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Gutkind JS, Faraji F, Ramirez S, Clubb L, Sato K, Quiroz PA, Galloway W, Mikulski Z, Hoang T, Medetgul-Ernar K, Marangoni P, Jones K, Officer A, Molinolo A, Kim K, Sakaguchi K, Califano J, Smith Q, Klein O, Tamayo P. YAP-Driven Malignant Reprogramming of Epithelial Stem Cells at Single Cell Resolution. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3426301. [PMID: 37961717 PMCID: PMC10635308 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3426301/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Tumor initiation represents the first step in tumorigenesis during which normal progenitor cells undergo cell fate transition to cancer. Capturing this process as it occurs in vivo, however, remains elusive. Here we employ cell tracing approaches with spatiotemporally controlled oncogene activation and tumor suppressor inhibition to unveil the processes underlying oral epithelial progenitor cell reprogramming into cancer stem cells (CSCs) at single cell resolution. This revealed the rapid emergence of a distinct stem-like cell state, defined by aberrant proliferative, hypoxic, squamous differentiation, and partial epithelial to mesenchymal (pEMT) invasive gene programs. Interestingly, CSCs harbor limited cell autonomous invasive capacity, but instead recruit myeloid cells to remodel the basement membrane and ultimately initiate tumor invasion. CSC transcriptional programs are conserved in human carcinomas and associated with poor patient survival. These findings illuminate the process of cancer initiation at single cell resolution, thus identifying candidate targets for early cancer detection and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farhoud Faraji
- University of California San Diego Health Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Moores Cancer Center
| | | | - Lauren Clubb
- University of California San Diego Health Moores Cancer Center
| | - Kuniaki Sato
- University of California San Diego Health Moores Cancer Center
| | | | - William Galloway
- University of California Irvine Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
| | | | - Thomas Hoang
- University of California San Diego Health Moores Cancer Center
| | | | - Pauline Marangoni
- Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Kyle Jones
- University of California San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Adam Officer
- University of California San Diego Health Moores Cancer Center
| | | | | | | | | | - Quinton Smith
- University of California Irvine Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
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Faraji F, Ramirez SI, Clubb LM, Sato K, Quiroz PYA, Galloway WMG, Mikulski Z, Hoang TS, Medetgul-Ernar K, Marangoni P, Jones KB, Officer A, Molinolo AA, Kim K, Sakaguchi K, Califano JA, Smith Q, Klein OD, Tamayo P, Gutkind JS. Direct reprogramming of oral epithelial progenitor cells to cancer stem cells at single cell resolution in vivo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.24.550427. [PMID: 37546810 PMCID: PMC10402053 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.24.550427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor initiation represents the initial step in tumorigenesis during which normal progenitor cells undergo cell fate transition to cancer. Most studies investigating cancer-driving mechanisms in solid tumors rely on analyses of established malignant lesions, and thus cannot directly capture processes underlying the reprogramming of normal progenitor cells into cancer cells. Here, using spatiotemporally controlled oncogene expression in a genetically engineered system we demonstrate that concomitant YAP activation and HPV E6-E7 -mediated inhibition of tumor suppressive pathways is sufficient to rapidly reprogram oral epithelial progenitor cells (OEPCs) into cancer stem cells (CSCs). Single cell analyses of these nascent CSCs revealed hallmark transcriptional programs driving tumor initiation. Importantly, these CSC-enriched expression signatures distinguish normal tissue from malignant head and neck tumors and are associated with poor patient survival. Elucidating mechanisms underlying OEPC to CSC reprogramming may offer new insights to halt the conversion of premalignant cells into invasive carcinoma. HIGHLIGHTS YAP and HPV E6-E7 reprogram oral epithelial progenitor cells into cancer stem cells. Single cell analyses reveal the transcriptional architecture of tumor initiation.CSC transcriptional programs distinguish normal tissue from carcinoma.CSC signatures are associated with poor head and neck cancer survival. Abstract Figure
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Pan X, Ma Z, Sun X, Li H, Zhang T, Zhao C, Wang N, Heller R, Hung Wong W, Wang W, Jiang Y, Wang Y. CNEReg Interprets Ruminant-specific Conserved Non-coding Elements by Developmental Gene Regulatory Network. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2023; 21:632-648. [PMID: 36494035 PMCID: PMC10787174 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The genetic information coded in DNA leads to trait innovation via a gene regulatory network (GRN) in development. Here, we developed a conserved non-coding element interpretation method to integrate multi-omics data into gene regulatory network (CNEReg) to investigate the ruminant multi-chambered stomach innovation. We generated paired expression and chromatin accessibility data during rumen and esophagus development in sheep, and revealed 1601 active ruminant-specific conserved non-coding elements (active-RSCNEs). To interpret the function of these active-RSCNEs, we defined toolkit transcription factors (TTFs) and modeled their regulation on rumen-specific genes via batteries of active-RSCNEs during development. Our developmental GRN revealed 18 TTFs and 313 active-RSCNEs regulating 7 rumen functional modules. Notably, 6 TTFs (OTX1, SOX21, HOXC8, SOX2, TP63, and PPARG), as well as 16 active-RSCNEs, functionally distinguished the rumen from the esophagus. Our study provides a systematic approach to understanding how gene regulation evolves and shapes complex traits by putting evo-devo concepts into practice with developmental multi-omics data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Department of Medical Research, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhaoxia Ma
- Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinqi Sun
- Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Nini Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Rasmus Heller
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Wing Hung Wong
- Department of Statistics, Department of Biomedical Data Science, Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wen Wang
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
| | - Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
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Chen X, Li Y, Paiboonrungruang C, Li Y, Peters H, Kist R, Xiong Z. PAX9 in Cancer Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5589. [PMID: 35628401 PMCID: PMC9147292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Paired box 9 (PAX9) is a transcription factor of the PAX family functioning as both a transcriptional activator and repressor. Its functional roles in the embryonic development of various tissues and organs have been well studied. However, its roles and molecular mechanisms in cancer development are largely unknown. Here, we review the current understanding of PAX9 expression, upstream regulation of PAX9, and PAX9 downstream events in cancer development. Promoter hypermethylation, promoter SNP, microRNA, and inhibition of upstream pathways (e.g., NOTCH) result in PAX9 silencing or downregulation, whereas gene amplification and an epigenetic axis upregulate PAX9 expression. PAX9 may contribute to carcinogenesis through dysregulation of its transcriptional targets and related molecular pathways. In summary, extensive studies on PAX9 in its cellular and tissue contexts are warranted in various cancers, in particular, HNSCC, ESCC, lung cancer, and cervical SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Chen
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (X.C.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yahui Li
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (X.C.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (Y.L.)
| | - Chorlada Paiboonrungruang
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (X.C.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yong Li
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (X.C.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Heiko Peters
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK;
| | - Ralf Kist
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK;
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK
| | - Zhaohui Xiong
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (X.C.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (Y.L.)
