injury (Protocol 2). In a randomized, counterbalanced crossover design, 14 healthy adults (25 ± 3 year, 6 women) consumed 500 ml of water (water) or a caffeinated soft drink sweetened with HFCS (Mtn. Dew, DEW). Thirty minutes following beverage consumption local skin heating commenced on the right forearm (Protocol 1), while on the left forearm ischemia‐reperfusion commenced with 20 min of ischemia followed by 20 min of reperfusion and then local skin heating (Protocol 2). Local skin heating involved 40 min of heating to 39℃ followed by 20 min of heating to 44℃. Skin blood flow (SkBf, laser Doppler) data were normalized to mean arterial pressure and are presented as a cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) and as percentage of the CVC response during heating to 44℃ (%CVCmax). Protocol 1: During local heating at 39℃, no differences were observed in CVC (water: 2.0 ± 0.6 PU/mmHg; DEW: 2.0 ± 0.8 PU/mmHg, p = 0.83) or %CVCmax (water: 59 ± 14%; DEW 60 ± 15%, p = 0.84) between trials. Protocol 2: During local skin heating at 39℃, no differences were observed in CVC (water: 1.7 ± 0.5 PU/mmHg; DEW: 1.5 ± 0.5 PU/mmHg, p = 0.33) or %CVCmax (water: 64 ± 15%; DEW 61 ± 15% p = 0.62) between trials. The cutaneous microvascular vasodilator response to local heating with or without prior ischemia‐reperfusion injury is not affected by acute consumption of a caffeinated soft drink sweetened with HFCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Greenshields
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Jason M Keeler
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Jessica A Freemas
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Tyler B Baker
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Blair D Johnson
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Stephen J Carter
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.,Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Zachary J Schlader
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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Sigala DM, Hieronimus B, Medici V, Lee V, Nunez MV, Bremer AA, Cox CL, Price CA, Benyam Y, Chaudhari AJ, Abdelhafez Y, McGahan JP, Goran MI, Sirlin CB, Pacini G, Tura A, Keim NL, Havel PJ, Stanhope KL. Consuming Sucrose- or HFCS-sweetened Beverages Increases Hepatic Lipid and Decreases Insulin Sensitivity in Adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:3248-3264. [PMID: 34265055 PMCID: PMC8530743 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Studies in rodents and humans suggest that high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)-sweetened diets promote greater metabolic dysfunction than sucrose-sweetened diets. OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of consuming sucrose-sweetened beverage (SB), HFCS-SB, or a control beverage sweetened with aspartame on metabolic outcomes in humans. METHODS A parallel, double-blinded, NIH-funded study. Experimental procedures were conducted during 3.5 days of inpatient residence with controlled feeding at a research clinic before (baseline) and after a 12-day outpatient intervention period. Seventy-five adults (18-40 years) were assigned to beverage groups matched for sex, body mass index (18-35 kg/m2), and fasting triglyceride, lipoprotein and insulin concentrations. The intervention was 3 servings/day of sucrose- or HFCS-SB providing 25% of energy requirement or aspartame-SB, consumed for 16 days. Main outcome measures were %hepatic lipid, Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (ISI), and Predicted M ISI. RESULTS Sucrose-SB increased %hepatic lipid (absolute change: 0.6 ± 0.2%) compared with aspartame-SB (-0.2 ± 0.2%, P < 0.05) and compared with baseline (P < 0.001). HFCS-SB increased %hepatic lipid compared with baseline (0.4 ± 0.2%, P < 0.05). Compared with aspartame-SB, Matsuda ISI decreased after consumption of HFCS- (P < 0.01) and sucrose-SB (P < 0.01), and Predicted M ISI decreased after consumption of HFCS-SB (P < 0.05). Sucrose- and HFCS-SB increased plasma concentrations of lipids, lipoproteins, and uric acid compared with aspartame-SB. No outcomes were differentially affected by sucrose- compared with HFCS-SB. Beverage group effects remained significant when analyses were adjusted for changes in body weight. CONCLUSION Consumption of both sucrose- and HFCS-SB induced detrimental changes in hepatic lipid, insulin sensitivity, and circulating lipids, lipoproteins and uric acid in 2 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree M Sigala
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bettina Hieronimus
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Valentina Medici
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Vivien Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Marinelle V Nunez
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andrew A Bremer
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Chad L Cox
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Sacramento, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
| | - Candice A Price
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yanet Benyam
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Abhijit J Chaudhari
- Department of Radiology School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Yasser Abdelhafez
- Department of Radiology School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - John P McGahan
- Department of Radiology School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Michael I Goran
- The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Claude B Sirlin
- Liver Imaging Group, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Giovanni Pacini
- Metabolic Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Tura
- Metabolic Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Nancy L Keim
- United States Department of Agriculture, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Peter J Havel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kimber L Stanhope
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Basic Sciences, Touro University of California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
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27
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Effect of a moderate dose of fructose in solid foods on TAG, glucose and uric acid before and after a 1-month moderate sugar-feeding period. Br J Nutr 2021; 126:837-843. [PMID: 33292887 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520004845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
There are few data on the effects on TAG, glucose and uric acid of chronic consumption of a moderate dose of fructose in solid foods. Twenty-eight participants with prediabetes and/or obesity and overweight commenced the study (BMI 32·3 kg/m2, age 44·7 years, fasting glucose 5·3 (sd 0·89) mmol/l and 2-h glucose 6·6 (sd 1·8) mmol/l). Twenty-four men and women who completed the study consumed, in random order, two acute test meals of muffins sweetened with either fructose or sucrose. This was followed by 4-week chronic consumption of 42 g/d of either fructose or sucrose in low-fat muffins after which the two meal tests were repeated. The sugar type in the chronic feeding period was also randomised. Fasting TAG increased after chronic consumption of fructose by 0·31 (sd 0·37) mmol/l compared with sucrose in those participants with impaired fasting glucose (IFG)/impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (P = 0·004). Total cholesterol (0·33 mmol/l), LDL-cholesterol (0·24 mmol/l) and HDL-cholesterol (0·08 mmol/l) increased significantly over the 1- month feeding period with no differences between muffin types. Fasting glucose was not different after 1 month of muffin consumption. Uric acid response was not different between the two sugar types either baseline or 1 month, and there were no differences between baseline and 1 month. The increase in fasting TAG in participants with IFG/IGT suggests the need for caution in people at increased risk of type 2 diabetes.
