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Basak S, Duttaroy AK. Maternal PUFAs, Placental Epigenetics, and Their Relevance to Fetal Growth and Brain Development. Reprod Sci 2023; 30:408-427. [PMID: 35676498 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-00989-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially omega-3 (n-3) and n-6 long-chain (LC) PUFAs, are indispensable for the fetus' brain supplied by the placenta. Despite being highly unsaturated, n-3 LCPUFA-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) plays a protective role as an antioxidant in the brain. Deficiency of DHA during fetal development may cause irreversible damages in neurodevelopment programming. Dietary PUFAs can impact placental structure and functions by regulating early placentation processes, such as angiogenesis. They promote remodeling of uteroplacental architecture to facilitate increased blood flow and surface area for nutrient exchange. The placenta's fatty acid transfer depends on the uteroplacental vascular development, ensuring adequate maternal circulatory fatty acids transport to fulfill the fetus' rapid growth and development requirements. Maternal n-3 PUFA deficiency predominantly leads to placental epigenetic changes than other fetal developing organs. A global shift in DNA methylation possibly transmits epigenetic instability in developing fetuses due to n-3 PUFA deficiency. Thus, an optimal level of maternal omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs may protect the placenta's structural and functional integrity and allow fetal growth by controlling the aberrant placental epigenetic changes. This narrative review summarizes the recent advances and underpins the roles of maternal PUFAs on the structure and functions of the placenta and their relevance to fetal growth and brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Basak
- Molecular Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Asim K Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Kulkarni A, Zhao A, Yang B, Zhang Y, Linderborg KM. Tissue-Specific Content of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in (n-3) Deficiency State of Rats. Foods 2022; 11:208. [PMID: 35053940 PMCID: PMC8774705 DOI: 10.3390/foods11020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The dietary intake of fatty acids (FAs) affects the composition and distribution of FAs in the body. Here, a first-generation (n-3)-deficiency study was conducted by keeping young (age 21 ± 2 days) Sprague-Dawley male rats on a peanut-oil-based diet for 33 days after weaning in order to compare the effect of mild (n-3)-deficiency on the lipid composition of different organs and feces. Soybean-oil-based diet was used as a control. The plasma FA levels corresponded to FAs levels in the organs. Lower docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content was detected in the plasma, brain, testis, visceral fat, heart, and lungs of the (n-3)-deficient group, whereas the DHA content of the eye and feces did not differ between the experimental groups. The DHA content of the brains of the (n-3)-deficient group was 86% of the DHA content of the brains of the (n-3)-adequate group. The DHA level of the organs was affected in the order of visceral fat > liver triacylglycerols > lung > heart > liver phospholipids > testis > eye > brain, with brain being least affected. The low levels of (n-3) FAs in the liver, brain, eye, heart, and lung were offset by an increase in the (n-6) FAs, mainly arachidonic acid. These results indicate that, in rats, adequate maternal nutrition during pregnancy and weaning does not provide enough (n-3) FAs for 33 days of an (n-3)-deficient diet. Results of this study can be used also to evaluate the conditions needed to reach mild (n-3) deficiency in the first generation of rats and to evaluate the feasibility to collect data from a variety of organs or only selected ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amruta Kulkarni
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (A.K.); (B.Y.)
| | - Ai Zhao
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Baoru Yang
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (A.K.); (B.Y.)
| | - Yumei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition & Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kaisa M. Linderborg
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (A.K.); (B.Y.)
