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Teglas T, Torices S, Taylor M, Coker D, Toborek M. Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls selectively dysregulates endothelial circadian clock and endothelial toxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131499. [PMID: 37126901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are lipophilic and persistent environmental toxicants, which pose health threats to the exposed population. Among several organs and cell types, vascular tissue and endothelial cells are especially prone to PCB-induced toxicity. Exposure to PCBs can exert detrimental impacts on biological pathways, expression of transcription factors, and tight junction proteins that are integral to the functionality of endothelial cells. Because biological and cellular processes are tightly regulated by circadian rhythms, and disruption of the circadian system may cause several diseases, we evaluated if exposure to PCBs can alter the expression of the major endothelial circadian regulators. In addition, we studied if dysregulation of circadian rhythms by silencing the brain and muscle ARNT-like 1 (Bmal1) gene can contribute to alterations of brain endothelial cells in response to PCB treatment. We demonstrated that diminished expression of Bmal1 enhances PCB-induced dysregulation of tight junction complexes, such as the expression of occludin, JAM-2, ZO-1, and ZO-2 especially at pathologically relevant longer PCB exposure times. Overall, the obtained results imply that dysregulation of the circadian clock is involved in endothelial toxicity of PCBs. The findings provide new insights for toxicological studies focused on the interactions between environmental pollutants and regulation of circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timea Teglas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Silvia Torices
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Madison Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Desiree Coker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland.
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2
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Sokan-Adeaga AA, Sokan-Adeaga MA, Sokan-Adeaga ED, Oparaji AN, Edris H, Tella EO, Balogun FA, Aledeh M, Amubieya OE. Environmental toxicants and health adversities: A review on interventions of phytochemicals. J Public Health Res 2023; 12:22799036231181226. [PMID: 37440795 PMCID: PMC10334012 DOI: 10.1177/22799036231181226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxicity arising from environmental contaminants has attracted global interest in the last few decades, due to the high morbidity and mortality associated with them. Efforts have been made to combat the consequential outcomes of environmental toxicity in humans through traditional remediation techniques and therapeutic measures which have been hampered by one or more limitations. Consequently, this scenario has triggered interest in the medicinal properties of phytochemicals. Thus, this review gives a succinct and in-depth elucidation of the various environmental contaminants and their toxicity effects on humans. It delves into the various classes of phytochemicals and their intervention roles. The study adopted a desk review of existing literatures from scientific reports and peer reviewed articles through triangulation of data sources. "Phytochemicals" are group of secondary metabolites obtained from plants with medicinal properties. These groups of compounds are included but not limited to flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, cardenoloids, terpenoids, and phytosteroids. This review corroborates the prophylactic and therapeutics efficacy of these phytochemicals as anti-metastatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial and live saving substances with empirical findings from several laboratory, clinical trials and epidemiologic studies. It conclude that given the wide range of medicinal properties of phytochemicals, there is an urgent need for its full optimization in the pharmaceutical industry and future studies should focus on identifying the bioactive molecules in these compounds and its effectiveness against mixer toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adewale Allen Sokan-Adeaga
- Department of Environmental Health
Science, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, Lead City University,
Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Micheal Ayodeji Sokan-Adeaga
- Department of Community Health and
Primary Health Care, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University
of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Eniola Deborah Sokan-Adeaga
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of
Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of
Technology (LAUTECH), Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Hoseinzadeh Edris
- Incubation and Innovation Center, Saveh
University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Esther Oluwabukunola Tella
- Department of Environmental Health
Science, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, Lead City University,
Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Francis Adeniyi Balogun
- Department of Community Health, Faculty
of Public Health, College of Medicine, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad Aledeh
- College of Health, Psychology and
Social Care, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
- Wiener Gesundheitsverbund, Psychiatric
Department, Klinik Donaustadt, Vienna, Austria
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3
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In Utero Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants and Childhood Lipid Levels. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11100657. [PMID: 34677372 PMCID: PMC8540619 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies have shown that developmental exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) permanently affect blood/liver balance of lipids. No human study has evaluated associations between in utero exposures to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and later life lipid metabolism. In this pilot, maternal plasma levels of PBDEs (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, and BDE-153) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB-138, PCB-153, and PCB-180) were determined at delivery in participants of GESTation and Environment (GESTE) cohort. Total cholesterol (TCh), triglycerides (TG), low- and high-density lipoproteins (LDL-C and HDL-C), total lipids (TL), and PBDEs were determined in serum of 147 children at ages 6–7. General linear regression was used to estimate the relationship between maternal POPs and child lipid levels with adjustment for potential confounders, and adjustment for childhood POPs. In utero BDE-99 was associated with lower childhood levels of TG (p = 0.003), and non-significantly with HDL-C (p = 0.06) and TL (p = 0.07). Maternal PCB-138 was associated with lower childhood levels of TG (p = 0.04), LDL-C (p = 0.04), and TL (p = 0.02). Our data indicate that in utero exposures to POPs may be associated with long lasting decrease in circulating lipids in children, suggesting increased lipid accumulation in the liver, a mechanism involved in NAFLD development, consistent with previously reported animal data.
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Al-Saleh I, Moncari L, Jomaa A, Elkhatib R, Al-Rouqi R, Eltabache C, Al-Rajudi T, Alnuwaysir H, Nester M, Aldhalaan H. Effects of early and recent mercury and lead exposure on the neurodevelopment of children with elevated mercury and/or developmental delays during lactation: A follow-up study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 230:113629. [PMID: 32956901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This follow-up study of 82 children investigated the potential impact of early and recent exposure to mercury and lead on their neurodevelopmental performance at 5-8 years of age (2017-2018). Early exposure of these children to mercury, methylmercury, and lead was assessed during lactation at 3-12 months old, as well as their mother's exposure using measurements from a cross-sectional study (2011-2013). Only infants who failed to pass the neurodevelopment screening tools and/or had elevated mercury were included in this study. Urine and hair were sampled during the follow-up study to assess the children's recent exposure to mercury, methylmercury, and lead. Their cognitive performance and visual-motor integration were also measured using the Test of Non-Verbal Intelligence (TONI) and the Beery-Visual-Motor Integration (Beery VMI), respectively. The association between alterations in urinary porphyrins excretion and exposure to metals was analyzed and their influence on the children's neurodevelopment was explored. Linear regression models revealed a significant negative association between the infants' mercury exposure during lactation and the TONI Quotient (β = -0.298, 95%CI = -4.677, -0.414) and Beery VMI Age Equivalent scores at age 5-8 (β = -0.437, 95%CI = -6.383, -1.844). The mothers' blood methylmercury was inversely and significantly associated with their children's TONI Quotient (β = -0.231, 95%CI = -8.184, -0.331). In contrast, the children's Beery VMI Age Equivalent scores were positively and significantly associated with the hair methylmercury of the mothers (β = 0.214, 95%CI = 0.088, 3.899) and their infants (β = 0.256, 95%CI = 0.396, 4.488). These relationships suggest the presence of negative confounding that we did not take into account. Unlike mercury, there was some evidence that lead in breast milk had an inverse relationship with the children's visual-motor coordination skills. Our study did not show a clear association between children's recent exposure to metals and neurodevelopment. However, a significant inverse association was observed between the TONI Quotient and the interaction of hair methylmercury × ∑porphyrins (ß = -0.224, 95%CI = -0.86, -0.049), implying that porphyrins are a sensitive measure of low body-mercury burden. Although lead induced higher ∑porphyrins excretion in urine (β = 0.347, 95%CI = 0.107, 0.525), their interaction did not influence children's neurodevelopmental scores. The interactions between metals and porphyrins might provide insights into their potential contributory role in the pathogenesis associated with neurological disorders or other diseases. Despite the small sample size of the present study, its findings about the association between toxic metal exposure and the high risk of poor neurodevelopmental performance are worrying, particularly at an early age, and additional research is needed using larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed Jomaa
- Center for Autism Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hesham Aldhalaan
- Center for Autism Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
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Hadi H, Abdulkareem HM. Determination and Extraction of Carbofuran Pesticide in Different Matrices using Cloud Point Extraction Method. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411015666191028114446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Pesticides are increasingly used in agriculture and households, but they are
also considered a major pollutant to the environment. Carbofuran (CAR; 2,3-dihydro-2,2-
dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate) is a widely used pesticide due to its effectiveness on
soybean aphids.
Objectives:
A simple and green method was suggested for the extraction and determination of CAR
in different matrices.
Methods:
A diazotization reaction involving the use of the drug compound metoclopramide was utilized
in this study. A red dye product, which was formed from the diazotization coupling between
CAR and diazotized metoclopramide (DMCP), was extracted using cloud point extraction with the
nonionic surfactant Triton X-114 and measured at a wavelength of 515 nm.
Results:
The linearity of the extracted method was over a concentration range of 0.1-0.5 µg/mL (r2 =
0.996) for CAR with a detection limit of 0.064 µg/mL and enrichment factors of about 148 folds for
CAR. The mean recovery percentage was in the range of 99-102% for water and soil samples with
precision (RSD%) of less than 0.4%.
