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Hill TF, Narvekar P, Asher GD, Edelstein JN, Camp ND, Grimm A, Thomas KR, Leiken MD, Molloy KM, Cook PJ, Arlauckas SP, Morgan RA, Tasian SK, Rawlings DJ, James RG. Human plasma cells engineered to secrete bispecifics drive effective in vivo leukemia killing. Mol Ther 2024; 32:2676-2691. [PMID: 38959896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies are an important tool for the management and treatment of acute leukemias. As a next step toward clinical translation of engineered plasma cells, we describe approaches for secretion of bispecific antibodies by human plasma cells. We show that human plasma cells expressing either fragment crystallizable domain-deficient anti-CD19 × anti-CD3 (blinatumomab) or anti-CD33 × anti-CD3 bispecific antibodies mediate T cell activation and direct T cell killing of B acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute myeloid leukemia cell lines in vitro. We demonstrate that knockout of the self-expressed antigen, CD19, boosts anti-CD19-bispecific secretion by plasma cells and prevents self-targeting. Plasma cells secreting anti-CD19-bispecific antibodies elicited in vivo control of acute lymphoblastic leukemia patient-derived xenografts in immunodeficient mice co-engrafted with autologous T cells. In these studies, we found that leukemic control elicited by engineered plasma cells was similar to CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T cells. Finally, the steady-state concentration of anti-CD19 bispecifics in serum 1 month after cell delivery and tumor eradication was comparable with that observed in patients treated with a steady-state infusion of blinatumomab. These findings support further development of ePCs for use as a durable delivery system for the treatment of acute leukemias, and potentially other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler F Hill
- University of Washington, Medical Scientist Training Program, Seattle, WA, USA; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapy, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Parnal Narvekar
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapy, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gregory D Asher
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapy, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Nathan D Camp
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapy, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Annaiz Grimm
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapy, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kerri R Thomas
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapy, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Peter J Cook
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapy, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah K Tasian
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David J Rawlings
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapy, Seattle, WA, USA; University of Washington, Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard G James
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapy, Seattle, WA, USA; University of Washington, Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Seattle, WA, USA.
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2
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Math BA, Waibl F, Lamp LM, Fernández‐Quintero ML, Liedl KR. Cross-linking disulfide bonds govern solution structures of diabodies. Proteins 2023; 91:1316-1328. [PMID: 37376973 PMCID: PMC10952579 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, antibodies have emerged as a promising new class of therapeutics, due to their combination of high specificity with long serum half-life and low risk of side-effects. Diabodies are a popular novel antibody format, consisting of two Fv domains connected with short linkers. Like IgG antibodies, they simultaneously bind two target proteins. However, they offer altered properties, given their smaller size and higher rigidity. In this study, we conducted the-to our knowledge-first molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of diabodies and find a surprisingly high conformational flexibility in the relative orientation of the two Fv domains. We observe rigidifying effects through the introduction of disulfide bonds in the Fv -Fv interface and characterize the effect of different disulfide bond locations on the conformation. Additionally, we compare VH -VL orientations and paratope dynamics between diabodies and an antigen binding fragment (Fab) of the same sequence. We find mostly consistent structures and dynamics, indicating similar antigen binding properties. The most significant differences can be found within the CDR-H2 loop dynamics. Of all CDR loops, the CDR-H2 is located closest to the artificial Fv -Fv interface. All examined diabodies show similar VH -VL orientations, Fv -Fv packing and CDR loop conformations. However, the variant with a P14C-K64C disulfide bond differs most from the Fab in our measures, including the CDR-H3 loop conformational ensemble. This suggests altered antigen binding properties and underlines the need for careful validation of the disulfide bond locations in diabodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A. Math
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Franz Waibl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Leonida M. Lamp
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Monica L. Fernández‐Quintero
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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3
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Hill TF, Narvekar P, Asher G, Camp N, Thomas KR, Tasian SK, Rawlings DJ, James RG. Human plasma cells engineered to secrete bispecifics drive effective in vivo leukemia killing. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.24.554523. [PMID: 37662410 PMCID: PMC10473709 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.24.554523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies are an important tool for the management and treatment of acute leukemias. Advances in genome-engineering have enabled the generation of human plasma cells that secrete therapeutic proteins and are capable of long-term in vivo engraftment in humanized mouse models. As a next step towards clinical translation of engineered plasma cells (ePCs) towards cancer therapy, here we describe approaches for the expression and secretion of bispecific antibodies by human plasma cells. We show that human ePCs expressing either fragment crystallizable domain deficient anti-CD19 × anti-CD3 (blinatumomab) or anti-CD33 × anti-CD3 bispecific antibodies mediate T cell activation and direct T cell killing of specific primary human cell subsets and B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute myeloid leukemia cell lines in vitro. We demonstrate that knockout of the self-expressed antigen, CD19, boosts anti-CD19 bispecific secretion by ePCs and prevents self-targeting. Further, anti-CD19 bispecific-ePCs elicited tumor eradication in vivo following local delivery in flank-implanted Raji lymphoma cells. Finally, immunodeficient mice engrafted with anti-CD19 bispecific-ePCs and autologous T cells potently prevented in vivo growth of CD19+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia in patient-derived xenografts. Collectively, these findings support further development of ePCs for use as a durable, local delivery system for the treatment of acute leukemias, and potentially other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler F. Hill
- University of Washington, Medical Scientist Training Program, Seattle WA
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapy, Seattle WA
| | - Parnal Narvekar
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapy, Seattle WA
| | - Gregory Asher
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapy, Seattle WA
| | - Nathan Camp
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapy, Seattle WA
| | - Kerri R. Thomas
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapy, Seattle WA
| | - Sarah K. Tasian
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Philadelphia PA
- Department of Pediatrics and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA
| | - David J. Rawlings
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapy, Seattle WA
- University of Washington, Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, Seattle WA
| | - Richard G. James
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapy, Seattle WA
- University of Washington, Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Seattle WA
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4
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Segaliny AI, Jayaraman J, Chen X, Chong J, Luxon R, Fung A, Fu Q, Jiang X, Rivera R, Ma X, Ren C, Zimak J, Hedde PN, Shang Y, Wu G, Zhao W. A high throughput bispecific antibody discovery pipeline. Commun Biol 2023; 6:380. [PMID: 37029216 PMCID: PMC10082157 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04746-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) represent an emerging class of immunotherapy, but inefficiency in the current discovery has limited their broad clinical availability. Here we report a high throughput, agnostic, single-cell-based functional screening pipeline, comprising molecular and cell engineering for efficient generation of BsAb library cells, followed by functional interrogation at the single-cell level to identify and sort positive clones and downstream sequence identification and functionality characterization. Using a CD19xCD3 bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) as a model, we demonstrate that our single-cell platform possesses a high throughput screening efficiency of up to one and a half million variant library cells per run and can isolate rare functional clones at a low abundance of 0.008%. Using a complex CD19xCD3 BiTE-expressing cell library with approximately 22,300 unique variants comprising combinatorially varied scFvs, connecting linkers and VL/VH orientations, we have identified 98 unique clones, including extremely rare ones (~ 0.001% abundance). We also discovered BiTEs that exhibit novel properties and insights to design variable preferences for functionality. We expect our single-cell platform to not only increase the discovery efficiency of new immunotherapeutics, but also enable identifying generalizable design principles based on an in-depth understanding of the inter-relationships between sequence, structure, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jayapriya Jayaraman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | | | - Ryan Luxon
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Audrey Fung
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Qiwei Fu
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Xianzhi Jiang
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | | | - Xiaoya Ma
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Ci Ren
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Jan Zimak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Per Niklas Hedde
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Yonglei Shang
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - George Wu
- Amberstone Biosciences, Inc., Irvine, CA, 92618, USA.
| | - Weian Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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5
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A novel therapeutic bispecific format based on synthetic orthogonal heterodimers enables T cell activity against Acute myeloid leukemia. Oncogene 2023; 42:26-34. [PMID: 36357573 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Many therapeutic bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs) are in clinical trials. A modular and efficient process to create BiTEs would accelerate their development and clinical applicability. In this study, we present the design, production, and functional activity of a novel bispecific format utilizing synthetic orthogonal heterodimers to form a multichain modular design. Further addition of an immunoglobulin hinge region allowed a stable covalent linkage between the heterodimers. As proof-of-concept, we utilized CD33 and CD3 binding scFvs to engage leukemia cells and T-cells respectively. We provide evidence that this novel bispecific T-cell engager (termed IgGlue-BiTE) could bind both CD3+ and CD33+ cells and facilitates robust T-cell mediated cytotoxicity on AML cells in vitro. In a mouse model of minimal residual disease, we showed that the novel IgGlue-BiTE greatly extended survival, and mice of this treatment group were free of leukemia in the bone marrow. These findings suggest that the IgGlue-BiTE allows for robust simultaneous engagement with both antigens of interest in a manner conducive to T cell cytotoxicity against AML. These results suggest a compelling modular system for bispecific antibodies, as the CD3- and CD33-binding domains can be readily swapped with domains binding to other cancer- or immune cell-specific antigens.