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Gerstner C, Saín J, Lavandera J, González M, Bernal C. Functional milk fat enriched in conjugated linoleic acid prevented liver lipid accumulation induced by a high-fat diet in male rats. Food Funct 2021; 12:5051-5065. [PMID: 33960342 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03296d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to investigate the potential effect of functional milk fat (FMF), naturally enriched in conjugated linoleic acid, on the prevention of liver lipid accumulation and some biochemical mechanisms involved in the liver triacylglycerol (TAG) regulation in high-fat (HF) fed rats. Male Wistar rats were fed (60 days) with S7 (soybean oil, 7%) or HF diets: S30 (soybean oil, 30%), MF30 (soybean oil, 3% + milk fat -MF-, 27%) or FMF30 (soybean oil, 3% + FMF, 27%). Nutritional parameters, hepatic fatty acid (FA) composition, liver and serum TAG levels, hepatic TAG secretion rate (TAG-SR), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in adipose tissue and muscle, activities and/or mRNA levels of lipogenic and β-oxidative enzymes, and mRNA levels of transcription factors and FA transport proteins were assessed. The hepatic lipid accumulation induced by the S30 diet was associated with increased mRNA levels of FA transporters; and it was prevented by FMF through an increase in the hepatic TAG-SR, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1a activity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha mRNA levels, as well as by a reduction of the mRNA levels of FA transporters. The hypotriacylglyceridaemia observed in S30 was related with an increased LPL activity in adipose tissue and it was reverted by FMF through the increased hepatic TAG-SR. In brief, FMF prevented the liver lipid accumulation induced by HF diets by increasing the hepatic TAG-SR and β-oxidation, and reducing the hepatic FA uptake. The increased hepatic TAG-SR induced by FMF could be responsible for the attenuation of serum TAG alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gerstner
- Cátedra de Bromatología y Nutrición, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Juliana Saín
- Cátedra de Bromatología y Nutrición, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina. and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jimena Lavandera
- Cátedra de Bromatología y Nutrición, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina. and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marcela González
- Cátedra de Bromatología y Nutrición, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Claudio Bernal
- Cátedra de Bromatología y Nutrición, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina. and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
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Maternal n-3 PUFA deficiency alters uterine artery remodeling and placental epigenome in the mice. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 96:108784. [PMID: 34062269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The maternal n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) deficiency on decidual vascular structure and angiogenesis in mice placenta was investigated. Namely, we studied uterine artery remodeling, fatty acid metabolism, and placental epigenetic methylation in this animal model. Weanling female Swiss albino mice were fed either alpha-linolenic acid (18:3 n-3, ALA) deficient diets (0.13% energy from ALA) or a sufficient diet (2.26% energy from ALA) throughout the study. The dietary n-3 PUFA deficiency altered uteroplacental morphology and vasculature by reversing luminal to vessel area and increased luminal wall thickness at 8.5-12.5gD. Further, placentas (F0 and F1) showed a significant decrease in the expression of VCAM1, HLAG proteins and an increase in MMP9, KDR expression. The conversion of ALA to long-chain (LC) n-3 PUFAs was significantly decreased in plasma and placenta during the n-3 deficiency state. Reduced n-3 LCPUFAs increased the placental expression of intracellular proteins FABP3, FABP4, and ADRP to compensate decreased availability of these fatty acids in the n-3 deficient mice. The N-3 PUFA deficiency significantly increased the 5-methylcytosine levels in the placenta but not in the liver. The alteration in DNA methylation continued to the next generation in the placental epigenome with augmented expression of DNMT3A and DNMT3B. Our study showed that maternal n-3 PUFA deficiency alters placental vascular architecture and induces epigenetic changes suggesting the importance of n-3 PUFA intake during the development of the fetus. Moreover, the study shows that the placenta is the susceptible target for epigenetic alteration in maternal deficiency n-3 fatty acids.
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Ferosekhan S, Turkmen S, Xu H, Afonso JM, Zamorano MJ, Kaushik S, Izquierdo M. The Relationship between the Expression of Fatty Acyl Desaturase 2 ( fads2) Gene in Peripheral Blood Cells (PBCs) and Liver in Gilthead Seabream, Sparus aurata Broodstock Fed a Low n-3 LC-PUFA Diet. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10070117. [PMID: 32707702 PMCID: PMC7400341 DOI: 10.3390/life10070117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The principle aim of this study is to elucidate the relationship between the fatty acid desaturase 2 gene (fads2) expression pattern in peripheral blood cells (PBCs) and liver of gilthead seabream (GSB), Sparus aurata broodstock in order to determine the possible use of fads2 expression as a potential biomarker for the selection of broodstock. This selection could be utilized for breeding programs aiming to improve reproduction, health, and nutritional status. Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT)-tagged GSB broodstock (Male-1.22 ± 0.20 kg; 44.8 ± 2 cm and female-2.36 ± 0.64 kg; 55.1 cm) were fed a diet containing low levels of fish meal and fish oil (EPA 2.5; DHA 1.7 and n-3 LC-PUFA 4.6% TFA) for one month. After the feeding period, fads2 expression in PBCs and liver of both male and female broodstock were highly significantly correlated (r = 0.89; p < 0.001). Additionally, in male broodstock, liver fads2 expression was significantly correlated (p < 0.05) to liver contents in 16:0 (r = 0.95; p = 0.04) and total saturates (r = 0.97; p = 0.03) as well as to 20:3n–6/20:2n–6 (r = 0.98; p = 0.02) a Fads2 product/precursor ratio. Overall, we found a positive and significant correlation between fads2 expression levels in the PBCs and liver of GSB broodstock. PBCs fads2 expression levels indicate a strong potential for utilization as a non-invasive method to select animals having increased fatty acid bioconversion capability, better able to deal with diets free of fish meal and fish oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shajahan Ferosekhan
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Telde, Spain; (S.T.); (H.X.); (J.M.A.); (M.J.Z.); (S.K.); (M.I.)
