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Suzuki M, Funasaka N, Yoshimura K, Inamori D, Watanabe Y, Ozaki M, Hosono M, Shindo H, Kawamura K, Tatsukawa T, Yoshioka M. Comprehensive expression analysis of hormone-like substances in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of the common bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12515. [PMID: 38822022 PMCID: PMC11143283 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine mammals possess a specific subcutaneous fat layer called blubber that not only insulates and stores energy but also secretes bioactive substances. However, our understanding of its role as a secretory organ in cetaceans is incomplete. To exhaustively explore the hormone-like substances produced in dolphin subcutaneous adipose tissue, we performed seasonal blubber biopsies from captive female common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus; N = 8, n = 32) and analyzed gene expression via transcriptomics. Analysis of 186 hormone-like substances revealed the expression of 58 substances involved in regulating energy metabolism, tissue growth/differentiation, vascular regulation, immunity, and ion/mineral homeostasis. Adiponectin was the most abundantly expressed gene, followed by angiopoietin protein like 4 and insulin-like growth factor 2. To investigate the endocrine/secretory responses of subcutaneous adipose tissue to the surrounding temperature, we subsequently compared the mean expression levels of the genes during the colder and warmer seasons. In the colder season, molecules associated with appetite suppression, vasodilation, and tissue proliferation were relatively highly expressed. In contrast, warmer seasons enhanced the expression of substances involved in tissue remodeling, immunity, metabolism, and vasoconstriction. These findings suggest that dolphin blubber may function as an active secretory organ involved in the regulation of metabolism, appetite, and tissue reorganization in response to changes in the surrounding environment, providing a basis for elucidating the function of hormone-like substances in group-specific evolved subcutaneous adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Suzuki
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Noriko Funasaka
- Cetacean Research Center, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kazuma Yoshimura
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Daiki Inamori
- Taiji Whale Museum, Higashimuro, Wakayama, 649-5171, Japan
| | - Yurie Watanabe
- Taiji Whale Museum, Higashimuro, Wakayama, 649-5171, Japan
| | - Miki Ozaki
- Adventure World, Nishimuro, Wakayama, 649-2201, Japan
| | | | - Hideaki Shindo
- Shimonoseki Marine Science Museum, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, 750-0036, Japan
| | - Keiko Kawamura
- Shimonoseki Marine Science Museum, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, 750-0036, Japan
| | | | - Motoi Yoshioka
- Cetacean Research Center, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
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2
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Wen Y, Chen YQ, Konrad RJ. Angiopoietin-like protein 8: a multifaceted protein instrumental in regulating triglyceride metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2024; 35:58-65. [PMID: 37962908 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) proteins ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 are critical lipoprotein lipase (LPL) inhibitors. This review discusses the unique ability of the insulin-responsive protein ANGPTL8 to regulate triglyceride (TG) metabolism by forming ANGPTL3/8 and ANGPTL4/8 complexes that control tissue-specific LPL activities. RECENT FINDINGS After feeding, ANGPTL4/8 acts locally in adipose tissue, has decreased LPL-inhibitory activity compared to ANGPTL4, and binds tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen to generate plasmin, which cleaves ANGPTL4/8 and other LPL inhibitors. This enables LPL to be fully active postprandially to promote efficient fatty acid (FA) uptake and minimize ectopic fat deposition. In contrast, liver-derived ANGPTL3/8 acts in an endocrine manner, has markedly increased LPL-inhibitory activity compared to ANGPTL3, and potently inhibits LPL in oxidative tissues to direct TG toward adipose tissue for storage. Circulating ANGPTL3/8 levels are strongly correlated with serum TG, and the ANGPTL3/8 LPL-inhibitory epitope is blocked by the TG-lowering protein apolipoprotein A5 (ApoA5). SUMMARY ANGPTL8 plays a crucial role in TG metabolism by forming ANGPTL3/8 and ANGPTL4/8 complexes that differentially modulate LPL activities in oxidative and adipose tissues respectively. Selective ANGPTL8 inhibition in the context of the ANGPTL3/8 complex has the potential to be a promising strategy for treating dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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3
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Deng M, Kersten S. Characterization of sexual dimorphism in ANGPTL4 levels and function. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100526. [PMID: 38431115 PMCID: PMC10973588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
ANGPTL4 is an attractive pharmacological target for lowering plasma triglycerides and cardiovascular risk. Since most preclinical studies on ANGPTL4 were performed in male mice, little is known about sexual dimorphism in ANGPTL4 regulation and function. Here, we aimed to study potential sexual dimorphism in ANGPTL4 mRNA and protein levels and ANGPTL4 function. Additionally, we performed exploratory studies on the function of ANGPTL4 in the liver during fasting using Angptl4-transgenic and Angptl4-/- mice. Compared to female mice, male mice showed higher hepatic and adipose ANGPTL4 mRNA and protein levels, as well as a more pronounced effect of genetic ANGPTL4 modulation on plasma lipids. By contrast, very limited sexual dimorphism in ANGPTL4 levels was observed in human liver and adipose tissue. In human and mouse adipose tissue, ANGPTL8 mRNA and/or protein levels were significantly higher in females than males. Adipose LPL protein levels were higher in female than male Angptl4-/- mice, which was abolished by ANGPTL4 (over) expression. At the human genetic level, the ANGPTL4 E40K loss-of-function variant was associated with similar plasma triglyceride reductions in women and men. Finally, ANGPTL4 ablation in fasted mice was associated with changes in hepatic gene expression consistent with PPARα activation. In conclusion, the levels of ANGPTL4 and the magnitude of the effect of ANGPTL4 on plasma lipids exhibit sexual dimorphism. Nonetheless, inactivation of ANGPTL4 should confer a similar metabolic benefit in women and men. Expression levels of ANGPTL8 in human and mouse adipose tissue are highly sexually dimorphic, showing higher levels in females than males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjuan Deng
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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4
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Chaurasiya V, Nidhina Haridas PA, Olkkonen VM. Adipocyte-endothelial cell interplay in adipose tissue physiology. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116081. [PMID: 38408682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) expansion through hyperplasia or hypertrophy requires vascular remodeling that involves angiogenesis. There is quite some evidence that obese white AT (WAT) displays altered vasculature. Some studies suggest that this is associated with hypoxia, which is thought to play a role in inducing inflammatory activation of the excessively expanding WAT. Increasing evidence, based on genetic manipulations or treatments with inhibitory or activator pharmaceuticals, demonstrates that AT angiogenesis is crucial for AT metabolic function, and thereby for whole body metabolism and metabolic health. Despite some contradiction between studies, disturbance of WAT angiogenesis in obesity could be an important factor driving WAT dysfunction and the comorbidities of obesity. Endothelial cells (ECs) contribute to healthy WAT metabolism via transport of fatty acids and other plasma components, secretory signaling molecules, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). This communication is crucial for adipocyte metabolism and underscores the key role that the AT endothelium plays in systemic energy homeostasis and healthy metabolism. Adipocytes communicate towards the neighboring endothelium through several mechanisms. The pro-inflammatory status of hypertrophic adipocytes in obesity is reflected in ECs activation, which promotes chronic inflammation. On the other hand, adiponectin secreted by the adipocytes is important for healthy endothelial function, and adipocytes also secrete other pro- or anti-angiogenic effector molecules and a wealth of EVs - however, their detailed roles in signaling towards the endothelium are yet poorly understood. To conclude, targeting AT angiogenesis and promoting the healthy communication between adipocytes and ECs represent potentially promising strategies to treat obesity and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Chaurasiya
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland, and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - P A Nidhina Haridas
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland, and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland, and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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5
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Mallick R, Basak S, Das RK, Banerjee A, Paul S, Pathak S, Duttaroy AK. Fatty Acids and their Proteins in Adipose Tissue Inflammation. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024; 82:35-51. [PMID: 37794302 PMCID: PMC10867084 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic low-grade adipose tissue inflammation is associated with metabolic disorders. Inflammation results from the intertwined cross-talks of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways in the immune response of adipose tissue. In addition, adipose FABP4 levels and lipid droplet proteins are involved in systemic and tissue inflammation. Dysregulated adipocytes help infiltrate immune cells derived from bone marrow responsible for producing cytokines and chemokines. When adipose tissue expands in excess, adipocyte exhibits increased secretion of adipokines and is implicated in metabolic disturbances due to the release of free fatty acids. This review presents an emerging concept in adipose tissue fat metabolism, fatty acid handling and binding proteins, and lipid droplet proteins and their involvement in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mallick
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanjay Basak
- Molecular Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ranjit K Das
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Sujay Paul
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc, San Pablo, Queretaro, 76130, Mexico
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Asim K Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, POB 1046 Blindern, Oslo, Norway.