Conclusion:
The described method was effectively utilized in the simultaneous extraction of CAR
from water and soil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind Hadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hawraa M. Abdulkareem
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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Barr DB, Puttaswamy N, Jaacks LM, Steenland K, Rajkumar S, Gupton S, Ryan PB, Balakrishnan K, Peel JL, Checkley W, Clasen T, Clark ML. Design and Rationale of the Biomarker Center of the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) Trial. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:47010. [PMID: 32347765 PMCID: PMC7228115 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers of exposure, susceptibility, and effect are fundamental for understanding environmental exposures, mechanistic pathways of effect, and monitoring early adverse outcomes. To date, no study has comprehensively evaluated a large suite and variety of biomarkers in household air pollution (HAP) studies in concert with exposure and outcome data. The Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) trial is a liquified petroleum gas (LPG) fuel/stove randomized intervention trial enrolling 800 pregnant women in each of four countries (i.e., Peru, Guatemala, Rwanda, and India). Their offspring will be followed from birth through 12 months of age to evaluate the role of pre- and postnatal exposure to HAP from biomass burning cookstoves in the control arm and LPG stoves in the intervention arm on growth and respiratory outcomes. In addition, up to 200 older adult women per site are being recruited in the same households to evaluate indicators of cardiopulmonary, metabolic, and cancer outcomes. OBJECTIVES Here we describe the rationale and ultimate design of a comprehensive biomarker plan to enable us to explore more fully how exposure is related to disease outcome. METHODS HAPIN enrollment and data collection began in May 2018 and will continue through August 2021. As a part of data collection, dried blood spot (DBS) and urine samples are being collected three times during pregnancy in pregnant women and older adult women. DBS are collected at birth for the child. DBS and urine samples are being collected from the older adult women and children three times throughout the child's first year of life. Exposure biomarkers that will be longitudinally measured in all participants include urinary hydroxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic chemical metabolites, metals/metalloids, levoglucosan, and cotinine. Biomarkers of effect, including inflammation, endothelial and oxidative stress biomarkers, lung cancer markers, and other clinically relevant measures will be analyzed in urine, DBS, or blood products from the older adult women. Similarly, genomic/epigenetic markers, microbiome, and metabolomics will be measured in older adult women samples. DISCUSSION Our study design will yield a wealth of biomarker data to evaluate, in great detail, the link between exposures and health outcomes. In addition, our design is comprehensive and innovative by including cutting-edge measures such as metabolomics and epigenetics. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5751.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Boyd Barr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Naveen Puttaswamy
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Chennai, India
| | - Lindsay M. Jaacks
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kyle Steenland
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah Rajkumar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Chennai, India
| | - Savannah Gupton
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - P. Barry Ryan
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Chennai, India
| | - Jennifer L. Peel
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - William Checkley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas Clasen
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maggie L. Clark
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - (HAPIN Investigative Team)
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Chennai, India
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Megson D, Benoit NB, Sandau CD, Chaudhuri SR, Long T, Coulthard E, Johnson GW. Evaluation of the effectiveness of different indicator PCBs to estimating total PCB concentrations in environmental investigations. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 237:124429. [PMID: 31352098 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are one of the most widely studied group of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). There are 209 different PCBs, however not all 209 can currently be individually quantified in one analytical run. This means that a subset of PCBs congeners are often determined and reported. Some of the most commonly reported subsets are the 7 indicator PCBs (28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180) and the WHO 12 PCBs (77, 81, 105, 114, 118, 123, 126, 156, 157, 167, 169 and 189). The WHO 12 congeners are co-planar 'dioxin like' PCBs that are effective for establishing health risks. The 7 indicator PCBs were selected as some of the most common PCBs across the compositional range of the most common technical mixtures (such as Aroclors), and are used to give an indication of the total PCB concentrations. These groups of indicator PCBs were established several decades ago. However, in the environment commercial mixtures are subject to weathering and fractionation processes, and additional sources of non-Aroclor PCBs are also becoming more important. In this manuscript we use existing large scale comprehensive congener specific datasets to evaluate the effectiveness of indicator PCBs to predict total concentrations and establish if they are still fit for purpose. The results indicate that while these traditional indicators are a useful tool to estimate total concentrations in humans with background exposure there are many instances where they are not fit for purpose and can lead to significant under predictions in total PCB concentrations in environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Megson
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Manchester, UK; Chemistry Matters Inc., Alberta, Canada.
| | - Nadine B Benoit
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment Conservation and Parks, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Courtney D Sandau
- Chemistry Matters Inc., Alberta, Canada; Mount Royal University, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, 4825, Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sri R Chaudhuri
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment Conservation and Parks, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tanya Long
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment Conservation and Parks, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emma Coulthard
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Manchester, UK
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8
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Casadó L, Arrebola JP, Fontalba A, Muñoz A. Adverse effects of hexaclorobenzene exposure in children and adolescents. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 176:108421. [PMID: 31387069 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hexachlorobenzene (HCB: C₆Cl₆) is a persistent, bioaccumulative chemical formerly used worldwide in pesticide mixtures but also produced as a by-product in the chemical and metallurgical industry. Despite current international restrictions in the use and production of HCB, the majority of the general population still show detectable levels of HCB, which raises concerns on the potential health implications of the exposure. OBJECTIVE To compile and synthesize the available scientific evidence regarding the adverse effects of exposure to HCB in children and adolescents. METHODS A review of the literature focused on the adverse effects of HCB exposure in children. Eligible studies were systematically screened from searches in Medline, Scopus and Ebsco-host databases. A total of 62 studies were finally included. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In our search we found evidences of potential health effects linked to HCB exposure at different levels (e.g. neurotoxic, nephrotoxic, immunotoxic, hepatotoxic and toxicogenomic), although the conclusions are still contradictory. Further prospective research is needed, considering the special vulnerability of children and adolescent population as well as the ubiquity of the exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Casadó
- Department of Nursing, Medical Anthropology Research Centre (MARC), University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Juan Pedro Arrebola
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Spain, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Andrés Fontalba
- Northern Málaga Integrated Healthcare Area, Andalusian Health Service, Antequera, Spain, Department of Nursing, Medicine and Physiotherapy, Almeria University, Almería, Spain
| | - Araceli Muñoz
- School of Social Work, Food Observatory (ODELA), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Medical Anthropology Research Centre (MARC), University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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9
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Makris G, Chrousos GP, Anesiadou S, Sabico S, Abd-Alrahman SH, Al-Daghri NM, Chouliaras G, Pervanidou P. Serum concentrations and detection rates of selected organochlorine pesticides in a sample of Greek school-aged children with neurodevelopmental disorders. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:23739-23753. [PMID: 31209749 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Prospective studies indicate that the exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) during fetal life, infancy, and early childhood may be associated with features of neurodevelopmental disorders in children. However, few studies have investigated the concentrations of serum OCPs in children with categorically diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorders. The aim of this study was to assess the concentrations and detection rates of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) metabolites, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers, cyclodienes, and methoxychlor in serum samples of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and specific learning disorder (SLD), all of normal intelligence, compared to typically developing controls (TD). In total, 114 schoolchildren, aged 6-13 years old, were assessed and distributed into four groups: ASD (n = 39), ADHD (n = 21), SLD (n = 32), and TD (n = 18). Each clinical group was compared to the TD group. Concentrations of serum OCPs were determined by gas chromatography and are presented as ng/g lipid. Concentrations of β-HCH, the sum of HCH isomers, and o,p'-DDD were significantly higher in ASD children: ASD vs. TD (mean ± SD): 10.5 ± 7.7 vs. 6.1 ± 4.0, (p = 0.049); 12.0 ± 10.3 vs. 6.6 ± 4.0, (p = 0.025); 7.4 ± 6.5 vs. 2.8 ± 2.3, (p = 0.0019), respectively. The detection rates of p,p'-DDT, at least one substance from DDTs detected, and the cyclodiene heptachlor epoxide, were significantly lower in the ASD group: ASD vs. TD: 12.8% vs. 38.9%, (p = 0.037); 69.2% vs. 94.4%, (p = 0.044); 10.3% vs. 38.9%, (p = 0.026), respectively. No significant differences between the ADHD or SLD groups and the TD group were observed. We demonstrated higher serum concentrations and lower detection rates of selected OCPs in ASD than TD children. Our results add to potential neurodevelopmental concerns surrounding OCPs and provide evidence of specificity in the relations between HCHs and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerasimos Makris
- First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Thivon & Levadias, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece.