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28
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Annandale M, Daniels LJ, Li X, Neale JPH, Chau AHL, Ambalawanar HA, James SL, Koutsifeli P, Delbridge LMD, Mellor KM. Fructose Metabolism and Cardiac Metabolic Stress. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:695486. [PMID: 34267663 PMCID: PMC8277231 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.695486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of mortality in diabetes. High fructose consumption has been linked with the development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Serum and cardiac tissue fructose levels are elevated in diabetic patients, and cardiac production of fructose via the intracellular polyol pathway is upregulated. The question of whether direct myocardial fructose exposure and upregulated fructose metabolism have potential to induce cardiac fructose toxicity in metabolic stress settings arises. Unlike tightly-regulated glucose metabolism, fructose bypasses the rate-limiting glycolytic enzyme, phosphofructokinase, and proceeds through glycolysis in an unregulated manner. In vivo rodent studies have shown that high dietary fructose induces cardiac metabolic stress and functional disturbance. In vitro, studies have demonstrated that cardiomyocytes cultured in high fructose exhibit lipid accumulation, inflammation, hypertrophy and low viability. Intracellular fructose mediates post-translational modification of proteins, and this activity provides an important mechanistic pathway for fructose-related cardiomyocyte signaling and functional effect. Additionally, fructose has been shown to provide a fuel source for the stressed myocardium. Elucidating the mechanisms of fructose toxicity in the heart may have important implications for understanding cardiac pathology in metabolic stress settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Annandale
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - L J Daniels
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - X Li
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J P H Neale
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A H L Chau
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - H A Ambalawanar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - S L James
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - P Koutsifeli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - L M D Delbridge
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - K M Mellor
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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29
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Hernández-Díazcouder A, González-Ramírez J, Giacoman-Martínez A, Cardoso-Saldaña G, Martínez-Martínez E, Osorio-Alonso H, Márquez-Velasco R, Sánchez-Gloria JL, Juárez-Vicuña Y, Gonzaga G, Sánchez-Lozada LG, Almanza-Pérez JC, Sánchez-Muñoz F. High fructose exposure modifies the amount of adipocyte-secreted microRNAs into extracellular vesicles in supernatants and plasma. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11305. [PMID: 34055478 PMCID: PMC8140597 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High fructose exposure induces metabolic and endocrine responses in adipose tissue. Recent evidence suggests that microRNAs in extracellular vesicles are endocrine signals secreted by adipocytes. Fructose exposure on the secretion of microRNA by tissues and cells is poorly studied. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fructose exposure on the secretion of selected microRNAs in extracellular vesicles from 3T3-L1 cells and plasma from Wistar rats. Methods 3T3-L1 cells were exposed to 550 µM of fructose or standard media for four days, microRNAs levels were determined in extracellular vesicles of supernatants and cells by RT-qPCR. Wistar rats were exposed to either 20% fructose drink or tap water for eight weeks, microRNAs levels were determined in extracellular vesicles of plasma and adipose tissue by RT-qPCR. Results This study showed that fructose exposure increased the total number of extracellular vesicles released by 3T3-L1 cells (p = 0.0001). The levels of miR-143-5p were increased in extracellular vesicles of 3T3-L1 cells exposed to fructose (p = 0.0286), whereas miR-223-3p levels were reduced (p = 0.0286). Moreover, in plasma-derived extracellular vesicles, miR-143-5p was higher in fructose-fed rats (p = 0.001), whereas miR-223-3p (p = 0.022), miR-342-3p (p = 0.0011), miR-140-5p (p = 0.0129) and miR-146b-5p (p = 0.0245) were lower. Conclusion Fructose exposure modifies the levels of microRNAs in extracellular vesicles in vitro and in vivo. In particular, fructose exposure increases miR-143-5p, while decreases miR-223-3p and miR-342-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Hernández-Díazcouder
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, México.,Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Javier González-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Campus Mexicali, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Abraham Giacoman-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Guillermo Cardoso-Saldaña
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Eduardo Martínez-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Comunicación Celular y Vesículas Extracelulares, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Horacio Osorio-Alonso
- Departamento de Fisiopatología Cardio-Renal, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ricardo Márquez-Velasco
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José L Sánchez-Gloria
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Yaneli Juárez-Vicuña
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Guillermo Gonzaga
- Departamento de Fisiopatología Cardio-Renal, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Laura Gabriela Sánchez-Lozada
- Departamento de Fisiopatología Cardio-Renal, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Julio César Almanza-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Fausto Sánchez-Muñoz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
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30
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Fructose and Uric Acid as Drivers of a Hyperactive Foraging Response: A Clue to Behavioral Disorders Associated with Impulsivity or Mania? EVOL HUM BEHAV 2021; 42:194-203. [PMID: 33994772 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several behavioral disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, and aggressive behaviors are linked with sugar intake and obesity. The reason(s) for this association has been unclear. Here we present a hypothesis supporting a role for fructose, a component of sugar and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), and uric acid (a fructose metabolite), in increasing the risk for these behavioral disorders. Recent studies have shown that the reason fructose intake is strongly associated with development of metabolic syndrome is that fructose intake activates an evolutionary-based survival pathway that stimulates foraging behavior and the storage of energy as fat. While modest intake may aid animals that would like to store fat as a protective response from food shortage or starvation, we propose that high intake of sugar and HFCS causes a hyperactive foraging response that stimulates craving, impulsivity, risk taking and aggression that increases the risk for ADHD, bipolar disease and aggressive behavior. High glycemic carbohydrates and salty foods may also contribute as they can be converted to fructose in the body. Some studies suggest uric acid produced during fructose metabolism may mediate some of these effects. Chronic stimulation of the pathway could lead to desensitization of hedonic responses and induce depression. In conclusion, a hyperactive foraging response driven by high glycemic carbohydrates and sugars may contribute to affective disorders.