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Kumari A, Li L, Ermilov AN, Franks NE, Dlugosz AA, Allen BL, Mistretta CM. Hedgehog (HH) pathway endogenous antagonist HHIP: unique lingual expression in filiform papillae during homeostasis and ectopic in fungiform papillae during HH signaling inhibition. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1175-1195. [PMID: 35048440 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hedgehog (HH) signaling is essential for homeostasis in gustatory fungiform papillae (FP) and taste buds. However, activities of HH antagonists in these tissues remain unexplored. We investigated a potential role for HH-interacting protein (HHIP), an endogenous pathway antagonist, in regulating HH signaling during taste organ homeostasis. We found a restricted pattern of Hhip-expressing cells in the anterior epithelium of each nongustatory filiform papilla (FILIF) only. To test for roles in antagonism of HH signaling, we investigated HHIP after pathway inhibition with SMO inhibition via sonidegib and Smo deletion, Gli2 deletion/suppression, or with chorda tympani/lingual nerve cut. RESULTS In all approaches, the HHIP expression pattern was retained in FILIF suggesting HH-independent regulation of HHIP. Remarkably, after pathway inhibition, HHIP expression was detected also in the conical, FILIF-like atypical FP. We found a close association of de novo expression of HHIP in atypical FP with loss of Gli1+, HH-responding cells. Further, we report that PTCH1 is another potential HH antagonist in FILIF that co-localizes with HHIP. CONCLUSIONS After HH pathway inhibition the ectopic expression of HHIP correlates with a FILIF-like morphology in atypical FP and we propose that localized expression of the HH antagonist HHIP regulates pathway inhibition to maintain FILIF during tongue homeostasis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Kumari
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.,Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Libo Li
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Alexandre N Ermilov
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nicole E Franks
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Andrzej A Dlugosz
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Benjamin L Allen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Charlotte M Mistretta
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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Ohmoto M, Lei W, Yamashita J, Hirota J, Jiang P, Matsumoto I. SOX2 regulates homeostasis of taste bud cells and lingual epithelial cells in posterior tongue. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240848. [PMID: 33057384 PMCID: PMC7561181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste bud cells arise from local epithelial stem cells in the oral cavity and are continuously replaced by newborn cells throughout an animal's life. However, little is known about the molecular and cellular mechanisms of taste cell turnover. Recently, it has been demonstrated that SOX2, a transcription factor expressed in epithelial stem/progenitor cells of the oral cavity, regulates turnover of anterior tongue epithelium including gustatory and non-gustatory papillae. Yet, the role of SOX2 in regulating taste cell turnover in the posterior tongue is unclear. Prompted by the fact that there are regional differences in the cellular and molecular composition of taste buds and stem/progenitor cells in the anterior and posterior portions of tongue, which are derived from distinct embryonic origins, we set out to determine the role of SOX2 in epithelial tissue homeostasis in the posterior tongue. Here we report the differential requirement of SOX2 in the stem/progenitor cells for the normal turnover of lingual epithelial cells in the posterior tongue. Sox2 deletion in the stem/progenitor cells neither induced active caspase 3-mediated apoptotic cell death nor altered stem/progenitor cell population in the posterior tongue. Nevertheless, morphology and molecular feature of non-gustatory epithelial cells were impaired in the circumvallate papilla but not in the filiform papillae. Remarkably, taste buds became thinner, collapsed, and undetectable over time. Lineage tracing of Sox2-deleted stem/progenitor cells demonstrated an almost complete lack of newly generated basal precursor cells in the taste buds, suggesting mechanistically that Sox2 is involved in determining stem/progenitor cells to differentiate to gustatory lineage cells. Together, these results demonstrate that SOX2 plays key roles in regulating epithelial tissue homeostasis in the posterior tongue, similar but not identical to its function in the anterior tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ohmoto
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Weiwei Lei
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Junpei Yamashita
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Junji Hirota
- Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Peihua Jiang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Ichiro Matsumoto
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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Bar C, Cohen I, Zhao D, Pothula V, Litskevitch A, Koseki H, Zheng D, Ezhkova E. Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 Controls Maintenance of Fungiform Papillae by Repressing Sonic Hedgehog Expression. Cell Rep 2020; 28:257-266.e5. [PMID: 31269445 PMCID: PMC6921245 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
How tissue patterns are formed and maintained are fundamental questions. The murine tongue epithelium, a paradigm for tissue patterning, consists of an array of specialized fungiform papillae structures that harbor taste cells. The formation of fungiform papillae is preceded by pronounced spatial changes in gene expression, in which taste cell genes such as Shh, initially diffused in lingual epithelial progenitors, become restricted to taste cells when their specification progresses. However, the requirement of spatial restriction of taste cell gene expression for patterning and formation of fungiform papillae is unknown. Here, we show that a chromatin regulator, Polycomb repressive complex (PRC) 1, is required for proper maintenance of fungiform papillae by repressing Shh and preventing ectopic SHH signaling in non-taste cells. Ablation of SHH signaling in PRC1-null non-taste cells rescues the maintenance of taste cells. Altogether, our studies exemplify how epigenetic regulation establishes spatial gene expression patterns necessary for specialized niche structures. Formation and maintenance of patterns are critical for tissue development. Bar et al. show that PRC1, an epigenetic regulator, is critical for lingual papillae development. Specifically, PRC1 regulates maintenance of the developing fungiform papillae, harboring taste cells, by repressing Shh expression in the non-gustatory epithelium surrounding taste cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmit Bar
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Idan Cohen
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Dejian Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Venu Pothula
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Anna Litskevitch
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 142 Life Sciences Addition, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Haruhiko Koseki
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (RIKEN-IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; AMED-CREST, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Elena Ezhkova
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Paralogous HOX13 Genes in Human Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050699. [PMID: 31137568 PMCID: PMC6562813 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hox genes (HOX in humans), an evolutionary preserved gene family, are key determinants of embryonic development and cell memory gene program. Hox genes are organized in four clusters on four chromosomal loci aligned in 13 paralogous groups based on sequence homology (Hox gene network). During development Hox genes are transcribed, according to the rule of “spatio-temporal collinearity”, with early regulators of anterior body regions located at the 3’ end of each Hox cluster and the later regulators of posterior body regions placed at the distal 5’ end. The onset of 3’ Hox gene activation is determined by Wingless-type MMTV integration site family (Wnt) signaling, whereas 5’ Hox activation is due to paralogous group 13 genes, which act as posterior-inhibitors of more anterior Hox proteins (posterior prevalence). Deregulation of HOX genes is associated with developmental abnormalities and different human diseases. Paralogous HOX13 genes (HOX A13, HOX B13, HOX C13 and HOX D13) also play a relevant role in tumor development and progression. In this review, we will discuss the role of paralogous HOX13 genes regarding their regulatory mechanisms during carcinogenesis and tumor progression and their use as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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9
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Li R, Chen Z, Yu Q, Weng M, Chen Z. The Function and Regulatory Network of Pax9 Gene in Palate Development. J Dent Res 2018; 98:277-287. [PMID: 30583699 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518811861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate, a common congenital deformity, can arise from disruptions in any stage of palatogenesis, including palatal shelf growth, elevation, adhesion, and fusion. Paired box gene 9 (Pax9) is recognized as a vital regulator of palatogenesis with great relevance to cleft palate in humans and mice. Pax9-deficient murine palatal shelves displayed deficient elongation, postponed elevation, failed contact, and fusion. Pax9 is expressed in epithelium and mesenchyme, exhibiting a dynamic expression pattern that changes according to the proceeding of palatogenesis. Recent studies highlighted the Pax9-related genetic interactions and their critical roles during palatogenesis. During palate growth, PAX9 interacts with numerous molecules and members of pathways (e.g., OSR2, FGF10, SHOS2, MSX1, BARX1, TGFβ3, LDB1, BMP, WNT β-catenin dependent, and EDA) in the mesenchyme and functions as a key mediator in epithelial-mesenchymal communications with FGF8, TBX1, and the SHH pathway. During palate elevation, PAX9 is hypothesized to mediate the time point of the elevation event in the anterior and posterior parts of the palatal shelves. The delayed elevation of Pax9 mutant palatal shelves probably results from abnormal expressions of a series of genes ( Osr2 and Bmpr1a) leading to deficient palate growth, abnormal tongue morphology, and altered hyaluronic acid distribution. The interactions between PAX9 and genes encoding the OSR2, TGFβ3, and WNT β-catenin-dependent pathways provide evidence that PAX9 might participate in the regulation of palate fusion. This review summarizes the current understanding of PAX9’s functions and emphasizes the interactions between PAX9 and vital genes during palatogenesis. We hope to provide some clues for further exploration of the function and mechanism of PAX9, especially during palate elevation and fusion events.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z. Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Q. Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - M. Weng