| | - George P Chrousos
- First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Thivon & Levadias, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Anesiadou
- First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Thivon & Levadias, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Shaun Sabico
- Biochemistry Department, Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif H Abd-Alrahman
- Biochemistry Department, Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Pesticides Residues and Environmental Pollution Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Biochemistry Department, Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giorgos Chouliaras
- First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Thivon & Levadias, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Pervanidou
- First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Thivon & Levadias, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
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10
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Granillo L, Sethi S, Keil KP, Lin Y, Ozonoff S, Iosif AM, Puschner B, Schmidt RJ. Polychlorinated biphenyls influence on autism spectrum disorder risk in the MARBLES cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 171:177-184. [PMID: 30665119 PMCID: PMC6382542 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is suspected to have environmental and genetic contributions. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are environmental risk factors of interest due to their potential as neurodevelopmental toxicants and environmental persistence despite a US production ban in the 1970s. METHODS Participants were mother-child pairs from MARBLES, a high-risk pregnancy cohort that enrolls families who have one child diagnosed with ASD and are planning to have another child. PCB concentrations were measured in maternal blood at each trimester of pregnancy using gas chromatography coupled with triple quadruple mass spectrometry. Concentrations were summed into total PCB and two categories based on function/mechanisms of action: dioxin-like (DL), and ryanodine receptor (RyR)-activating PCBs. Multinomial logistic regression assessed risk of clinical outcome classification of ASD and non-typical development (Non-TD) compared to typically developing (TD) in the children at 3 years old. RESULTS A total of 104 mother-child pairs were included. There were no significant associations for total PCB; however, there were borderline significant associations between DL-PCBs and decreased risk for Non-TD outcome classification (adjusted OR: 0.41 (95% CI 0.15-1.14)) and between RyR-activating PCBs and increased risk for ASD outcome classification (adjusted OR: 2.63 (95% CI 0.87-7.97)). CONCLUSION This study does not provide strong supporting evidence that PCBs are risk factors for ASD or Non-TD. However, these analyses suggest the need to explore more deeply into subsets of PCBs as risk factors based on their function and structure in larger cohort studies where non-monotonic dose-response patterns can be better evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Granillo
- Graduate Group in Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Sunjay Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly P Keil
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yanping Lin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sally Ozonoff
- MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Ana-Maria Iosif
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca J Schmidt
- MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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11
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Zhang J, Guo J, Lu D, Qi X, Chang X, Wu C, Zhang Y, Liang W, Fang X, Cao Y, Zhou Z. Maternal urinary carbofuranphenol levels before delivery and birth outcomes in Sheyang Birth Cohort. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:1667-1672. [PMID: 29102186 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to carbamates has been linked with adverse health effects on developmental period. This study aimed to monitor exposure to carbofuranphenol of pregnant women from Sheyang Birth Cohort and investigate associations between prenatal exposure to carbofuranphenol and birth outcomes. During June 2009 to January 2010, 1100 pregnant women living in Sheyang County participated in our study and donated urine sample. Urinary carbofuranphenol concentration was measured by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Associations between urinary carbofuranphenol levels and infant birth outcomes were assessed by generalized linear models. Urinary carbofuranphenol concentrations varied from 0.01 to 395.40μg/L (0.01-303.93μg/g for creatinine adjusted), the geometric mean, median and inter quartile range are 0.81μg/L (1.28μg/g cr), 0.80μg/L (1.23μg/g cr) and 0.27-2.20μg/L (0.47-3.11μg/g cr), respectively. No statistically significant association between maternal urinary carbofuranphenol levels and birth outcomes was found in total infants and female infants. In male neonates, carbofuranphenol level was significantly associated with head circumference (b=-0.226; 95% confidence interval: -0.411, -0.041; P=0.01) and ponderal index (b=0.043, 95% CI: 0.004, 0.083; P=0.03). These findings suggested that the pregnant women were generally exposed to carbofuranphenol and prenatal exposure to carbofuranphenol might have adverse effects on fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiming Zhang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianqiu Guo
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dasheng Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3399, Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Xiaojuan Qi
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3399, Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Xiuli Chang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chunhua Wu
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weijiu Liang
- Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.39 Yunwushan Road, Changning District, Shanghai 200051, China
| | - Xin Fang
- Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Yang Cao
- Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden; Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro 70182, Sweden
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No.130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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12
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Bondy SC, Campbell A. Water Quality and Brain Function. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 15:E2. [PMID: 29267198 PMCID: PMC5800103 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, regulations are in place to ensure the quality of drinking water. Such precautions are intended to safeguard the health of the population. However, regulatory guidelines may at times fail to achieve their purpose. This may be due to lack of sufficient data regarding the health hazards of chronic low dose exposure to contaminants or the introduction of new substances that pose a health hazard risk that has yet to be identified. In this review, examples of different sources of contaminants in drinking water will be discussed, followed by an evaluation of some select individual toxicants with known adverse neurological impact. The ability of mixtures to potentially cause additive, synergistic, or antagonistic neurotoxic responses will be briefly addressed. The last section of the review will provide examples of select mechanisms by which different classes of contaminants may lead to neurological impairments. The main objective of this review is to bring to light the importance of considering trace amounts of chemicals in the drinking water and potential brain abnormalities. There is continued need for toxicology studies to better understand negative consequences of trace amounts of toxins and although it is beyond the scope of this brief overview it is hoped that the review will underscore the paucity of studies focused on determining how long-term exposure to minute levels of contaminants in drinking water may pose a significant health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Bondy
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617-1830, USA.
| | - Arezoo Campbell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA.
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13
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Abreu-Villaça Y, Levin ED. Developmental neurotoxicity of succeeding generations of insecticides. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 99:55-77. [PMID: 27908457 PMCID: PMC5285268 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Insecticides are by design toxic. They must be toxic to effectively kill target species of insects. Unfortunately, they also have off-target toxic effects that can harm other species, including humans. Developmental neurotoxicity is one of the most prominent off-target toxic risks of insecticides. Over the past seven decades several classes of insecticides have been developed, each with their own mechanisms of effect and toxic side effects. This review covers the developmental neurotoxicity of the succeeding generations of insecticides including organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates and neonicotinoids. The goal of new insecticide development is to more effectively kill target species with fewer toxic side effects on non-target species. From the experience with the developmental neurotoxicity caused by the generations of insecticides developed in the past advice is offered how to proceed with future insecticide development to decrease neurotoxic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Abreu-Villaça
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiologicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), RJ, Brazil
| | - Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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One TEF concept does not fit all: The case for human risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
Millions of pounds of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) compounds have been produced in multiple countries for industrial applications over the last several decades. PCB exposure induces various adverse health effects in animals and humans. Environmental and occupational exposures to PCBs have been associated with liver, kidney, endocrine, and neurodevelopmental adverse effects. We have collected and reviewed animal and human data cited in the US National Library of Medicine from 2000 to 2010. In brief, our review shows new evidence, that is, in animal studies, exposure to one of the PCBs, A1221, induces a significant alteration of serum luteinizing hormone. The effects were more profound in the F2 generation, particularly with respect to fluctuations in hormones and reproductive tract tissues across the estrous cycle. Morphological analyses of brain tissue from rats exposed to A1254 confirmed the results of an earlier work which showed that the relative size of the intra- and infrapyramidal (II-P) mossy fibers was smaller than that in the controls and also reduction in growth was selective for the II-P mossy fibers. PCB exposure increased anogenital distance and prostate size but decreased epididymal weight, epididymal sperm count, and motile epididymal sperm count. No effects were observed on testicular weight or size. The epidemiological data showed an association between diabetes mellitus prevalence and elevated concentrations of PCB 153. Additionally, prenatal PCB exposure studies were associated with a smaller thymic index at birth and could adversely affect immune responses to childhood vaccinations and resistance to respiratory infections. PCB exposure was also reported to adversely affect enamel development in children in a dose-dependent manner. Because PCBs and their metabolites are potential health hazards, understanding the risk factors associated with individual PCBs, PCB mixtures, and PCB metabolites is important. PCB exposures of vulnerable populations (pregnant women, fetuses, infants, and children) are of particular concern because of heightened sensitivity during this period of brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obaid Faroon
- Division of Toxicology & Human Health Sciences, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Patricia Ruiz
- Division of Toxicology & Human Health Sciences, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia
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Černá M, Krsková A, Šmíd J, Malý M. Exposure and risk assessment of the Czech population to chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls using archived serum samples from the period 1970 to 1990. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:443-53. [PMID: 27212658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The serum samples from the years 1970-1990 archived at the temperature of -20°C in the biobank primarily intended for serological survey performed in the CR since 1960 were pooled and analyzed for DDT, its metabolites, HCB, HCHs, and indicator PCB congeners using up-to-date GC/MS/MS methods to retrospectively assess health risks according to current health guidelines. Samples were pooled based on the decade of sampling, age, gender, and three geographical areas; in adults, one pooled samples consisted of ten and in children of twenty individual samples. Altogether 233 pooled samples were analyzed. For all organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), significant downward trends were observed in the period 1970-1990 (p<0.001). The levels of HCB exceeded the Biomonitoring Equivalent (BE) value. The hazard quotient (HQ) in Prague and Ostrava during the 1970s and 1980s was about 40 and in the 1990s it had dropped to about five. In Uherské Hradiště, the HQ in 1975 was one order of magnitude higher (about 170), and had decreased to approximately 12 by 1987. For both HCB and the DDT sum, the BE-related carcinogenic risk of actual concentrations in the past exceeded significantly the individually accepted cancer risk level of 10(-4). The levels of the main PCB congeners in the 1970s through 1990s revealed an upward time trend in all analyzed strata. The highest concentrations were found in the serum of residents from the hot-spot area Uherské Hradiště. Critical PCB sum concentration levels (700ng/g lipid for vulnerable population groups and 1800ng/g lipid for other population groups) were substantially exceeded with an increasing time trend. PCB sum had exceeded HBM II values of 7μg/L of serum since 1980 in all age strata. In conclusion, the body burden of the Czech general population relative to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the period 1970 through 1990 significantly exceeded currently existing health based limit values. The past exposure might adversely affect the health status of the Czech population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Černá
- Charles University in Prague, Third Faculty of Medicine, CZ 100 00, Ruská 87, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Andrea Krsková
- National Institute of Public Health, CZ 100 42, Šrobárova 48, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šmíd
- National Institute of Public Health, CZ 100 42, Šrobárova 48, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Malý
- National Institute of Public Health, CZ 100 42, Šrobárova 48, Prague, Czech Republic
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Chen Y, Sakamuru S, Huang R, Reese DH, Xia M. Identification of compounds that modulate retinol signaling using a cell-based qHTS assay. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 32:287-96. [PMID: 26820057 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the retinol (vitamin A) signaling pathway (RSP) controls the biosynthesis and catabolism of all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), which regulates transcription of genes essential for embryonic development. Chemicals that interfere with the RSP to cause abnormal intracellular levels of atRA are potential developmental toxicants. To assess chemicals for the ability to interfere with retinol signaling, we have developed a cell-based RARE (Retinoic Acid Response Element) reporter gene assay to identify RSP disruptors. To validate this assay in a quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) platform, we screened the Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds (LOPAC) in both agonist and antagonist modes. The screens detected known RSP agonists, demonstrating assay reliability, and also identified novel RSP agonists including kenpaullone, niclosamide, PD98059 and SU4312, and RSP antagonists including Bay 11-7085, LY294002, 3,4-Methylenedioxy-β-nitrostyrene, and topoisomerase inhibitors (camptothecin, topotecan, amsacrine hydrochloride, and idarubicin). When evaluated in the P19 pluripotent cell, these compounds were found to affect the expression of the Hoxa1 gene that is essential for embryo body patterning. These results show that the RARE assay is an effective qHTS approach for screening large compound libraries to identify chemicals that have the potential to adversely affect embryonic development through interference with retinol signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Chen
- Division of Molecular Biology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, United States.