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6
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Long M, Mims AS, Li Z. Factors Affecting the Cancer Immunotherapeutic Efficacy of T Cell Bispecific Antibodies and Strategies for Improvement. Immunol Invest 2022; 51:2176-2214. [PMID: 36259611 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2022.2131569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
T-cell bispecific antibodies (T-BsAbs) are a new class of cancer immunotherapy drugs that can simultaneously bind to tumor-associated antigens on target cells and to the CD3 subunit of the T-cell receptor (TCR) on T cells. In the last decade, numerous T-BsAbs have been developed for the treatment of both hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Among them, blinatumomab has been successfully used to treat CD19 positive malignancies and has been approved by the FDA as standard care for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, in many clinical scenarios, the efficacy of T-BsAbs remains unsatisfactory. To further improve T-BsAb therapy, it will be crucial to better understand the factors affecting treatment efficacy and the nature of the T-BsAb-induced immune response. Herein, we first review the studies on the potential mechanisms by which T-BsAbs activate T-cells and how they elicit efficient target killing despite suboptimal costimulatory support. We focus on analyzing reports from clinical trials and preclinical studies, and summarize the factors that have been identified to impact the efficacy of T-BsAbs. Lastly, we review current and propose new approaches to improve the clinical efficacy of T-BsAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixiao Long
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alice S Mims
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Zihai Li
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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7
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Krenitsky A, Klager S, Hatch L, Sarriera-Lazaro C, Chen PL, Seminario-Vidal L. Update in Diagnosis and Management of Primary Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphomas. Am J Clin Dermatol 2022; 23:689-706. [PMID: 35854102 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-022-00704-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Primary cutaneous lymphomas are a rare group of diseases, with an estimated incidence of 0.5-1 case per 100,000 people per year. Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas (pCBCLs) represent 25-30% of all primary cutaneous lymphomas. There are three main subtypes of pCBCL: primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma, primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma, and primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type. Cutaneous B-cell lymphomas have a broad spectrum of clinical presentations, which makes diagnostic and therapeutic strategies challenging. To date, treatment recommendations for cutaneous B-cell lymphomas have been largely based on small retrospective studies and institutional experience. Recently, the pharmacotherapeutic landscape has expanded to include drugs that may modify the underlying disease pathology of pCBCLs, representing new therapeutic modalities for this rare group of diseases. Novel therapies used for other systemic B-cell lymphomas show promise for the treatment of pCBCLs and are being increasingly considered. These new therapies are divided into five main groups: monoclonal antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, small-molecule inhibitors, bispecific T-cell engaging, and chimeric antigen receptor T cell. In this review, we discuss the clinical, histopathological, molecular, and cytogenetic features of the most common pCBCL subtypes with a focus on current and innovative therapeutic developments in their management. These emerging treatment strategies for B-cell lymphomas and cutaneous B-cell lymphomas may represent novel first-line options for the management of these rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Krenitsky
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of South Florida, 13320 USF Laurel Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Skylar Klager
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of South Florida, 13320 USF Laurel Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Leigh Hatch
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of South Florida, 13320 USF Laurel Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Pei Ling Chen
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
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8
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Yoneyama T, Kim MS, Piatkov K, Wang H, Zhu AZX. Leveraging a physiologically-based quantitative translational modeling platform for designing B cell maturation antigen-targeting bispecific T cell engagers for treatment of multiple myeloma. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009715. [PMID: 35839267 PMCID: PMC9328551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific T cell engagers (TCEs) are an emerging anti-cancer modality that redirects cytotoxic T cells to tumor cells expressing tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), thereby forming immune synapses to exert anti-tumor effects. Designing pharmacokinetically acceptable TCEs and optimizing their size presents a considerable protein engineering challenge, particularly given the complexity of intercellular bridging between T cells and tumor cells. Therefore, a physiologically-relevant and clinically-verified computational modeling framework is of crucial importance to understand the protein engineering trade-offs. In this study, we developed a quantitative, physiologically-based computational framework to predict immune synapse formation for a variety of molecular formats of TCEs in tumor tissues. Our model incorporates a molecular size-dependent biodistribution using the two-pore theory, extravasation of T cells and hematologic cancer cells, mechanistic bispecific intercellular binding of TCEs, and competitive inhibitory interactions by shed targets. The biodistribution of TCEs was verified by positron emission tomography imaging of [89Zr]AMG211 (a carcinoembryonic antigen-targeting TCE) in patients. Parameter sensitivity analyses indicated that immune synapse formation was highly sensitive to TAA expression, degree of target shedding, and binding selectivity to tumor cell surface TAAs over shed targets. Notably, the model suggested a “sweet spot” for TCEs’ CD3 binding affinity, which balanced the trapping of TCEs in T-cell-rich organs. The final model simulations indicated that the number of immune synapses is similar (~55/tumor cell) between two distinct clinical stage B cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-targeting TCEs, PF-06863135 in an IgG format and AMG420 in a BiTE format, at their respective efficacious doses in multiple myeloma patients. This result demonstrates the applicability of the developed computational modeling framework to molecular design optimization and clinical benchmarking for TCEs, thus suggesting that this framework can be applied to other targets to provide a quantitative means to facilitate model-informed best-in-class TCE discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Yoneyama
- Quantitative Solutions, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mi-Sook Kim
- Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Konstantin Piatkov
- Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Haiqing Wang
- Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andy Z. X. Zhu
- Quantitative Solutions, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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9
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Chen RP, Shinoda K, Rampuria P, Jin F, Bartholomew T, Zhao C, Yang F, Chaparro-Riggers J. Bispecific antibodies for immune cell retargeting against cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2022; 22:965-982. [PMID: 35485219 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2072209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Following the approval of the T-cell engaging bispecific antibody blinatumomab, immune cell retargeting with bispecific or multispecific antibodies has emerged as a promising cancer immunotherapy strategy, offering alternative mechanisms compared to immune checkpoint blockade. As we gain more understanding of the complex tumor microenvironment, rules and design principles have started to take shape on how to best harness the immune system to achieve optimal anti-tumor activities. AREAS COVERED In the present review, we aim to summarize the most recent advances and challenges in using bispecific antibodies for immune cell retargeting and to provide insights into various aspects of antibody engineering. Discussed herein are studies that highlight the importance of considering antibody engineering parameters, such as binding epitope, affinity, valency, and geometry to maximize the potency and mitigate the toxicity of T cell engagers. Beyond T cell engaging bispecifics, other bispecifics designed to recruit the innate immune system are also covered. EXPERT OPINION Diverse and innovative molecular designs of bispecific/multispecific antibodies have the potential to enhance the efficacy and safety of immune cell retargeting for the treatment of cancer. Whether or not clinical data support these different hypotheses, especially in solid tumor settings, remains to be seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca P Chen
- Pfizer BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kenta Shinoda
- Pfizer BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Fang Jin
- Pfizer BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Chunxia Zhao
- Pfizer BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Pfizer BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
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10
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Colomar-Carando N, Gauthier L, Merli P, Loiacono F, Canevali P, Falco M, Galaverna F, Rossi B, Bosco F, Caratini M, Mingari MC, Locatelli F, Vivier E, Meazza R, Pende D. Exploiting Natural Killer Cell Engagers to Control Pediatric B-cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:291-302. [PMID: 35078821 PMCID: PMC9662914 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells represent a promising cell type in antitumor immunotherapy for efficacy and safety, particularly in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. NK cells have been shown to exert antileukemia activity in the context of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT). Products have been developed to boost the activation of NK cells only when cross-linked by tumor cells, avoiding any off-target effect. Here, we tested the in vitro effect of different NK-cell engagers (NKCE), which trigger either NKp46 or NKp30 together with CD16A, and target either CD19 or CD20 to induce killing of pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). Target cells were NALM-16 and MHH-CALL-4 cell lines and four primary leukemias, while effector cells were resting NK cells derived from healthy donors and pediatric patients with leukemia after αβT/B-depleted haplo-HSCT. The NK cell-resistant MHH-CALL-4 was efficiently killed using all NKCEs. Boosting of NK activity against MHH-CALL-4 was also evident by degranulation and IFNγ production. Because of the lack of CD20 and high expression of CD19 on primary BCP-ALL, we focused on NKCEs targeting CD19. NKp46- and NKp30-based NKCEs displayed similar potency at inducing NK-cell activity, even when challenged with primary BCP-ALL blasts. Their efficacy was shown also using NK cells derived from transplanted patients. NKCE-induced activation against BCP-ALL can override HLA-specific inhibitory interactions, although the strongest response was observed by the alloreactive NK-cell subset. These data support the therapeutic use of NKp46/CD16A/CD19-NKCE to fight refractory/relapsed leukemia in pretransplantation or posttransplantation settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Colomar-Carando
- Laboratory of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Merli
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Roma, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Loiacono
- Laboratory of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Canevali
- Laboratory of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Michela Falco
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Galaverna
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Maria Cristina Mingari
- Laboratory of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Roma, Italy.,Department of Gynecology/Obstetrics and Pediatrics, Sapienza University, Roma, Italy
| | - Eric Vivier
- Innate Pharma, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France.,APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille-Immunopôle, Marseille, France
| | - Raffaella Meazza
- Laboratory of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela Pende
- Laboratory of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.,Corresponding Author: Daniela Pende, Laboratory of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genova 16132, Italy. Phone: 39-010-555-8220; E-mail:
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11
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Comparison of Anticancer Drug Toxicities: Paradigm Shift in Adverse Effect Profile. Life (Basel) 2021; 12:life12010048. [PMID: 35054441 PMCID: PMC8777973 DOI: 10.3390/life12010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The inception of cancer treatment with chemotherapeutics began in the 1940s with nitrogen mustards that were initially employed as weapons in World War II. Since then, treatment options for different malignancies have evolved over the period of last seventy years. Until the late 1990s, all the chemotherapeutic agents were small molecule chemicals with a highly nonspecific and severe toxicity spectrum. With the landmark approval of rituximab in 1997, a new horizon has opened up for numerous therapeutic antibodies in solid and hematological cancers. Although this transition to large molecules improved the survival and quality of life of cancer patients, this has also coincided with the change in adverse effect patterns. Typically, the anticancer agents are fraught with multifarious adverse effects that negatively impact different organs of cancer patients, which ultimately aggravate their sufferings. In contrast to the small molecules, anticancer antibodies are more targeted toward cancer signaling pathways and exhibit fewer side effects than traditional small molecule chemotherapy treatments. Nevertheless, the interference with the immune system triggers serious inflammation- and infection-related adverse effects. The differences in drug disposition and interaction with human basal pathways contribute to this paradigm shift in adverse effect profile. It is critical that healthcare team members gain a thorough insight of the adverse effect differences between the agents discovered during the last twenty-five years and before. In this review, we summarized the general mechanisms and adverse effects of small and large molecule anticancer drugs that would further our understanding on the toxicity patterns of chemotherapeutic regimens.
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12
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Wu Y, Yi M, Zhu S, Wang H, Wu K. Recent advances and challenges of bispecific antibodies in solid tumors. Exp Hematol Oncol 2021; 10:56. [PMID: 34922633 PMCID: PMC8684149 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-021-00250-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has made remarkable progress in the past decade. Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) have acquired much attention as the next generation strategy of antibody-target cancer immunotherapy, which overwhelmingly focus on T cell recruitment and dual receptors blockade. So far, BsAb drugs have been proved clinically effective and approved for the treatment of hematologic malignancies, but no BsAb have been approved in solid tumors. Numerous designed BsAb drugs for solid tumors are now undergoing evaluation in clinical trials. In this review, we will introduce the formats of bispecific antibodies, and then update the latest preclinical studies and clinical trials in solid tumors of BsAbs targeting EpCAM, CEA, PMSA, ErbB family, and so on. Finally, we discuss the BsAb-related adverse effects and the alternative strategy for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Beijing Anjianxi Medicinal Technology Co., Ltd., No.2 Cuiwei Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100036, China.
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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13
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Yan C, Yang Q, Zhang S, Millar DG, Alpert EJ, Do D, Veloso A, Brunson DC, Drapkin BJ, Stanzione M, Scarfò I, Moore JC, Iyer S, Qin Q, Wei Y, McCarthy KM, Rawls JF, Dyson NJ, Cobbold M, Maus MV, Langenau DM. Single-cell imaging of T cell immunotherapy responses in vivo. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20210314. [PMID: 34415995 PMCID: PMC8383813 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell immunotherapies have revolutionized treatment for a subset of cancers. Yet, a major hurdle has been the lack of facile and predicative preclinical animal models that permit dynamic visualization of T cell immune responses at single-cell resolution in vivo. Here, optically clear immunocompromised zebrafish were engrafted with fluorescent-labeled human cancers along with chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cells, bispecific T cell engagers (BiTEs), and antibody peptide epitope conjugates (APECs), allowing real-time single-cell visualization of T cell-based immunotherapies in vivo. This work uncovered important differences in the kinetics of T cell infiltration, tumor cell engagement, and killing between these immunotherapies and established early endpoint analysis to predict therapy responses. We also established EGFR-targeted immunotherapies as a powerful approach to kill rhabdomyosarcoma muscle cancers, providing strong preclinical rationale for assessing a wider array of T cell immunotherapies in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Yan
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Research Institute, Charlestown, MA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Qiqi Yang
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Research Institute, Charlestown, MA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Songfa Zhang
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - David G. Millar
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Eric J. Alpert
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Research Institute, Charlestown, MA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Daniel Do
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Research Institute, Charlestown, MA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Alexandra Veloso
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Research Institute, Charlestown, MA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Dalton C. Brunson
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Research Institute, Charlestown, MA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Benjamin J. Drapkin
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Marcello Stanzione
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Irene Scarfò
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - John C. Moore
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Research Institute, Charlestown, MA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Sowmya Iyer
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Research Institute, Charlestown, MA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Qian Qin
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Research Institute, Charlestown, MA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Yun Wei
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Research Institute, Charlestown, MA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Karin M. McCarthy
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Research Institute, Charlestown, MA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - John F. Rawls
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Nick J. Dyson
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Mark Cobbold
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
- Early Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Marcela V. Maus
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - David M. Langenau
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Research Institute, Charlestown, MA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
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14
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Huo Y, Sheng Z, Lu DR, Ellwanger DC, Li CM, Homann O, Wang S, Yin H, Ren R. Blinatumomab-induced T cell activation at single cell transcriptome resolution. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:145. [PMID: 33648458 PMCID: PMC7923532 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bi-specific T-cell engager (BiTE) antibody is a class of bispecific antibodies designed for cancer immunotherapy. Blinatumomab is the first approved BiTE to treat acute B cell lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). It brings killer T and target B cells into close proximity, activating patient’s autologous T cells to kill malignant B cells via mechanisms such as cytolytic immune synapse formation and inflammatory cytokine production. However, the activated T-cell subtypes and the target cell-dependent T cell responses induced by blinatumomab, as well as the mechanisms of resistance to blinatumomab therapy are largely unknown. Results In this study, we performed single-cell sequencing analysis to identify transcriptional changes in T cells following blinatumomab-induced T cell activation using single cells from both, a human cell line model and a patient-derived model of blinatumomab-mediated cytotoxicity. In total, the transcriptome of 17,920 single T cells from the cell line model and 2271 single T cells from patient samples were analyzed. We found that CD8+ effector memory T cells, CD4+ central memory T cells, naïve T cells, and regulatory T cells were activated after blinatumomab treatment. Here, blinatumomab-induced transcriptional changes reflected the functional immune activity of the blinatumomab-activated T cells, including the upregulation of pathways such as the immune system, glycolysis, IFNA signaling, gap junctions, and IFNG signaling. Co-stimulatory (TNFRSF4 and TNFRSF18) and co-inhibitory (LAG3) receptors were similarly upregulated in blinatumomab-activated T cells, indicating ligand-dependent T cell functions. Particularly, B-ALL cell expression of TNFSF4, which encodes the ligand of T cell co-stimulatory receptor TNFRSF4, was found positively correlated with the response to blinatumomab treatment. Furthermore, recombinant human TNFSF4 protein enhanced the cytotoxic activity of blinatumomab against B-ALL cells. Conclusion These results reveal a target cell-dependent mechanism of T-cell activation by blinatumomab and suggest that TNFSF4 may be responsible for the resistant mechanism and a potential target for combination therapy with blinatumomab, to treat B-ALL or other B-cell malignancies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07435-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huo
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, RuiJin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Building 11, No. 197, Ruijin No.2 Rd, Shanghai, 200025, P.R. China.,Amgen Asia R&D Center, Amgen Biopharmaceutical R&D (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 13F, Building 2, No. 4560, Jinke Rd, Shanghai, 201210, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Sheng
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, RuiJin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Building 11, No. 197, Ruijin No.2 Rd, Shanghai, 200025, P.R. China.,Amgen Asia R&D Center, Amgen Biopharmaceutical R&D (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 13F, Building 2, No. 4560, Jinke Rd, Shanghai, 201210, P.R. China
| | - Daniel R Lu
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc.,, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniel C Ellwanger
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc.,, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chi-Ming Li
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc.,, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Oliver Homann
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc.,, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Songli Wang
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc.,, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hong Yin
- Amgen Asia R&D Center, Amgen Biopharmaceutical R&D (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 13F, Building 2, No. 4560, Jinke Rd, Shanghai, 201210, P.R. China.