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6
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Reinisch I, Michenthaler H, Sulaj A, Moyschewitz E, Krstic J, Galhuber M, Xu R, Riahi Z, Wang T, Vujic N, Amor M, Zenezini Chiozzi R, Wabitsch M, Kolb D, Georgiadi A, Glawitsch L, Heitzer E, Schulz TJ, Schupp M, Sun W, Dong H, Ghosh A, Hoffmann A, Kratky D, Hinte LC, von Meyenn F, Heck AJR, Blüher M, Herzig S, Wolfrum C, Prokesch A. Adipocyte p53 coordinates the response to intermittent fasting by regulating adipose tissue immune cell landscape. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1391. [PMID: 38360943 PMCID: PMC10869344 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45724-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In obesity, sustained adipose tissue (AT) inflammation constitutes a cellular memory that limits the effectiveness of weight loss interventions. Yet, the impact of fasting regimens on the regulation of AT immune infiltration is still elusive. Here we show that intermittent fasting (IF) exacerbates the lipid-associated macrophage (LAM) inflammatory phenotype of visceral AT in obese mice. Importantly, this increase in LAM abundance is strongly p53 dependent and partly mediated by p53-driven adipocyte apoptosis. Adipocyte-specific deletion of p53 prevents LAM accumulation during IF, increases the catabolic state of adipocytes, and enhances systemic metabolic flexibility and insulin sensitivity. Finally, in cohorts of obese/diabetic patients, we describe a p53 polymorphism that links to efficacy of a fasting-mimicking diet and that the expression of p53 and TREM2 in AT negatively correlates with maintaining weight loss after bariatric surgery. Overall, our results demonstrate that p53 signalling in adipocytes dictates LAM accumulation in AT under IF and modulates fasting effectiveness in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Reinisch
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH), Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Helene Michenthaler
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alba Sulaj
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Munich, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolism and Clinical Chemistry (Internal Medicine 1), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Moyschewitz
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jelena Krstic
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Galhuber
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ruonan Xu
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Zina Riahi
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH), Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Nemanja Vujic
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Melina Amor
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Riccardo Zenezini Chiozzi
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Core Facility Ultrastructure Analysis, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anastasia Georgiadi
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Munich, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Glawitsch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ellen Heitzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tim J Schulz
- Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Michael Schupp
- Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular Metabolic Renal Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wenfei Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hua Dong
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Institute, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Adhideb Ghosh
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH), Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne Hoffmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Laura C Hinte
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Epigenetics, Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ferdinand von Meyenn
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Epigenetics, Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Munich, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolism and Clinical Chemistry (Internal Medicine 1), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH), Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Prokesch
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
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7
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Ruppert PMM, Kersten S. Mechanisms of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis during fasting. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:107-124. [PMID: 37940485 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Fasting is part of many weight management and health-boosting regimens. Fasting causes substantial metabolic adaptations in the liver that include the stimulation of fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. The induction of fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis during fasting is mainly driven by interrelated changes in plasma levels of various hormones and an increase in plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels and is mediated transcriptionally by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α, supported by CREB3L3 (cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 like 3). Compared with men, women exhibit higher ketone levels during fasting, likely due to higher NEFA availability, suggesting that the metabolic response to fasting shows sexual dimorphism. Here, we synthesize the current molecular knowledge on the impact of fasting on hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M M Ruppert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 C Odense, Denmark
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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8
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Hu H, Luo S, Lai P, Lai M, Mao L, Zhang S, Jiang Y, Wen J, Zhou W, Liu X, Wang L, Huang M, Hu Y, Zhao X, Xia L, Zhou W, Jiang Y, Zou Z, Liu A, Guo B, Bai X. ANGPTL4 binds to the leptin receptor to regulate ectopic bone formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2310685120. [PMID: 38147550 PMCID: PMC10769826 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310685120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin protein was thought to be unique to leptin receptor (LepR), but the phenotypes of mice with mutation in LepR [db/db (diabetes)] and leptin [ob/ob (obese)] are not identical, and the cause remains unclear. Here, we show that db/db, but not ob/ob, mice had defect in tenotomy-induced heterotopic ossification (HO), implicating alternative ligand(s) for LepR might be involved. Ligand screening revealed that ANGPTL4 (angiopoietin-like protein 4), a stress and fasting-induced factor, was elicited from brown adipose tissue after tenotomy, bound to LepR on PRRX1+ mesenchymal cells at the HO site, thus promotes chondrogenesis and HO development. Disruption of LepR in PRRX1+ cells, or lineage ablation of LepR+ cells, or deletion of ANGPTL4 impeded chondrogenesis and HO in mice. Together, these findings identify ANGPTL4 as a ligand for LepR to regulate the formation of acquired HO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510630, China
- Department of Trauma and Joint Surgery, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong528300, China
| | - Sheng Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
| | - Pinglin Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510630, China
| | - Mingqiang Lai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510900, China
| | - Linlin Mao
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
| | - Yuanjun Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
| | - Jiaxin Wen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
| | - Wu Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510630, China
| | - Minjun Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510630, China
| | - Yanjun Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhao
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
| | - Laixin Xia
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
| | - Weijie Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA15261
| | - Zhipeng Zou
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
| | - Anling Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Tenth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong523018, China
| | - Xiaochun Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510630, China
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510515, China
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9
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Tomlinson B, Wu QY, Zhong YM, Li YH. Advances in Dyslipidaemia Treatments: Focusing on ApoC3 and ANGPTL3 Inhibitors. J Lipid Atheroscler 2024; 13:2-20. [PMID: 38299167 PMCID: PMC10825570 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2024.13.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein C3 (apoC3) and angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) inhibit lipolysis by lipoprotein lipase and may influence the secretion and uptake of various lipoproteins. Genetic studies show that depletion of these proteins is associated with improved lipid profiles and reduced cardiovascular events so it was anticipated that drugs which mimic the effects of loss-of-function mutations would be useful lipid treatments. ANGPTL3 inhibitors were initially developed as a treatment for severe hypertriglyceridaemia including familial chylomicronaemia syndrome (FCS), which is usually not adequately controlled with currently available drugs. However, it was found ANGPTL3 inhibitors were also effective in reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and they were studied in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH). Evinacumab targets ANGPTL3 and reduced LDL-C by about 50% in patients with homozygous FH and it has been approved for that indication. The antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) vupanorsen targeting ANGPTL3 was less effective in reducing LDL-C in patients with moderate hypertriglyceridaemia and its development has been discontinued but the small interfering RNA (siRNA) ARO-ANG3 is being investigated in Phase 2 studies. ApoC3 can be inhibited by the ASO volanesorsen, which reduced triglycerides by >70% in patients with FCS and it was approved for FCS in Europe but not in the United States because of concerns about thrombocytopaenia. Olezarsen is an N-acetylgalactosamine-conjugated ASO targeting apoC3 which appears as effective as volanesorsen without the risk of thrombocytopaenia and is undergoing Phase 3 trials. ARO-APOC3 is an siRNA targeting apoC3 that is currently being investigated in Phase 3 studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Tomlinson