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z. Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Xiong Z, Ren S, Chen H, Liu Y, Huang C, Zhang YL, Odera JO, Chen T, Kist R, Peters H, Garman K, Sun Z, Chen X. PAX9 regulates squamous cell differentiation and carcinogenesis in the oro-oesophageal epithelium. J Pathol 2018; 244:164-175. [PMID: 29055049 PMCID: PMC5842438 DOI: 10.1002/path.4998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PAX9 is a transcription factor of the PAX family characterized by a DNA-binding paired domain. Previous studies have suggested a potential role of PAX9 in squamous cell differentiation and carcinogenesis of the oro-oesophageal epithelium. However, its functional roles in differentiation and carcinogenesis remain unclear. In this study, Pax9 deficiency in mouse oesophagus promoted cell proliferation, delayed cell differentiation, and altered the global gene expression profile. Ethanol exposure downregulated PAX9 expression in human oesophageal epithelial cells in vitro and mouse forestomach and tongue in vivo. We further showed that PAX9 was downregulated in human oro-oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OESCC), and its downregulation was associated with alcohol drinking and promoter hypermethylation. Moreover, ad libitum feeding with a liquid diet containing ethanol for 40 weeks or Pax9 deficiency promoted N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine-induced squamous cell carcinogenesis in mouse tongue, oesophagus, and forestomach. In conclusion, PAX9 regulates squamous cell differentiation in the oro-oesophageal epithelium. Alcohol drinking and promoter hypermethylation are associated with PAX9 silencing in human OESCC. PAX9 downregulation may contribute to alcohol-associated oro-oesophageal squamous cell carcinogenesis. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Xiong
- Department of Oral Medicine, Beijing Hospital for Stomatology, Capital Medical University, 4 Tian-Tan-Xi-Li, Beijing 100050, China
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Shuang Ren
- Department of Oral Medicine, Beijing Hospital for Stomatology, Capital Medical University, 4 Tian-Tan-Xi-Li, Beijing 100050, China
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Oral Medicine, Beijing Hospital for Stomatology, Capital Medical University, 4 Tian-Tan-Xi-Li, Beijing 100050, China
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Caizhi Huang
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Yawan Lyvia Zhang
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Joab Otieno Odera
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Tong Chen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 410 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ralf Kist
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4BW, UK
- Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Heiko Peters
- Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Katherine Garman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, DUMC 3913, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zheng Sun
- Department of Oral Medicine, Beijing Hospital for Stomatology, Capital Medical University, 4 Tian-Tan-Xi-Li, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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11
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WNT10A mutation causes ectodermal dysplasia by impairing progenitor cell proliferation and KLF4-mediated differentiation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15397. [PMID: 28589954 PMCID: PMC5467248 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human WNT10A mutations are associated with developmental tooth abnormalities and adolescent onset of a broad range of ectodermal defects. Here we show that β-catenin pathway activity and adult epithelial progenitor proliferation are reduced in the absence of WNT10A, and identify Wnt-active self-renewing stem cells in affected tissues including hair follicles, sebaceous glands, taste buds, nails and sweat ducts. Human and mouse WNT10A mutant palmoplantar and tongue epithelia also display specific differentiation defects that are mimicked by loss of the transcription factor KLF4. We find that β-catenin interacts directly with region-specific LEF/TCF factors, and with KLF4 in differentiating, but not proliferating, cells to promote expression of specialized keratins required for normal tissue structure and integrity. Our data identify WNT10A as a critical ligand controlling adult epithelial proliferation and region-specific differentiation, and suggest downstream β-catenin pathway activation as a potential approach to ameliorate regenerative defects in WNT10A patients. Human WNT10A mutations are associated with dental defects and adult onset ectodermal dysplasia. Xu et al. show that WNT10A-activated ß-catenin plays dual roles in adult epithelial progenitor proliferation and differentiation by complexing with KLF4 in differentiating, but not proliferating, cells.
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12
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Jung JK, Jung HI, Neupane S, Kim KR, Kim JY, Yamamoto H, Cho SW, Lee Y, Shin HI, Sohn WJ, Kim JY. Involvement of PI3K and PKA pathways in mouse tongue epithelial differentiation. Acta Histochem 2017; 119:92-98. [PMID: 27939449 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In mice, tongue epithelial differentiation is mainly regulated by the interactions among various signalling molecules including Fgf signalling pathways. However, the subsequent signalling modulations for epithelial maturation, initiated by Fgf signalling, remain to be elucidated. Therefore, we employed an in vitro tongue organ cultivation system along with the applications of various pharmacological inhibitors against the intracellular signalling molecules of Fgf signalling pathways, including H89, LY294002, PD98059, and U0126. Following treatments with LY294002 and H89, inhibitors for PI3K and PKA, respectively, the decreased thickness of the tongue epithelium was observed along with the alteration in cell proliferative and apoptotic patterns. Meanwhile, cultivated tongues treated with MEK inhibitor U0126 or PD98059 showed significantly decreased cell proliferation in the tongue epithelium and the mesenchyme. Based on these results, we suggest that the tongue epithelium is differentiated into multiple epithelial cell layers via the PI3K and PKA pathways in tissue-specific manner during the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Kwang Jung
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hye-In Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sanjiv Neupane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ki-Rim Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Gachon University College of Health Science, Incheon, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hitoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sung-Won Cho
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngkyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hong-In Shin
- Department of Oral Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Wern-Joo Sohn
- IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
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13
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Honda K, Tomooka Y. Nerve-independent and ectopically additional induction of taste buds in organ culture of fetal tongues. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 52:911-919. [PMID: 27368433 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An improved organ culture system allowed to observe morphogenesis of mouse lingual papillae and taste buds relatively for longer period, in which fetal tongues were analyzed for 6 d. Taste cells were defined as eosinophobic epithelial cells expressing CK8 and Sox2 within lingual epithelium. Addition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta inhibitor CHIR99021 induced many taste cells and buds in non-gustatory and gustatory stratified lingual epithelium. The present study clearly demonstrated induction of taste cells and buds ectopically and without innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Honda
- Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Tomooka
- Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
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14
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Feng J, Jing J, Sanchez-Lara PA, Bootwalla MS, Buckley J, Wu N, Yan Y, Chai Y. Generation and characterization of tamoxifen-inducible Pax9-CreER knock-in mice using CrispR/Cas9. Genesis 2016; 54:490-6. [PMID: 27381449 PMCID: PMC5021577 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pax9 encodes a paired-box homeodomain (Pax) transcription factor and is critical for the development of multiple organs. Using CrispR/Cas9-mediated homologous directed repair (HDR), we generated a new Pax9-CreER knock-in mouse line in which the CreER(T2) fusion protein is produced after synthesis of endogenous Pax9 protein. We found that tdTomato reporter expression in Pax9-CreER;tdTomato reporter mice is detectable in a similar pattern to the endogenous Pax9 expression, faithfully recapitulating the Pax9 expression domains throughout the embryo and in the adult mouse. At early embryonic stages, the tdTomato reporter is expressed first in the pharyngeal pouch region and later in the craniofacial mesenchyme, somites, limbs, and lingual papillae in the adult tongue. These results demonstrate that this new Pax9-CreER knock-in mouse line can be used for lineage tracing and genetic targeting of Pax9-expressing cells and their progeny in a temporally and spatially controlled manner during development and organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifan Feng