| | - Ruibao Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, RuiJin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Building 11, No. 197, Ruijin No.2 Rd, Shanghai, 200025, P.R. China.
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15
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Kafil V, Saei AA, Tohidkia MR, Barar J, Omidi Y. Immunotargeting and therapy of cancer by advanced multivalence antibody scaffolds. J Drug Target 2020; 28:1018-1033. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1772796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vala Kafil
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Ata Saei
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Reza Tohidkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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16
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The old CEACAMs find their new role in tumor immunotherapy. Invest New Drugs 2020; 38:1888-1898. [PMID: 32488569 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-020-00955-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs) contain 12 family members(CEACAM1、CEACAM3、CEACAM4、CEACAM5、CEACAM6、CEACAM7、CEACAM8、CEACAM16、CEACAM18、CEACAM19、CEACAM20 and CEACAM21)and are expressed diversely in different normal and tumor tissues. CEA (CEACAM5) has been used as a tumor biomarker since 1965. Here we review the latest research and development of the structures, expression, and function of CEACAMs in normal and tumor tissues, and their application in the tumor diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. We focus on recent clinical studies of CEA targeted cancer immunotherapies, including bispecific antibody (BsAb) for radio-immuno-therapy and imaging, bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) and chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T). We summarize the promising clinical relevance and challenges of these approaches and give perspective view for future research. This review has important implications in understanding the diversified biology of CEACAMs in normal and tumor tissues, and their new role in tumor immunotherapy.
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17
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Bispecific Antibodies and Antibody-Drug Conjugates for Cancer Therapy: Technological Considerations. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030360. [PMID: 32111076 PMCID: PMC7175114 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of monoclonal antibodies to specifically bind a target antigen and neutralize or stimulate its activity is the basis for the rapid growth and development of the therapeutic antibody field. In recent years, traditional immunoglobulin antibodies have been further engineered for better efficacy and safety, and technological developments in the field enabled the design and production of engineered antibodies capable of mediating therapeutic functions hitherto unattainable by conventional antibody formats. Representative of this newer generation of therapeutic antibody formats are bispecific antibodies and antibody–drug conjugates, each with several approved drugs and dozens more in the clinical development phase. In this review, the technological principles and challenges of bispecific antibodies and antibody–drug conjugates are discussed, with emphasis on clinically validated formats but also including recent developments in the fields, many of which are expected to significantly augment the current therapeutic arsenal against cancer and other diseases with unmet medical needs.
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18
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Lim SM, Hong MH, Kim HR. Immunotherapy for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Current Landscape and Future Perspectives. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e10. [PMID: 32158598 PMCID: PMC7049584 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown remarkable benefit in the treatment of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and have emerged as an effective treatment option even in the first-line setting. ICIs can block inhibitory pathways that restrain the immune response against cancer, restoring and sustaining antitumor immunity. Currently, there are 4 PD-1/PD-L1 blocking agents available in clinics, and immunotherapy-based regimen alone or in combination with chemotherapy is now preferred option. Combination trials assessing combination of ICIs with chemotherapy, targeted therapy and other immunotherapy are ongoing. Controversies remain regarding the use of ICIs in targetable oncogene-addicted subpopulations, but their initial treatment recommendations remained unchanged, with specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors as the choice. For the majority of patients without targetable driver oncogenes, deciding between therapeutic options can be difficult due to lack of direct cross-comparison studies. There are continuous efforts to find predictive biomarkers to find those who respond better to ICIs. PD-L1 protein expressions by immunohistochemistry and tumor mutational burden have emerged as most well-validated biomarkers in multiple clinical trials. However, there still is a need to improve patient selection, and to establish the most effective concurrent or sequential combination therapies in different NSCLC clinical settings. In this review, we will introduce currently used ICIs in NSCLC and analyze most recent trials, and finally discuss how, when and for whom ICIs can be used to provide promising avenues for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Min Lim
- Division of Hematology-Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Min Hee Hong
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Ryun Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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19
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Deak D, Pop C, Zimta AA, Jurj A, Ghiaur A, Pasca S, Teodorescu P, Dascalescu A, Antohe I, Ionescu B, Constantinescu C, Onaciu A, Munteanu R, Berindan-Neagoe I, Petrushev B, Turcas C, Iluta S, Selicean C, Zdrenghea M, Tanase A, Danaila C, Colita A, Colita A, Dima D, Coriu D, Einsele H, Tomuleasa C. Let's Talk About BiTEs and Other Drugs in the Real-Life Setting for B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Front Immunol 2020; 10:2856. [PMID: 31921126 PMCID: PMC6934055 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are currently initially efficient, but even if a high percentage of patients have an initial complete remission (CR), most of them relapse. Recent data shows that immunotherapy with either bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs) of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells can eliminate residual chemotherapy-resistant B-ALL cells. Objective: The objective of the manuscript is to present improvements in the clinical outcome for chemotherapy-resistant ALL in the real-life setting, by describing Romania's experience with bispecific antibodies for B-cell ALL. Methods: We present the role of novel therapies for relapsed B-cell ALL, including the drugs under investigation in phase I-III clinical trials, as a potential bridge to transplant. Blinatumomab is presented in a critical review, presenting both the advantages of this drug, as well as its limitations. Results: Bispecific antibodies are discussed, describing the clinical trials that resulted in its approval by the FDA and EMA. The real-life setting for relapsed B-cell ALL is described and we present the patients treated with blinatumomab in Romania. Conclusion: In the current manuscript, we present blinatumomab as a therapeutic alternative in the bridge-to-transplant setting for refractory or relapsed ALL, to gain a better understanding of the available therapies and evidence-based data for these patients in 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalma Deak
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina Pop
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina-Andreea Zimta
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ancuta Jurj
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Ghiaur
- Department of Hematology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sergiu Pasca
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Patric Teodorescu
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Angela Dascalescu
- Department of Hematology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.,Department of Hematology, Regional Institute of Oncology, Iasi, Romania
| | - Ion Antohe
- Department of Hematology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.,Department of Hematology, Regional Institute of Oncology, Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan Ionescu
- Department of Hematology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Catalin Constantinescu
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Onaciu
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Raluca Munteanu
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bobe Petrushev
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina Turcas
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sabina Iluta
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina Selicean
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihnea Zdrenghea
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina Tanase
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Catalin Danaila
- Department of Hematology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania.,Department of Hematology, Regional Institute of Oncology, Iasi, Romania
| | - Anca Colita
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Pediatrics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei Colita
- Department of Hematology, Coltea Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Hematology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Delia Dima
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniel Coriu
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Hematology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Hematology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Wurzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Department of Hematology/Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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20
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Strohl WR, Naso M. Bispecific T-Cell Redirection versus Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T Cells as Approaches to Kill Cancer Cells. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:E41. [PMID: 31544847 PMCID: PMC6784091 DOI: 10.3390/antib8030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concepts for T-cell redirecting bispecific antibodies (TRBAs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells are both at least 30 years old but both platforms are just now coming into age. Two TRBAs and two CAR-T cell products have been approved by major regulatory agencies within the last ten years for the treatment of hematological cancers and an additional 53 TRBAs and 246 CAR cell constructs are in clinical trials today. Two major groups of TRBAs include small, short-half-life bispecific antibodies that include bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTE®s) which require continuous dosing and larger, mostly IgG-like bispecific antibodies with extended pharmacokinetics that can be dosed infrequently. Most CAR-T cells today are autologous, although significant strides are being made to develop off-the-shelf, allogeneic CAR-based products. CAR-Ts form a cytolytic synapse with target cells that is very different from the classical immune synapse both physically and mechanistically, whereas the TRBA-induced synapse is similar to the classic immune synapse. Both TRBAs and CAR-T cells are highly efficacious in clinical trials but both also present safety concerns, particularly with cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity. New formats and dosing paradigms for TRBAs and CAR-T cells are being developed in efforts to maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity, as well as to optimize use with both solid and hematologic tumors, both of which present significant challenges such as target heterogeneity and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Strohl
- BiStro Biotech Consulting, LLC, 1086 Tullo Farm Rd., Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA.
| | - Michael Naso
- Century Therapeutics, 3675 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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21
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Lu L, Liu N, Fan K, Zhang G, Li C, Yan Y, Liu T, Fu WH. A tetravalent single chain diabody (CD40/HER2) efficiently inhibits tumor proliferation through recruitment of T cells and anti-HER2 functions. Mol Immunol 2019; 109:149-156. [PMID: 30951934 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Our aim was to construct a CD40×HER2 single chain diabody (ScDb) and determine its tumor-specific immune activation and anti-HER2 function. Overlap extension-polymerase chain reaction was applied in the construction of ScDb, and the protein was expressed with the pET28a (+)-Rosetta prokaryotic expression system. Soluble ScDb was purified by a nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid column. Dendritic cells (DC) was stimulated by ScDb and inhibited 4T1 cells proliferation in vitro. In 4T1 tumor mice model, lymphocyte infiltration was prominently detected in ScDb group, Caspase-3 expression was significantly upregulated. ScDb was labeled using quantum dots. Immunofluorescence assay indicated ScDb exhibited high affinity to HER2. T6-17 cells were inhibited by ScDb in vitro. The phosphorylation and expression levels of AKT, ERK were markedly decreased. In T6-17 tumor mice model. Compared to CD40 ScFv, HER2 ScFv and normal saline groups, tumor volume diminished significantly in ScDb group, and tumor cells showed extensive deformation, and pervasive karyopyknosis and karyorrhexis were found. In the present study, we successfully constructed a ScDb fragment and expressed it using a prokaryotic expression system. The in vivo and in vitro experimental results indicated that ScDb could inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells by stimulating the tumor-specific immunoreaction and blocking the HER2-related signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lu
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ningbo Liu
- Department of Oncology Surgery, The first hospital of Handan, Hebei province China
| | - Kaihu Fan
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Guojing Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Chuan Li
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yongjia Yan
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Wei-Huahua Fu
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China.