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31
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Chapman CL, Reed EL, Worley ML, Pietrafesa LD, Kueck PJ, Bloomfield AC, Schlader ZJ, Johnson BD. Sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption acutely decreases spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity and heart rate variability. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R641-R652. [PMID: 33533320 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00310.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In healthy humans, fructose-sweetened water consumption increases blood pressure variability (BPV) and decreases spontaneous cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity (cBRS) and heart rate variability (HRV). However, whether consuming commercially available soft drinks containing high levels of fructose elicits similar responses is unknown. We hypothesized that high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)-sweetened soft drink consumption increases BPV and decreases cBRS and HRV to a greater extent compared with artificially sweetened (diet) and sucrose-sweetened (sucrose) soft drinks and water. Twelve subjects completed four randomized, double-blinded trials in which they drank 500 mL of water or commercially available soft drinks matched for taste and caffeine content. We continuously measured beat-to-beat blood pressure (photoplethysmography) and R-R interval (ECG) before and 30 min after drink consumption during supine rest for 5 min during spontaneous and paced breathing. BPV was evaluated using standard deviation (SD), average real variability (ARV), and successive variation (SV) methods for systolic and diastolic blood pressure. cBRS was assessed using the sequence method. HRV was evaluated using the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) in R-R interval. There were no differences between conditions in the magnitude of change from baseline in SD, ARV, and SV (P ≥ 0.07). There were greater reductions in cBRS during spontaneous breathing in the HFCS (-3 ± 5 ms/mmHg) and sucrose (-3 ± 5 ms/mmHg) trials compared with the water trial (+1 ± 5 ms/mmHg, P < 0.03). During paced breathing, HFCS evoked greater reductions in RMSSD compared with water (-26 ± 34 vs. +2 ± 26 ms, P < 0.01). These findings suggest that sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption alters cBRS and HRV but not BPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Chapman
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Emma L Reed
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Morgan L Worley
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Leonard D Pietrafesa
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Paul J Kueck
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Adam C Bloomfield
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Zachary J Schlader
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Blair D Johnson
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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Hrncir T, Hrncirova L, Kverka M, Hromadka R, Machova V, Trckova E, Kostovcikova K, Kralickova P, Krejsek J, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H. Gut Microbiota and NAFLD: Pathogenetic Mechanisms, Microbiota Signatures, and Therapeutic Interventions. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050957. [PMID: 33946843 PMCID: PMC8146698 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease. Its worldwide prevalence is rapidly increasing and is currently estimated at 24%. NAFLD is highly associated with many features of the metabolic syndrome, including obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidaemia, and hypertension. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex and not fully understood, but there is increasing evidence that the gut microbiota is strongly implicated in the development of NAFLD. In this review, we discuss the major factors that induce dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and disrupt intestinal permeability, as well as possible mechanisms leading to the development of NAFLD. We also discuss the most consistent NAFLD-associated gut microbiota signatures and immunological mechanisms involved in maintaining the gut barrier and liver tolerance to gut-derived factors. Gut-derived factors, including microbial, dietary, and host-derived factors involved in NAFLD pathogenesis, are discussed in detail. Finally, we review currently available diagnostic and prognostic methods, summarise latest knowledge on promising microbiota-based biomarkers, and discuss therapeutic strategies to manipulate the microbiota, including faecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics and prebiotics, deletions of individual strains with bacteriophages, and blocking the production of harmful metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Hrncir
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.K.); (V.M.); (E.T.); (K.K.); (H.T.-H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lucia Hrncirova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.K.); (V.M.); (E.T.); (K.K.); (H.T.-H.)
- The Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Miloslav Kverka
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.K.); (V.M.); (E.T.); (K.K.); (H.T.-H.)
| | - Robert Hromadka
- NEXARS (C2P), The Campus Science Park, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Vladimira Machova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.K.); (V.M.); (E.T.); (K.K.); (H.T.-H.)
| | - Eva Trckova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.K.); (V.M.); (E.T.); (K.K.); (H.T.-H.)
| | - Klara Kostovcikova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.K.); (V.M.); (E.T.); (K.K.); (H.T.-H.)
| | - Pavlina Kralickova
- The Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jan Krejsek
- The Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Helena Tlaskalova-Hogenova
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.K.); (V.M.); (E.T.); (K.K.); (H.T.-H.)