| | - Srilatha Sakamuru
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Ruili Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - David H Reese
- Division of Molecular Biology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, United States
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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Regional Variation in Human Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants in the United States, NHANES. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 2015:571839. [PMID: 26839572 PMCID: PMC4709617 DOI: 10.1155/2015/571839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We examined serum levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) among geographical regions of the United States as defined by the US Census Bureau. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data for adults aged 20 years and older are presented for selected survey periods between 1999 and 2010. From NHANES 1999 through 2004, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) concentration levels were consistently higher among people living in the West than in the Midwest, Northeast, or South. In 2003-2010, perfluorinated compound concentrations tended to be highest in the South. The sum of 35 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners was significantly higher in the Northeast [GM: 189; 95% CI: 173-204 ng/g lipid] than the remaining regions. The regional differences in higher body burdens of exposure to particular POPs could be attributed to a variety of activities, including region-specific patterns of land use and industrial and agricultural chemical applications, as well as different levels of regulatory activity.
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What Is in the Caribbean Baby? Assessing Prenatal Exposures and Potential Health Outcomes to Environmental Contaminants in 10 Caribbean Countries. W INDIAN MED J 2015; 64:23-8. [PMID: 26035812 DOI: 10.7727/wimj.2015.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess prenatal exposures and potential health outcomes to environmental toxicants such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), commonly used pesticides, and two heavy metals--mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb)--in 10 Caribbean countries. SUBJECTS AND METHODS For each participating Caribbean island, approximately 50 maternal blood and urine samples were collected and analysed for POPs such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), other common classes of pesticides used in the Caribbean such as organophosphates (OP), carbamates, chlorophenols and pyrethroids, and for Hg and Pb. Data obtained from the participating countries were compared with those from the United States of America and Canada. RESULTS A total of 438 samples were analysed from 10 Caribbean countries. Persistent organic pollutants was detected in almost all samples, however, these were generally low compared with comparable North American results. Evidence of exposure to PBDEs, OPs, carbamates and chlorophenols was also established. Caribbean pyrethroid concentrations were generally much higher than those recorded for North American women. Caribbean Pb maternal blood levels were generally lower than in North America, whereas Hg blood levels were two to three times higher. In almost all of the samples taken in this study, exposures to multiple chemicals were taking place at the same time. CONCLUSIONS This first Caribbean-wide exploratory biomonitoring study on the concentrations of several toxicants in maternal samples taken from 10 Caribbean countries clearly reinforces the need for Caribbean primary care physicians and other public health officials to encourage their patients, and in particular pregnant women, to reduce their exposures to these environmental contaminants as far as it is feasible to do so.
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Bouftini S, Bahhou J, Lelievre B, de la Barca JMC, Turcant A, Diquet B, Abourazzak S, Chaouki S, Hida M, Khattabi A, Nejjari C, Amarti A, Achour S. Screening for childhood lead poisoning in the industrial region of Fez, Morocco. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 68:442-450. [PMID: 25511562 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The study objectives were to estimate lead poisoning prevalence among children living next to an industrial area, to compare it to that in a control population, and to establish clinical and biological follow-up of the poisoned children. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study including 150 children (exposed and unexposed) performed between January 2012 and April 2013. It was meant to determine blood lead levels (BLLs) in children considered to be an exposed population (EP N 90), living in the industrial area Ain Nokb Fez compared with BLLs of children of other areas belonging to the same city supposed to be unexposed [UP (N = 60)]. A sociodemographic questionnaire was obtained, and a blood lead analysis was performed. Clinical and biological follow-up has been performed of poisoned children. The sample consisted of 90 EP children with an average age of 6.82 ± 3.32 years and male-to-female sex ratio (SR) of 1.5 and 60 UP children with an average age of 6.45 ± 3.29 years and an SR of 1.2. Among the 150 children recruited, the average of BLLs was 58.21 ± 36 µg/L (18-202.3 μg/L). The average of BLLs in EP children (71 ± 40 µg/L) was statistically greater (p < 0.0001) than that registered in UP children (38 ± 13 µg/L). All poisoned children belonged to the EP group at a prevalence of 21.1 %. The clinical and biological examinations of poisoned children showed a few perturbations such as anemia, hypocalcaemia, and deficiencies in magnesium and iron. No renal disease or objective neurological disorders were observed. In the follow-up of the children with BLL ≥100 µg/L (19 cases). BLL monitoring showed a significant decrease in average of blood concentration ranging from 136.75 ± 32.59 to 104.58 ± 32.73 µg/L (p < 0.0001) and in lead poisoning prevalence (p < 0.001), which decreased to 7.8 % from 21.1. Our study showed a high prevalence of lead poisoning (21.1 %) in EP children. The relocation of the industrial site associated with corrective and preventive measures has contributed to a decrease of exposure and lead poisoning prevalence in the aforementioned population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bouftini
- Laboratory of Analysis and Modeling of Continental Ecosystems, Faculty of Science Dhar El Mehraz (FSDM), Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah (USMBA), Fez, Morocco,
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Choi J, Aarøe Mørck T, Polcher A, Knudsen LE, Joas A. Review of the state of the art of human biomonitoring for chemical substances and its application to human exposure assessment for food safety. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2015.en-724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judy Choi
- Judy Choi Alexandra Polcher Anke Joas
| | | | | | | | - Anke Joas
- Judy Choi Alexandra Polcher Anke Joas
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Wong LY, Uddin MS, Turner W, Ragin AD, Dearwent S. Serum PCB concentrations in residents of Calcasieu and Lafayette Parishes, Louisiana with comparison to the U.S. population. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 118:156-162. [PMID: 25163413 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In 2002, a cross-sectional study designed to compare the serum dioxin toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQ) of a population-based sample of Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana residents, to Lafayette Parish was conducted. The mono-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in order to calculate the TEQ. We compared the sum of lipid adjusted serum concentrations of 27 PCB congeners (total PCBs) in residents of these two parishes and also by their demographic characteristics. The geometric means (GM) [standard errors (SE)] of the concentrations (ngg(-1) lipids) of total PCBs in participants from Calcasieu Parish and Lafayette Parish were 154 (11.8) and 168.6 (20.8) (T-test p=0.54), respectively. Various percentiles of the distribution of serum total PCB concentrations were similar in the two parishes. After adjusting by age and race in the ANCOVA regression model, the adjusted GM for the lipid adjusted total PCBs was statistically higher in the residents in Lafayette than in Calcasieu Parish regardless of age or race (P=0.007). The adjusted GM of lipid adjusted total PCBs for African Americans was significantly higher than for Whites (p<0.001). Serum total PCB levels in residents of both parishes increased linearly with age (P<0.001). The congener profiles were similar in residents of both parishes. We also compared the GMs of a sum of 8 PCBs in Calcasieu and Lafayette Parish residents to those from a representative sample of the U.S. general population in 2001-2002 and they were not significantly different between parishes or between the parish data and the U.S. general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Yang Wong
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States.