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Qian-yan Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-ming Zhong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-hong Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Chen Q, Chen Z, Sun Q, Zhang W, Wu F, Liu G, Wang T, Wang Z, Wang Q, Zhang J. Transcriptomic analysis of the longissimus thoracis muscle in pigs has identified molecular regulatory patterns associated with meat quality. Genomics 2024; 116:110779. [PMID: 38168627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Meat quality is a critical aspect of pig breeding. In addition to genetics, meat quality is also influenced by nutritional and environmental factors. In this study, three pig breeds, Shengxianhua, Jiaxing, and Qinglian Black (SXH, JXB and QLB), were used as experimental animals. Transcriptional analysis was performed on the longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle to investigate variations in intramuscular fat (IMF), inosine monophosphate (IMP), amino acids, and muscle fiber morphology across different breeds. Ingenuity canonical pathway analysis (IPA) identified biological processes and key driver genes related to metabolism and muscle development. Additionally, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed gene modules associated with IMP. KEGG and GO analyses identified specific biological processes and signaling pathways related to IMP, including the Oxidative Phosphorylation pathway and rRNA Metabolic Processes. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying meat quality variations among pig breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangqiang Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Zhirong Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qian Sun
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Fen Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Guoliang Liu
- Zhejiang Qinglian Food Company limited, Jiaxing, China
| | - Tenghao Wang
- Zhejiang Qinglian Food Company limited, Jiaxing, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Qishan Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jinzhi Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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11
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Chaube B, Citrin KM, Sahraei M, Singh AK, de Urturi DS, Ding W, Pierce RW, Raaisa R, Cardone R, Kibbey R, Fernández-Hernando C, Suárez Y. Suppression of angiopoietin-like 4 reprograms endothelial cell metabolism and inhibits angiogenesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8251. [PMID: 38086791 PMCID: PMC10716292 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43900-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) is known to regulate various cellular and systemic functions. However, its cell-specific role in endothelial cells (ECs) function and metabolic homeostasis remains to be elucidated. Here, using endothelial-specific Angptl4 knock-out mice (Angptl4iΔEC), and transcriptomics and metabolic flux analysis, we demonstrate that ANGPTL4 is required for maintaining EC metabolic function vital for vascular permeability and angiogenesis. Knockdown of ANGPTL4 in ECs promotes lipase-mediated lipoprotein lipolysis, which results in increased fatty acid (FA) uptake and oxidation. This is also paralleled by a decrease in proper glucose utilization for angiogenic activation of ECs. Mice with endothelial-specific deletion of Angptl4 showed decreased pathological neovascularization with stable vessel structures characterized by increased pericyte coverage and reduced permeability. Together, our study denotes the role of endothelial-ANGPTL4 in regulating cellular metabolism and angiogenic functions of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balkrishna Chaube
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and System Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kathryn M Citrin
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and System Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mahnaz Sahraei
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Abhishek K Singh
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Diego Saenz de Urturi
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and System Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wen Ding
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard W Pierce
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Raaisa Raaisa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rebecca Cardone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard Kibbey
- Yale Center for Molecular and System Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and System Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yajaira Suárez
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Yale Center for Molecular and System Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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12
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Jin J, Huangfu B, Xing F, Xu W, He X. Combined exposure to deoxynivalenol facilitates lipid metabolism disorder in high-fat-diet-induced obesity mice. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 182:108345. [PMID: 38008010 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a trichothecene toxin that mainly produced by strains of Fusarium spp. DON contamination is widely distributed and is a global food safety threat. Existing studies have expounded its harmful effects on growth inhibition, endocrine disruption, immune function impairment, and reproductive toxicity. In energy metabolism, DON suppresses appetite, reduces body weight, triggers lipid oxidation, and negatively affects cholesterol and fatty acid homeostasis. In this study, high-fat diet (HFD) induced obese C57BL/6J mice were orally treated with 0.1 mg/kg bw/d and 1.0 mg/kg bw/d DON for 4 weeks. The lipid metabolism of mice and the molecular mechanisms were explored. The data showed that although DON reduced body weight and fat mass in HFD mice, it significantly increased their serum triglyceride concentrations, disturbance of serum lipid metabolites, impaired glucose, and resulted in insulin intolerance in mice. In addition, the transcriptional and expression changes of lipid metabolism genes in the liver and epididymis (EP) adipose indicate that the DON-mediated increase in serum triglycerides is caused by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) inhibition in EP adipose. Furthermore, DON down-regulates the expression of LPL through the PPARγ signaling pathway in EP adipose. These results are further confirmed by the serum lipidomics analysis. In conclusion, DON acts on the PPARγ pathway of white adipose to inhibit the expression of LPL, mediate the increase of serum triglyceride in obese mice, disturb the homeostasis of lipid metabolism, and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. This study reveals the interference mechanism of DON on lipid metabolism in obese mice and provides a theoretical basis for its toxic effect in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P.R. China, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Bingxin Huangfu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P.R. China, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Wentao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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13
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Zheng Z, Lyu W, Hong Q, Yang H, Li Y, Zhao S, Ren Y, Xiao Y. Phylogenetic and expression analysis of the angiopoietin-like gene family and their role in lipid metabolism in pigs. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:1517-1529. [PMID: 37170504 PMCID: PMC10475376 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the phylogenetic and expression analysis of the angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) gene family and their role in lipid metabolism in pigs. METHODS In this study, the amino acid sequence analysis, phylogenetic analysis, and chromosome adjacent gene analysis were performed to identify the ANGPTL gene family in pigs. According to the body weight data from 60 Jinhua pigs, different tissues of 6 pigs with average body weight were used to determine the expression profile of ANGPTL1-8. The ileum, subcutaneous fat, and liver of 8 pigs with distinct fatness were selected to analyze the gene expression of ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and ANGPTL8. RESULTS The sequence length of ANGPTLs in pigs was between 1,186 and 1,991 bp, and the pig ANGPTL family members shared common features with human homologous genes, including the high similarity of the amino acid sequence and chromosome flanking genes. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that ANGPTL1-7 had a highly conserved domain except for ANGPTL8. Phylogenetic analysis showed that each ANGPTL homologous gene shared a common origin. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that ANGPTL family members had different expression patterns in different tissues. ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL8 were mainly expressed in the liver, while ANGPTL4 was expressed in many other tissues, such as the intestine and subcutaneous fat. The expression levels of ANGPTL3 in the liver and ANGPTL4 in the liver, intestine and subcutaneous fat of Jinhua pigs with low propensity for adipogenesis were significantly higher than those of high propensity for adipogenesis. CONCLUSION These results increase our knowledge about the biological role of the ANGPTL family in this important economic species, it will also help to better understand the role of ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and ANGPTL8 in lipid metabolism of pigs, and provide innovative ideas for developing strategies to improve meat quality of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021,
China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,
China
| | - Wentao Lyu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021,
China
| | - Qihua Hong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058,
China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021,
China
| | - Ying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000,
China
| | - Shengjun Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023,
China
| | - Ying Ren
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023,
China
| | - Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021,
China
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14
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Chen YQ, Zhen EY, Russell AM, Ehsani M, Siegel RW, Qian Y, Konrad RJ. Decoding the role of angiopoietin-like protein 4/8 complex-mediated plasmin generation in the regulation of LPL activity. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100441. [PMID: 37666362 PMCID: PMC10550811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After feeding, adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity should be maximized, therefore the potent LPL-inhibitory activity of angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) must be blocked by ANGPTL8 through formation of ANGPTL4/8 complexes. ANGPTL4/8 tightly binds and protects LPL but also partially inhibits its activity. Recently, we demonstrated ANGPTL4/8 also binds tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen to generate plasmin that cleaves ANGPTL4/8 to restore LPL activity. Although fully active LPL in the fat postprandially is desirable, ANGPTL4/8 removal could subject LPL to profound inhibition by ANGPTL3/8 (the most potent circulating LPL inhibitor), inhibition by other LPL inhibitors like ANGPTL4, ANGPTL3, and ApoC3 or interfere with ApoC2-mediated LPL activation. To understand better these potential paradoxes, we examined LPL inhibition by ANGPTL3/8, ANGPTL4, ANGPTL3, and ApoC3 and LPL stimulation by ApoC2 in the presence of ANGPTL4/8 + tPA + plasminogen. Remarkably, ANGPTL3/8-mediated LPL inhibition was almost completely blocked, with the mechanism being cleavage of fibrinogen-like domain-containing ANGPTL3 present in the ANGPTL3/8 complex. The LPL-inhibitory effects of ANGPTL4, ANGPTL3, and ApoC3 were also largely reduced in the presence of ANGPTL4/8 + tPA + plasminogen. In contrast, the ability of ApoC2 to stimulate LPL activity was unaffected by ANGPTL4/8-mediated plasmin generation. Together, these results explain how plasmin generated by increased postprandial ANGPTL4/8 levels in adipose tissue enables maximal LPL activity by preventing ANGPTL3/8, ANGPTL4, ANGPTL3, and ApoC3 from inhibiting LPL, while permitting ApoC2-mediated LPL activation to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Q Chen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly, and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eugene Y Zhen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly, and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Anna M Russell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly, and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mariam Ehsani