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22
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Sun M, Zhang H. Therapeutic antibodies for mantle cell lymphoma: A brand-new era ahead. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01297. [PMID: 31016256 PMCID: PMC6475712 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a heterogeneous aggressive disease and remains incurable with current chemotherapies. The development of monoclonal antibody (mAb) has led to substantial achievement in immunotherapeutic strategies for B-cell lymphomas including MCL. Nonetheless, progress in the clinical use of mAbs is hindered by poor efficacy, off-target toxicities and drug resistance. Thus, novel mAbs engineering and approaches to improve target specificity and enhance affinity and potency are required. In this review, we highlight the latest advances of therapeutic antibodies in MCL, alone or in combination with other strategies and agents, with a particular focus on the current challenges and future prospective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, 650031, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, 650031, China
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23
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Ellerman D. Bispecific T-cell engagers: Towards understanding variables influencing the in vitro potency and tumor selectivity and their modulation to enhance their efficacy and safety. Methods 2018; 154:102-117. [PMID: 30395966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific molecules redirecting the cytotoxicity of T-cells are a growing class of therapeutics with numerous molecules being tested in clinical trials. However, it has been a long way since the proof of concept studies in the mid 1980's. In the process we have learnt about the impact of different variables related to the bispecific molecule and the target antigen on the potency of this type of drugs. This work reviews the insights gained and how that knowledge has been used to design more potent bispecific T-cell engagers. The more recent advancement of antibodies with this modality into safety studies in non-human primates and as well as in clinical studies has revealed potential toxicity liabilities for the mode of action. Modifications in existing antibody formats and new experimental molecules designed to mitigate these problems are discussed.
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Shiraiwa H, Narita A, Kamata-Sakurai M, Ishiguro T, Sano Y, Hironiwa N, Tsushima T, Segawa H, Tsunenari T, Ikeda Y, Kayukawa Y, Noguchi M, Wakabayashi T, Sakamoto A, Konishi H, Kuramochi T, Endo M, Hattori K, Nezu J, Igawa T. Engineering a bispecific antibody with a common light chain: Identification and optimization of an anti-CD3 epsilon and anti-GPC3 bispecific antibody, ERY974. Methods 2018; 154:10-20. [PMID: 30326272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The antibody drug market is rapidly expanding, and various antibody engineering technologies are being developed to create antibodies that can provide better benefit to patients. Although bispecific antibody drugs have been researched for more than 30 years, currently only a limited number of bispecific antibodies have achieved regulatory approval. Of the few successful examples of industrially manufacturing a bispecific antibody, the "common light chain format" is an elegant technology that simplifies the purification of a whole IgG-type bispecific antibody. Using this IgG format, the bispecific function can be introduced while maintaining the natural molecular shape of the antibody. In this article, we will first introduce the outline, prospects, and limitations of the common light chain format. Then, we will describe the identification and optimization process for ERY974, an anti-glypican-3 × anti-CD3ε T cell-redirecting bispecific antibody with a common light chain. This format includes one of Chugai's proprietary technologies, termed ART-Ig technology, which consists of a method to identify a common light chain, isoelectric point (pI) engineering to purify the desired bispecific IgG antibody from byproducts, and Fc heterodimerization by an electrostatic steering effect. Furthermore, we describe some tips for de-risking the antibody when engineering a T cell redirecting antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotake Shiraiwa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Narita
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mika Kamata-Sakurai
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishiguro
- Translational Clinical Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Sano
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoka Hironiwa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Segawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tsunenari
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ikeda
- Chugai Pharma Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Kayukawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mizuho Noguchi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Wakabayashi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akihisa Sakamoto
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroko Konishi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Mika Endo
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Hattori
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Junichi Nezu
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Igawa
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., Biopolis Drive, Singapore
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25
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Abstract
Bispecific antibodies have moved from being an academic curiosity with therapeutic promise to reality, with two molecules being currently commercialized (Hemlibra® and Blincyto®) and many more in clinical trials. The success of bispecific antibodies is mainly due to the continuously growing number of mechanisms of actions (MOA) they enable that are not accessible to monoclonal antibodies. One of the earliest MOA of bispecific antibodies and currently the one with the largest number of clinical trials is the redirecting of the cytotoxic activity of T-cells for oncology applications, now extending its use in infective diseases. The use of bispecific antibodies for crossing the blood-brain barrier is another important application because of its potential to advance the therapeutic options for neurological diseases. Another noteworthy application due to its growing trend is enabling a more tissue-specific delivery or activity of antibodies. The different molecular solutions to the initial hurdles that limited the development of bispecific antibodies have led to the current diverse set of bispecific or multispecific antibody formats that can be grouped into three main categories: IgG-like formats, antibody fragment-based formats, or appended IgG formats. The expanded applications of bispecific antibodies come at the price of additional challenges for clinical development. The rising complexity in their structure may increase the risk of immunogenicity and the multiple antigen specificity complicates the selection of relevant species for safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Husain
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Diego Ellerman
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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26
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Wu X, Demarest SJ. Building blocks for bispecific and trispecific antibodies. Methods 2018; 154:3-9. [PMID: 30172007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), which target two antigens or epitopes, incorporate the specificities and properties of two distinct monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) into a single molecule. As such, BsAbs can elicit synergistic activities and provide the capacity for enhanced therapeutic efficacy and/or safety compared to what can be achieved with conventional monospecific IgGs. There are many building block formats to generate BsAbs and Trispecific antibodies (TsAbs) based on combining the antigen recognition domains of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). This review describes the many and varied antibody-based building blocks used to achieve multivalency and multispecificity. These diverse building blocks provide opportunities to tailor the design of BsAbs and TsAbs to match the desired applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Wu
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10290 Campus Point Dr., San Diego, CA 92121, United States.
| | - Stephen J Demarest
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, 10290 Campus Point Dr., San Diego, CA 92121, United States
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27
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Jiang X, Chen X, Carpenter TJ, Wang J, Zhou R, Davis HM, Heald DL, Wang W. Development of a Target cell-Biologics-Effector cell (TBE) complex-based cell killing model to characterize target cell depletion by T cell redirecting bispecific agents. MAbs 2018; 10:876-889. [PMID: 29985776 PMCID: PMC6152432 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1480299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell redirecting bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) or antibody-derived agents that combine tumor antigen recognition with CD3-mediated T cell recruitment are highly potent tumor-killing molecules. Despite the tremendous progress achieved in the last decade, development of such bsAbs still faces many challenges. This work aimed to develop a mechanism-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling framework that can be used to assist the development of T-cell redirecting bsAbs. A Target cell-Biologics-Effector cell (TBE) complex-based cell killing model was developed using in vitro and in vivo data, which incorporates information on binding affinities of bsAbs to CD3 and target receptors, expression levels of CD3 and target receptors, concentrations of effector and target cells, as well as respective physiological parameters. This TBE model can simultaneously evaluate the effect of multiple system-specific and drug-specific factors on the T-cell redirecting bsAb exposure-response relationship on a physiological basis; it reasonably captured multiple reported in vitro cytotoxicity data, and successfully predicted the effect of some key factors on in vitro cytotoxicity assays and the efficacious dose of blinatumomab in humans. The mechanistic nature of this model uniquely positions it as a knowledge-based platform that can be readily expanded to guide target selection, drug design, candidate selection and clinical dosing regimen projection, and thus support the overall discovery and development of T-cell redirecting bsAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiling Jiang
- Biologics Development Sciences, Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Biologics Development Sciences, Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Thomas J. Carpenter
- Biologics Development Sciences, Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Biologics Development Sciences, Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca Zhou
- Biology Department, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA
| | - Hugh M. Davis
- Biologics Development Sciences, Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Donald L. Heald
- Biologics Development Sciences, Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Weirong Wang
- Biologics Development Sciences, Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
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28
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Goswami S, Apostolou I, Zhang J, Skepner J, Anandhan S, Zhang X, Xiong L, Trojer P, Aparicio A, Subudhi SK, Allison JP, Zhao H, Sharma P. Modulation of EZH2 expression in T cells improves efficacy of anti-CTLA-4 therapy. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3813-3818. [PMID: 29905573 DOI: 10.1172/jci99760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2-mediated (EZH2-mediated) epigenetic regulation of T cell differentiation and Treg function has been described previously; however, the role of EZH2 in T cell-mediated antitumor immunity, especially in the context of immune checkpoint therapy, is not understood. Here, we showed that genetic depletion of EZH2 in Tregs (FoxP3creEZH2fl/fl mice) leads to robust antitumor immunity. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of EZH2 in human T cells using CPI-1205 elicited phenotypic and functional alterations of the Tregs and enhanced cytotoxic activity of Teffs. We observed that ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4) increased EZH2 expression in peripheral T cells from treated patients. We hypothesized that inhibition of EZH2 expression in T cells would increase the effectiveness of anti-CTLA-4 therapy, which we tested in murine models. Collectively, our data demonstrated that modulating EZH2 expression in T cells can improve antitumor responses elicited by anti-CTLA-4 therapy, which provides a strong rationale for a combination trial of CPI-1205 plus ipilimumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Goswami
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Irina Apostolou
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jan Zhang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jill Skepner
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Swetha Anandhan
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Immunotherapy Platform, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Liangwen Xiong
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Patrick Trojer
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ana Aparicio
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sumit K Subudhi
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James P Allison
- Immunotherapy Platform, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hao Zhao
- Immunotherapy Platform, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Padmanee Sharma
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Immunotherapy Platform, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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29
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Verdino P, Atwell S, Demarest SJ. Emerging trends in bispecific antibody and scaffold protein therapeutics. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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30
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Abstract
Harnessing the power of the human immune system to treat cancer is the essence of immunotherapy. Monoclonal antibodies engage the innate immune system to destroy targeted cells. For the last 30years, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity have been the main mechanisms of anti-tumor action of unconjugated antibody drugs. Efforts to exploit the potentials of other immune cells, in particular T cells, culminated in the recent approval of two T cell engaging bispecific antibody (T-BsAb) drugs, thereby stimulating new efforts to accelerate similar platforms through preclinical and clinical trials. In this review, we have compiled the worldwide effort in exploring T cell engaging bispecific antibodies. Our special emphasis is on the lessons learned, with the hope to derive insights in this fast evolving field with tremendous clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - N V Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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31
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Development and characterization of a novel luciferase based cytotoxicity assay. Sci Rep 2018; 8:199. [PMID: 29317736 PMCID: PMC5760659 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18606-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, accurate, sensitive and robust assay that can rapidly and specifically measure the death of target cells would have applications in many areas of biomedicine and particularly for the development of novel cellular- and immune-therapeutics. In this study, we describe a novel cytotoxicity assay, termed the Matador assay, which takes advantage of the extreme brightness, stability and glow-like characteristics of recently discovered novel marine luciferases and their engineered derivatives. The assay involves expression of a luciferase of interest in target cells in a manner so that it is preferentially retained within the healthy cells but is either released from dead and dying cells or whose activity can be preferentially measured in dead and dying cells. We demonstrate that this assay is highly sensitive, specific, rapid, and can be performed in a single-step manner without the need for any expensive equipment. We further validate this assay by demonstrating its ability to detect cytotoxicity induced by several cellular and immune-therapeutic agents including antibodies, natural killer cells, chimeric antigen receptor expressing T cells and a bispecific T cell engager.