| | - Mohammed S Uddin
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States
| | - Wayman Turner
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States
| | - Angela D Ragin
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States
| | - Steve Dearwent
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States
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Adlard B, Davis K, Liang CL, S Curren M, Rodríguez-Dozal S, Riojas-Rodríguez H, Hernández-Ávila M, Foster W, Needham L, Wong LY, Weber JP, Marro L, Leech T, Van Oostdam J. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and metals in primiparous women: a comparison from Canada and Mexico. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 500-501:302-13. [PMID: 25233368 PMCID: PMC4825328 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Under the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) and its Sound Management of Chemicals (SMOC) program, a tri-national human contaminant monitoring initiative was completed to provide baseline exposure information for several environmental contaminants in Canada, Mexico and the United States (U.S). Blood samples were collected from primiparous women in Canada and Mexico, and were analysed for a suite of environmental contaminants including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene(p,p'-DDE),beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), mercury and lead. A multiple stepwise linear regression analysis was conducted using data from Canadian and Mexican primiparous mothers, adjusting for ethnicity group, age, pre-pregnancy BMI, years at current city and ever-smoking status. Concentrations of p,p'-DDE, β-HCH, and lead were found to be higher among Mexican participants; however, concentrations of most PCBs among Mexican participants were similar to Canadian primiparous women after adjusting for covariates. Concentrations of total mercury were generally higher among Mexican primiparous women although this difference was smaller as age increased. This initial dataset can be used to determine priorities for future activities and to track progress in the management of the selected chemicals, both domestically and on a broader cooperative basis within North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Adlard
- Chemicals Surveillance Bureau, Health Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 269 Laurier Avenue West, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9.
| | - Karelyn Davis
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9.
| | - Chun Lei Liang
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9.
| | - Meredith S Curren
- Chemicals Surveillance Bureau, Health Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 269 Laurier Avenue West, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9.
| | - Sandra Rodríguez-Dozal
- Environmental Health Department, Center for Population Heath Research, National Institute of Public Health. Av. Universidad #655, CP 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Horacio Riojas-Rodríguez
- Environmental Health Department, Center for Population Heath Research, National Institute of Public Health. Av. Universidad #655, CP 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Mauricio Hernández-Ávila
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Public Health. Av. Universidad #655, CP 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Warren Foster
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5.
| | - Larry Needham
- National Center of Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lee-Yang Wong
- National Center of Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Jean-Philippe Weber
- Institut national de santé publique, 945 Avenue Wolfe, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 5B3.
| | - Leonora Marro
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9.
| | - Tara Leech
- Chemicals Surveillance Bureau, Health Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 269 Laurier Avenue West, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9.
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Xue J, Liu SV, Zartarian VG, Geller AM, Schultz BD. Analysis of NHANES measured blood PCBs in the general US population and application of SHEDS model to identify key exposure factors. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2014; 24:615-21. [PMID: 24424407 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2013.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that the US population continues to be exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), despite their ban more than three decades ago, but the reasons are not fully understood. The objectives of this paper are to characterize patterns of PCBs in blood by age, gender, and ethnicity, and identify major exposure factors. EPA's Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation (SHEDS)-dietary exposure model was applied, combining fish tissue PCB levels from a NYC Asian Market survey with National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) dietary consumption data, and then linked with blood biomarkers for the same NHANES study subjects. Results reveal that the mean concentration of total PCBs in blood was higher with increasing age; however, for the same age, gender, and ethnicity, the blood PCB concentrations measured in the later NHANES survey were significantly lower than those in the earlier one. The decrease within an age group between the two survey periods lessened with increasing age. Blood PCBs among different ethnicities ranked differently between the older and the younger age groups within each survey. Non-Hispanic Blacks had significantly higher blood PCBs for the >30 year age group. For the 12 to ≤30 year age group, the "Asian, Pacific Islander, Native American or multiracial" group had the highest values, with patterns fairly consistent with fish consumption and modeled PCB exposure patterns. We conclude that for younger people, patterns correspond to reduced environmental contamination over time, and are strongly associated with fish consumption and dietary exposures. Higher PCB concentrations in blood of the older population may partially reflect past exposures to higher environmental PCB concentrations, particularly before the ban.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Xue
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shi V Liu
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Valerie G Zartarian
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew M Geller
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bradley D Schultz
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Forde MS, Dewailly E, Robertson L, Laouan Sidi EA, Côté S, Dumas P, Ayotte P. Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in 10 Caribbean countries. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 133:211-219. [PMID: 24968083 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal exposures to legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxin-like compounds (DLC), as well as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), were analyzed in pregnant women from 10 Caribbean countries. A total of 438 samples were collected and descriptive statistics calculated and compared to comparable Canadian Health Measure Survey (CHMS) and U.S. National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) datasets. Maternal POPs blood concentrations were found to be generally relatively low in the Caribbean samples compared with the U.S. and Canada datasets. Evidence of exposure to DLC and PBDE was established. DLC levels ranged from a geometric mean low of 3.96 pg/g lipids in Antigua and Barbuda to a high of 11.4 pg/g lipids in St. Lucia. Several of the PBDEs (15, 17, 25, 28, 33, 100) were detected in less than 60% of the country' samples. For PBDE-47, significantly higher levels were found in Bermuda, while Jamaica recorded a significantly low level. The overall calculated concentration of PBDE-47 for the Caribbean (5.33 μg/kg lipids) was significantly lower than the concentrations measured for the U.S. (10.83 μg/kg lipids) and Canada (23.90 μg/kg lipids). This study confirms that prenatal expose to multiple environmental chemicals is taking place in the Caribbean and highlights the need to implement surveillance programs that continuously monitor, intervene, and evaluate the levels of these toxic environmental contaminants to ensure that they are reduced as much as possible and that the health risk to humans, in particular the unborn child, are minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Forde
- Department of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, St. George׳s University, St. George׳s, Grenada, West Indies.
| | - Eric Dewailly
- Axe Santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec and Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Institut national de la santé publique du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Lyndon Robertson
- Caribbean EcoHealth Programme (CEHP), Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation (WINDREF), St. George׳s University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Elhadji A Laouan Sidi
- Axe Santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec and Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Suzanne Côté
- Axe Santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec and Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Dumas
- Institut national de la santé publique du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Axe Santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec and Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Institut national de la santé publique du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
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Delvaux I, Van Cauwenberghe J, Den Hond E, Schoeters G, Govarts E, Nelen V, Baeyens W, Van Larebeke N, Sioen I. Prenatal exposure to environmental contaminants and body composition at age 7-9 years. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 132:24-32. [PMID: 24742724 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The study aim was to investigate the association between prenatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and the body composition of 7 to 9 year old Flemish children. The subjects were 114 Flemish children (50% boys) that took part in the first Flemish Environment and Health Study (2002-2006). Cadmium, PCBs, dioxins, p,p'-DDE and HCB were analysed in cord blood/plasma. When the child reached 7-9 years, height, weight, waist circumference and skinfolds were measured. Significant associations between prenatal exposure to EDCs and indicators of body composition were only found in girls. After adjustment for confounders and covariates, a significant negative association was found in girls between prenatal cadmium exposure and weight, BMI and waist circumference (indicator of abdominal fat) and the sum of four skinfolds (indicator of subcutaneous fat). In contrast, a significant positive association (after adjustment for confounders/covariates) was found between prenatal p,p'-DDE exposure and waist circumference as well as waist/height ratio in girls (indicators of abdominal fat). No significant associations were found for prenatal PCBs, dioxins and HCB exposure after adjustment for confounders/covariates. This study suggests a positive association between prenatal p,p'-DDE exposure and indicators of abdominal fat and a negative association between prenatal cadmium exposure and indicators of both abdominal as well as subcutaneous fat in girls between 7 and 9 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immle Delvaux
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, UZ 2 Blok A, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolijn Van Cauwenberghe
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, UZ 2 Blok A, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elly Den Hond
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Eva Govarts
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Vera Nelen
- Department of Health, Provincial Institute for Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Willy Baeyens
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Free University of Brussels, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Elsene, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Van Larebeke
- Department of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Sioen
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, UZ 2 Blok A, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; FWO Research Foundation, Egmontstraat 5, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
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27