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Freemas JA, Greenshields JT, Baker T, Carter SJ, Johnson BD, Schlader ZJ. Arterial stiffness is not acutely modified by consumption of a caffeinated soft drink sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup in young healthy adults. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14777. [PMID: 33904664 PMCID: PMC8077102 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that ingestion of a caffeinated soft drink sweetened with high‐fructose corn syrup acutely increases arterial stiffness. In a randomized counterbalanced, crossover design, fourteen healthy adults (25 ± 3 years, 6 women) reported to the laboratory for two experimental visits where 500 ml of tap water (H2O) or 500 ml of Mountain Dew® (a caffeinated soft drink sweetened with high‐fructose corn syrup (HFCS)) were consumed. Arterial stiffness (carotid‐to‐femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV)), peripheral and central blood pressures were measured pre‐consumption, 30 min post‐consumption, and 120 min post‐consumption. Prior to each measurement period, beat‐to‐beat hemodynamic measures were collected. Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output from pre‐consumption did not differ between trials at any timepoint (p ≥ 0.06). Moreover, changes in peripheral or central blood pressures from pre‐consumption did not differ between trials (p ≥ 0.84). Likewise, changes in cfPWV from pre‐consumption to 30 min post‐consumption (HFCS: 0.2 ± 0.3 m/s, H2O: 0.0 ± 0.3 m/s, p = 0.34) and 120 min post‐consumption (HFCS: 0.3 ± 0.4 m/s, H2O: 0.2 ± 0.3 m/s, p = 0.77) did not differ. Changes in aortic augmentation pressure, augmentation index, augmentation index corrected to a heart rate of 75 bpm, and reflection magnitude did not differ between conditions at 30 min post‐ (p ≥ 0.55) or 120 min post‐ (p ≥ 0.18) consumption. In healthy young adults, ingesting 500 ml of a commercially available caffeinated soft drink sweetened with high‐fructose corn syrup does not acutely change indices of arterial stiffness and wave reflection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Freemas
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Joel T Greenshields
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Tyler Baker
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Stephen J Carter
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Blair D Johnson
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Zachary J Schlader
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Carreño DV, Corro NB, Cerda-Infante JF, Echeverría CE, Asencio-Barría CA, Torres-Estay VA, Mayorga-Weber GA, Rojas PA, Véliz LP, Cisternas PA, Montecinos VP, San Francisco IF, Varas-Godoy MA, Sotomayor PC, Castro MA, Nualart FJ, Inestrosa NC, Godoy AS. Dietary Fructose Promotes Prostate Cancer Growth. Cancer Res 2021; 81:2824-2832. [PMID: 33762358 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical localization of primary tumors and sites of metastasis by PET is based on the enhanced cellular uptake of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-D-glucose (FDG). In prostate cancer, however, PET-FDG imaging has shown limited clinical applicability, suggesting that prostate cancer cells may utilize hexoses other than glucose, such as fructose, as the preferred energy source. Our previous studies suggested that prostate cancer cells overexpress fructose transporters, but not glucose transporters, compared with benign cells. Here, we focused on validating the functional expression of fructose transporters and determining whether fructose can modulate the biology of prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Fructose transporters, Glut5 and Glut9, were significantly upregulated in clinical specimens of prostate cancer when compared with their benign counterparts. Fructose levels in the serum of patients with prostate cancer were significantly higher than healthy subjects. Functional expression of fructose transporters was confirmed in prostate cancer cell lines. A detailed kinetic characterization indicated that Glut5 represents the main functional contributor in mediating fructose transport in prostate cancer cells. Fructose stimulated proliferation and invasion of prostate cancer cells in vitro. In addition, dietary fructose increased the growth of prostate cancer cell line-derived xenograft tumors and promoted prostate cancer cell proliferation in patient-derived xenografts. Gene set enrichment analysis confirmed that fructose stimulation enriched for proliferation-related pathways in prostate cancer cells. These results demonstrate that fructose promotes prostate cancer cell growth and aggressiveness in vitro and in vivo and may represent an alternative energy source for prostate cancer cells. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies increased expression of fructose transporters in prostate cancer and demonstrates a role for fructose as a key metabolic substrate supporting prostate cancer cells, revealing potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela V Carreño
- Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Néstor B Corro
- Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier F Cerda-Infante
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina E Echeverría
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Verónica A Torres-Estay
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo A Mayorga-Weber
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pablo A Rojas
- Department of Urology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Loreto P Véliz
- Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro A Cisternas
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Viviana P Montecinos
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Manuel A Varas-Godoy
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula C Sotomayor
- Department of Urology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maite A Castro
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Janelia Research Campus, HHMI, Ashburn, Virginia
| | - Francisco J Nualart
- Centro de Microscopía Avanzada (CMA), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro S Godoy
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile. .,Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
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35
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Maj M, Harbottle B, Thomas PA, Hernandez GV, Smith VA, Edwards MS, Fanter RK, Glanz HS, Immoos C, Burrin DG, Santiago-Rodriguez TM, La Frano MR, Manjarín R. Consumption of High-Fructose Corn Syrup Compared with Sucrose Promotes Adiposity and Increased Triglyceridemia but Comparable NAFLD Severity in Juvenile Iberian Pigs. J Nutr 2021; 151:1139-1149. [PMID: 33693900 PMCID: PMC8112773 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fructose consumption has been linked to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children. However, the effect of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) compared with sucrose in pediatric NAFLD has not been investigated. OBJECTIVES We tested whether the isocaloric substitution of dietary sucrose by HFCS would increase the severity of NAFLD in juvenile pigs, and whether this effect would be associated with changes in gut histology, SCFA production, and microbial diversity. METHODS Iberian pigs, 53-d-old and pair-housed in pens balanced for weight and sex, were randomly assigned to receive a mash diet top-dressed with increasing amounts of sucrose (SUC; n = 3 pens; 281.6-486.8 g/kg diet) or HFCS (n = 4; 444.3-724.8 g/kg diet) during 16 wk. Diets exceeded the animal's energy requirements by providing sugars in excess, but met the requirements for all other nutrients. Animals were killed at 165 d of age after blood sampling, and liver, muscle, and gut were collected for histology, metabolome, and microbiome analyses. Data were analyzed by multivariate and univariate statistics. RESULTS Compared with SUC, HFCS increased subcutaneous fat, triacylglycerides in plasma, and butyrate in colon (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, HFCS decreased UMP and short-chain acyl carnitines in liver, and urea nitrogen and creatinine in serum (P ≤ 0.05). Microbiome analysis showed a 24.8% average dissimilarity between HFCS and SUC associated with changes in SCFA-producing bacteria. Body weight gain, intramuscular fat, histological and serum markers of liver injury, and circulating hormones, glucose, and proinflammatory cytokines did not differ between diets. CONCLUSIONS Fructose consumption derived from HFCS promoted butyrate synthesis, triglyceridemia, and subcutaneous lipid deposition in juvenile Iberian pigs, but did not increase serum and histological markers of NAFLD compared with a sucrose-enriched diet. Longer studies could be needed to observe differences in liver injury among sugar types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Maj
- Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA,Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Brooke Harbottle