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32
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Scott EM, Duffy MR, Freedman JD, Fisher KD, Seymour LW. Solid Tumor Immunotherapy with T Cell Engager-Armed Oncolytic Viruses. Macromol Biosci 2018; 18. [PMID: 28902983 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are novel anticancer agents that combine direct cancer cell killing with the stimulation of antitumor immunity. In addition, OVs can be engineered to deliver biological therapeutics directly to tumors, offering unique opportunities to design multimodal anticancer strategies. Here, a case for arming OVs with bispecific T cell engagers (BiTEs) is put forward. BiTEs redirect the cytotoxicity of polyclonal T cells to target cells of choice, and have demonstrated efficacy against a number of hematological cancers. However, the success of BiTEs in the treatment of solid tumors appears more limited, at least in part due to: (i) poor delivery kinetics and penetration into tumors, and (ii) on-target off-tumor activity, leading to dose-limiting toxicities. Linking the production of BiTEs to OV replication provides an exciting means to restrict production to the tumor site, widen their therapeutic window, and synergize with direct oncolysis. This review summarizes progress thus far in the preclinical development of BiTE-armed OVs, and explores the possibility of cotargeting cancer cells and nontransformed stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M Scott
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Margaret R Duffy
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Kerry D Fisher
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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33
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Hopkins B, Tucker M, Pan Y, Fang N, Huang Z(J. A Model-Based Investigation of Cytokine Storm for T-Cell Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Harwood SL, Alvarez-Cienfuegos A, Nuñez-Prado N, Compte M, Hernández-Pérez S, Merino N, Bonet J, Navarro R, Van Bergen En Henegouwen PMP, Lykkemark S, Mikkelsen K, Mølgaard K, Jabs F, Sanz L, Blanco FJ, Roda-Navarro P, Alvarez-Vallina L. ATTACK, a novel bispecific T cell-recruiting antibody with trivalent EGFR binding and monovalent CD3 binding for cancer immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1377874. [PMID: 29296540 PMCID: PMC5739562 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1377874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The redirection of T cell activity using bispecific antibodies is one of the most promising cancer immunotherapy approaches currently in development, but it is limited by cytokine storm-related toxicities, as well as the pharmacokinetics and tumor-penetrating capabilities of current bispecific antibody formats. Here, we have engineered the ATTACK (Asymmetric Tandem Trimerbody for T cell Activation and Cancer Killing), a novel T cell-recruiting bispecific antibody which combines three EGFR-binding single-domain antibodies (VHH; clone EgA1) with a single CD3-binding single-chain variable fragment (scFv; clone OKT3) in an intermediate molecular weight package. The two specificities are oriented in opposite directions in order to simultaneously engage cancer cells and T cell effectors, and thereby promote immunological synapse formation. EgA1 ATTACK was expressed as a homogenous, non-aggregating, soluble protein by mammalian cells and demonstrated an enhanced binding to EGFR, but not CD3, when compared to the previously characterized tandem bispecific antibody which has one EgA1 VHH and one OKT3 scFv per molecule. EgA1 ATTACK induced synapse formation and early signaling pathways downstream of TCR engagement at lower concentrations than the tandem VHH-scFv bispecific antibody. Furthermore, it demonstrated extremely potent, dose-dependent cytotoxicity when retargeting human T cells towards EGFR-expressing cells, with an efficacy over 15-fold higher than that of the tandem VHH-scFv bispecific antibody. These results suggest that the ATTACK is an ideal format for the development of the next-generation of T cell-redirecting bispecific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seandean Lykke Harwood
- Immunotherapy and Cell Engineering Laboratory, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Natalia Nuñez-Prado
- Immunotherapy and Cell Engineering Laboratory, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marta Compte
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Leadartis SL, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Hernández-Pérez
- Department of Microbiology I (Immunology), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nekane Merino
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | - Jaume Bonet
- Laboratory of Protein Design and Immunoengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rocio Navarro
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Simon Lykkemark
- Immunotherapy and Cell Engineering Laboratory, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kasper Mikkelsen
- Immunotherapy and Cell Engineering Laboratory, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kasper Mølgaard
- Immunotherapy and Cell Engineering Laboratory, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Frederic Jabs
- Immunotherapy and Cell Engineering Laboratory, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Laura Sanz
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Blanco
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Bizkaia, Derio, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bizkaia, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Pedro Roda-Navarro
- Department of Microbiology I (Immunology), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Alvarez-Vallina
- Immunotherapy and Cell Engineering Laboratory, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Potent and conditional redirected T cell killing of tumor cells using Half DVD-Ig. Protein Cell 2017; 9:121-129. [PMID: 28585177 PMCID: PMC5777973 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel biologics that redirect cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to kill tumor cells bearing a tumor associated antigen hold great promise in the clinic. However, the ability to safely and potently target CD3 on CTL toward tumor associated antigens (TAA) expressed on tumor cells remains a challenge of both technology and biology. Herein we describe the use of a Half DVD-Ig format that can redirect CTL to kill tumor cells. Notably, Half DVD-Ig molecules that are monovalent for each specificity demonstrated reduced non-specific CTL activation and conditional CTL activation upon binding to TAA compared to intact tetravalent DVD-Ig molecules that are bivalent for each specificity, while maintaining good drug like properties and appropriate PK properties.
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Fajardo CA, Guedan S, Rojas LA, Moreno R, Arias-Badia M, de Sostoa J, June CH, Alemany R. Oncolytic Adenoviral Delivery of an EGFR-Targeting T-cell Engager Improves Antitumor Efficacy. Cancer Res 2017; 77:2052-2063. [PMID: 28143835 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral immune responses present a major hurdle to the efficacious use of oncolytic adenoviruses as cancer treatments. Despite the existence of a highly immunosuppressive tumor environment, adenovirus-infected cells can nonetheless be efficiently cleared by infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) without compromising tumor burden. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that tumor-infiltrating T cells could be more effectively activated and redirected by oncolytic adenoviruses that were armed with bispecific T-cell-engager (BiTE) antibodies. The oncolytic adenovirus ICOVIR-15K was engineered to express an EGFR-targeting BiTE (cBiTE) antibody under the control of the major late promoter, leading to generation of ICOVIR-15K-cBiTE, which retained its oncolytic properties in vitro cBiTE expression and secretion was detected in supernatants from ICOVIR-15K-cBiTE-infected cells, and the secreted BiTEs bound specifically to both CD3+ and EGFR+ cells. In cell coculture assays, ICOVIR-15K-cBiTE-mediated oncolysis resulted in robust T-cell activation, proliferation, and bystander cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Notably, intratumoral injection of this cBiTE-expressing adenovirus increased the persistence and accumulation of tumor-infiltrating T cells in vivo, compared with the parental virus lacking such effects. Moreover, in two distinct tumor xenograft models, combined delivery of ICOVIR-15K-cBiTE with peripheral blood mononuclear cells or T cells enhanced the antitumor efficacy achieved by the parental counterpart. Overall, our results show how arming oncolytic adenoviruses with BiTE can overcome key limitations in oncolytic virotherapy. Cancer Res; 77(8); 2052-63. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Guedan
- Abramson Cancer Center and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Luis Alfonso Rojas
- ProCure Program, IDIBELL-Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Rafael Moreno
- ProCure Program, IDIBELL-Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Marcel Arias-Badia
- ProCure Program, IDIBELL-Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Jana de Sostoa
- ProCure Program, IDIBELL-Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Carl H June
- Abramson Cancer Center and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ramon Alemany
- ProCure Program, IDIBELL-Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
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Liu H, Saxena A, Sidhu SS, Wu D. Fc Engineering for Developing Therapeutic Bispecific Antibodies and Novel Scaffolds. Front Immunol 2017; 8:38. [PMID: 28184223 PMCID: PMC5266686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies have become molecules of choice to treat autoimmune disorders, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Moreover, bispecific/multispecific antibodies that target more than one antigen or epitope on a target cell or recruit effector cells (T cell, natural killer cell, or macrophage cell) toward target cells have shown great potential to maximize the benefits of antibody therapy. In the past decade, many novel concepts to generate bispecific and multispecific antibodies have evolved successfully into a range of formats from full bispecific immunoglobulin gammas to antibody fragments. Impressively, antibody fragments such as bispecific T-cell engager, bispecific killer cell engager, trispecific killer cell engager, tandem diabody, and dual-affinity-retargeting are showing exciting results in terms of recruiting and activating self-immune effector cells to target and lyse tumor cells. Promisingly, crystallizable fragment (Fc) antigen-binding fragment and monomeric antibody or half antibody may be particularly advantageous to target solid tumors owing to their small size and thus good tissue penetration potential while, on the other hand, keeping Fc-related effector functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis, and extended serum half-life via interaction with neonatal Fc receptor. This review, therefore, focuses on the progress of Fc engineering in generating bispecific molecules and on the use of small antibody fragment as scaffolds for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liu
- Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai , China
| | - Abhishek Saxena
- Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai , China
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China; Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Donghui Wu
- Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai , China
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Goebeler ME, Knop S, Viardot A, Kufer P, Topp MS, Einsele H, Noppeney R, Hess G, Kallert S, Mackensen A, Rupertus K, Kanz L, Libicher M, Nagorsen D, Zugmaier G, Klinger M, Wolf A, Dorsch B, Quednau BD, Schmidt M, Scheele J, Baeuerle PA, Leo E, Bargou RC. Bispecific T-Cell Engager (BiTE) Antibody Construct Blinatumomab for the Treatment of Patients With Relapsed/Refractory Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Final Results From a Phase I Study. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34:1104-11. [PMID: 26884582 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.59.1586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Blinatumomab is a CD19/CD3 BiTE (bispecific T-cell engager) antibody construct for the treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute B-lymphoblastic leukemia. We evaluated blinatumomab in relapsed/refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). PATIENTS AND METHODS This 3 + 3 design, phase I dose-escalation study determined adverse events and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of continuous intravenous infusion blinatumomab in patients with relapsed/refractory NHL. Blinatumomab was administered over 4 or 8 weeks at seven different dose levels (0.5 to 90 μg/m(2)/day). End points were incidence of adverse events, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and overall response rate. RESULTS Between 2004 and 2011, 76 heavily pretreated patients with relapsed/refractory NHL, who included 14 with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, were enrolled; 42 received treatment in the formal dose-escalation phase. Neurologic events were dose limiting, and 60 μg/m(2)/day was established as the MTD. Thirty-four additional patients were recruited to evaluate antilymphoma activity and strategies for mitigating neurologic events at a prespecified MTD. Stepwise dosing (5 to 60 μg/m(2)/day) plus pentosan polysulfate SP54 (n = 3) resulted in no treatment discontinuations; single-step (n = 5) and double-step (n = 24) dosing entailed two and seven treatment discontinuations due to neurologic events, respectively. Grade 3 neurologic events occurred in 22% of patients (no grade 4/5). Among patients treated at 60 μg/m(2)/day (target dose; n = 35), the overall response rate was 69% across NHL subtypes and 55% for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (n = 11); median response duration was 404 days (95% CI, 207 to 1,129 days). CONCLUSION In this phase I study of relapsed/refractory NHL, continuous infusion with CD19-targeted immunotherapy blinatumomab at various doses and schedules was feasible, with an MTD of 60 μg/m(2)/day. Single-agent blinatumomab showed antilymphoma activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler, Stefan Knop, Max S. Topp, Hermann Einsele, and Ralf C. Bargou, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Andreas Viardot, University Ulm; Peter Kufer, Gerhard Zugmaier, Matthias Klinger, Andreas Wolf, Margit Schmidt, and Patrick A. Baeuerle, Amgen Research (Munich); Brigitte Dorsch, Metronomia Clinical Research, Munich; Richard Noppeney, University of Essen Medical Center, Essen; Georg Hess, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Stefan Kallert and Andreas Mackensen, University of Erlangen Medical Center, Erlangen; Kathrin Rupertus and Lothar Kanz, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Tübingen; Martin Libicher, Diakoniekrankenhaus Schwäbisch-Hall, Schwäbisch-Hall; Jürgen Scheele, University of Freiburg Medical Center; Eugen Leo, LEOConsulting, Freiburg, Germany; and Dirk Nagorsen and Beate D. Quednau, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA.