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar 751002, India
- Correspondence:
| | - Serhat Turkmen
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Telde, Spain; (S.T.); (H.X.); (J.M.A.); (M.J.Z.); (S.K.); (M.I.)
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Hanlin Xu
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Telde, Spain; (S.T.); (H.X.); (J.M.A.); (M.J.Z.); (S.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Juan Manuel Afonso
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Telde, Spain; (S.T.); (H.X.); (J.M.A.); (M.J.Z.); (S.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Maria Jesus Zamorano
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Telde, Spain; (S.T.); (H.X.); (J.M.A.); (M.J.Z.); (S.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Sadasivam Kaushik
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Telde, Spain; (S.T.); (H.X.); (J.M.A.); (M.J.Z.); (S.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Marisol Izquierdo
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Telde, Spain; (S.T.); (H.X.); (J.M.A.); (M.J.Z.); (S.K.); (M.I.)
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Villamil-Ortiz JG, Cardona-Gómez GP. cPLA2 and desaturases underlie the tau hyperphosphorylation offset induced by BACE knock-down in neuronal primary cultures. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3696-3707. [PMID: 30251689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation has been suggested to play early and perhaps causative roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis possibly in part by the overactivation of the aspartic acid protease named β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), which is responsible for the β-amyloid cascade. We have described that BACE1 is involved in the lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) (18:1/20:4/22:6) upregulation associated with tauopathy and inflammation signaling (cPLA2/arachidonic acid/COX2) in a triple transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease, where BACE1 silencing reversed the imbalanced profile and produced cognitive function improvement. In this study, we analyze the role of cPLA2 and desaturases (SCD1, FAD6) in the BACE1 knockdown-induced protective action under a glutamate excitotoxicity model. Glutamate (125 μM) produced hyperphosphorylation of tau in cortical primary cultures along with increased apoptotic nuclei, LDH release, and cPLA2 expression, which were all reversed by BACE1-KD. This beneficial effect was reinforced by the silencing of cPLA2 but attenuated by the reduction in SCD1 and partially attenuated by the reduction in FAD6. Inversely, overexpression SCD1 and FAD6 recovered the neuroprotective effect produced by BACE1-KD, which was not achieved by the overexpression of each desaturase alone. These findings suggest that the hyperphosphorylation of tau and the creation of a pro-inflammatory cell environment are blocked in a desaturase-dependent manner by targeting BACE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier G Villamil-Ortiz
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.
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Fragopoulou AF, Polyzos A, Papadopoulou M, Sansone A, Manta AK, Balafas E, Kostomitsopoulos N, Skouroliakou A, Chatgilialoglu C, Georgakilas A, Stravopodis DJ, Ferreri C, Thanos D, Margaritis LH. Hippocampal lipidome and transcriptome profile alterations triggered by acute exposure of mice to GSM 1800 MHz mobile phone radiation: An exploratory study. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e01001. [PMID: 29786969 PMCID: PMC5991598 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The widespread use of wireless devices during the last decades is raising concerns about adverse health effects of the radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) emitted from these devices. Recent research is focusing on unraveling the underlying mechanisms of RF-EMR and potential cellular targets. The "omics" high-throughput approaches are powerful tools to investigate the global effects of RF-EMR on cellular physiology. METHODS In this work, C57BL/6 adult male mice were whole-body exposed (nExp = 8) for 2 hr to GSM 1800 MHz mobile phone radiation at an average electric field intensity range of 4.3-17.5 V/m or sham-exposed (nSE = 8), and the RF-EMR effects on the hippocampal lipidome and transcriptome profiles were assessed 6 hr later. RESULTS The data analysis of the phospholipid fatty acid residues revealed that the levels of four fatty acids [16:0, 16:1 (6c + 7c), 18:1 9c, eicosapentaenoic acid omega-3 (EPA, 20:5 ω3)] and the two fatty acid sums of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (SFA and MUFA) were significantly altered (p < 0.05) in the exposed group. The observed changes indicate a membrane remodeling response of the tissue phospholipids after nonionizing radiation exposure, reducing SFA and EPA, while increasing MUFA residues. The microarray data analysis demonstrated that the expression of 178 genes changed significantly (p < 0.05) between the two groups, revealing an impact on genes involved in critical biological processes, such as cell cycle, DNA replication and repair, cell death, cell signaling, nervous system development and function, immune system response, lipid metabolism, and carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS This study provides preliminary evidence that mobile phone radiation induces hippocampal lipidome and transcriptome changes that may explain the brain proteome changes and memory deficits previously shown by our group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamantia F. Fragopoulou