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Zhang Y, Nie X, Tao T, Qian W, Jiang S, Jiang J, Li A, Guo A, Xu G, Wu Q. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin promotes astrocyte activation and the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α via PKC/SSeCKS-dependent mechanisms. J Neurochem 2014; 129:839-49. [PMID: 24673440 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant that could induce significant toxic effects in the human nervous system. However, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been entirely elucidated. Reactive astrogliosis has implicated in various neurological diseases via the production of a variety of pro-inflammatory mediators. Herein, we investigated the potential role of TCDD in facilitating astrocyte activation and the underlying molecular mechanisms. We showed that TCDD induced rapid astrocyte activation following TCDD exposure, which was accompanied by significantly elevated expression of Src-Suppressed-C Kinase Substrate (SSeCKS), a protein involved in protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated Nuclear Factor kappa B signaling, suggesting a possible involvement of PKC-induced SSeCKS activation in TCDD-triggered reactive astroglia. In keeping with the finding, we found that the level of phosphorylated Nuclear Factor kappa B p65 was remarkably increased after TCDD treatment. Furthermore, interference of SSeCKS attenuated TCDD-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, phospho-p65 expression, and tumor necrosis factor-α secretion in astrocytes. In addition, pre-treatment with PKC inhibitor also attenuated TCDD-induced astrocyte activation, as well as SSeCKS expression. Interestingly, we found that TCDD treatment could lead to SSeCKS perinuclear localization, which could be abolished after treatment with PKC inhibitor. Finally, we showed that inhibition of PKC activity or SSeCKS expression would impair TCDD-triggered tumor necrosis factor-α secretion. Our results suggested that TCDD exposure could lead to astrocyte activation through PKC/SSeCKS-dependent mechanisms, highlighting that astrocytes might be important target of TCDD-induced neurotoxicity. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) elicits neurotoxic effects. Here, we show TCDD induces pro-inflammatory responses in astrocytes. TCDD initiates an increase of [Ca2+]i, followed by the activation of PKC, which then induces the activation of Src-suppressed C-kinase substrate (SSeCKS). SSeCKS promotes NF-κB activation and the secretion of TNF-α and nitric oxide in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygieney, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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28
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Faniband M, Lindh CH, Jönsson BAG. Human biological monitoring of suspected endocrine-disrupting compounds. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:5-16. [PMID: 24369128 PMCID: PMC3901881 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.122197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting compounds are exogenous agents that interfere with the natural hormones of the body. Human biological monitoring is a powerful method for monitoring exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds. In this review, we describe human biological monitoring systems for different groups of endocrine disrupting compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, brominated flame retardants, phthalates, alkylphenols, pesticides, metals, perfluronated compounds, parabens, ultraviolet filters, and organic solvents. The aspects discussed are origin to exposure, metabolism, matrices to analyse, analytical determination methods, determinants, and time trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moosa Faniband
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo AG Jönsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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29
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Hearn LK, Hawker DW, Toms LML, Mueller JF. Assessing exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) for workers in the vicinity of a large recycling facility. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 92:222-228. [PMID: 23498664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Increased levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) can occur particularly in dust and soil surrounding facilities that recycle products containing PBDEs. This may be the source of increased exposure for nearby workers and residents. To investigate, we measured PBDE levels in soil, office dust and blood of workers at the closest workplace (i.e. within 100m) to a large automotive shredding and metal recycling facility in Brisbane, Australia. The workplace investigated in this study was independent of the automotive shredding facility and was one of approximately 50 businesses of varying types within a relatively large commercial/industrial area surrounding the recycling facility. Concentrations of PBDEs in soils were at least an order of magnitude greater than background levels in the area. Congener profiles were dominated by larger molecular weight congeners; in particular BDE-209. This reflected the profile in outdoor air samples previously collected at this site. Biomonitoring data from blood serum indicated no differential exposure for workers near the recycling facility compared to a reference group of office workers, also in Brisbane. Unlike air, indoor dust and soil sample profiles, serum samples from both worker groups were dominated by congeners BDE-47, BDE-153, BDE-99, BDE-100 and BDE-183 and was similar to the profile previously reported in the general Australian population. Estimated exposures for workers near the industrial point source suggested indoor workers had significantly higher exposure than outdoor workers due to their exposure to indoor dust rather than soil. However, no relationship was observed between blood PBDE levels and different roles and activity patterns of workers on-site. These comparisons of PBDE levels in serum provide additional insight into the inter-individual variability within Australia. Results also indicate congener patterns in the workplace environment did not match blood profiles of workers. This was attributed to the relatively high background exposures for the general Australian population via dietary intake and the home environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence K Hearn
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
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30
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Moodie S, Ialongo N, López P, Rosado J, García-Vargas G, Ronquillo D, Kordas K. The conjoint influence of home enriched environment and lead exposure on children's cognition and behaviour in a Mexican lead smelter community. Neurotoxicology 2013; 34:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Rawn DFK, Ryan JJ, Sadler AR, Sun WF, Haines D, Macey K, Van Oostdam J. PCDD/F and PCB concentrations in sera from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) from 2007 to 2009. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 47:48-55. [PMID: 22750796 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In order to establish a national baseline estimate of the concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Canadians, pooling of individual human sera was performed to ensure that a high frequency of detectable concentrations of analytes would be achieved. Nearly 5000 (4583) sera samples from Cycle 1 of the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) collected between 2007 and 2009 were used to form 59 composite pools of approximately 25 mL each. Pools were categorized by sex and age with participants ranging from 6 to 79 years. The pooled samples were analysed for 17 PCDD/Fs and 36 PCB congeners, and from these data, total toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQ(2005 PCDD/F+Dioxin-like [DL]-PCB)) were estimated. The average 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) concentration was <1 pg g⁻¹ on a lipid extractable basis. The average total TEQ(2005 PCDD/F+DL-PCB) was 11 pg TEQ g⁻¹ lipid and average ΣPCB concentrations were about 100 ng g⁻¹ lipid. Sex did not affect the concentrations, while PCB and PCDD/F concentrations were positively correlated with age (p<0.001). It appeared in some cases that the age group 6-11 years had higher concentrations of these persistent organic pollutants (POPs) than the concentrations observed in 12-19 year olds, however, the results were not statistically significant based on pair-wise comparisons. Concentration levels and patterns observed in this study of Canadians were similar to those reported in the US and European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea F K Rawn
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Sir Frederick Banting Research Centre, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
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32
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Moodie SM, Evans EL. Moodie and Evans Respond. Am J Public Health 2012. [DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2012.300953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sue M. Moodie
- Sue M. Moodie is with the department of Environmental Health and Engineering, the John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. Emily L. Evans is with Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Emily L. Evans
- Sue M. Moodie is with the department of Environmental Health and Engineering, the John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. Emily L. Evans is with Georgetown University, Washington, DC
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Ahrd Cyp1a2(-/-) mice show increased susceptibility to PCB-induced developmental neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2012; 33:1436-1442. [PMID: 22935098 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are developmental neurotoxicants that produce cognitive and behavioral changes in children exposed during gestation and lactation. Coplanar PCBs bind the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and can be sequestered in liver by cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2). The AHR is a ligand-activated transcription factor which increases expression of the CYP1 family, including CYP1A2. Our previous work examining genetic susceptibility to developmental PCB neurotoxicity showed that Ahr(b)Cyp1a2(-/-) mice with the high-affinity Ahr(b) allele and lacking CYP1A2 were most susceptible while Ahr(b)Cyp1a2(+/+) and poor-affinity Ahr(d)Cyp1a2(+/+) mice were resistant. To follow up, a fourth line of mice was generated with the Ahr(d)Cyp1a2(-/-) genotype and compared with the background strain Ahr(b)Cyp1a2(+/+). Dams received a PCB mixture or the corn oil vehicle at gestational Day 10 (GD10) and postnatal Day 5 (PND5). Offspring were tested at PND60 in open field locomotor, acoustic startle with pre-pulse inhibition (PPI), novel object recognition and Morris water maze. Locomotor activity was increased in PCB-treated Ahr(b)Cyp1a2(+/+) mice, but no differences were seen in control vs. PCB-treated Ahr(d)Cyp1a2(-/-) mice. PCB-treated Ahr(d)Cyp1a2(-/-) mice had a higher baseline startle response and significantly reduced pre-pulse inhibition at the 74dB level compared with corn oil-treated controls (P<0.05). PCB-treated Ahr(d)Cyp1a2(-/-) mice had impairments in novel objective recognition (P<0.05) and during all three hidden platform phases of Morris water maze (P<0.01). Combined with our previous findings, these results indicate Cyp1a2 genotype is more important in susceptibility to PCB-induced deficits in learning and memory, but Ahr genotype appears more important when assessing acoustic startle-PPI and locomotor activity.
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Petro EM, Leroy JL, Covaci A, Fransen E, De Neubourg D, Dirtu AC, De Pauw I, Bols PE. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals in human follicular fluid impair in vitro oocyte developmental competence. Hum Reprod 2012; 27:1025-33. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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35
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Moodie S, Berman J, Hamilton K, Martone P, Oluwadairo T, Yoyinsola Oluwadairo T, Mihalic J. RETRACTED: A study of shower aerosols and deposition of lead dust from distribution system and premise plumbing in Baltimore homes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011:S0013-9351(11)00291-X. [PMID: 22088604 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Moodie
- Department of Environmental Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
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36
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Medehouenou TCM, Ayotte P, Carmichael PH, Kröger E, Verreault R, Lindsay J, Dewailly É, Tyas SL, Bureau A, Laurin D. Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in plasma of older Canadians. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 111:1313-1320. [PMID: 22001220 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
No nationwide study has ever measured polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and organochlorine pesticide (OCP) body burden in Canadians aged 65 years and over. The objective of this study was to determine plasma concentrations of PCB congeners and OCPs in participants from a sub-cohort of the Canadian Study of Health and Aging and to examine the effects of socio-demographic, anthropometric and lifestyle characteristics on selected organochlorine concentrations. Archived plasma samples collected from 2023 subjects were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using negative chemical ionization for 15 PCB congeners and 11 OCPs. Descriptive statistics were used to report PCB congeners and OCP plasma concentrations. Multivariate models were used to study whether age at blood collection, sex, education, body mass index, rural residence, geographic region, smoking status and alcohol intake influences PCB 153, the most abundant congener, and the major OCP (beta-hexachlorocyclohexane, hexachlorobenzene, trans-nonachlor, p,p'-DDE) plasma concentrations. Statistical analyses were restricted to 1979 subjects and 17 organochlorine compounds for which at least 50% of the samples had concentrations above the limit of detection. Of these, 775 were men (mean age: 82.2 years) and 1204 were women (mean age: 84.6 years). The median concentrations (ng/g lipid) of PCB 153 in the plasma of men and women were 70.9 and 75.4, respectively. The levels of the sum of PCBs and the sum of dioxin-like PCBs were 276 and 31.3 for men, and 300 and 45.5 for women, respectively. The median concentrations (ng/g lipid) of p,p'-DDE, the most abundant OCP, were 565 for men and 828 for women. All compounds were positively and significantly intercorrelated (rs=0.39-0.99; p<0.001). Except for trans-nonachlor, the multivariate models revealed that age and male sex were the determining characteristics that showed, respectively, strongly positive and negative associations with selected organochlorine concentrations. These plasma concentrations from a large population based study can be considered as baseline data for body burdens of older Canadians.