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly, and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert W Siegel
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly, and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yuewei Qian
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly, and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert J Konrad
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly, and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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15
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Rioja J, Ariza MJ, Benítez-Toledo MJ, Espíldora-Hernández J, Coca-Prieto I, Arrobas-Velilla T, Camacho A, Olivecrona G, Sánchez-Chaparro MÁ, Valdivielso P. Role of lipoprotein lipase activity measurement in the diagnosis of familial chylomicronemia syndrome. J Clin Lipidol 2023; 17:272-280. [PMID: 36813655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activity assays for lipoprotein lipase (LPL) are not standardised for use in clinical settings. OBJECTIVE This study sought to define and validate a cut-off points based on a ROC curve for the diagnosis of patients with familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS). We also evaluated the role of LPL activity in a comprehensive FCS diagnostic workflow. METHODS A derivation cohort (including an FCS group (n = 9), a multifactorial chylomicronemia syndrome (MCS) group (n = 11)), and an external validation cohort (including an FCS group (n = 5), a MCS group (n = 23) and a normo-triglyceridemic (NTG) group (n = 14)), were studied. FCS patients were previously diagnosed by the presence of biallelic pathogenic genetic variants in the LPL and GPIHBP1 genes. LPL activity was also measured. Clinical and anthropometric data were recorded, and serum lipids and lipoproteins were measured. Sensitivity, specificity and cut-offs for LPL activity were obtained from a ROC curve and externally validated. RESULTS All post-heparin plasma LPL activity in the FCS patients were below 25.1 mU/mL, that was cut-off with best performance. There was no overlap in the LPL activity distributions between the FCS and MCS groups, conversely to the FCS and NTG groups. CONCLUSION We conclude that, in addition to genetic testing, LPL activity in subjects with severe hypertriglyceridemia is a reliable criterium in the diagnosis of FCS when using a cut-off of 25.1 mU/mL (25% of the mean LPL activity in the validation MCS group). We do not recommend the NTG patient based cut-off values due to low sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Rioja
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Dermatology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain (Drs Rioja, Ariza, Sánchez-Chaparro and Valdivielso)
| | - María José Ariza
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Dermatology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain (Drs Rioja, Ariza, Sánchez-Chaparro and Valdivielso).
| | - María José Benítez-Toledo
- Lipid Unit, University Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain (Drs Benítez-Toledo, Espíldora-Hernández, Coca-Prieto, Sánchez-Chaparro and Valdivielso)
| | - Javier Espíldora-Hernández
- Lipid Unit, University Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain (Drs Benítez-Toledo, Espíldora-Hernández, Coca-Prieto, Sánchez-Chaparro and Valdivielso)
| | - Inmaculada Coca-Prieto
- Lipid Unit, University Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain (Drs Benítez-Toledo, Espíldora-Hernández, Coca-Prieto, Sánchez-Chaparro and Valdivielso)
| | | | - Ana Camacho
- Unidad de Riesgo Vascular. Hospital Infanta Elena, Huelva, Spain (Dr Camacho)
| | - Gunilla Olivecrona
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (Dr Olivecrona)
| | - Miguel Ángel Sánchez-Chaparro
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Dermatology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain (Drs Rioja, Ariza, Sánchez-Chaparro and Valdivielso); Lipid Unit, University Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain (Drs Benítez-Toledo, Espíldora-Hernández, Coca-Prieto, Sánchez-Chaparro and Valdivielso)
| | - Pedro Valdivielso
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Dermatology, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias (CIMES), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain (Drs Rioja, Ariza, Sánchez-Chaparro and Valdivielso); Lipid Unit, University Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain (Drs Benítez-Toledo, Espíldora-Hernández, Coca-Prieto, Sánchez-Chaparro and Valdivielso)
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16
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Kersten S. The impact of fasting on adipose tissue metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159262. [PMID: 36521736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fasting and starvation were common occurrences during human evolution and accordingly have been an important environmental factor shaping human energy metabolism. Humans can tolerate fasting reasonably well through adaptative and well-orchestrated time-dependent changes in energy metabolism. Key features of the adaptive response to fasting are the breakdown of liver glycogen and muscle protein to produce glucose for the brain, as well as the gradual depletion of the fat stores, resulting in the release of glycerol and fatty acids into the bloodstream and the production of ketone bodies in the liver. In this paper, an overview is presented of our current understanding of the effects of fasting on adipose tissue metabolism. Fasting leads to reduced uptake of circulating triacylglycerols by adipocytes through inhibition of the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme lipoprotein lipase. In addition, fasting stimulates the degradation of stored triacylglycerols by activating the key enzyme adipose triglyceride lipase. The mechanisms underlying these events are discussed, with a special interest in insights gained from studies on humans. Furthermore, an overview is presented of the effects of fasting on other metabolic pathways in the adipose tissue, including fatty acid synthesis, glucose uptake, glyceroneogenesis, autophagy, and the endocrine function of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, the Netherlands.
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17
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Zhen EY, Chen YQ, Russell AM, Ehsani M, Siegel RW, Qian Y, Konrad RJ. Angiopoietin-like protein 4/8 complex-mediated plasmin generation leads to cleavage of the complex and restoration of LPL activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214081120. [PMID: 36763533 PMCID: PMC9963551 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214081120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Triglyceride (TG) metabolism is highly regulated by angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTL) family members [Y. Q. Chen et al., J. Lipid Res. 61, 1203-1220 (2020)]. During feeding, ANGPTL8 forms complexes with the fibrinogen-like domain-containing protein ANGPTL4 in adipose tissue to decrease ANGPTL3/8- and ANGPTL4-mediated lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-inhibitory activity and promote TG hydrolysis and fatty acid (FA) uptake. The ANGPTL4/8 complex, however, tightly binds LPL and partially inhibits it in vitro. To try to reconcile the in vivo and in vitro data on ANGPTL4/8, we aimed to find novel binding partners of ANGPTL4/8. To that end, we performed pulldown experiments and found that ANGPTL4/8 bound both tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen, the precursor of the fibrinolytic enzyme plasmin. Remarkably, ANGPTL4/8 enhanced tPA activation of plasminogen to generate plasmin in a manner like that observed with fibrin, while minimal plasmin generation was observed with ANGPTL4 alone. The addition of tPA and plasminogen to LPL-bound ANGPTL4/8 caused rapid, complete ANGPTL4/8 cleavage and increased LPL activity. Restoration of LPL activity in the presence of ANGPTL4/8 was also achieved with plasmin but was blocked when catalytically inactive plasminogen (S760A) was added to tPA or when plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 was added to tPA + plasminogen, indicating that conversion of plasminogen to plasmin was essential. Together, these results suggest that LPL-bound ANGPTL4/8 mimics fibrin to recruit tPA and plasminogen to generate plasmin, which then cleaves ANGPTL4/8, enabling LPL activity to be increased. Our observations thus reveal a unique link between the ANGPTL4/8 complex and plasmin generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Y. Zhen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN46225
| | - Yan Q. Chen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN46225
| | - Anna M. Russell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN46225
| | - Mariam Ehsani
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN46225
| | - Robert W. Siegel
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN46225
| | - Yuewei Qian
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN46225
| | - Robert J. Konrad
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN46225
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18
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Circulating Adipokines and Hepatokines Serve as Diagnostic Markers during Obesity Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214020. [PMID: 36430499 PMCID: PMC9693838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Allocation of morbidly obese patients to either conservative therapy options-such as lifestyle intervention and/or low-calorie diet (LCD)-or to bariatric surgery-preferably sleeve gastrectomy or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB)-represents a crucial decision in order to obtain sustainable metabolic improvement and weight loss. The present study encompasses 160 severely obese patients, 81 of whom participated in an LCD program, whereas 79 underwent RYGB surgery. The post-interventional dynamics of physiologically relevant adipokines and hepatokines (ANGPTL4, CCL5, GDF15, GPNMB, IGFBP6), as well as their correlation with fat mass reduction and improvement of liver fibrosis, were analyzed. Systemic GDF15 was characterized as an excellent predictive marker for hepatic fibrosis as well as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Of note, baseline GDF15 serum concentrations were positively correlated with NFS and HbA1c levels after correction for BMI, suggesting GDF15 as a BMI-independent marker of hepatic fibrosis and T2D in obese individuals. Specific GDF15 cut-off values for both diseases were calculated. Overall, the present data demonstrate that circulating levels of specific adipokines and hepatokines are regulated with therapy-induced fat loss and metabolic improvement and might, therefore, serve as biomarkers for the success of obesity therapy strategies.