- Animal Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Payton A Thomas
- Animal Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Gabriella V Hernandez
- Animal Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Victoria A Smith
- Animal Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Edwards
- Animal Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Rob K Fanter
- College of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA,Center for Health Research, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Hunter S Glanz
- Statistics Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Chad Immoos
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Douglas G Burrin
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Michael R La Frano
- Center for Health Research, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA,Food Science and Nutrition Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
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36
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Johnston JA, Nelson DR, Bhatnagar P, Curtis SE, Chen Y, MacKrell JG. Prevalence and cardiometabolic correlates of ketohexokinase gene variants among UK Biobank participants. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247683. [PMID: 33621267 PMCID: PMC7901775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential fructosuria (EF) is a benign, asymptomatic, autosomal recessive condition caused by loss-of-function variants in the ketohexokinase gene and characterized by intermittent appearance of fructose in the urine. Despite a basic understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of EF, relatively little is known about the long-term clinical consequences of ketohexokinase gene variants. We examined the frequency of ketohexokinase variants in the UK Biobank sample and compared the cardiometabolic profiles of groups of individuals with and without these variants alone or in combination. Study cohorts consisted of groups of participants defined based on the presence of one or more of the five ketohexokinase gene variants tested for in the Affymetrix assays used by the UK Biobank. The rs2304681:G>A (p.Val49Ile) variant was present on more than one-third (36.8%) of chromosomes; other variant alleles were rare (<1%). No participants with the compound heterozygous genotype present in subjects exhibiting the EF phenotype in the literature (Gly40Arg/Ala43Thr) were identified. The rs2304681:G>A (p.Val49Ile), rs41288797 (p.Val188Met), and rs114353144 (p.Val264Ile) variants were more common in white versus non-white participants. Otherwise, few statistically or clinically significant differences were observed after adjustment for multiple comparisons. These findings reinforce the current understanding of EF as a rare, benign, autosomal recessive condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Johnston
- Global Patient Outcomes and Real World Evidence, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - David R. Nelson
- Global Patient Outcomes and Real World Evidence, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Pallav Bhatnagar
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Curtis
- Global Patient Outcomes and Real World Evidence, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Yu Chen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - James G. MacKrell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
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Daniels LJ, Annandale M, Koutsifeli P, Li X, Bussey CT, van Hout I, Bunton RW, Davis PJ, Coffey S, Katare R, Lamberts RR, Delbridge LMD, Mellor KM. Elevated myocardial fructose and sorbitol levels are associated with diastolic dysfunction in diabetic patients, and cardiomyocyte lipid inclusions in vitro. Nutr Diabetes 2021; 11:8. [PMID: 33558456 PMCID: PMC7870957 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-021-00150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with cardiac metabolic disturbances and increased heart failure risk. Plasma fructose levels are elevated in diabetic patients. A direct role for fructose involvement in diabetic heart pathology has not been investigated. The goals of this study were to clinically evaluate links between myocardial fructose and sorbitol (a polyol pathway fructose precursor) levels with evidence of cardiac dysfunction, and to experimentally assess the cardiomyocyte mechanisms involved in mediating the metabolic effects of elevated fructose. Fructose and sorbitol levels were increased in right atrial appendage tissues of type 2 diabetic patients (2.8- and 1.5-fold increase respectively). Elevated cardiac fructose levels were confirmed in type 2 diabetic rats. Diastolic dysfunction (increased E/e’, echocardiography) was significantly correlated with cardiac sorbitol levels. Elevated myocardial mRNA expression of the fructose-specific transporter, Glut5 (43% increase), and the key fructose-metabolizing enzyme, Fructokinase-A (50% increase) was observed in type 2 diabetic rats (Zucker diabetic fatty rat). In neonatal rat ventricular myocytes, fructose increased glycolytic capacity and cytosolic lipid inclusions (28% increase in lipid droplets/cell). This study provides the first evidence that elevated myocardial fructose and sorbitol are associated with diastolic dysfunction in diabetic patients. Experimental evidence suggests that fructose promotes the formation of cardiomyocyte cytosolic lipid inclusions, and may contribute to lipotoxicity in the diabetic heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna J Daniels
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marco Annandale
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Parisa Koutsifeli
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Xun Li
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Carol T Bussey
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Isabelle van Hout
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richard W Bunton
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Philip J Davis
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sean Coffey
- Department of Medicine and HeartOtago, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rajesh Katare
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Regis R Lamberts
- Department of Physiology, HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lea M D Delbridge
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kimberley M Mellor
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. .,Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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38
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Topless RKG, Major TJ, Florez JC, Hirschhorn JN, Cadzow M, Dalbeth N, Stamp LK, Wilcox PL, Reynolds RJ, Cole JB, Merriman TR. The comparative effect of exposure to various risk factors on the risk of hyperuricaemia: diet has a weak causal effect. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:75. [PMID: 33663556 PMCID: PMC7931603 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevention of hyperuricaemia (HU) is critical to the prevention of gout. Understanding causal relationships and relative contributions of various risk factors to hyperuricemia is therefore important in the prevention of gout. Here, we use attributable fraction to compare the relative contribution of genetic, dietary, urate-lowering therapy (ULT) and other exposures to HU. We use Mendelian randomisation to test for the causality of diet in urate levels. METHODS Four European-ancestry sample sets, three from the general population (n = 419,060) and one of people with gout (n = 6781) were derived from the Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (ARIC, FHS, CARDIA, CHS) and UK Biobank. Dichotomised exposures to diet, genetic risk variants, BMI, alcohol, diuretic treatment, sex and age were used to calculate adjusted population and average attributable fractions (PAF/AAF) for HU (≥0.42 mmol/L [≥7 mg/dL]). Exposure to ULT was also assessed in the gout cohort. Two sample Mendelian randomisation was done in the UK Biobank using dietary pattern-associated genetic variants as exposure and serum urate levels as outcome. RESULTS Adherence to dietary recommendations, BMI (< 25 kg/m2), and absence of the SLC2A9 rs12498742 urate-raising allele produced PAFs for HU of 20 to 24%, 59 to 69%, and 57 to 64%, respectively, in the three non-gout cohorts. In the gout cohort, diet, BMI, SLC2A9 rs12498742 and ULT PAFs for HU were 12%, 49%, 48%, and 63%, respectively. Mendelian randomisation demonstrated weak causal effects of four dietary habits on serum urate levels (e.g. preferentially drinking skim milk increased urate, β = 0.047 mmol/L, P = 3.78 × 10-8). These effects were mediated by BMI, and they were not significant (P ≥ 0.06) in multivariable models assessing the BMI-independent effect of diet on urate. CONCLUSIONS Diet has a relatively minor role in determining serum urate levels and HU. In gout, the use of ULT was the largest attributable fraction tested for HU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth K. G. Topless