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Junjun Jing
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pedro A Sanchez-Lara
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
- Department of Pathology & Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Moiz S Bootwalla
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Jonathan Buckley
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Nancy Wu
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Transgenic/Knockout Rodent Core Facility, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Youzhen Yan
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Transgenic/Knockout Rodent Core Facility, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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15
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Kawasaki M, Kawasaki K, Oommen S, Blackburn J, Watanabe M, Nagai T, Kitamura A, Maeda T, Liu B, Schmidt-Ullrich R, Akiyama T, Inoue JI, Hammond NL, Sharpe PT, Ohazama A. Regional regulation of Filiform tongue papillae development by Ikkα/Irf6. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:937-46. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology; Dental Institute, Kings College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Katsushige Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology; Dental Institute, Kings College London; London United Kingdom
- Oral Life Science, Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - Shelly Oommen
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology; Dental Institute, Kings College London; London United Kingdom
| | - James Blackburn
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology; Dental Institute, Kings College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Momoko Watanabe
- Division of Oral Anatomy; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Department of Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagai
- Division of Oral Anatomy; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Department of Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - Atsushi Kitamura
- Division of Oral Anatomy; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Department of Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - Takeyasu Maeda
- Division of Oral Anatomy; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Oral Life Science, Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - Bigang Liu
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis; UT MD Anderson Cancer Center; Smithville Texas
| | - Ruth Schmidt-Ullrich
- Department of Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine; Berlin Germany
| | - Taishin Akiyama
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology; Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo; Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Inoue
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology; Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo; Minato-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Nigel L. Hammond
- Faculty of Life Sciences and School of Dentistry, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester; Manchester United Kingdom
| | - Paul T. Sharpe
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology; Dental Institute, Kings College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Atsushi Ohazama
- Division of Oral Anatomy; Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology; Dental Institute, Kings College London; London United Kingdom
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16
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Nishiguchi Y, Ohmoto M, Koki J, Enomoto T, Kominami R, Matsumoto I, Hirota J. Bcl11b/Ctip2 is required for development of lingual papillae in mice. Dev Biol 2016; 416:98-110. [PMID: 27287879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying the development and morphogenesis of oral epithelia, comprising the gustatory and nongustatory epithelium, remain unclear. Here, we show that Bcl11b, a zinc finger transcription factor, plays an important role in the development of lingual papillae, especially filiform papillae. In both gustatory and nongustatory epithelium, Bcl11b was expressed in keratin 14-positive epithelial basal cells, which differentiate into keratinocytes and/or taste cells. Loss of Bcl11b function resulted in abnormal morphology of the gustatory papillae: flattened fungiform papillae, shorter trench wall in the foliate and circumvallate papillae, and ectopic invagination in more than half of circumvallate papillae. However, Bcl11b loss caused no effect on differentiation of taste receptor cells. In nongustatory epithelium, the impact of Bcl11b deficiency was much more striking, resulting in a smooth surface on the tongue tip and hypoplastic filiform papillae in the dorsal lingual epithelium. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that a keratinocyte differentiation marker, Tchh expression was severely decreased in the Bcl11b(-/-) filiform papillae. In addition, expression of Pax9, required for morphogenesis of filiform papillae and its downstream target genes, hard keratins, almost disappeared in the tongue tip and was decreased in the dorsal tongue of Bcl11b(-/-) mice. Gene expression analyses demonstrated a delayed onset of expression of epithelial differentiation complex genes, which disturbed barrier formation in the mutant tongue. These results indicate that Bcl11b regulates the differentiation of keratinocytes in the tongue and identify Bcl11b as an essential factor for the lingual papilla morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Nishiguchi
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohmoto
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jun Koki
- Center for Advanced Materials Analysis, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Takayuki Enomoto
- Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Ryo Kominami
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8122, Japan
| | | | - Junji Hirota
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan; Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
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17
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Kist R, Watson M, Crosier M, Robinson M, Fuchs J, Reichelt J, Peters H. The formation of endoderm-derived taste sensory organs requires a Pax9-dependent expansion of embryonic taste bud progenitor cells. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004709. [PMID: 25299669 PMCID: PMC4191947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, taste buds develop in different regions of the oral cavity. Small epithelial protrusions form fungiform papillae on the ectoderm-derived dorsum of the tongue and contain one or few taste buds, while taste buds in the soft palate develop without distinct papilla structures. In contrast, the endoderm-derived circumvallate and foliate papillae located at the back of the tongue contain a large number of taste buds. These taste buds cluster in deep epithelial trenches, which are generated by intercalating a period of epithelial growth between initial placode formation and conversion of epithelial cells into sensory cells. How epithelial trench formation is genetically regulated during development is largely unknown. Here we show that Pax9 acts upstream of Pax1 and Sox9 in the expanding taste progenitor field of the mouse circumvallate papilla. While a reduced number of taste buds develop in a growth-retarded circumvallate papilla of Pax1 mutant mice, its development arrests completely in Pax9-deficient mice. In addition, the Pax9 mutant circumvallate papilla trenches lack expression of K8 and Prox1 in the taste bud progenitor cells, and gradually differentiate into an epidermal-like epithelium. We also demonstrate that taste placodes of the soft palate develop through a Pax9-dependent induction. Unexpectedly, Pax9 is dispensable for patterning, morphogenesis and maintenance of taste buds that develop in ectoderm-derived fungiform papillae. Collectively, our data reveal an endoderm-specific developmental program for the formation of taste buds and their associated papilla structures. In this pathway, Pax9 is essential to generate a pool of taste bud progenitors and to maintain their competence towards prosensory cell fate induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Kist
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Watson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Moira Crosier
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Max Robinson
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Fuchs
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Reichelt
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Dermatological Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Heiko Peters
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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18
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The interactions of TGF-beta signalling pathway and Jagged2/Notch1 pathway induce acanthosis in lingual epithelia. Pathology 2014; 46:555-65. [PMID: 25203837 DOI: 10.1097/pat.0000000000000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to distinguish between the primary and secondary effects of TGF-β signalling disruption by Dox treatment in NTPDase2+ cells; and to investigate the interactions between TGF-β signalling and Jagged2/Notch1 pathway in regulating the expansion of tongue epithelia stem cells.Transgenic mice expressing rtTA from the mouse NTPDase2 promoter or K14 promoter were used to generate an inducible dominant negative TGF-β receptor type II (Tgfbr2) mutant model.Disruption of TGF-β signalling in NTPDase2+ cells initially inhibited the formation of filiform papillae but led to their regeneration over time. In contrast, disruption of TGF-β signalling induced proliferation of lingual epithelia in the middle tongue. We also observed the proliferation of lingual epithelia in the posterior tongue near the circumvallate papillae. Interactions among the TGF-β signalling pathways, Jagged2/Notch1 signalling pathways and epigenetic modifications regulate the expansion of lingual epithelial stem cells. Different molecular mechanisms are involved in the developmental regulation of lingual epithelia and filiform papillae, dependent on the location along the whole tongue. The fluctuating phenotype of tongue epithelia, over time, may be the combined effects of signalling pathways and epigenetic modifications.