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Metz M, Beghini M, Wolf P, Pfleger L, Hackl M, Bastian M, Freudenthaler A, Harreiter J, Zeyda M, Baumgartner-Parzer S, Marculescu R, Marella N, Hannich JT, Györi G, Berlakovich G, Roden M, Krebs M, Risti R, Lõokene A, Trauner M, Kautzky-Willer A, Krššák M, Stangl H, Fürnsinn C, Scherer T. Leptin increases hepatic triglyceride export via a vagal mechanism in humans. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1719-1731.e5. [PMID: 36220067 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant human leptin (metreleptin) reduces hepatic lipid content in patients with lipodystrophy and overweight patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and relative hypoleptinemia independent of its anorexic action. In rodents, leptin signaling in the brain increases very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride (VLDL-TG) secretion and reduces hepatic lipid content via the vagus nerve. In this randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial (EudraCT Nr. 2017-003014-22), we tested whether a comparable mechanism regulates hepatic lipid metabolism in humans. A single metreleptin injection stimulated hepatic VLDL-TG secretion (primary outcome) and reduced hepatic lipid content in fasted, lean men (n = 13, age range 20-38 years) but failed to do so in metabolically healthy liver transplant recipients (n = 9, age range 26-62 years) who represent a model for hepatic denervation. In an independent cohort of lean men (n = 10, age range 23-31 years), vagal stimulation by modified sham feeding replicated the effects of metreleptin on VLDL-TG secretion. Therefore, we propose that leptin has anti-steatotic properties that are independent of food intake by stimulating hepatic VLDL-TG export via a brain-vagus-liver axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthäus Metz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Marianna Beghini
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Peter Wolf
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Lorenz Pfleger
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Martina Hackl
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Magdalena Bastian
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Angelika Freudenthaler
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Jürgen Harreiter
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Maximilian Zeyda
- Clinical Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Sabina Baumgartner-Parzer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Rodrig Marculescu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Nara Marella
- CeMM - Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - J Thomas Hannich
- CeMM - Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Georg Györi
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Gabriela Berlakovich
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Michael Roden
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Michael Krebs
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Robert Risti
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Aivar Lõokene
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kautzky-Willer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Martin Krššák
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Herbert Stangl
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Clemens Fürnsinn
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Thomas Scherer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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20
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Wen Y, Chen YQ, Konrad RJ. The Regulation of Triacylglycerol Metabolism and Lipoprotein Lipase Activity. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2200093. [PMID: 35676229 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol (TG) metabolism is tightly regulated to maintain a pool of TG within circulating lipoproteins that can be hydrolyzed in a tissue-specific manner by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) to enable the delivery of fatty acids to adipose or oxidative tissues as needed. Elevated serum TG concentrations, which result from a deficiency of LPL activity or, more commonly, an imbalance in the regulation of tissue-specific LPL activities, have been associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease through multiple studies. Among the most critical LPL regulators are the angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) proteins ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and ANGPTL8, and a number of different apolipoproteins including apolipoprotein A5 (ApoA5), apolipoprotein C2 (ApoC2), and apolipoprotein C3 (ApoC3). These ANGPTLs and apolipoproteins work together to orchestrate LPL activity and therefore play pivotal roles in TG partitioning, hydrolysis, and utilization. This review summarizes the mechanisms of action, epidemiological findings, and genetic data most relevant to these ANGPTLs and apolipoproteins. The interplay between these important regulators of TG metabolism in both fasted and fed states is highlighted with a holistic view toward understanding key concepts and interactions. Strategies for developing safe and effective therapeutics to reduce circulating TG by selectively targeting these ANGPTLs and apolipoproteins are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Yan Q Chen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Robert J Konrad
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
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21
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Zhu J, Lyu W, Wang W, Ma L, Lu L, Yang H, Xiao Y. Molecular characterisation, temporal expression and involvement of ANGPTL4 in fat deposition in Muscovy ducks. Br Poult Sci 2022; 63:795-803. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2102888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhu
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wentao Lyu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lizhi Lu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Norwitz NG, Soto-Mota A, Kaplan B, Ludwig DS, Budoff M, Kontush A, Feldman D. The Lipid Energy Model: Reimagining Lipoprotein Function in the Context of Carbohydrate-Restricted Diets. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050460. [PMID: 35629964 PMCID: PMC9147253 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
When lean people adopt carbohydrate-restricted diets (CRDs), they may develop a lipid profile consisting of elevated LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) with low triglycerides (TGs). The magnitude of this lipid profile correlates with BMI such that those with lower BMI exhibit larger increases in both LDL-C and HDL-C. The inverse association between BMI and LDL-C and HDL-C change on CRD contributed to the discovery of a subset of individuals—termed Lean Mass Hyper-Responders (LMHR)—who, despite normal pre-diet LDL-C, as compared to non-LMHR (mean levels of 148 and 145 mg/dL, respectively), exhibited a pronounced hyperlipidemic response to a CRD, with mean LDL-C and HDL-C levels increasing to 320 and 99 mg/dL, respectively, in the context of mean TG of 47 mg/dL. In some LMHR, LDL-C levels may be in excess of 500 mg/dL, again, with relatively normal pre-diet LDL-C and absent of genetic findings indicative of familial hypercholesterolemia in those who have been tested. The Lipid Energy Model (LEM) attempts to explain this metabolic phenomenon by positing that, with carbohydrate restriction in lean persons, the increased dependence on fat as a metabolic substrate drives increased hepatic secretion and peripheral uptake of TG contained within very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) by lipoprotein lipase, resulting in marked elevations of LDL-C and HDL-C, and low TG. Herein, we review the core features of the LEM. We review several existing lines of evidence supporting the model and suggest ways to test the model’s predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G. Norwitz
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Correspondence: (N.G.N.); (D.F.)