- grid.29980.3a0000 0004 1936 7830Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tanya J. Major
- grid.29980.3a0000 0004 1936 7830Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jose C. Florez
- grid.66859.34Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- grid.66859.34Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Murray Cadzow
- grid.29980.3a0000 0004 1936 7830Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Dalbeth
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lisa K. Stamp
- grid.29980.3a0000 0004 1936 7830Department of Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Philip L. Wilcox
- grid.29980.3a0000 0004 1936 7830Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richard J. Reynolds
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Joanne B. Cole
- grid.66859.34Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Tony R. Merriman
- grid.29980.3a0000 0004 1936 7830Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand ,grid.265892.20000000106344187Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
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Knowledge attitudes and behaviors of adult individuals about high fructose corn syrup consumption; cross sectional survey study. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020; 40:179-186. [PMID: 33183534 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is; to examine the knowledge and attitudes of individuals about ready-to food consumption and food products containing high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). STUDY DESIGN Research in the city center in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey was held with 18 individuals over the age of two shoppers at the supermarket. METHODS The study is a descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire-based study. The research was conducted between 15.09.2018 and 30.03.2019. Data were collected from 254 individuals using face-to-face interview technique. The questionnaire form consisted of questions created by the researcher to determine socio-demographic variables as well as information about ready-made food intake and foods containing high fructose corn syrup. RESULTS The suitability of the questionnaire for factor analysis was evaluated with the "Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin coefficient" and "Bartlett Sphericity Test". As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, the 21-item survey form explains 52% of the total variance. The questionnaire items consist of four factors. Cronbach's Alpha reliability of the questionnaire is 0.860 on the whole. In the sub-factors; The first factor was 0.859, the second factor was 0.764, the third factor was 0.652, and the fourth factor was 0.616. The findings obtained in the study were analyzed using the Independent Sample t Test, One Way Anova test, Mann Whitney U test and Tukey test. SPSS 21, USA was used to analyze the study. It was determined that the average age of the participants was 31.3 ± 11.7, the rate of paying attention to ingredients and nutritional values while purchasing ready-made foods was low, and 1/4 of them did not pay attention to high fructose corn syrup in their content. There was a significant correlation between the age and employment status of the participants and their knowledge and attitudes about the foods containing corn syrup (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION It was concluded that individuals should be educated about health risks while purchasing ready-made food products and should be more informed about foods containing HFCS. It is recommended that the questionnaire used in the study be tested in different sample groups in order to increase its validity and reliability evidence.
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40
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Johnson RJ, Gomez-Pinilla F, Nagel M, Nakagawa T, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Tolan DR, Lanaspa MA. Cerebral Fructose Metabolism as a Potential Mechanism Driving Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:560865. [PMID: 33024433 PMCID: PMC7516162 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.560865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease is pathologically linked with neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid deposition, and loss of neuronal communication. Cerebral insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction have emerged as important contributors to pathogenesis supporting our hypothesis that cerebral fructose metabolism is a key initiating pathway for Alzheimer's disease. Fructose is unique among nutrients because it activates a survival pathway to protect animals from starvation by lowering energy in cells in association with adenosine monophosphate degradation to uric acid. The fall in energy from fructose metabolism stimulates foraging and food intake while reducing energy and oxygen needs by decreasing mitochondrial function, stimulating glycolysis, and inducing insulin resistance. When fructose metabolism is overactivated systemically, such as from excessive fructose intake, this can lead to obesity and diabetes. Herein, we present evidence that Alzheimer's disease may be driven by overactivation of cerebral fructose metabolism, in which the source of fructose is largely from endogenous production in the brain. Thus, the reduction in mitochondrial energy production is hampered by neuronal glycolysis that is inadequate, resulting in progressive loss of cerebral energy levels required for neurons to remain functional and viable. In essence, we propose that Alzheimer's disease is a modern disease driven by changes in dietary lifestyle in which fructose can disrupt cerebral metabolism and neuronal function. Inhibition of intracerebral fructose metabolism could provide a novel way to prevent and treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maria Nagel
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | - Bernardo Rodriguez-Iturbe
- Department of Cardio-Renal Physiopathology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura G Sanchez-Lozada
- Department of Cardio-Renal Physiopathology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dean R Tolan
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Miguel A Lanaspa
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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41
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Ebrahimpour‐koujan S, Saneei P, Larijani B, Esmaillzadeh A. Consumption of sugar‐sweetened beverages and serum uric acid concentrations: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Hum Nutr Diet 2020; 34:305-313. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Ebrahimpour‐koujan
- Students' Scientific Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - P. Saneei
- Department of Community Nutrition School of Nutrition and Food Science Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
| | - B. Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - A. Esmaillzadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition School of Nutrition and Food Science Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular ‐Cellular Sciences Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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42
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Dewdney B, Roberts A, Qiao L, George J, Hebbard L. A Sweet Connection? Fructose's Role in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E496. [PMID: 32218179 PMCID: PMC7226025 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of few cancer types that continues to grow in incidence and mortality worldwide. With the alarming increase in diabetes and obesity rates, the higher rates of hepatocellular carcinoma are a result of underlying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Many have attributed disease progression to an excess consumption of fructose sugar. Fructose has known toxic effects on the liver, including increased fatty acid production, increased oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. These effects have been linked to non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) disease and a progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). While the literature suggests fructose may enhance liver cancer progression, the precise mechanisms in which fructose induces tumor formation remains largely unclear. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of fructose metabolism in liver disease and liver tumor development. Furthermore, we consider the latest knowledge of cancer cell metabolism and speculate on additional mechanisms of fructose metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Dewdney
- Molecular and Cell Biology, and The Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia; (B.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Alexandra Roberts
- Molecular and Cell Biology, and The Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia; (B.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Liang Qiao
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia; (L.Q.); (J.G.)