| | - Stefan Knop
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler, Stefan Knop, Max S. Topp, Hermann Einsele, and Ralf C. Bargou, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Andreas Viardot, University Ulm; Peter Kufer, Gerhard Zugmaier, Matthias Klinger, Andreas Wolf, Margit Schmidt, and Patrick A. Baeuerle, Amgen Research (Munich); Brigitte Dorsch, Metronomia Clinical Research, Munich; Richard Noppeney, University of Essen Medical Center, Essen; Georg Hess, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Stefan Kallert and Andreas Mackensen, University of Erlangen Medical Center, Erlangen; Kathrin Rupertus and Lothar Kanz, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Tübingen; Martin Libicher, Diakoniekrankenhaus Schwäbisch-Hall, Schwäbisch-Hall; Jürgen Scheele, University of Freiburg Medical Center; Eugen Leo, LEOConsulting, Freiburg, Germany; and Dirk Nagorsen and Beate D. Quednau, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA
| | - Andreas Viardot
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler, Stefan Knop, Max S. Topp, Hermann Einsele, and Ralf C. Bargou, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Andreas Viardot, University Ulm; Peter Kufer, Gerhard Zugmaier, Matthias Klinger, Andreas Wolf, Margit Schmidt, and Patrick A. Baeuerle, Amgen Research (Munich); Brigitte Dorsch, Metronomia Clinical Research, Munich; Richard Noppeney, University of Essen Medical Center, Essen; Georg Hess, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Stefan Kallert and Andreas Mackensen, University of Erlangen Medical Center, Erlangen; Kathrin Rupertus and Lothar Kanz, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Tübingen; Martin Libicher, Diakoniekrankenhaus Schwäbisch-Hall, Schwäbisch-Hall; Jürgen Scheele, University of Freiburg Medical Center; Eugen Leo, LEOConsulting, Freiburg, Germany; and Dirk Nagorsen and Beate D. Quednau, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA
| | - Peter Kufer
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler, Stefan Knop, Max S. Topp, Hermann Einsele, and Ralf C. Bargou, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Andreas Viardot, University Ulm; Peter Kufer, Gerhard Zugmaier, Matthias Klinger, Andreas Wolf, Margit Schmidt, and Patrick A. Baeuerle, Amgen Research (Munich); Brigitte Dorsch, Metronomia Clinical Research, Munich; Richard Noppeney, University of Essen Medical Center, Essen; Georg Hess, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Stefan Kallert and Andreas Mackensen, University of Erlangen Medical Center, Erlangen; Kathrin Rupertus and Lothar Kanz, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Tübingen; Martin Libicher, Diakoniekrankenhaus Schwäbisch-Hall, Schwäbisch-Hall; Jürgen Scheele, University of Freiburg Medical Center; Eugen Leo, LEOConsulting, Freiburg, Germany; and Dirk Nagorsen and Beate D. Quednau, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA
| | - Max S Topp
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler, Stefan Knop, Max S. Topp, Hermann Einsele, and Ralf C. Bargou, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Andreas Viardot, University Ulm; Peter Kufer, Gerhard Zugmaier, Matthias Klinger, Andreas Wolf, Margit Schmidt, and Patrick A. Baeuerle, Amgen Research (Munich); Brigitte Dorsch, Metronomia Clinical Research, Munich; Richard Noppeney, University of Essen Medical Center, Essen; Georg Hess, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Stefan Kallert and Andreas Mackensen, University of Erlangen Medical Center, Erlangen; Kathrin Rupertus and Lothar Kanz, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Tübingen; Martin Libicher, Diakoniekrankenhaus Schwäbisch-Hall, Schwäbisch-Hall; Jürgen Scheele, University of Freiburg Medical Center; Eugen Leo, LEOConsulting, Freiburg, Germany; and Dirk Nagorsen and Beate D. Quednau, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler, Stefan Knop, Max S. Topp, Hermann Einsele, and Ralf C. Bargou, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Andreas Viardot, University Ulm; Peter Kufer, Gerhard Zugmaier, Matthias Klinger, Andreas Wolf, Margit Schmidt, and Patrick A. Baeuerle, Amgen Research (Munich); Brigitte Dorsch, Metronomia Clinical Research, Munich; Richard Noppeney, University of Essen Medical Center, Essen; Georg Hess, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Stefan Kallert and Andreas Mackensen, University of Erlangen Medical Center, Erlangen; Kathrin Rupertus and Lothar Kanz, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Tübingen; Martin Libicher, Diakoniekrankenhaus Schwäbisch-Hall, Schwäbisch-Hall; Jürgen Scheele, University of Freiburg Medical Center; Eugen Leo, LEOConsulting, Freiburg, Germany; and Dirk Nagorsen and Beate D. Quednau, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA
| | - Richard Noppeney
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler, Stefan Knop, Max S. Topp, Hermann Einsele, and Ralf C. Bargou, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Andreas Viardot, University Ulm; Peter Kufer, Gerhard Zugmaier, Matthias Klinger, Andreas Wolf, Margit Schmidt, and Patrick A. Baeuerle, Amgen Research (Munich); Brigitte Dorsch, Metronomia Clinical Research, Munich; Richard Noppeney, University of Essen Medical Center, Essen; Georg Hess, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Stefan Kallert and Andreas Mackensen, University of Erlangen Medical Center, Erlangen; Kathrin Rupertus and Lothar Kanz, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Tübingen; Martin Libicher, Diakoniekrankenhaus Schwäbisch-Hall, Schwäbisch-Hall; Jürgen Scheele, University of Freiburg Medical Center; Eugen Leo, LEOConsulting, Freiburg, Germany; and Dirk Nagorsen and Beate D. Quednau, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA
| | - Georg Hess
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler, Stefan Knop, Max S. Topp, Hermann Einsele, and Ralf C. Bargou, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Andreas Viardot, University Ulm; Peter Kufer, Gerhard Zugmaier, Matthias Klinger, Andreas Wolf, Margit Schmidt, and Patrick A. Baeuerle, Amgen Research (Munich); Brigitte Dorsch, Metronomia Clinical Research, Munich; Richard Noppeney, University of Essen Medical Center, Essen; Georg Hess, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Stefan Kallert and Andreas Mackensen, University of Erlangen Medical Center, Erlangen; Kathrin Rupertus and Lothar Kanz, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Tübingen; Martin Libicher, Diakoniekrankenhaus Schwäbisch-Hall, Schwäbisch-Hall; Jürgen Scheele, University of Freiburg Medical Center; Eugen Leo, LEOConsulting, Freiburg, Germany; and Dirk Nagorsen and Beate D. Quednau, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA
| | - Stefan Kallert
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler, Stefan Knop, Max S. Topp, Hermann Einsele, and Ralf C. Bargou, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Andreas Viardot, University Ulm; Peter Kufer, Gerhard Zugmaier, Matthias Klinger, Andreas Wolf, Margit Schmidt, and Patrick A. Baeuerle, Amgen Research (Munich); Brigitte Dorsch, Metronomia Clinical Research, Munich; Richard Noppeney, University of Essen Medical Center, Essen; Georg Hess, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Stefan Kallert and Andreas Mackensen, University of Erlangen Medical Center, Erlangen; Kathrin Rupertus and Lothar Kanz, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Tübingen; Martin Libicher, Diakoniekrankenhaus Schwäbisch-Hall, Schwäbisch-Hall; Jürgen Scheele, University of Freiburg Medical Center; Eugen Leo, LEOConsulting, Freiburg, Germany; and Dirk Nagorsen and Beate D. Quednau, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA
| | - Andreas Mackensen
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler, Stefan Knop, Max S. Topp, Hermann Einsele, and Ralf C. Bargou, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Andreas Viardot, University Ulm; Peter Kufer, Gerhard Zugmaier, Matthias Klinger, Andreas Wolf, Margit Schmidt, and Patrick A. Baeuerle, Amgen Research (Munich); Brigitte Dorsch, Metronomia Clinical Research, Munich; Richard Noppeney, University of Essen Medical Center, Essen; Georg Hess, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Stefan Kallert and Andreas Mackensen, University of Erlangen Medical Center, Erlangen; Kathrin Rupertus and Lothar Kanz, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Tübingen; Martin Libicher, Diakoniekrankenhaus Schwäbisch-Hall, Schwäbisch-Hall; Jürgen Scheele, University of Freiburg Medical Center; Eugen Leo, LEOConsulting, Freiburg, Germany; and Dirk Nagorsen and Beate D. Quednau, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA
| | - Kathrin Rupertus
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler, Stefan Knop, Max S. Topp, Hermann Einsele, and Ralf C. Bargou, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Andreas Viardot, University Ulm; Peter Kufer, Gerhard Zugmaier, Matthias Klinger, Andreas Wolf, Margit Schmidt, and Patrick A. Baeuerle, Amgen Research (Munich); Brigitte Dorsch, Metronomia Clinical Research, Munich; Richard Noppeney, University of Essen Medical Center, Essen; Georg Hess, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Stefan Kallert and Andreas Mackensen, University of Erlangen Medical Center, Erlangen; Kathrin Rupertus and Lothar Kanz, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Tübingen; Martin Libicher, Diakoniekrankenhaus Schwäbisch-Hall, Schwäbisch-Hall; Jürgen Scheele, University of Freiburg Medical Center; Eugen Leo, LEOConsulting, Freiburg, Germany; and Dirk Nagorsen and Beate D. Quednau, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA
| | - Lothar Kanz
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler, Stefan Knop, Max S. Topp, Hermann Einsele, and Ralf C. Bargou, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Andreas Viardot, University Ulm; Peter Kufer, Gerhard Zugmaier, Matthias Klinger, Andreas Wolf, Margit Schmidt, and Patrick A. Baeuerle, Amgen Research (Munich); Brigitte Dorsch, Metronomia Clinical Research, Munich; Richard Noppeney, University of Essen Medical Center, Essen; Georg Hess, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Stefan Kallert and Andreas Mackensen, University of Erlangen Medical Center, Erlangen; Kathrin Rupertus and Lothar Kanz, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Tübingen; Martin Libicher, Diakoniekrankenhaus Schwäbisch-Hall, Schwäbisch-Hall; Jürgen Scheele, University of Freiburg Medical Center; Eugen Leo, LEOConsulting, Freiburg, Germany; and Dirk Nagorsen and Beate D. Quednau, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA
| | - Martin Libicher
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler, Stefan Knop, Max S. Topp, Hermann Einsele, and Ralf C. Bargou, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Andreas Viardot, University Ulm; Peter Kufer, Gerhard Zugmaier, Matthias Klinger, Andreas Wolf, Margit Schmidt, and Patrick A. Baeuerle, Amgen Research (Munich); Brigitte Dorsch, Metronomia Clinical Research, Munich; Richard Noppeney, University of Essen Medical Center, Essen; Georg Hess, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Stefan Kallert and Andreas Mackensen, University of Erlangen Medical Center, Erlangen; Kathrin Rupertus and Lothar Kanz, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Tübingen; Martin Libicher, Diakoniekrankenhaus Schwäbisch-Hall, Schwäbisch-Hall; Jürgen Scheele, University of Freiburg Medical Center; Eugen Leo, LEOConsulting, Freiburg, Germany; and Dirk Nagorsen and Beate D. Quednau, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA
| | - Dirk Nagorsen
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler, Stefan Knop, Max S. Topp, Hermann Einsele, and Ralf C. Bargou, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Andreas Viardot, University Ulm; Peter Kufer, Gerhard Zugmaier, Matthias Klinger, Andreas Wolf, Margit Schmidt, and Patrick A. Baeuerle, Amgen Research (Munich); Brigitte Dorsch, Metronomia Clinical Research, Munich; Richard Noppeney, University of Essen Medical Center, Essen; Georg Hess, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Stefan Kallert and Andreas Mackensen, University of Erlangen Medical Center, Erlangen; Kathrin Rupertus and Lothar Kanz, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Tübingen; Martin Libicher, Diakoniekrankenhaus Schwäbisch-Hall, Schwäbisch-Hall; Jürgen Scheele, University of Freiburg Medical Center; Eugen Leo, LEOConsulting, Freiburg, Germany; and Dirk Nagorsen and Beate D. Quednau, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA
| | - Gerhard Zugmaier
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler, Stefan Knop, Max S. Topp, Hermann Einsele, and Ralf C. Bargou, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Andreas Viardot, University Ulm; Peter Kufer, Gerhard Zugmaier, Matthias Klinger, Andreas Wolf, Margit Schmidt, and Patrick A. Baeuerle, Amgen Research (Munich); Brigitte Dorsch, Metronomia Clinical Research, Munich; Richard Noppeney, University of Essen Medical Center, Essen; Georg Hess, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Stefan Kallert and Andreas Mackensen, University of Erlangen Medical Center, Erlangen; Kathrin Rupertus and Lothar Kanz, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Tübingen; Martin Libicher, Diakoniekrankenhaus Schwäbisch-Hall, Schwäbisch-Hall; Jürgen Scheele, University of Freiburg Medical Center; Eugen Leo, LEOConsulting, Freiburg, Germany; and Dirk Nagorsen and Beate D. Quednau, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA
| | - Matthias Klinger
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler, Stefan Knop, Max S. Topp, Hermann Einsele, and Ralf C. Bargou, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Andreas Viardot, University Ulm; Peter Kufer, Gerhard Zugmaier, Matthias Klinger, Andreas Wolf, Margit Schmidt, and Patrick A. Baeuerle, Amgen Research (Munich); Brigitte Dorsch, Metronomia Clinical Research, Munich; Richard Noppeney, University of Essen Medical Center, Essen; Georg Hess, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Stefan Kallert and Andreas Mackensen, University of Erlangen Medical Center, Erlangen; Kathrin Rupertus and Lothar Kanz, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Tübingen; Martin Libicher, Diakoniekrankenhaus Schwäbisch-Hall, Schwäbisch-Hall; Jürgen Scheele, University of Freiburg Medical Center; Eugen Leo, LEOConsulting, Freiburg, Germany; and Dirk Nagorsen and Beate D. Quednau, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA
| | - Andreas Wolf
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler, Stefan Knop, Max S. Topp, Hermann Einsele, and Ralf C. Bargou, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Andreas Viardot, University Ulm; Peter Kufer, Gerhard Zugmaier, Matthias Klinger, Andreas Wolf, Margit Schmidt, and Patrick A. Baeuerle, Amgen Research (Munich); Brigitte Dorsch, Metronomia Clinical Research, Munich; Richard Noppeney, University of Essen Medical Center, Essen; Georg Hess, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Stefan Kallert and Andreas Mackensen, University of Erlangen Medical Center, Erlangen; Kathrin Rupertus and Lothar Kanz, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Tübingen; Martin Libicher, Diakoniekrankenhaus Schwäbisch-Hall, Schwäbisch-Hall; Jürgen Scheele, University of Freiburg Medical Center; Eugen Leo, LEOConsulting, Freiburg, Germany; and Dirk Nagorsen and Beate D. Quednau, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA
| | - Brigitte Dorsch
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler, Stefan Knop, Max S. Topp, Hermann Einsele, and Ralf C. Bargou, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Andreas Viardot, University Ulm; Peter Kufer, Gerhard Zugmaier, Matthias Klinger, Andreas Wolf, Margit Schmidt, and Patrick A. Baeuerle, Amgen Research (Munich); Brigitte Dorsch, Metronomia Clinical Research, Munich; Richard Noppeney, University of Essen Medical Center, Essen; Georg Hess, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Stefan Kallert and Andreas Mackensen, University of Erlangen Medical Center, Erlangen; Kathrin Rupertus and Lothar Kanz, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Tübingen; Martin Libicher, Diakoniekrankenhaus Schwäbisch-Hall, Schwäbisch-Hall; Jürgen Scheele, University of Freiburg Medical Center; Eugen Leo, LEOConsulting, Freiburg, Germany; and Dirk Nagorsen and Beate D. Quednau, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA
| | - Beate D Quednau
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler, Stefan Knop, Max S. Topp, Hermann Einsele, and Ralf C. Bargou, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Andreas Viardot, University Ulm; Peter Kufer, Gerhard Zugmaier, Matthias Klinger, Andreas Wolf, Margit Schmidt, and Patrick A. Baeuerle, Amgen Research (Munich); Brigitte Dorsch, Metronomia Clinical Research, Munich; Richard Noppeney, University of Essen Medical Center, Essen; Georg Hess, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Stefan Kallert and Andreas Mackensen, University of Erlangen Medical Center, Erlangen; Kathrin Rupertus and Lothar Kanz, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Tübingen; Martin Libicher, Diakoniekrankenhaus Schwäbisch-Hall, Schwäbisch-Hall; Jürgen Scheele, University of Freiburg Medical Center; Eugen Leo, LEOConsulting, Freiburg, Germany; and Dirk Nagorsen and Beate D. Quednau, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA
| | - Margit Schmidt
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler, Stefan Knop, Max S. Topp, Hermann Einsele, and Ralf C. Bargou, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Andreas Viardot, University Ulm; Peter Kufer, Gerhard Zugmaier, Matthias Klinger, Andreas Wolf, Margit Schmidt, and Patrick A. Baeuerle, Amgen Research (Munich); Brigitte Dorsch, Metronomia Clinical Research, Munich; Richard Noppeney, University of Essen Medical Center, Essen; Georg Hess, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Stefan Kallert and Andreas Mackensen, University of Erlangen Medical Center, Erlangen; Kathrin Rupertus and Lothar Kanz, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Tübingen; Martin Libicher, Diakoniekrankenhaus Schwäbisch-Hall, Schwäbisch-Hall; Jürgen Scheele, University of Freiburg Medical Center; Eugen Leo, LEOConsulting, Freiburg, Germany; and Dirk Nagorsen and Beate D. Quednau, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA
| | - Jürgen Scheele
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler, Stefan Knop, Max S. Topp, Hermann Einsele, and Ralf C. Bargou, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Andreas Viardot, University Ulm; Peter Kufer, Gerhard Zugmaier, Matthias Klinger, Andreas Wolf, Margit Schmidt, and Patrick A. Baeuerle, Amgen Research (Munich); Brigitte Dorsch, Metronomia Clinical Research, Munich; Richard Noppeney, University of Essen Medical Center, Essen; Georg Hess, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Stefan Kallert and Andreas Mackensen, University of Erlangen Medical Center, Erlangen; Kathrin Rupertus and Lothar Kanz, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Tübingen; Martin Libicher, Diakoniekrankenhaus Schwäbisch-Hall, Schwäbisch-Hall; Jürgen Scheele, University of Freiburg Medical Center; Eugen Leo, LEOConsulting, Freiburg, Germany; and Dirk Nagorsen and Beate D. Quednau, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA
| | - Patrick A Baeuerle
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler, Stefan Knop, Max S. Topp, Hermann Einsele, and Ralf C. Bargou, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Andreas Viardot, University Ulm; Peter Kufer, Gerhard Zugmaier, Matthias Klinger, Andreas Wolf, Margit Schmidt, and Patrick A. Baeuerle, Amgen Research (Munich); Brigitte Dorsch, Metronomia Clinical Research, Munich; Richard Noppeney, University of Essen Medical Center, Essen; Georg Hess, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Stefan Kallert and Andreas Mackensen, University of Erlangen Medical Center, Erlangen; Kathrin Rupertus and Lothar Kanz, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Tübingen; Martin Libicher, Diakoniekrankenhaus Schwäbisch-Hall, Schwäbisch-Hall; Jürgen Scheele, University of Freiburg Medical Center; Eugen Leo, LEOConsulting, Freiburg, Germany; and Dirk Nagorsen and Beate D. Quednau, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA
| | - Eugen Leo
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler, Stefan Knop, Max S. Topp, Hermann Einsele, and Ralf C. Bargou, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Andreas Viardot, University Ulm; Peter Kufer, Gerhard Zugmaier, Matthias Klinger, Andreas Wolf, Margit Schmidt, and Patrick A. Baeuerle, Amgen Research (Munich); Brigitte Dorsch, Metronomia Clinical Research, Munich; Richard Noppeney, University of Essen Medical Center, Essen; Georg Hess, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Stefan Kallert and Andreas Mackensen, University of Erlangen Medical Center, Erlangen; Kathrin Rupertus and Lothar Kanz, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Tübingen; Martin Libicher, Diakoniekrankenhaus Schwäbisch-Hall, Schwäbisch-Hall; Jürgen Scheele, University of Freiburg Medical Center; Eugen Leo, LEOConsulting, Freiburg, Germany; and Dirk Nagorsen and Beate D. Quednau, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA
| | - Ralf C Bargou
- Maria-Elisabeth Goebeler, Stefan Knop, Max S. Topp, Hermann Einsele, and Ralf C. Bargou, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg; Andreas Viardot, University Ulm; Peter Kufer, Gerhard Zugmaier, Matthias Klinger, Andreas Wolf, Margit Schmidt, and Patrick A. Baeuerle, Amgen Research (Munich); Brigitte Dorsch, Metronomia Clinical Research, Munich; Richard Noppeney, University of Essen Medical Center, Essen; Georg Hess, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz; Stefan Kallert and Andreas Mackensen, University of Erlangen Medical Center, Erlangen; Kathrin Rupertus and Lothar Kanz, University of Tübingen Medical Center, Tübingen; Martin Libicher, Diakoniekrankenhaus Schwäbisch-Hall, Schwäbisch-Hall; Jürgen Scheele, University of Freiburg Medical Center; Eugen Leo, LEOConsulting, Freiburg, Germany; and Dirk Nagorsen and Beate D. Quednau, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA
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Phase 2 study of the bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) antibody blinatumomab in relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2016; 127:1410-6. [PMID: 26755709 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-06-651380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Few patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) achieve prolonged disease-free survival. Blinatumomab, a bispecific T-cell engaging antibody construct, transiently links CD3-positive T cells to CD19-positive B cells. This phase 2 study evaluated stepwise (9-28-112 μg/d with weekly dose increases; n = 23) or flat (112 μg/d; n = 2) dosing of blinatumomab by continuous infusion, with dexamethasone prophylaxis, in patients with relapsed/refractory DLBCL. Patients received a median of 3 prior lines of therapy. Median time since last regimen was 1.5 months. Seventeen patients ended treatment in cycle 1 (induction), 7 in cycle 2 (consolidation), and 1 in retreatment. Among 21 evaluable patients, the overall response rate after 1 blinatumomab cycle was 43%, including complete responses (CRs) in 19%. Three patients had late CR in follow-up without other treatment. The most common adverse events with stepwise dosing were tremor (48%), pyrexia (44%), fatigue (26%), and edema (26%). Grade 3 neurologic events with stepwise dosing were encephalopathy and aphasia (each 9%) and tremor, speech disorder, dizziness, somnolence, and disorientation (each 4%). Of 5 (22%) patients who discontinued stepwise dosing because of adverse events, 4 (17%) had neurologic events. Most neurologic events resolved. The flat-dose cohort was stopped because of grade 3 neurologic events in both patients. Blinatumomab monotherapy appears effective in patients with relapsed/refractory DLBCL, a heavily pretreated patient population with a high unmet medical need. Further studies need to define the optimal approach to achieve the target dose without early dropout. The study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01741792.
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Redman JM, Hill EM, AlDeghaither D, Weiner LM. Mechanisms of action of therapeutic antibodies for cancer. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:28-45. [PMID: 25911943 PMCID: PMC4529810 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic utility of antibodies and their derivatives is achieved by various means. The FDA has approved several targeted antibodies that disrupt signaling of various growth factor receptors for the treatment of a number of cancers. Rituximab, and other anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies are active in B cell malignancies. As more experience has been gained with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, the multifactorial nature of their anti-tumor mechanisms has emerged. Other targeted antibodies function to dampen inhibitory checkpoints. These checkpoint inhibitors have recently achieved dramatic results in several cancers, including melanoma. These and related antibodies continue to be investigated in the clinical and pre-clinical settings. Novel antibody structures that target two or more antigens have also made their way into clinical use. Tumor targeted antibodies can also be conjugated to chemo- or radiotherapeutic agents, or catalytic toxins, as a means to deliver toxic payloads to cancer cells. Here we provide a review of these mechanisms and a discussion of their relevance to current and future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Redman
- Departments of Oncology and Internal Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - E M Hill
- Departments of Oncology and Internal Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - D AlDeghaither
- Departments of Oncology and Internal Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - L M Weiner
- Departments of Oncology and Internal Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, United States.