| | - Adrian Soto-Mota
- Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, National Institute for Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran, Tlalpan, CDMX 14080, Mexico;
| | - Bob Kaplan
- Citizen Science Foundation, Las Vegas, NV 89139, USA;
| | - David S. Ludwig
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Budoff
- Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA;
| | - Anatol Kontush
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMRS 1166 ICAN, Faculty of Medicine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - David Feldman
- Citizen Science Foundation, Las Vegas, NV 89139, USA;
- Correspondence: (N.G.N.); (D.F.)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is the rate-limiting enzyme for intravascular processing of circulating triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs). One emerging strategy for therapeutic lowering of plasma triglyceride levels aims at increasing the longevity of LPL activity by attenuating its inhibition from angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTL) 3, 4 and 8. This mini-review focuses on recent insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning the regulation of LPL activity in the intravascular unit by ANGPTLs with special emphasis on ANGPTL4. RECENT FINDINGS Our knowledge on the molecular interplays between LPL, its endothelial transporter GPIHBP1, and its inhibitor(s) ANGPTL4, ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL8 have advanced considerably in the last 2 years and provides an outlined on how these proteins regulate the activity and compartmentalization of LPL. A decisive determinant instigating this control is the inherent protein instability of LPL at normal body temperature, a property that is reciprocally impacted by the binding of GPIHBP1 and ANGPTLs. Additional layers in this complex LPL regulation is provided by the different modulation of ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL3 activities by ANGPTL8 and the inhibition of ANGPTL3/8 complexes by apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5). SUMMARY Posttranslational regulation of LPL activity in the intravascular space is essential for the differential partitioning of TRLs across tissues and their lipolytic processing in response to nutritional cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ploug
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Borén J, Taskinen MR, Björnson E, Packard CJ. Metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in health and dyslipidaemia. Nat Rev Cardiol 2022; 19:577-592. [PMID: 35318466 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-022-00676-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence points to the causal role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their cholesterol-enriched remnants in atherogenesis. Genetic studies in particular have not only revealed a relationship between plasma triglyceride levels and the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but have also identified key proteins responsible for the regulation of triglyceride transport. Kinetic studies in humans using stable isotope tracers have been especially useful in delineating the function of these proteins and revealing the hitherto unappreciated complexity of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism. Given that triglyceride is an essential energy source for mammals, triglyceride transport is regulated by numerous mechanisms that balance availability with the energy demands of the body. Ongoing investigations are focused on determining the consequences of dysregulation as a result of either dietary imprudence or genetic variation that increases the risk of atherosclerosis and pancreatitis. The identification of molecular control mechanisms involved in triglyceride metabolism has laid the groundwork for a 'precision-medicine' approach to therapy. Novel pharmacological agents under development have specific molecular targets within a regulatory framework, and their deployment heralds a new era in lipid-lowering-mediated prevention of disease. In this Review, we outline what is known about the dysregulation of triglyceride transport in human hypertriglyceridaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elias Björnson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Chris J Packard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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25
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Thakkar N, Shin YB, Sung HK. Nutritional Regulation of Mammary Tumor Microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:803280. [PMID: 35186923 PMCID: PMC8847692 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.803280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is a heterogeneous organ comprising of immune cells, surrounding adipose stromal cells, vascular cells, mammary epithelial, and cancer stem cells. In response to nutritional stimuli, dynamic interactions amongst these cell populations can be modulated, consequently leading to an alteration of the glandular function, physiology, and ultimately disease pathogenesis. For example, obesity, a chronic over-nutritional condition, is known to disrupt homeostasis within the mammary gland and increase risk of breast cancer development. In contrast, emerging evidence has demonstrated that fasting or caloric restriction can negatively impact mammary tumorigenesis. However, how fasting induces phenotypic and functional population differences in the mammary microenvironment is not well understood. In this review, we will provide a detailed overview on the effect of nutritional conditions (i.e., overnutrition or fasting) on the mammary gland microenvironment and its impact on mammary tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Thakkar
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ye Bin Shin
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hoon-Ki Sung
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Hoon-Ki Sung,
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26
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over the last two decades, evolving discoveries around angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) proteins, particularly ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and ANGPTL8, have generated significant interest in understanding their roles in fatty acid (FA) metabolism. Until recently, exactly how this protein family regulates lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in a tissue-specific manner to control FA partitioning has remained elusive. This review summarizes the latest insights into mechanisms by which ANGPTL3/4/8 proteins regulate postprandial FA partitioning. RECENT FINDINGS Accumulating evidence suggests that ANGPTL8 is an insulin-responsive protein that regulates ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 by forming complexes with them to increase or decrease markedly their respective LPL-inhibitory activities. After feeding, when insulin levels are high, ANGPTL3/8 secreted by hepatocytes acts in an endocrine manner to inhibit LPL in skeletal muscle, whereas ANGPTL4/8 secreted by adipocytes acts locally to preserve adipose tissue LPL activity, thus shifting FA toward the fat for storage. Insulin also decreases hepatic secretion of the endogenous ANGPTL3/8 inhibitor, apolipoprotein A5 (ApoA5), to accentuate ANGPTL3/8-mediated LPL inhibition in skeletal muscle. SUMMARY The ANGPTL3/4/8 protein family and ApoA5 play critical roles in directing FA toward adipose tissue postprandially. Selective targeting of these proteins holds significant promise for the treatment of dyslipidemias, metabolic syndrome, and their related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Q Chen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert J Konrad
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Tall AR, Thomas DG, Gonzalez-Cabodevilla AG, Goldberg IJ. Addressing dyslipidemic risk beyond LDL-cholesterol. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:148559. [PMID: 34981790 PMCID: PMC8718149 DOI: 10.1172/jci148559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of LDL-lowering drugs in reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD), there remains a large burden of residual disease due in part to persistent dyslipidemia characterized by elevated levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) and reduced levels of HDL. This form of dyslipidemia is increasing globally as a result of the rising prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Accumulating evidence suggests that impaired hepatic clearance of cholesterol-rich TRL remnants leads to their accumulation in arteries, promoting foam cell formation and inflammation. Low levels of HDL may associate with reduced cholesterol efflux from foam cells, aggravating atherosclerosis. While fibrates and fish oils reduce TRL, they have not been uniformly successful in reducing CVD, and there is a large unmet need for new approaches to reduce remnants and CVD. Rare genetic variants that lower triglyceride levels via activation of lipolysis and associate with reduced CVD suggest new approaches to treating dyslipidemia. Apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) and angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) have emerged as targets for inhibition by antibody, antisense, or RNAi approaches. Inhibition of either molecule lowers TRL but respectively raises or lowers HDL levels. Large clinical trials of such agents in patients with high CVD risk and elevated levels of TRL will be required to demonstrate efficacy of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Tall
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - David G Thomas
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ainara G Gonzalez-Cabodevilla
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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28
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Zhang R, Zhang K. An updated ANGPTL3-4-8 model as a mechanism of triglyceride partitioning between fat and oxidative tissues. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 85:101140. [PMID: 34793860 PMCID: PMC8760165 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, triglyceride (TG), the main form of lipids for storing and providing energy, is stored in white adipose tissue (WAT) after food intake, while during fasting it is routed to oxidative tissues (heart and skeletal muscle) for energy production, a process referred to as TG partitioning. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), a rate-limiting enzyme in this fundamental physiological process, hydrolyzes circulating TG to generate free fatty acids that are taken up by peripheral tissues. The postprandial activity of LPL declines in oxidative tissues but rises in WAT, directing TG to WAT; the reverse is true during fasting. However, the molecular mechanism in regulating tissue-specific LPL activity during the fed-fast cycle has not been completely understood. Research on angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) proteins (A3, A4, and A8) has resulted in an ANGPTL3-4-8 model to explain the TG partitioning between WAT and oxidative tissues. Food intake induces A8 expression in the liver and WAT. Liver A8 activates A3 by forming the A3-8 complex, which is then secreted into the circulation. The A3-8 complex acts in an endocrine manner to inhibit LPL in oxidative tissues. WAT A8 forms the A4-8 complex, which acts locally to block A4's LPL-inhibiting activity. Therefore, the postprandial activity of LPL is low in oxidative tissues but high in WAT, directing circulating TG to WAT. Conversely, during fasting, reduced A8 expression in the liver and WAT disables A3 from inhibiting oxidative-tissue LPL and restores WAT A4's LPL-inhibiting activity, respectively. Thus, the fasting LPL activity is high in oxidative tissues but low in WAT, directing TG to the former. According to the model, we hypothesize that A8 antagonism has the potential to simultaneously reduce TG and increase HDL-cholesterol plasma levels. Future research on A3, A4, and A8 can hopefully provide more insights into human health, disease, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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29
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Impact of oral lipid and glucose tolerance tests on the postprandial concentrations of angiopoietin-like proteins (Angptl) 3 and 4. Eur J Nutr 2021; 61:1919-1929. [PMID: 34951653 PMCID: PMC9106616 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02748-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The postprandial regulation of angiopoietin-like proteins (Angptls) and their expression in adipocytes is poorly characterized. Objective Circulating Angptl3 and 4 were analyzed in healthy individuals undergoing either an oral lipid tolerance test (OLTT; n = 98) or an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT; n = 99). Venous blood was drawn after 0, 2, 4, and 6 h during OLTT and after 0, 1, and 2 h during OGTT. Anthropometric and laboratory parameters were assessed and concentrations of Angptls were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Angptl gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and in murine adipose tissues and cellular fractions was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. Results Angptl3 concentrations significantly decreased while Angptl4 levels continuously increased during OLTT. Both proteins remained unaffected during OGTT. Angptl3 and Angptl4 were expressed in murine subcutaneous and visceral AT with higher mRNA levels in mature adipocytes when compared to the stroma-vascular cell fraction. Both proteins were strongly induced during 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation and they were unresponsive to glucose in mature fat cells. Adipocyte Angptl3 (but not Angptl4) mRNA expression was inhibited by the polyunsaturated fatty acids arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, whereas nine types of dietary fatty acids remained without any effect. Conclusions There is evidence of short-time regulation of Angptl3/4 levels upon metabolic stress. Angptl4 expression is high and Angptl3 expression is low in AT and restricted mainly to mature adipocytes without any differences concerning fat compartments. Whereas dietary fatty acids and glucose are without any effect, omega-3/-6-polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibited Anptl3 expression in adipocytes.