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19
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Adolphe C, Nieuwenhuis E, Villani R, Li ZJ, Kaur P, Hui CC, Wainwright BJ. Patched 1 and patched 2 redundancy has a key role in regulating epidermal differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1981-1990. [PMID: 24492243 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Patched 1 (Ptch1) receptor has a pivotal role in inhibiting the activity of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway and is therefore critical in preventing the onset of many human developmental disorders and tumor formation. However, the functional role of the mammalian Ptch2 paralogue remains elusive, particularly the extent to which it contributes to regulating the spatial and temporal activity of Hh signaling. Here we demonstrate in three independent mouse models of epidermal development that in vivo ablation of both Ptch receptors results in a more severe phenotype than loss of Ptch1 alone. Our studies indicate that concomitant loss of Ptch1 and Ptch2 activity inhibits epidermal lineage specification and differentiation. These results reveal that repression of Hh signaling through a dynamic Ptch regulatory network is a crucial event in lineage fate determination in the skin. In general, our findings implicate Ptch receptor redundancy as a key issue in elucidating the cellular origin of Hh-induced tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Adolphe
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Erica Nieuwenhuis
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rehan Villani
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zhu Juan Li
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pritinder Kaur
- Epithelial Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chi-Chung Hui
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Brandon J Wainwright
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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20
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Immunohistochemical localization of Pax6 in the developing tooth germ of mice. J Mol Histol 2014; 45:373-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-014-9564-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Phillips CD, Butler B, Fondon JW, Mantilla-Meluk H, Baker RJ. Contrasting evolutionary dynamics of the developmental regulator PAX9, among bats, with evidence for a novel post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57649. [PMID: 23469040 PMCID: PMC3585407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological evolution can be the result of natural selection favoring modification of developmental signaling pathways. However, little is known about the genetic basis of such phenotypic diversity. Understanding these mechanisms is difficult for numerous reasons, yet studies in model organisms often provide clues about the major developmental pathways involved. The paired-domain gene, PAX9, is known to be a key regulator of development, particularly of the face and teeth. In this study, using a comparative genetics approach, we investigate PAX9 molecular evolution among mammals, focusing on craniofacially diversified (Phyllostomidae) and conserved (Vespertilionidae) bat families, and extend our comparison to other orders of mammal. Open-reading frame analysis disclosed signatures of selection, in which a small percentage of residues vary, and lineages acquire different combinations of variation through recurrent substitution and lineage specific changes. A few instances of convergence for specific residues were observed between morphologically convergent bat lineages. Bioinformatic analysis for unknown PAX9 regulatory motifs indicated a novel post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism involving a Musashi protein. This regulation was assessed through fluorescent reporter assays and gene knockdowns. Results are compatible with the hypothesis that the number of Musashi binding-elements in PAX9 mRNA proportionally regulates protein translation rate. Although a connection between morphology and binding element frequency was not apparent, results indicate this regulation would vary among craniofacially divergent bat species, but be static among conserved species. Under this model, Musashi's regulatory control of alternative human PAX9 isoforms would also vary. The presence of Musashi-binding elements within PAX9 of all mammals examined, chicken, zebrafish, and the fly homolog of PAX9, indicates this regulatory mechanism is ancient, originating basal to much of the animal phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb D Phillips
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America.
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22
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Kawasaki K, Porntaveetus T, Oommen S, Ghafoor S, Kawasaki M, Otsuka-Tanaka Y, Blackburn J, Kessler JA, Sharpe PT, Ohazama A. Bmp signalling in filiform tongue papillae development. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:805-13. [PMID: 22186069 PMCID: PMC3773933 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tongue papillae are critical organs in mastication. There are four different types of tongue papillae; fungiform, circumvallate, foliate, and filiform papillae. Unlike the other three taste papillae, non-gustatory papillae, filiform papillae cover the entire dorsal surface of the tongue and are important structures for the mechanical stress of sucking. Filiform papillae are further classified into two subtypes with different morphologies, depending on their location on the dorsum of the tongue. The filiform papillae at the intermolar eminence have pointed tips, whereas filiform papillae with rounded tips are found in other regions (anterior tongue). It remains unknown how the shape of each type of filiform papillae are determined during their development. Bmp signalling pathway has been known to regulate mechanisms that determine the shapes of many ectodermal organs. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Bmp signalling in filiform papillae development. DESIGN Comparative in situ hybridization analysis of six Bmps (Bmp2-Bmp7) and two Bmpr genes (Bmpr1a and Bmpr1b) were carried out in filiform papillae development. We further examined tongue papillae in mice over-expressing Noggin under the keratin14 promoter (K14-Noggin). RESULTS We identified a dynamic temporo-spatial expression of Bmps in filiform papillae development. The K14-Noggin mice showed pointed filiform papillae in regions of the tongue normally occupied by the rounded type. CONCLUSIONS Bmp signalling thus regulates the shape of filiform papillae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsushige Kawasaki
- Department of Craniofacial Development, GKT Dental Institute, King’s College, Guy’s Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Science, Course for Oral Life Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Thantrira Porntaveetus
- Department of Craniofacial Development, GKT Dental Institute, King’s College, Guy’s Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Shelly Oommen
- Department of Craniofacial Development, GKT Dental Institute, King’s College, Guy’s Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Sarah Ghafoor
- Department of Craniofacial Development, GKT Dental Institute, King’s College, Guy’s Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Maiko Kawasaki
- Department of Craniofacial Development, GKT Dental Institute, King’s College, Guy’s Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Division of Bio-Prosthodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Course for Oral Life Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoko Otsuka-Tanaka
- Department of Craniofacial Development, GKT Dental Institute, King’s College, Guy’s Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - James Blackburn
- Department of Craniofacial Development, GKT Dental Institute, King’s College, Guy’s Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - John A. Kessler
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Paul T. Sharpe
- Department of Craniofacial Development, GKT Dental Institute, King’s College, Guy’s Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Atsushi Ohazama