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia; (L.Q.); (J.G.)
| | - Lionel Hebbard
- Molecular and Cell Biology, and The Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia; (B.D.); (A.R.)
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia; (L.Q.); (J.G.)
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43
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Chapman CL, Grigoryan T, Vargas NT, Reed EL, Kueck PJ, Pietrafesa LD, Bloomfield AC, Johnson BD, Schlader ZJ. High-fructose corn syrup-sweetened soft drink consumption increases vascular resistance in the kidneys at rest and during sympathetic activation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F1053-F1065. [PMID: 32174139 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00374.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We first tested the hypothesis that consuming a high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)-sweetened soft drink augments kidney vasoconstriction to sympathetic stimulation compared with water (study 1). In a second study, we examined the mechanisms underlying these observations (study 2). In study 1, 13 healthy adults completed a cold pressor test, a sympathoexcitatory maneuver, before (preconsumption) and 30 min after drinking 500 mL of decarbonated HFCS-sweetened soft drink or water (postconsumption). In study 2, venous blood samples were obtained in 12 healthy adults before and 30 min after consumption of 500 mL water or soft drinks matched for caffeine content and taste, which were either artificially sweetened (Diet trial), sucrose-sweetened (Sucrose trial), or sweetened with HFCS (HFCS trial). In both study 1 and study 2, vascular resistance was calculated as mean arterial pressure divided by blood velocity, which was measured via Doppler ultrasound in renal and segmental arteries. In study 1, HFCS consumption increased vascular resistance in the segmental artery at rest (by 0.5 ± 0.6 mmHg·cm-1·s-1, P = 0.01) and during the cold pressor test (average change: 0.5 ± 1.0 mmHg·cm-1·s-1, main effect: P = 0.05). In study 2, segmental artery vascular resistance increased in the HFCS trial (by 0.8 ± 0.7 mmHg·cm-1·s-1, P = 0.02) but not in the other trials. Increases in serum uric acid were greater in the HFCS trial (0.3 ± 0.4 mg/dL, P ≤ 0.04) compared with the Water and Diet trials, and serum copeptin increased in the HFCS trial (by 0.8 ± 1.0 pmol/L, P = 0.06). These findings indicate that HFCS acutely increases vascular resistance in the kidneys, independent of caffeine content and beverage osmolality, which likely occurs via simultaneous elevations in circulating uric acid and vasopressin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Chapman
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Tigran Grigoryan
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Nicole T Vargas
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Emma L Reed
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Paul J Kueck
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Leonard D Pietrafesa
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Adam C Bloomfield
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Blair D Johnson
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Zachary J Schlader
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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Nakagawa T, Lanaspa MA, Johnson RJ. The effects of fruit consumption in patients with hyperuricaemia or gout. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 58:1133-1141. [PMID: 31004140 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of fructose has gained increased attention as a potential cause of hyperuricaemia since fructose metabolism produces urate as a byproduct. In addition to sucrose and high fructose corn syrup, fresh fruits also contain fructose, suggesting that patients with hyperuricaemia or gout might also avoid fresh fruit. However, the effect of fruits is complex. Some studies reported that fruit intake was associated with gout flares while other studies showed that fruits rather lowered the risk for gout. Thus, fruits should not be simply viewed as a source of fructose. The complexity of fruits is accounted for by several nutrients existing in fruits. Vitamin C, epicatechin, flavonols, potassium and fibre are all nutrients in fruits, and these factors could modify fructose and urate effects. In this review, we discuss clinical studies evaluating the effect of fruit and fruit juice intake on hyperuricaemia and gout, and propose potential mechanisms for how fruit may influence urate levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Nakagawa
- Department of Nephrology, Rakuwakai Otowa Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Miguel A Lanaspa
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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45
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Non-pharmacological and Food Gout Management: Current and Future Directions. Fam Med 2019. [DOI: 10.30841/2307-5112.5-6.2019.194833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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46
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Murphy R, Gamble GD, House M, Pool B, Horne A, Merriman TR, Dalbeth N. Greater insulin response to acute fructose ingestion among Māori and Pacific people compared to European people living in Aotearoa New Zealand. Intern Med J 2019; 49:196-202. [PMID: 30298971 DOI: 10.1111/imj.14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fructose consumption has been linked with insulin resistance, obesity and diabetes, which are more prevalent in those of Māori or Pacific ethnicity compared to New Zealand European. AIM To determine whether the acute effects of fructose consumption on serum glucose, insulin, lipids and C-reactive protein differs according to body mass index (BMI) and/or ethnicity. METHODS Participants of Māori (n = 25), Pacific (n = 26) or New Zealand European (n = 25) ethnicity consumed a 64 g fructose/16 g glucose solution. Changes in lipids, glucose, insulin and C-reactive protein were analysed using mixed models for repeated measures. RESULTS After adjustment for age and gender, those with higher BMI had a higher glucose (P = 0.0064) and insulin (P = 0.0007) response than those with lower BMI. Those of Māori or Pacific ethnicity had similar glucose levels (P = 0.077) to those of New Zealand European ethnicity but higher insulin responses (P = 0.0005), which remained after additional adjustment for BMI (P = 0.001). Reported sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) intake was higher among Māori and Pacific than New Zealand European (median 1.0 vs 0.0 SSB/day P = 0.002). CONCLUSION Even after adjustment for BMI, those of Māori and Pacific ethnicity have a significantly higher insulin response to fructose than New Zealand Europeans. Higher habitual SSB intake may be a contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinki Murphy
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre of Biodiscovery, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Greg D Gamble
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Meaghan House
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bregina Pool
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anne Horne
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tony R Merriman
- Maurice Wilkins Centre of Biodiscovery, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Dalbeth
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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47
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Eren OC, Ortiz A, Afsar B, Covic A, Kuwabara M, Lanaspa MA, Johnson RJ, Kanbay M. Multilayered Interplay Between Fructose and Salt in Development of Hypertension. Hypertension 2019; 73:265-272. [PMID: 30595116 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur C Eren
- Department of Medicine, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey (O.C.E., M. Kanbay)
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Dialysis Unit, School of Medicine, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (A.O.)
| | - Baris Afsar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey (B.A.)
| | - Adrian Covic
- Nephrology Clinic, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Center, 'C.I. PARHON' University Hospital, and 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine, Iasi, Romania (A.C.)
| | - Masanari Kuwabara
- Department of Cardiology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (M. Kuwabara)
| | - Miguel A Lanaspa
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora (M.A.L., R.J.J.)
| | - Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora (M.A.L., R.J.J.)