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Oberst MD, Fuhrmann S, Mulgrew K, Amann M, Cheng L, Lutterbuese P, Richman L, Coats S, Baeuerle PA, Hammond SA. CEA/CD3 bispecific antibody MEDI-565/AMG 211 activation of T cells and subsequent killing of human tumors is independent of mutations commonly found in colorectal adenocarcinomas. MAbs 2015; 6:1571-84. [PMID: 25484061 PMCID: PMC4622052 DOI: 10.4161/19420862.2014.975660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual or combinations of somatic mutations found in genes from colorectal cancers can redirect the effects of chemotherapy and targeted agents on cancer cell survival and, consequently, on clinical outcome. Novel therapeutics with mechanisms of action that are independent of mutational status would therefore fulfill a current unmet clinical need. Here the CEA and CD3 bispecific single-chain antibody MEDI-565 (also known as MT111 and AMG 211) was evaluated for its ability to activate T cells both in vitro and in vivo and to kill human tumor cell lines harboring various somatic mutations commonly found in colorectal cancers. MEDI-565 specifically bound to normal and malignant tissues in a CEA-specific manner, and only killed CEA positive cells. The BiTE® antibody construct mediated T cell-directed killing of CEA positive tumor cells within 6 hours, at low effector-to-target ratios which were independent of high concentrations of soluble CEA. The potency of in vitro lysis was dependent on CEA antigen density but independent of the mutational status in cancer cell lines. Importantly, individual or combinations of mutated KRAS and BRAF oncogenes, activating PI3KCA mutations, loss of PTEN expression, and loss-of-function mutations in TP53 did not reduce the activity in vitro. MEDI-565 also prevented growth of human xenograft tumors which harbored various mutations. These findings suggest that MEDI-565 represents a potential treatment option for patients with CEA positive tumors of diverse origin, including those with individual or combinations of somatic mutations that may be less responsive to chemotherapy and other targeted agents.
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Key Words
- AMG 211
- BiTE®, bi-specific T cell engager
- CD3
- CEA
- CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen
- CEACAM5, CEA-related cell adhesion molecule family member 5
- DHFR, dihydrofolate reductase
- EC50, half maximal effective concentration
- FFPE, formaldehye fixed paraffin embedded
- IV, intravenous
- MEDI-565
- MEDI-565, bispecific single-chain antibody specific for CEA and human CD3
- MT111
- SC, subcutaneous
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- T cells
- TMA, tissue microarray
- bispecific antibody
- peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMC
- scFv, single chain variable fragment
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T-cell ligands modulate the cytolytic activity of the CD33/CD3 BiTE antibody construct, AMG 330. Blood Cancer J 2015; 5:e340. [PMID: 26295610 PMCID: PMC4558592 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2015.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical and emerging clinical studies demonstrate that bispecific T-cell engaging (BiTE) antibody constructs can potently lyse targeted tumor cells, but the determinants for their activity remain incompletely understood. Using human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines engineered to overexpress individual T-cell ligands, we found that expression of the inhibitory ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, reduced the cytolytic activity of the BiTE antibody construct targeting CD33, AMG 330; conversely, expression of the activating ligands, CD80 and CD86, augmented the cytotoxic activity of AMG 330. Consistent with these findings, treatment with an activating antibody directed at the co-stimulatory T-cell receptor, CD28, significantly increased AMG 330-induced cytotoxicity in human AML cell lines. Using specimens from 12 patients with newly diagnosed or relapsed/refractory AML, we found that activation of CD28 also increased the activity of AMG 330 in primary human AML cells (P=0.023). Together, our findings indicate that T-cell ligands and co-receptors modulate the anti-tumor activity of the CD33/CD3 BiTE antibody construct, AMG 330. These findings suggest that such ligands/co-receptors could serve as biomarkers of response and that co-treatment strategies with pharmacological modulators of T-cell receptor signaling could be utilized to further enhance the activity of this targeted therapeutic.
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43
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Shen D, Tang Y, Li S, Xu W, Zhang L. Successful construction and massive expression of a novel Anti-CD19 human-mouse chimeric antibody Hm2E8b. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2015; 33:215-20. [PMID: 25171000 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2013.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CD19 antigen is a major target for human B cell malignancies. Many studies have shown that the antibodies recognizing this antigen hold clinical therapeutic potential, while CD19 antibody of mouse origin requires genetic engineering to reduce the potential side effects of the antibody for their clinical use. There are many clones of CD19 antibodies available with different subclasses of immunoglobulin. IgM type antibody holds a high affinity and high complement activating capacities facilitating the targeting efficacy when it is used in targeting therapy. However, engineering the murine IgM antibody into a functional humanized antibody remains a challenge. The aim of this study was to construct a chimeric antibody composed of a CD19 specific murine IgM antibody 2E8 single-chain antibody fragment (scFv) and human IgG1 Fc region, which was named 2E8scFv-Fc or Hm2E8b. The function and the biological activities of this engineered antibody were characterized using a variety of approaches including cellular, immunological, flow cytometric, and molecular biological approaches. After switching from IgM- to IgG-like type antibody, Hm2E8b retained full antigen-binding activity to membrane CD19 antigen as its parental antibody 2E8, and the immune effector function analysis revealed that it could mediate complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) to kill the target cells via IgG1 Fc domain. The yield of the engineered antibody Hm2E8b in the supernatant was 13.3 μg/mL expressed and secreted in the CHO cell system, which reached the secretory quantity of a regular mouse hybridoma cells. Our conclusion is that the IgM type of CD19 mouse antibody can be successfully engineered into an IgG1 type human-mouse chimeric antibody with similar affinity and biological activity. The yield of the Hm2E8b expression and secretion in CHO cell system was adequate to facilitate further development for therapeutic purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diying Shen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, China
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Hamblett KJ, Kozlosky CJ, Siu S, Chang WS, Liu H, Foltz IN, Trueblood ES, Meininger D, Arora T, Twomey B, Vonderfecht SL, Chen Q, Hill JS, Fanslow WC. AMG 595, an Anti-EGFRvIII Antibody–Drug Conjugate, Induces Potent Antitumor Activity against EGFRvIII-Expressing Glioblastoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:1614-24. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ahmed M, Cheng M, Cheung IY, Cheung NK. Human derived dimerization tag enhances tumor killing potency of a T-cell engaging bispecific antibody. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e989776. [PMID: 26137406 PMCID: PMC4485828 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.989776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) have proven highly efficient T cell recruiters for cancer immunotherapy by virtue of one tumor antigen-reactive single chain variable fragment (scFv) and another that binds CD3. In order to enhance the antitumor potency of these tandem scFv BsAbs (tsc-BsAbs), we exploited the dimerization domain of the human transcription factor HNF1α to enhance the avidity of a tsc-BsAb to the tumor antigen disialoganglioside GD2 while maintaining functional monovalency to CD3 to limit potential toxicity. The dimeric tsc-BsAb showed increased avidity to GD2, enhanced T cell mediated killing of neuroblastoma and melanoma cell lines in vitro (32–37 fold), exhibited a near 4-fold improvement in serum half-life, and enhanced tumor ablation in mouse xenograft models. We propose that the use of this HNF1α-derived dimerization tag may be a novel and effective strategy to increase the potency of T-cell engaging antibodies for clinical cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahiuddin Ahmed
- Department of Pediatrics; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center ; New York, NY USA
| | - Ming Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center ; New York, NY USA
| | - Irene Y Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center ; New York, NY USA
| | - N K Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center ; New York, NY USA
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AlDeghaither D, Smaglo BG, Weiner LM. Beyond peptides and mAbs--current status and future perspectives for biotherapeutics with novel constructs. J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 55 Suppl 3:S4-20. [PMID: 25707963 PMCID: PMC4340091 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Biotherapeutics are attractive anti-cancer agents due to their high specificity and limited toxicity compared to conventional small molecules. Antibodies are widely used in cancer therapy, either directly or conjugated to a cytotoxic payload. Peptide therapies, though not as prevalent, have been utilized in hormonal therapy and imaging. The limitations associated with unmodified forms of both types of biotherapeutics have led to the design and development of novel structures, which incorporate key features and structures that have improved the molecules' abilities to bind to tumor targets, avoid degradation, and exhibit favorable pharmacokinetics. In this review, we highlight the current status of monoclonal antibodies and peptides, and provide a perspective on the future of biotherapeutics using novel constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal AlDeghaither
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington DC 20057
| | - Brandon G Smaglo
- Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, 3800 Reservoir Road NW, Washington DC 20007
| | - Louis M. Weiner
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington DC 20057
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47
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Swee LK, Lourido S, Bell GW, Ingram JR, Ploegh HL. One-step enzymatic modification of the cell surface redirects cellular cytotoxicity and parasite tropism. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:460-5. [PMID: 25360987 PMCID: PMC4478597 DOI: 10.1021/cb500462t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Surface display of engineered proteins
has many useful applications.
The expression of a synthetic chimeric antigen receptor composed of
an extracellular tumor-specific antibody fragment linked to a cytosolic
activating motif in engineered T cells is now considered a viable
approach for the treatment of leukemias. The risk of de novo tumor development, inherent in the transfer of genetically engineered
cells, calls for alternative approaches for the functionalization
of the lymphocyte plasma membrane. We demonstrate the conjugation
of LPXTG-tagged probes and LPXTG-bearing proteins to endogenous acceptors
at the plasma membrane in a single step using sortase A. We successfully
conjugated biotin probes not only to mouse hematopoietic cells but
also to yeast cells, 293T cells, and Toxoplasma gondii. Installation of single domain antibodies on activated CD8 T cell
redirects cell-specific cytotoxicity to cells that bear the relevant
antigen. Likewise, conjugation of Toxoplasma gondii with single domain antibodies targets the pathogen to cells that
express the antigen recognized by these single domain antibodies.
This simple and robust enzymatic approach enables engineering of the
plasma membrane for research or therapy under physiological reaction
conditions that ensure the viability of the modified cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Kim Swee
- Whitehead Institute
for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge
Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sebastian Lourido
- Whitehead Institute
for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge
Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - George W. Bell
- Whitehead Institute
for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge
Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jessica R. Ingram
- Whitehead Institute
for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge
Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Hidde L. Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute
for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge
Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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48
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Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most frequent non-Hodgkin lymphoma in western countries. Despite the addition of rituximab to chemotherapy, the prognosis is still poor and almost one-third of patients fail or relapse after first-line treatment. Gene expression profiling has identified three main signatures related to subgroups with different biological characteristics and responses to treatment. Novel agents targeting the oncogenic drivers of these subsets are currently under investigation with the aim of providing a tailored approach and avoiding unnecessary toxicity. Herein, we review the emerging therapies for DLBCL with a focus on preclinical and early clinical trials as well as future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Mondello
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98100 Messina, Italy
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49
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Lu H, Zhou Q, Deshmukh V, Phull H, Ma J, Tardif V, Naik RR, Bouvard C, Zhang Y, Choi S, Lawson BR, Zhu S, Kim CH, Schultz PG. Targeting human C-type lectin-like molecule-1 (CLL1) with a bispecific antibody for immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9841-5. [PMID: 25056598 PMCID: PMC4280064 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which is the most common acute adult leukemia and the second most common pediatric leukemia, still has a poor prognosis. Human C-type lectin-like molecule-1 (CLL1) is a recently identified myeloid lineage restricted cell surface marker, which is overexpressed in over 90% of AML patient myeloid blasts and in leukemic stem cells. Here, we describe the synthesis of a novel bispecific antibody, αCLL1-αCD3, using the genetically encoded unnatural amino acid, p-acetylphenylalanine. The resulting αCLL1-αCD3 recruits cytotoxic T cells to CLL1 positive cells, and demonstrates potent and selective cytotoxicity against several human AML cell lines and primary AML patient derived cells in vitro. Moreover, αCLL1-αCD3 treatment completely eliminates established tumors in an U937 AML cell line xenograft model. These results validate the clinical potential of CLL1 as an AML-specific antigen for the generation of a novel immunotherapeutic for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Lu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Vishal Deshmukh
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Hardeep Phull
- Scripps Translational Science Institute, 3344 N Torrey Pines Ct, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Jennifer Ma
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Virginie Tardif
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Rahul R. Naik
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Scripps Clinic, 10666 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Claire Bouvard
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Yong Zhang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Seihyun Choi
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Brian R. Lawson
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Shoutian Zhu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Chan Hyuk Kim
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Peter G. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
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Lu H, Zhou Q, Deshmukh V, Phull H, Ma J, Tardif V, Naik RR, Bouvard C, Zhang Y, Choi S, Lawson BR, Zhu S, Kim CH, Schultz PG. Targeting Human C-Type Lectin-like Molecule-1 (CLL1) with a Bispecific Antibody for Immunotherapy of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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