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Lin S, Yang Z, Zhang X, Bian Z, Cai Z. Hippocampal metabolomics reveals 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxicity associated with ageing in Sprague-Dawley rats. Talanta 2011; 85:1007-12. [PMID: 21726731 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics, the exponentially developing technique, could provide a systemic mapping in toxicology by directly measuring small molecular metabolites. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was found to be neurotoxic in mammalian animals. In this study, we employed liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for non-targeted analysis of metabolic profiling in hippocampal sample sets of the rats exposed to TCDD. Hippocampal metabolome from different ages of the healthy rats (4-week, 12-week and 20-week) was also deciphered. The relationship between the two tested cases was unlocked to delineate TCDD toxicity associated with ageing. Tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation in conjunction with metabolic database searching and compared to authentic standards was utilized for metabolite identification. As a consequence, the reduced levels of phenylalanine and leucine/isoleucine as well as the up-regulation of inosine and hypoxanthine were highlighted for understanding of TCDD toxicity related to age in rats and the trajectory was depicted by principal components analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhai Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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Bishop AM, Fernandez C, Whitehead RD, Morales-A P, Barr DB, Wilder LC, Baker SE. Quantification of riboflavin in human urine using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1823-6. [PMID: 21612990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We developed a selective method to measure riboflavin in human urine. Sample preparation involved solid phase extraction and concentration of the target analyte in urine. The urine concentrate was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Riboflavin concentrations were quantified using an isotopically labeled internal standard. The limit of detection was 11 ng/mL, and the linear range was 4.4-20,000 ng/mL. The relative standard deviation at 100, 1000, and 5000 ng/mL was 17%, 17%, and 12%, respectively. The accuracy was 90%. On average, 100 samples, including calibration standards and quality control samples, were prepared per day. Using our method, we measured concentrations of riboflavin in human urine samples that were collected from participants in a study where riboflavin was used as a surrogate chemical to simulate exposure to an environmental toxicant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Bishop
- National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, M/S F-17, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Goncharov A, Pavuk M, Foushee HR, Carpenter DO. Blood pressure in relation to concentrations of PCB congeners and chlorinated pesticides. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:319-25. [PMID: 21362590 PMCID: PMC3059993 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residents of Anniston, Alabama, live near a Monsanto plant that manufactured polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from 1929 to 1971 and are relatively heavily exposed. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to determine the relationship, if any, between blood pressure and levels of total serum PCBs, several PCB groups with common actions or structure, 35 individual PCB congeners, and nine chlorinated pesticides. METHODS Linear regression analysis was used to determine the relationships between blood pressure and serum levels of the various contaminants after adjustment for age, body mass index, sex, race, smoking, and exercise in 394 Anniston residents who were not taking antihypertensive medication. RESULTS Other than age, total serum PCB concentration was the strongest determinant of blood pressure of the covariates studied. We found the strongest associations for those PCB congeners that had multiple ortho chlorines. We found the associations over the full range of blood pressure as well as in those subjects whose blood pressure was in the normal range. The chlorinated pesticides showed no consistent relationship to blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS In this cross-sectional study, serum concentrations of PCBs, especially those congeners with multiple ortho chlorines, were strongly associated with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Goncharov
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York, USA
| | - Marian Pavuk
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Herman R. Foushee
- Survey Research Unit, University of Alabama–Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - David O. Carpenter
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York, USA
- Address correspondence to D.O. Carpenter, Institute for Health and the Environment, 5 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144 USA. Telephone: (518) 525-2660. Fax: (518) 525-2665. E-mail:
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Padilla MA, Elobeid M, Ruden DM, Allison DB. An examination of the association of selected toxic metals with total and central obesity indices: NHANES 99-02. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:3332-47. [PMID: 20948927 PMCID: PMC2954548 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7093332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
It is conceivable that toxic metals contribute to obesity by influencing various aspects of metabolism, such as by substituting for essential micronutrients and vital metals, or by inducing oxidative stress. Deficiency of the essential metal zinc decreases adiposity in humans and rodent models, whereas deficiencies of chromium, copper, iron, and magnesium increases adiposity. This study utilized the NHANES 99-02 data to explore the association between waist circumference and body mass index with the body burdens of selected toxic metals (barium, cadmium, cobalt, cesium, molybdenum, lead, antimony, thallium, and tungsten). Some of the associations were significant direct relationships (barium and thallium), and some of the associations were significant inverse relationships (cadmium, cobalt, cesium, and lead). Molybdenum, antimony, and tungsten had mostly insignificant associations with waist circumference and body mass index. This is novel result for most of the toxic metals studied, and a surprising result for lead because high stored lead levels have been shown to correlate with higher rates of diabetes, and obesity may be a key risk factor for developing diabetes. These associations suggest the possibility that environmental exposure to metals may contribute to variations in human weight gain/loss. Future research, such as prospective studies rather than the cross-sectional studies presented here, is warranted to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Padilla
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, 250 Mills Godwin Building, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Old Dominion University, 250 Mills Godwin Building, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Mai Elobeid
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; E-Mail:
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Douglas M. Ruden
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Wayne State University, 275 E. Hancock Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - David B. Allison
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Clinical Nutrition Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Lee DH, Steffes MW, Sjödin A, Jones RS, Needham LL, Jacobs DR. Low dose of some persistent organic pollutants predicts type 2 diabetes: a nested case-control study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:1235-42. [PMID: 20444671 PMCID: PMC2944083 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low doses of some persistent organic pollutants (POPs) associate cross-sectionally with type 2 diabetes, whereas associations with high POP exposures are inconsistent. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether several POPs prospectively predict type 2 diabetes within the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) cohort. METHODS Participants in this nested case-control study were diabetes free in 1987-1988. By 2005-2006, the 90 controls remained free of diabetes, whereas the 90 cases developed diabetes. Using serum collected in 1987-1988, we measured 8 organochlorine pesticides, 22 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs), and 1 polybrominated biphenyl (PBB). We compared POP concentrations from CARDIA and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 2003-2004. We computed odds ratios (ORs) for incident diabetes using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Chlorinated POPs in CARDIA in 1987-1988 were much higher than corresponding NHANES 2003-2004 concentrations. POPs showed nonlinear associations with diabetes risk. The highest risk was observed in the second quartiles of trans-nonachlor, oxychlordane, mirex, highly chlorinated PCBs, and PBB153-a finding that suggests low-dose effects. We concentrated risk by summing these POPs and isolated very low concentrations of multiple POPs in the lowest sextile of the sum. The adjusted OR in the second sextile vs. the lowest sextile was 5.3 overall and 20.1 for body mass index > or = 30 kg/m2. CONCLUSIONS Several POPs at low doses similar to current exposure levels may increase diabetes risk, possibly through endocrine disruption. Certain POPs may a play a role in the current epidemic of diabetes, which has been attributed to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Hee Lee
- Department of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Michael W. Steffes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- Organic Analytical Toxicology Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Richard S. Jones
- Organic Analytical Toxicology Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Larry L. Needham
- Organic Analytical Toxicology Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David R. Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Address correspondence to D.R. Jacobs Jr., University of Minnesota, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, 1300 South 2nd St., Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454 USA. Telephone: (612) 624-4196. Fax: (612) 624-0315. E-mail:
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Endocrine disruptors and obesity: an examination of selected persistent organic pollutants in the NHANES 1999-2002 data. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:2988-3005. [PMID: 20717554 PMCID: PMC2922741 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7072988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may cause perturbations in endogenous hormonal regulation that predispose to weight gain. Using data from NHANES (1999-2002), we investigated the association between body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and selected persistent organic pollutants (POPs) via multiple linear regressions. Consistent interaction was found between gender, ln oxychlordane and ln p,p' DDT. Also, we found an association between WC and ln oxychlordane and ln hpcdd in subjects with detectable levels of POPs, whereas an association between WC and ln p,p' DDT was observed in all subjects. Furthermore, ln Ocdd showed an increase with higher WC and BMI, whereas, ln trans-nonachlor decreased with higher BMI. Hence, BMI and WC are associated with POPs levels, making the chemicals plausible contributors to the obesity epidemic.