- Department of Craniofacial Development, GKT Dental Institute, King’s College, Guy’s Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Chen H, Li J, Li H, Hu Y, Tevebaugh W, Yamamoto M, Que J, Chen X. Transcript profiling identifies dynamic gene expression patterns and an important role for Nrf2/Keap1 pathway in the developing mouse esophagus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36504. [PMID: 22567161 PMCID: PMC3342176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Morphological changes during human and mouse esophageal development have been well characterized. However, changes at the molecular level in the course of esophageal morphogenesis remain unclear. This study aims to globally profile critical genes and signaling pathways during the development of mouse esophagus. By using microarray analysis this study also aims to determine how the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway regulates the morphogenesis of the esophageal epithelium. METHODS Gene expression microarrays were used to survey gene expression in the esophagus at three critical phases: specification, metaplasia and maturation. The esophagi were isolated from wild-type, Nrf2(-/-), Keap1(-/-), or Nrf2(-/-)Keap1(-/-) embryos or young adult mice. Array data were statistically analyzed for differentially expressed genes and pathways. Histochemical and immunohistochemical staining were used to verify potential involvement of the Wnt pathway, Pparβ/δ and the PI3K/Akt pathway in the development of esophageal epithelium. RESULTS Dynamic gene expression patterns accompanied the morphological changes of the developing esophagus at critical phases. Particularly, the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway had a baseline activity in the metaplasia phase and was further activated in the maturation phase. The Wnt pathway was active early and became inactive later in the metaplasia phase. In addition, Keap1(-/-) mice showed increased expression of Nrf2 downstream targets and genes involved in keratinization. Microarray and immunostaining data also suggested that esophageal hyperkeratosis in the Keap1(-/-) mice was due to activation of Pparβ/δ and the PI3K/Akt pathway. CONCLUSIONS Morphological changes of the esophageal epithelium are associated with dynamic changes in gene expression. Nrf2/Keap1 pathway activity is required for maturation of mouse esophageal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jianying Li
- Frontier Bioinformatics Solution, LLC, Cary, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Haiyan Li
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Yuhui Hu
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Whitney Tevebaugh
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jianwen Que
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center of Esophageal Disease and Swallowing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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24
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Nagaoka R, Okuhara S, Sato Y, Amagasa T, Iseki S. Effects of embryonic hypoxia on lip formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 94:215-22. [DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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25
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Chen H, Fang Y, Tevebaugh W, Orlando RC, Shaheen NJ, Chen X. Molecular mechanisms of Barrett's esophagus. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:3405-20. [PMID: 21984436 PMCID: PMC3750118 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1885-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is defined as the metaplastic conversion of esophageal squamous epithelium to intestinalized columnar epithelium. As a premalignant lesion of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), BE develops as a result of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Many studies have been conducted to understand the molecular mechanisms of this disease. This review summarizes recent results involving squamous and intestinal transcription factors, signaling pathways, stromal factors, microRNAs, and other factors in the development of BE. A conceptual framework is proposed to guide future studies. We expect elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of BE to help in the development of improved management of GERD, BE, and EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Yu Fang
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Whitney Tevebaugh
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Roy C. Orlando
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7080, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Shaheen
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7080, USA
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA,Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7080, USA,Corresponding authors: Xiaoxin Luke Chen, MD, PhD, Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA. Tel: 919-530-6425; Fax: 919-530-7780;
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26
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Iwasaki SI, Aoyagi H, Yoshizawa H. Localization of keratins 13 and 14 in the lingual mucosa of rats during the morphogenesis of circumvallate papillae. Acta Histochem 2011; 113:395-401. [PMID: 20546859 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We used fluorescence immunohistochemistry, analysis of differential interference contrast (DIC) images and confocal laser-scanning microscopy in the transmission mode, after staining specimens with toluidine blue, to examine the localization of keratin 13 (K13) and keratin 14 (K14) in the lingual epithelium of fetal and juvenile Sprague-Dawley rats during the prenatal and postnatal morphogenesis of circumvallate papillae. No immunoreactivity specific for K13 and K14 was detected in the lingual epithelium of fetuses on day 15 after conception (E15), at which time the primitive rudiment of the circumvallate papillae was detectable by the thickening of several layers of cuboidal epithelial cells. On E17 and E19, the developing circumvallate papillae were clearly recognizable, consisting of a central papilla and the surrounding sulcus. No immunoreactivity specific for K13 and K14 was evident in the lingual epithelium around these structures at this time. K14-specific immunoreactivity was first detected in the basal layer of the epithelium of the circumvallate papillae on postnatal day 0 (P0) and K13-specific immunoreactivity was detected on P7. Morphogenesis of the circumvallate papillae progressed significantly from P0 to P14, and immunoreactivity specific for K13 and K14 was clearly recognizable after P7. The respective patterns of K13-specific and K14-specific immunoreactivity differed during the development of the circumvallate papillae: K13-specific immunoreactivity was generally evident in cells of the intermediate layer of the epithelium, while K14-specific immunoreactivity was detected in cells of the basal and suprabasal layers. The present results are discussed in the context of the previously determined localization of K13 and K14 in the dorsal epithelium of the anterior part of the rat tongue during its morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Iwasaki
- Advanced Research Center, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8580, Japan.
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Reciprocal interactions of Fgf10/Fgfr2b modulate the mouse tongue epithelial differentiation. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 345:265-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1204-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Iwasaki SI, Yoshizawa H, Aoyagi H. Localization of type III collagen in the lingual mucosa of rats during the morphogenesis of circumvallate papillae. Odontology 2011; 100:10-21. [PMID: 21556725 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-011-0020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to identify a possible role for type III collagen in the morphogenesis of circumvallate papillae on the surface of the rat tongue, we examined its appearance by fluorescent immunostaining, in conjunction with differential interference contrast images and images obtained, after staining with toluidine blue, in the transmission mode by laser-scanning microscopy. We analyzed semi-ultrathin sections of epoxy resin-embedded samples of the lingual mucosa of embryonic and juvenile rats, 13 days after conception (E13) to day 21 after birth (P21). Immunoreactivity specific for type III collagen was recognized first in the mesenchymal connective tissue just beneath the circumvallate papilla placode in fetuses on E13. At this stage, most of the lingual epithelium with the exception of the circumvallate papilla placode was pseudostratified epithelium composed of one or two layers of cuboidal cells. However, the epithelium of the circumvallate papilla placode was composed of several layers of cuboidal cells. Immunoreactivity specific for type III collagen was detected mainly on the lamina propria just beneath the lingual epithelium of the rudiment of the circumvallate papilla and the developing circumvallate papilla in fetuses on E15 and E17, and slight immunostaining was detected on the lamina propria around the rudiment. In fetuses on E19, immunoreactivity specific for type III collagen was widely and densely distributed on the connective tissue around the developing circumvallate papillae and, also, on the connective tissue that surrounded the lingual muscle. However, the immunoreactivity specific for type III collagen was sparsely distributed on the lamina propria of each central papillar structure. After birth, from P0 to P14, morphogenesis of the circumvallate papillae advanced gradually with the increase in the total volume of the tongue. At these postnatal stages, the intensity of the fluorescence due to immunoreactivity specific for type III collagen was distinctively distributed on the lamina propria around each circumvallate papilla, on each central bulge and on the connective tissue that surrounded the lingual muscle. However, immunofluorescence was less distinct on the connective tissue that surrounded the lingual muscle. Thus, type III collagen appeared in conjunction with the morphogenesis of the circumvallate papillae, as well as in the connective tissue that surrounded the lingual muscle during myogenesis of the rat tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Iwasaki
- Advanced Research Center, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8580, Japan.