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- From the Division of Nephrology, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey (M. Kanbay).,Department of Medicine, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey (O.C.E., M. Kanbay)
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48
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Hernández-Díazcouder A, Romero-Nava R, Carbó R, Sánchez-Lozada LG, Sánchez-Muñoz F. High Fructose Intake and Adipogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2787. [PMID: 31181590 PMCID: PMC6600229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In modern societies, high fructose intake from sugar-sweetened beverages has contributed to obesity development. In the diet, sucrose and high fructose corn syrup are the main sources of fructose and can be metabolized in the intestine and transported into the systemic circulation. The liver can metabolize around 70% of fructose intake, while the remaining is metabolized by other tissues. Several tissues including adipose tissue express the main fructose transporter GLUT5. In vivo, chronic fructose intake promotes white adipose tissue accumulation through activating adipogenesis. In vitro experiments have also demonstrated that fructose alone induces adipogenesis by several mechanisms, including (1) triglycerides and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) production by fructose metabolism, (2) the stimulation of glucocorticoid activation by increasing 11β-HSD1 activity, and (3) the promotion of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through uric acid, NOX and XOR expression, mTORC1 signaling and Ang II induction. Moreover, it has been observed that fructose induces adipogenesis through increased ACE2 expression, which promotes high Ang-(1-7) levels, and through the inhibition of the thermogenic program by regulating Sirt1 and UCP1. Finally, microRNAs may also be involved in regulating adipogenesis in high fructose intake conditions. In this paper, we propose further directions for research in fructose participation in adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Hernández-Díazcouder
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico city 14080, Mexico.
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Área de Investigación Médica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico city 09340, Mexico.
| | - Rodrigo Romero-Nava
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Área de Investigación Médica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico city 09340, Mexico.
- Laboratorio de investigación en Farmacología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico city 06720, Mexico.
- Sección de Postgraduados, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico city 11340, Mexico.
| | - Roxana Carbó
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico city 14080, Mexico.
| | - L Gabriela Sánchez-Lozada
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Renal, Departamento de Nefrología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico city 14080, Mexico.
| | - Fausto Sánchez-Muñoz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico city 14080, Mexico.
- Sección de Postgraduados, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico city 11340, Mexico.
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49
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Sundborn G, Thornley S, Merriman TR, Lang B, King C, Lanaspa MA, Johnson RJ. Are Liquid Sugars Different from Solid Sugar in Their Ability to Cause Metabolic Syndrome? Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:879-887. [PMID: 31054268 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intake of sugary drinks, especially soft drinks, carries increased risk for obesity and diabetes. This article reviews whether sugary drinks carry different risks for metabolic syndrome compared with foods that contain natural or added sugars. METHODS A narrative review was performed to evaluate differences between liquid and solid sugars in their ability to induce metabolic syndrome and to discuss potential mechanisms to account for the differences. RESULTS Epidemiological studies support liquid added sugars, such as soft drinks, as carrying greater risk for development of metabolic syndrome compared with solid sugar. Some studies suggest that fruit juice may also confer relatively higher risk for weight gain and insulin resistance compared with natural fruits. Experimental evidence suggests this may be due to differences in how fructose is metabolized. Fructose induces metabolic disease by reducing the energy levels in liver cells, mediated by the concentration of fructose to which the cells are exposed. The concentration relates to the quantity and speed at which fructose is ingested, absorbed, and metabolized. CONCLUSIONS Although reduced intake of added sugars (sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup) remains a general recommendation, there is evidence that sugary soft drinks may provide greater health risks relative to sugar-containing foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Sundborn
- Department of Pacific Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon Thornley
- Auckland Regional Public Health Service, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tony R Merriman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Bodo Lang
- Department of Marketing, Business School, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher King
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Miguel A Lanaspa
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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50
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Acute metabolic responses to high fructose corn syrup ingestion in adolescents with overweight/obesity and diabetes. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION & INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM 2019; 14:1-7. [PMID: 31058204 PMCID: PMC6497393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnim.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Childhood obesity remains high in prevalence. Sugar-sweetened beverages containing high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) are a common source of excess calories among children and adolescents. Fructose metabolism differs from glucose metabolism, which may also differ from fructose + glucose metabolism in HFCS consumption. The purpose of this study was to determine the acute metabolic effects of HFCS ingestion after soft drink consumption in adolescents who are lean, have overweight/obesity, or have type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods: Adolescents age 13–19 years were recruited into three groups: lean controls (n = 10), overweight/ obese without diabetes (n = 10), or uncomplicated T2DM on metformin monotherapy (n = 5). After an overnight fast, subjects drank 12 ounces of soda containing HFCS. Blood samples were collected at time zero and every 15 min for 120 min to be analyzed for fructose, glucose, and insulin levels. Results: Glucose and fructose concentrations rose quickly in the first 15 min. Fructose, which was very low at baseline, rose to 100–200 μM and remained higher than fasting concentrations even at 120 min in all groups. Glucose increased after soft drink consumption, with the highest concentrations among subjects with T2DM, but returned to baseline fasting levels at 120 min. Insulin levels increased 15 min after soft drink consumption and were the highest in the obese group. Lactate rose non-significantly in all subjects, with no differences between groups. Conclusion: Among adolescents who are lean, overweight/obese, or have T2DM, drinking an HFCS-containing soft drink exposes the liver to fructose. Glucose excursions in T2DM may be impacted by exaggerated glucose cycling, or fructose metabolism to glucose. The context of fructose consumption with or without other carbohydrates is an important consideration in studies of fructose metabolism.
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