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30
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Elevated LDL-C and triglycerides are important risk factors for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Although effective therapies for lipid lowering exist, many people do not reach their treatment targets. In the last two decades, ANGPTL3 has emerged as a novel therapeutic target for lowering plasma LDL-C and triglycerides. Here, an overview of the recent literature on ANGPTL3 is provided, focusing on the therapeutic benefits of inactivation of ANGPTL3 via monoclonal antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, and other more nascent approaches. In addition, the potential mechanisms by which ANGPTL3 inactivation lowers plasma LDL-C are discussed. RECENT FINDINGS ANGPTL3 is a factor secreted by the liver that inhibits lipoprotein lipase and other lipases via the formation of a complex with the related protein ANGPTL8. Large-scale genetic studies in humans have shown that carriers of loss-of-function variants in ANGPTL3 have lower plasma LDL-C and triglyceride levels, and are at reduced risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Clinical studies in patients with different forms of dyslipidemia have demonstrated that inactivation of ANGPTL3 using monoclonal antibodies or antisense oligonucleotides markedly lowers plasma LDL-C and triglyceride levels. SUMMARY Anti-ANGPTL3 therapies hold considerable promise for reducing plasma LDL-C and triglycerides in selected patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, the Netherlands
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31
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Role and mechanism of the action of angiopoietin-like protein ANGPTL4 in plasma lipid metabolism. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100150. [PMID: 34801488 PMCID: PMC8666355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Triglycerides are carried in the bloodstream as the components of very low-density lipoproteins and chylomicrons. These circulating triglycerides are primarily hydrolyzed in muscle and adipose tissue by the enzyme lipoprotein lipase (LPL). The activity of LPL is regulated by numerous mechanisms, including by three members of the angiopoietin-like protein family: ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and ANGPTL8. In this review, we discuss the recent literature concerning the role and mechanism of action of ANGPTL4 in lipid metabolism. ANGPTL4 is a fasting- and lipid-induced factor secreted by numerous cells, including adipocytes, hepatocytes, (cardio)myocytes, and macrophages. In adipocytes, ANGPTL4 mediates the fasting-induced repression of LPL activity by promoting the unfolding of LPL, leading to the cleavage and subsequent degradation of LPL. The inhibition of LPL by ANGPTL4 is opposed by ANGPTL8, which keeps the LPL active after feeding. In macrophages and (cardio)myocytes, ANGPTL4 functions as a lipid-inducible feedback regulator of LPL-mediated lipid uptake. In comparison, in hepatocytes, ANGPTL4 functions as a local inhibitor of hepatic lipase and possibly as an endocrine inhibitor of LPL in extra-hepatic tissues. At the genetic level, loss-of-function mutations in ANGPTL4 are associated with lower plasma triglycerides and higher plasma HDL-C levels, and a reduced risk of coronary artery disease, suggesting that ANGPTL4 is a viable pharmacological target for reducing cardiovascular risk. Whole-body targeting of ANGPTL4 is contraindicated because of severe pathological complications, whereas liver-specific inactivation of ANGPTL4, either as monotherapy or coupled to anti-ANGPTL3 therapies might be a suitable strategy for lowering plasma triglycerides in selected patient groups. In conclusion, the tissue-specific targeting of ANGPTL4 appears to be a viable pharmacological approach to reduce circulating triglycerides.
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Abstract
Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins deliver fatty acids to tissues for oxidation and for storage. Release of fatty acids from circulating lipoprotein triglycerides is carried out by lipoprotein lipase (LPL), thus LPL serves as a critical gatekeeper of fatty acid uptake into tissues. LPL activity is regulated by a number of extracellular proteins including three members of the angiopoietin-like family of proteins. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of how, where, and when ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and ANGPTL8 regulate lipoprotein lipase activity, with a particular emphasis on how these proteins interact with each other to coordinate triglyceride metabolism and fat partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli L Sylvers-Davie
- Department of Biochemistry, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, and Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Brandon S J Davies
- Department of Biochemistry, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, and Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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Ruppert PM, Deng L, Hooiveld GJ, Hangelbroek RW, Zeigerer A, Kersten S. RNA sequencing reveals niche gene expression effects of beta-hydroxybutyrate in primary myotubes. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/10/e202101037. [PMID: 34407998 PMCID: PMC8380668 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA sequencing reveals primary myocyte-specific gene-regulatory niche effects for β-hydroxybutyrate but do not support a general signaling of β-hydroxybutyrate role in other primary cells or during cellular differentiation in vitro. Various forms of fasting and ketogenic diet have shown promise in (pre-)clinical studies to normalize body weight, improve metabolic health, and protect against disease. Recent studies suggest that β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB), a fasting-characteristic ketone body, potentially acts as a signaling molecule mediating its beneficial effects via histone deacetylase inhibition. Here, we have investigated whether βOHB, in comparison to the well-established histone deacetylase inhibitor butyrate, influences cellular differentiation and gene expression. In various cell lines and primary cell types, millimolar concentrations of βOHB did not alter differentiation in vitro, as determined by gene expression and histological assessment, whereas equimolar concentrations of butyrate consistently impaired differentiation. RNA sequencing revealed that unlike butyrate, βOHB minimally impacted gene expression in primary adipocytes, macrophages, and hepatocytes. However, in myocytes, βOHB up-regulated genes involved in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, while down-regulating genes belonging to cytokine and chemokine signal transduction. Overall, our data do not support the notion that βOHB serves as a powerful signaling molecule regulating gene expression but suggest that βOHB may act as a niche signaling molecule in myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Mm Ruppert
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lei Deng
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Jej Hooiveld
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Wj Hangelbroek
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Euretos BV, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anja Zeigerer
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany and Joint Heidelberg-Institute for Diabetes and Cancer Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Grossmann M, Fui MNT, Nie T, Hoermann R, Clarke MV, Cheung AS, Zajac JD, Davey RA. Changes in white adipose tissue gene expression in a randomized control trial of dieting obese men with lowered serum testosterone alone or in combination with testosterone treatment. Endocrine 2021; 73:463-471. [PMID: 33864607 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-021-02722-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine early weight loss-associated changes in subcutaneous abdominal white adipose tissue (WAT) gene expression in obese men with lowered serum testosterone by RNA next-generation sequencing. METHODS Fourteen men, mean age (IQR) 51.6 years (43.4-54.5), BMI 38.3 kg/m2 (34.6-40.8) and total testosterone 8.4 nmol/L (7.5-9.5) provided subcutaneous WAT samples at baseline and after 2 weeks of a very low energy diet. RESULTS Body weight loss was similar in participants receiving testosterone (n = 6), -5.27 kg [95% CI -6.17; -4.26], and placebo (n = 8), -4.57 kg [95% CI -6.10; -3.55], p = 0.86. In placebo-treated men, of the 14,410 genes expressed in subcutaneous WAT, four genes, Angiopoietin-like 4, Semaphorin 3 G, Neuropilin 2 and Angiopoietin 4, were upregulated (adjusted false discovery rate P < 0.05). In an exploratory analysis comparing men receiving testosterone and placebo, the most-upregulated gene in the testosterone group (exploratory p < 0.0005) was the neuropeptide y receptor 2. CONCLUSIONS In obese men, dieting is associated with upregulation of WAT-expressed Angiopoietin-like 4, a secreted protein that regulates lipid metabolism, Semaphorin 3 G, a proposed adipocyte differentiation factor and secreted adipokine, and its receptor Neuropilin 2, as well as Angiopoietin 4, a vascular integrity factor. In an exploratory analysis, testosterone was associated with the upregulation of neuropeptide y receptor 2, a receptor involved in appetite regulation. Further studies are needed to confirm these observations and their potential biological implications. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov, Identifier NCT01616732, Registration date: June 8, 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Ng Tang Fui
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tian Nie
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rudolf Hoermann
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michele V Clarke
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ada S Cheung
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel A Davey
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
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The Importance of Lipoprotein Lipase Regulation in Atherosclerosis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070782. [PMID: 34356847 PMCID: PMC8301479 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) plays a major role in the lipid homeostasis mainly by mediating the intravascular lipolysis of triglyceride rich lipoproteins. Impaired LPL activity leads to the accumulation of chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) in plasma, resulting in hypertriglyceridemia. While low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is recognized as a primary risk factor for atherosclerosis, hypertriglyceridemia has been shown to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and a residual risk factor in atherosclerosis development. In this review, we focus on the lipolysis machinery and discuss the potential role of triglycerides, remnant particles, and lipolysis mediators in the onset and progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). This review details a number of important factors involved in the maturation and transportation of LPL to the capillaries, where the triglycerides are hydrolyzed, generating remnant lipoproteins. Moreover, LPL and other factors involved in intravascular lipolysis are also reported to impact the clearance of remnant lipoproteins from plasma and promote lipoprotein retention in capillaries. Apolipoproteins (Apo) and angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs) play a crucial role in regulating LPL activity and recent insights into LPL regulation may elucidate new pharmacological means to address the challenge of hypertriglyceridemia in atherosclerosis development.