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29
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The Antithesis of Entropy: Biosemiotic Communication from Genetics to Human Language with Special Emphasis on the Immune Systems. ENTROPY 2010. [DOI: 10.3390/e12040631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Fang Y, Liu W, Zhang F, Shao Y, Yu S. The Polymorphism of a Novel Mutation of KAP13.1 Gene and its
Associations with Cashmere Traits on Xinjiang Local Goat Breed in China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2010.34.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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31
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Okubo T, Clark C, Hogan BLM. Cell lineage mapping of taste bud cells and keratinocytes in the mouse tongue and soft palate. Stem Cells 2009; 27:442-50. [PMID: 19038788 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The epithelium of the mouse tongue and soft palate consists of at least three distinct epithelial cell populations: basal cells, keratinized cells organized into filiform and fungiform papillae, and taste receptor cells present in tight clusters known as taste buds in the fungiform and circumvallate papillae and soft palate. All three cell types develop from the simple epithelium of the embryonic tongue and palate, and are continually replaced in the adult by cell turnover. Previous studies using pulse-chase tritiated thymidine labeling in the adult mouse provided evidence for a high rate of cell turnover in the keratinocytes (5-7 days) and taste buds (10 days). However, little is known about the localization and phenotype of the long-term stem or progenitor cells that give rise to the mature taste bud cells and surrounding keratinocytes in these gustatory tissues. Here, we make use of a tamoxifen-inducible K14-CreER transgene and the ROSA26 LacZ reporter allele to lineage trace the mature keratinocytes and taste bud cells of the early postnatal and adult mouse tongue and soft palate. Our results support the hypothesis that both the pore keratinocytes and receptor cells of the taste bud are derived from a common K14(+)K5(+)Trp63(+)Sox2(+) population of bipotential progenitor cells located outside the taste bud. The results are also compatible with models in which the keratinocytes of the filiform and fungiform papillae are derived from basal progenitor cells localized at the base of these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Okubo
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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Beites CL, Hollenbeck PLW, Kim J, Lovell-Badge R, Lander AD, Calof AL. Follistatin modulates a BMP autoregulatory loop to control the size and patterning of sensory domains in the developing tongue. Development 2009; 136:2187-97. [PMID: 19474151 DOI: 10.1242/dev.030544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of many placode-derived epithelial structures makes them of interest for understanding the molecular control of epithelial stem cells and their niches. Here, we investigate the interaction between the developing epithelium and its surrounding mesenchyme in one such system, the taste papillae and sensory taste buds of the mouse tongue. We identify follistatin (FST) as a mesenchymal factor that controls size, patterning and gustatory cell differentiation in developing taste papillae. FST limits expansion and differentiation of Sox2-expressing taste progenitor cells and negatively regulates the development of taste papillae in the lingual epithelium: in Fst(-/-) tongue, there is both ectopic development of Sox2-expressing taste progenitors and accelerated differentiation of gustatory cells. Loss of Fst leads to elevated activity and increased expression of epithelial Bmp7; the latter effect is consistent with BMP7 positive autoregulation, a phenomenon we demonstrate directly. We show that FST and BMP7 influence the activity and expression of other signaling systems that play important roles in the development of taste papillae and taste buds. In addition, using computational modeling, we show how aberrations in taste papillae patterning in Fst(-/-) mice could result from disruption of an FST-BMP7 regulatory circuit that normally suppresses noise in a process based on diffusion-driven instability. Because inactivation of Bmp7 rescues many of the defects observed in Fst(-/-) tongue, we conclude that interactions between mesenchyme-derived FST and epithelial BMP7 play a central role in the morphogenesis, innervation and maintenance of taste buds and their stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crestina L Beites
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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33
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El-Bakry AM. Study by transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the morphogenesis of three types of lingual papillae in the albino rat ( Rattus rattus). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.2009.00406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Culture of endodermal stem/progenitor cells of the mouse tongue. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2008; 45:44-54. [PMID: 18830772 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-008-9149-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The tongue represents a very accessible source of tissue-specific epithelial stem cells of endodermal origin. However, little is known about the properties of these cells and the mechanisms regulating their proliferation and differentiation. Foxa2, an endodermal marker, is expressed throughout the tongue epithelium during embryonic development but becomes confined to a minority of basal cells and some taste bud sensory cells in the adult tongue. Using a previously described line of transgenic mice in which enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) is expressed under the control of a human keratin 5 promoter region (Krt5-eGFP), we have isolated a subpopulation of cells in the basal epithelial layer of the mouse tongue with a high efficiency of generating holoclones of undifferentiated cells in culture with a feeder layer. Krt5-GFP(hi) cells can both self renew and give rise to differentiated stratified keratinized epithelial cells when cultured on an air-liquid interface.
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35
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Immunohistochemical analysis of type III collagen expression in the lingual mucosa of rats during organogenesis of the tongue. Odontology 2008; 96:12-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-008-0080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Aoyagi H, Asami T, Yoshizawa H, Wanichanon C, Iwasaki SI. Newly developed technique for dual localization of keratins 13 and 14 by fluorescence immunohistochemistry. Acta Histochem 2008; 110:324-32. [PMID: 18262229 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
It is difficult to visualize histological details on semi-ultrathin sections by light microscopy after immunohistochemical labeling because the histological structures in such sections cannot be distinguished by standard counterstaining. To solve this problem and to visualize the immunoreactivity of keratins 13 (K13) and 14 (K14), we used a newly developed technique for dual localization of antigens by fluorescence immunohistochemistry and confocal laser-scanning microscopy in transmission mode, after staining specimens with toluidine blue. Using this approach, we examined the immunolocalization of K13 and K14 on the lingual epithelium of fetal and juvenile rats by immunofluorescence while monitoring morphological changes in the filiform papillae by laser-scanning microscopy, in transmission mode, of the same sections. No K13 and K14 immunoreactivity was detected on the lingual epithelium of fetuses on day 15 after conception (E15), at which time the lingual epithelium was composed of a few layers of cuboidal cells. K14 immunoreactivity was first detected on the lingual epithelium of fetuses on E17 and K13 immunoreactivity on E19. The number of layers of cuboidal cells in the lingual epithelium also increased from E17 to E19. K13 and K14 immunoreactivity was distinct at all postnatal stages examined. Although the respective patterns of K13 and K14 immunoreactivity differed as the filiform papillae developed, K13 immunoreactivity was generally evident in the suprabasal cells of the interpapillary cell columns and K14 immunoreactivity was detected in the basal and suprabasal cells of the papillary and interpapillary cell columns. Our newly developed technique for dual localization of antigens should be useful for investigations of very small specimens, such as fetal tissues and organs.
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Iwasaki SI, Aoyagi H. Expression of keratin 14 in the basal cells of the lingual epithelium of mice during the morphogenesis of filiform papillae: visualization by fluorescent immunostaining and confocal laser-scanning microscopy in the transmission mode. Odontology 2007; 95:61-5. [PMID: 17660983 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-007-0072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined the expression of keratin 14 (K14) on the lingual epithelium by immunofluorescent staining while monitoring morphological changes in the filiform papillae of mice by confocal laser-scanning microscopy in the transmission mode of the same sections to define both the histology and the morphology of cells. It is difficult to visualize histological details of the fetal lingual epithelium of the mouse on semi-ultrathin sections by light microscopy after immunohistochemical staining because the histological structures in such sections cannot be distinguished by standard counterstaining. To solve this problem and to visualize the immunoreactivity specific for K14, we analyzed the results of immunofluorescent staining of semi-ultrathin sections in combination with an examination of the corresponding images by laser-scanning microscopy in the transmission mode after staining of specimens with toluidine blue. No immunoreactivity specific for K14 was detected on the lingual epithelium of fetuses on embryonic day 15 (E15), but immunoreactivity was distinct at all postnatal stages from postnatal day 0 (P0) to P21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Iwasaki
- Advanced Research Center, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, Niigata, Japan.