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Agarwal N, Banternghansa C, Bui LTM. Toxic exposure in America: estimating fetal and infant health outcomes from 14 years of TRI reporting. JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS 2010; 29:557-574. [PMID: 20494467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We examine the effect of exposure to a set of toxic pollutants that are tracked by the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) from manufacturing facilities on county-level infant and fetal mortality rates in the United States between 1989 and 2002. Unlike previous studies, we control for toxic pollution from both mobile sources and non-TRI reporting facilities. We find significant adverse effects of toxic air pollution concentrations on infant mortality rates. Within toxic air pollutants we find that releases of carcinogens are particularly problematic for infant health outcomes. We estimate that the average county-level decreases in various categories of TRI concentrations saved in excess of 13,800 infant lives from 1989 to 2002. Using the low end of the range for the value of a statistical life that is typically used by the EPA of $1.8M, the savings in lives would be valued at approximately $25B.
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Exposure to persistent organic pollutants as potential risk factors for developing diabetes. Sci China Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-0157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Jain RB, Wang RY. Regression models to estimate total polychlorinated biphenyls in the general US population: 2001-2002 and 2003-2004. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 79:243-52. [PMID: 20189219 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Certain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) have long half-lives and, despite the regulatory bans on the industrial pollutants that expose humans to PCB, are detectable in human serum. However, many of them are not detectable because of the small quantities that may be present in body fluids. For this reason, attempts have been made to estimate the total concentration of PCB (SigmaPCB) using the relationship between SigmaPCB and the concentrations of a few of the PCB congeners which can be reliably measured at detectable levels. PCB 153 or a combination of PCB 153,138, and 180 have previously been used for this purpose. However, because of the unique populations investigated in these studies, the results are not necessarily applicable to the racially/ethnically heterogeneous US population. We defined SigmaPCB as the sum of the concentrations of 12 PCB congeners, and sum of 33 PCB congeners for NHANES 2001-2002 and 2003-2004 respectively. We built regression models in a step-wise fashion using SigmaPCB as the dependent variable and age, race/ethnicity, and gender as the covariates for both whole-weight and lipid-adjusted data. In addition, concentration of PCB 153 was used as the continuous independent variable for 2001-2002 models, and PCB 153 and PCB 180 for 2003-2004 models respectively. R(2) for both models for NHANES 2001-2002 was >86%. The R(2) for both NHANES 2003-2004 models was >81%. Thus, the estimate of SigmaPCB for the general US population can be improved by considering common demographic variables, such as race/ethnicity, and selected congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram B Jain
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, GA 30329, United States.
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Lorber M, Patterson D, Huwe J, Kahn H. Evaluation of background exposures of Americans to dioxin-like compounds in the 1990s and the 2000s. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 77:640-51. [PMID: 19733382 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The US Environmental Protection Agency's 2004 Dioxin Reassessment included a characterization of background exposures to dioxin-like compounds, including an estimate of an average background intake dose and an average background body burden. These quantities were derived from data generated in the mid-1990s. Studies conducted in the 2000s were gathered in an attempt to update the estimates generated by the Reassessment. While these studies suggest declines in the average background dose and body burden, a precise quantification of this decline, much less a conclusion that a decline has indeed occurred, cannot be made because of the inconsistency of study design and data sources, and the treatment of non-detects in the generation of congener average concentrations. The average background intake of the Reassessment was 61.0 pg TEQ/day, and using more current data, the average background intake was 40.6 pg TEQ/day. The average body burden from the surveys in the mid-1990s was 22.9 pg TEQ/g lipid weight (pg/g lwt). More recent blood concentration data, from NHANES 2001/2, suggest an adult average at 21.7 pg/g TEQ lwt. These TEQ values include the 17 dioxin and furan congeners and 3 coplanar PCBs, and were generated substituting ND=(1/2)DL or ND=DL/sq rt (2). Results are provided for ND=0 and analyses conducted to evaluate the impacts of this substitution. A more detailed examination of beef and pork data from similarly designed national statistical surveys show that declines in pork are statistically significant while the beef concentrations appeared to have remained constant between the time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lorber
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., Washington, DC 20460, USA.
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Ruden DM, Chen L, Possidente D, Possidente B, Rasouli P, Wang L, Lu X, Garfinkel MD, Hirsch HVB, Page GP. Genetical toxicogenomics in Drosophila identifies master-modulatory loci that are regulated by developmental exposure to lead. Neurotoxicology 2009; 30:898-914. [PMID: 19737576 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The genetics of gene expression in recombinant inbred lines (RILs) can be mapped as expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). So-called "genetical genomics" studies have identified locally acting eQTLs (cis-eQTLs) for genes that show differences in steady-state RNA levels. These studies have also identified distantly acting master-modulatory trans-eQTLs that regulate tens or hundreds of transcripts (hotspots or transbands). We expand on these studies by performing genetical genomics experiments in two environments in order to identify trans-eQTL that might be regulated by developmental exposure to the neurotoxin lead. Flies from each of 75 RIL were raised from eggs to adults on either control food (made with 250 microM sodium acetate), or lead-treated food (made with 250 microM lead acetate, PbAc). RNA expression analyses of whole adult male flies (5-10 days old) were performed with Affymetrix DrosII whole genome arrays (18,952 probesets). Among the 1389 genes with cis-eQTL, there were 405 genes unique to control flies and 544 genes unique to lead-treated ones (440 genes had the same cis-eQTLs in both samples). There are 2396 genes with trans-eQTL which mapped to 12 major transbands with greater than 95 genes. Permutation analyses of the strain labels but not the expression data suggests that the total number of eQTL and the number of transbands are more important criteria for validation than the size of the transband. Two transbands, one located on the 2nd chromosome and one on the 3rd chromosome, co-regulate 33 lead-induced genes, many of which are involved in neurodevelopmental processes. For these 33 genes, rather than allelic variation at one locus exerting differential effects in two environments, we found that variation at two different loci are required for optimal effects on lead-induced expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Ruden
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201-2654, USA.
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Richardson JR, Shalat SL, Buckley B, Winnik B, O'Suilleabhain P, Diaz-Arrastia R, Reisch J, German DC. Elevated serum pesticide levels and risk of Parkinson disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 66:870-5. [PMID: 19597089 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2009.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to pesticides has been reported to increase the risk of Parkinson disease (PD), but identification of the specific pesticides is lacking. Three studies have found elevated levels of organochlorine pesticides in postmortem PD brains. OBJECTIVE To determine whether elevated levels of organochlorine pesticides are present in the serum of patients with PD. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING An academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS Fifty patients with PD, 43 controls, and 20 patients with Alzheimer disease. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Levels of 16 organochlorine pesticides in serum samples. RESULTS beta-Hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH) was more often detectable in patients with PD (76%) compared with controls (40%) and patients with Alzheimer disease (30%). The median level of beta-HCH was higher in patients with PD compared with controls and patients with Alzheimer disease. There were no marked differences in detection between controls and patients with PD concerning any of the other 15 organochlorine pesticides. Finally, we observed a significant odds ratio for the presence of beta-HCH in serum to predict a diagnosis of PD vs control (odds ratio, 4.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.67-11.6) and PD vs Alzheimer disease (odds ratio, 5.20), which provides further evidence for the apparent association between serum beta-HCH and PD. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that beta-HCH is associated with a diagnosis of PD. Further research is warranted regarding the potential role of beta-HCH as a etiologic agent for some cases of PD.
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Kim BM, Ha M, Park HS, Lee BE, Kim YJ, Hong YC, Kim Y, Chang N, Roh YM, Kim BN, Oh SY, Ha EH. The Mothers and Children's Environmental Health (MOCEH) study. Eur J Epidemiol 2009; 24:573-83. [PMID: 19629723 PMCID: PMC2744774 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-009-9370-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The MOCEH study is a prospective hospital- and community-based cohort study designed to collect information related to environmental exposures (chemical, biological, nutritional, physical, and psychosocial) during pregnancy and childhood and to examine how exposure to environmental pollutants affects growth, development, and disease. The MOCEH network includes one coordinating center, four local centers responsible for recruiting pregnant women, and four evaluation centers (a nutrition center, bio-repository center, neurocognitive development center, and environment assessment center). At the local centers, trained nurses interview the participants to gather information regarding their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, complications related to the current gestation period, health behaviors and environmental factors. These centers also collect samples of blood, placenta, urine, and breast milk. Environmental hygienists measure each participant's level of exposure to indoor and outdoor pollutants during the pre- and postnatal periods. The participants are followed up through delivery and until the child is 5 years of age. The MOCEH study plans to recruit 1,500 pregnant women between 2006 and 2010 and to perform follow-up studies on their children. We expect this study to provide evidence to support the hypothesis that the gestational environment has an effect on the development of diseases during adulthood. We also expect the study results to enable evaluation of latency and age-specific susceptibility to exposure to hazardous environmental pollutants, evaluation of growth retardation focused on environmental and genetic risk factors, selection of target environmental diseases in children, development of an environmental health index, and establishment of a national policy for improving the health of pregnant women and their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Mi Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Center, Ewha Womans University, 911-1 Mok 6-dong, Yangcheon-Gu, Seoul, Korea
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Needleman H. Low level lead exposure: history and discovery. Ann Epidemiol 2009; 19:235-8. [PMID: 19344860 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The history of lead toxicity spans 2 millennnia. With increasingly sensitive methods, deficits due to lead exposure have been demonstrated at lower and lower doses. Persuasive evidence suggests that no threshold for lead toxicity exists.
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