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The intrinsic instability of the hydrolase domain of lipoprotein lipase facilitates its inactivation by ANGPTL4-catalyzed unfolding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2026650118. [PMID: 33723082 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026650118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex between lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and its endothelial receptor (GPIHBP1) is responsible for the lipolytic processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) along the capillary lumen, a physiologic process that releases lipid nutrients for vital organs such as heart and skeletal muscle. LPL activity is regulated in a tissue-specific manner by endogenous inhibitors (angiopoietin-like [ANGPTL] proteins 3, 4, and 8), but the molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. ANGPTL4 catalyzes the inactivation of LPL monomers by triggering the irreversible unfolding of LPL's α/β-hydrolase domain. Here, we show that this unfolding is initiated by the binding of ANGPTL4 to sequences near LPL's catalytic site, including β2, β3-α3, and the lid. Using pulse-labeling hydrogen‒deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, we found that ANGPTL4 binding initiates conformational changes that are nucleated on β3-α3 and progress to β5 and β4-α4, ultimately leading to the irreversible unfolding of regions that form LPL's catalytic pocket. LPL unfolding is context dependent and varies with the thermal stability of LPL's α/β-hydrolase domain (T m of 34.8 °C). GPIHBP1 binding dramatically increases LPL stability (T m of 57.6 °C), while ANGPTL4 lowers the onset of LPL unfolding by ∼20 °C, both for LPL and LPL•GPIHBP1 complexes. These observations explain why the binding of GPIHBP1 to LPL retards the kinetics of ANGPTL4-mediated LPL inactivation at 37 °C but does not fully suppress inactivation. The allosteric mechanism by which ANGPTL4 catalyzes the irreversible unfolding and inactivation of LPL is an unprecedented pathway for regulating intravascular lipid metabolism.
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Tong Z, Peng J, Lan H, Sai W, Li Y, Xie J, Tan Y, Zhang W, Zhong M, Wang Z. Cross-talk between ANGPTL4 gene SNP Rs1044250 and weight management is a risk factor of metabolic syndrome. J Transl Med 2021; 19:72. [PMID: 33593372 PMCID: PMC7885568 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02739-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (Mets) is closely related to an increased incidence of cardiovascular events. Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) is contributory to the regulation of lipid metabolism, herein, may provide a target for gene-aimed therapy of Mets. This observational case control study was designed to elucidate the relationship between ANGPTL4 gene single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1044250 and the onset of Mets, and to explore the interaction between SNP rs1044250 and weight management on Mets. Methods We have recruited 1018 Mets cases and 1029 controls in this study. The SNP rs1044250 was genotyped with blood samples, base-line information and Mets-related indicators were collected. A 5-year follow-up survey was carried out to track the lifestyle interventions and changes in Mets-related indicators. Results ANGPTL4 gene SNP rs1044250 is an independent risk factor for increased waist circumference (OR 1.618, 95% CI [1.119–2.340]; p = 0.011), elevated blood pressure (OR 1.323, 95% CI [1.002–1.747]; p = 0.048), and Mets (OR 1.875, 95% CI [1.363–2.580]; p < 0.001). The follow-up survey shows that rs1044250 CC genotype patients with weight gain have an increased number of Mets components (M [Q1, Q3]: CC 1 (0, 1), CT + TT 0 [− 1, 1]; p = 0.021); The interaction between SNP rs1044250 and weight management is a risk factor for increased systolic blood pressure (β = 0.075, p < 0.001) and increased diastolic blood pressure (β = 0.097, p < 0.001), the synergistic effect of weight management and SNP rs1044250 is negative (S < 1). Conclusion ANGPTL4 gene SNP rs1044250 is an independent risk factor for increased waist circumference and elevated blood pressure, therefore, for Mets. However, patients with wild type SNP 1044250 are more likely to have Mets when the body weight is increased, mainly due to elevated blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoujie Tong
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University; Shandong Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Hongtao Lan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University; Shandong Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Wenwen Sai
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yulin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Jiaying Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yanmin Tan
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Zhihao Wang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University; Shandong Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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Wu SA, Kersten S, Qi L. Lipoprotein Lipase and Its Regulators: An Unfolding Story. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:48-61. [PMID: 33277156 PMCID: PMC8627828 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is one of the most important factors in systemic lipid partitioning and metabolism. It mediates intravascular hydrolysis of triglycerides packed in lipoproteins such as chylomicrons and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Since its initial discovery in the 1940s, its biology and pathophysiological significance have been well characterized. Nonetheless, several studies in the past decade, with recent delineation of LPL crystal structure and the discovery of several new regulators such as angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs), glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1), lipase maturation factor 1 (LMF1) and Sel-1 suppressor of Lin-12-like 1 (SEL1L), have completely transformed our understanding of LPL biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangcheng Alivia Wu
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48105, USA.
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition Metabolism and Genomics group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ling Qi
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48105, USA; Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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Defour M, Michielsen CCJR, O'Donovan SD, Afman LA, Kersten S. Transcriptomic signature of fasting in human adipose tissue. Physiol Genomics 2020; 52:451-467. [PMID: 32866087 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00083.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about gene regulation by fasting in human adipose tissue. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of fasting on adipose tissue gene expression in humans. To that end, subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were collected from 11 volunteers 2 and 26 h after consumption of a standardized meal. For comparison, epididymal adipose tissue was collected from C57Bl/6J mice in the ab libitum-fed state and after a 16 h fast. The timing of sampling adipose tissue roughly corresponds with the near depletion of liver glycogen. Transcriptome analysis was carried out using Affymetrix microarrays. We found that, 1) fasting downregulated numerous metabolic pathways in human adipose tissue, including triglyceride and fatty acid synthesis, glycolysis and glycogen synthesis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial translation, and insulin signaling; 2) fasting downregulated genes involved in proteasomal degradation in human adipose tissue; 3) fasting had much less pronounced effects on the adipose tissue transcriptome in humans than mice; 4) although major overlap in fasting-induced gene regulation was observed between human and mouse adipose tissue, many genes were differentially regulated in the two species, including genes involved in insulin signaling (PRKAG2, PFKFB3), PPAR signaling (PPARG, ACSL1, HMGCS2, SLC22A5, ACOT1), glycogen metabolism (PCK1, PYGB), and lipid droplets (PLIN1, PNPLA2, CIDEA, CIDEC). In conclusion, although numerous genes and pathways are regulated similarly by fasting in human and mouse adipose tissue, many genes show very distinct responses to fasting in humans and mice. Our data provide a useful resource to study adipose tissue function during fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel Defour
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte C J R Michielsen
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shauna D O'Donovan
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lydia A Afman
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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