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Iwasaki SI, Aoyagi H, Yoshizawa H. Immunohistochemical detection of epidermal growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptor in the lingual mucosa of rats during the morphogenesis of filiform papillae. Acta Histochem 2006; 109:37-44. [PMID: 17098278 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Revised: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We examined the immunofluorescence labelling epidermal growth factor (EGF) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), as well as differential interference contrast (DIC) images, during the morphogenesis of filiform papillae and the keratinization of the lingual epithelium of rats on semi-ultrathin sections of epoxy resin-embedded samples using laser-scanning microscopy. We also examined semi-ultrathin sections of epoxy resin-embedded, toluidine blue-stained samples by light microscopy to obtain details of cell histology and morphology. No immunoreactivity specific for EGF and EGFR was detected on the lingual epithelium of fetuses on days 12 and 16 after conception (E12 and E16), during which time the number of layers of cuboidal cells in the lingual epithelium increased from one to several. Immunoreactivity specific for EGF and EGFR was first detected on the lingual epithelium of fetuses at birth or on postnatal day 0 (P0). Immunoreactivity specific both for EGF and EGFR appeared in the connective tissue and the basal cells of the papillary and interpapillary cell columns. The lingual epithelium was composed of stratified squamous cells. The rudiments of filiform papillae were compactly arranged and interpapillary cell columns were very narrow. Immunoreactivity specific for EGF and EGFR was distinct on the cell membrane of basal cells of the papillary cell column and weakly positive on the cell membrane of basal cells of the interpapillary cell column on postnatal day 21 (P21). Thus, the patterns of immunoreactivity of EGF and EGFR differed as the filiform papillae developed. Filiform papillae developed gradually from P0 to P21. The width of interpapillary spaces also increased during this period. These observations indicate a possibility that EGF might affect the expression of keratins in the lingual epithelium via epithelium-mesenchymal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Iwasaki
- Advanced Research Center, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, Niigata 951-8580, Japan.
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Abstract
Populations of self-renewing cells that arise during normal embryonic development harbour the potential for rapid proliferation, migration or transdifferentiation and, therefore, tumour generation. So, control mechanisms are essential to prevent rapidly expanding populations from malignant growth. Transcription factors have crucial roles in ensuring establishment of such regulation, with the Pax gene family prominent amongst these. This review examines the role of Pax family members during embryogenesis, and their contribution to tumorigenesis when subverted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan J D Robson
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand
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40
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Perry GH, Verrelli BC, Stone AC. Molecular evolution of the primate developmental genes MSX1 and PAX9. Mol Biol Evol 2005; 23:644-54. [PMID: 16326750 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msj072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In primates, the craniofacial skeleton and the dentition are marked by high levels of interspecific variation. Despite this, there are few comparative species studies conducted at the molecular level to investigate this functional diversity. We have determined nucleotide sequences of MSX1 and PAX9, two developmental genes, in a sample of 27 diverse primate species in order to identify coding or regulatory variation that may be associated with phenotypic diversity. Our analyses have identified four highly conserved noncoding sequences, including one that is conserved across primates and with dogs but not with mice. Although we find that substitution rates vary significantly across MSX1 exons, comparisons of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitution rates (dN/dS) suggest that, as a whole, MSX1 and PAX9 amino acid sequences have been under functional constraint throughout primate evolution. Compared to all other primates in our sample, our analysis of exon 1 in MSX1 finds an unusual pattern of amino acid substitution for Tarsius syrichta, a member of a lineage (tarsiers) that has many unique features among primates. For example, tarsiers are the only extant primates without deciduous incisors, and MSX1 is expressed exclusively in the incisor regions during the earliest stages of dental development. Our overall results provide insight into the utility of comparative species analyses of highly conserved developmental genes and their roles in the evolution of complex phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- George H Perry
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, USA
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Valente T, Junyent F, Auladell C. Zac1 is expressed in progenitor/stem cells of the neuroectoderm and mesoderm during embryogenesis: differential phenotype of the Zac1-expressing cells during development. Dev Dyn 2005; 233:667-79. [PMID: 15844099 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Zac1, a new zinc-finger protein that regulates both apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, is abundantly expressed in many neuroepithelia during early brain development. In the present work, we study the expression of Zac1 during early embryogenesis and we determine the cellular phenotype of the Zac1-expressing cells throughout development. Our results show that Zac1 is expressed in the progenitor/stem cells of several tissues (nervous system, skeleton, and skeletal muscle), because they colocalize with several progenitor/stem markers (Nestin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, FORSE-1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and bromodeoxyuridine). In postnatal development, Zac1 is expressed in all phases of the life cycle of the chondrocytes (from proliferation to apoptosis), in some limbic gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic neuronal subpopulations, and during developmental myofibers. Therefore, the intense expression of Zac1 in the progenitor/stem cells of different cellular lineages during the proliferative cycle, before differentiation into postmitotic cells, suggests that Zac1 plays an important role in the control of cell fate during neurogenesis, chondrogenesis, and myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Valente
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Jackson B, Tilli CMLJ, Hardman MJ, Avilion AA, MacLeod MC, Ashcroft GS, Byrne C. Late cornified envelope family in differentiating epithelia--response to calcium and ultraviolet irradiation. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 124:1062-70. [PMID: 15854049 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The late cornified envelope (LCE) gene cluster within the epidermal differentiation complex on human chromosome one (mouse chromosome three) contains multiple conserved genes encoding stratum-corneum proteins. Within the LCE cluster, genes form "groups" based on chromosomal position and protein homology. We link a recently accepted nomenclature for the LCE cluster (formerly XP5, small proline-rich-like, late-envelope protein genes) to gene structure, groupings, and chromosomal organization, and carry out a pan-cluster quantitative expression analysis in a variety of tissues and environmental conditions. This analysis shows that (i) the cluster organizes into two "skin" expressing groups and a third group with low-level, tissue-specific expression patterns in all barrier-forming epithelia tested, including internal epithelia; (ii) LCE genes respond "group-wise" to environmental stimuli such as calcium levels and ultraviolet (UV) light, highlighting the functional significance of groups; (iii) in response to UV stimulation there is massive upregulation of a single, normally quiescent, non-skin LCE gene; and (iv) heterogeneity occurs between individuals with one individual lacking expression of an LCE skin gene without overt skin disease, suggesting LCE genes affect subtle attributes of skin function. This quantitative and pan-cluster expression analysis suggests that LCE groups have distinct functions and that within groups regulatory diversification permits specific responsiveness to environmental challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Jackson
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Abstract
The expression of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) during the morphogenesis of lingual papillae of mice was examined by in situ hybridization. Among seven mouse IGFBPs, IGFBP-1, -6, and -7 mRNAs were not expressed in the tongue tissue. At E12, though no papillae have formed yet, IGFBP-2, -4, and -5 were expressed in the entire tongue epithelium. At E14, fungiform papillae appeared in the anterior region and circumvallate papillae were distinguished in the posterior region. Strong expression of IGFBP-5 was observed in the apical region of both fungiform and circumvallate papillae. At this stage, the epithelial elevation of filiform papillae was not clear; but IGFBP-5 was expressed in the apex. At E15, foliate papillae were distinguished and IGFBP-5 was expressed in the dorsal epithelium of ridges. In filiform papillae, IGFBP-3 was expressed in the core of the connective tissue. At E17, the expression of IGFBP-5 disappeared from the apical region of fungiform, filiform, foliate, and circumvallate papillae, whereas that of IGFBP-2 remained. This finding suggests that IGFBP-5 and -2 function to cause evagination of the epithelium into a raised structure. In the epithelium of trenches of foliate and circumvallate papillae, strong expression of IGFBP-4 was observed at E15 and E17. As previously suggested from a study on postnatal mice (Suzuki et al. J Comp Neurol 2005;482:74-84), IGFBP-4 acts in the epithelial invagination to form the trenches, grooves, or furrows of lingual papillae during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Suzuki
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Japan.
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