- Department of Cell Biology and BiophysicsFaculty of BiologyUniversity of AthensZografouAthensGreece
- Department of Women’s and Children’s HealthKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Alexandros Polyzos
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Genetics and BiotechnologyBiomedical Research FoundationAcademy of AthensAthensGreece
- Present address:
Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of MedicineWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York10065New York
| | - Maria‐Despoina Papadopoulou
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Genetics and BiotechnologyBiomedical Research FoundationAcademy of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Anna Sansone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheISOFBolognaItaly
| | - Areti K. Manta
- Department of Cell Biology and BiophysicsFaculty of BiologyUniversity of AthensZografouAthensGreece
| | - Evangelos Balafas
- Laboratory Animal FacilitiesCenter of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational ResearchBiomedical Research FoundationAcademy of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos
- Laboratory Animal FacilitiesCenter of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational ResearchBiomedical Research FoundationAcademy of AthensAthensGreece
| | | | - Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu
- Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheISOFBolognaItaly
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INN)NCSR DemokritosAthensGreece
| | - Alexandros Georgakilas
- DNA Damage LaboratoryDepartment of PhysicsSchool of Applied Mathematical and Physical SciencesNational Technical University of Athens (NTUA)AthensGreece
| | - Dimitrios J. Stravopodis
- Department of Cell Biology and BiophysicsFaculty of BiologyUniversity of AthensZografouAthensGreece
| | | | - Dimitris Thanos
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Genetics and BiotechnologyBiomedical Research FoundationAcademy of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Lukas H. Margaritis
- Department of Cell Biology and BiophysicsFaculty of BiologyUniversity of AthensZografouAthensGreece
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Reyna Gallegos S, Torres Arrunátegui G, Valenzuela R, Rincón-Cervera MÁ, Villanueva Espinoza ME. Adding a purple corn extract in rats supplemented with chia oil decreases gene expression of SREBP-1c and retains Δ5 and Δ6 hepatic desaturase activity, unmodified the hepatic lipid profile. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 132:1-7. [PMID: 29735017 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids upregulate gene expression of PPAR-α and underregulate the gene expression of SREBP-1c, and their intake increases the plasmatic concentration of n-3 LC-PUFAs. However, the biological mechanisms underlying these effects have not been elucidated. In this work, the effect of oral supplementation of ALA from chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seed oil and anthocyanins from a purple corn extract (PCE) on gene expression of SREBP-1c, PPAR-α and Δ5 and Δ6 desaturases (Δ5D and Δ6D), the activity of these enzymes in the liver as well as the hepatic lipid profile were evaluated in thirty-six female Sprague Dawley rats whose diet was supplemented with olive oil (OL), chia oil (CH), olive oil and PCE (OL + PCE) or chia oil and PCE (CH + PCE). Gene expression of PPAR-α was significantly higher when supplemented with CH and CH + PCE, SREBP-1c gene expression was higher when supplemented with chia oil. CH supplementation enhanced Δ5D expression whereas no significant differences between treatments were observed concerning Δ6D gene expression. Activities of both desaturases were increased by including olive oil (OL + PCE and OL), and they were found to be higher in CH + PCE respect to CH for both enzymes. The ALA and n-3 LCPUFAs hepatic content was higher with CH, decreasing the levels of AA and n-6 LCPUFAs. It is concluded that the joint action of flavonoids such as anthocyanins and ALA show an anti-adipogenic effect. Desaturase activity was inhibited by ALA and kept by the anthocyanins from PCE, thus anthocyanins would exert a protective effect on the desaturase activity but they would not affect on its gene expression, however, high doses of ALA increased the production of its metabolites, masking the effect of PCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixto Reyna Gallegos
- Nutrition Department, Animal Husbandry Faculty, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Perú; Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Manabí, Ecuador.
| | | | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Lipid Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Hua MC, Su HM, Yao TC, Kuo ML, Lai MW, Tsai MH, Huang JL. Alternation of plasma fatty acids composition and desaturase activities in children with liver steatosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182277. [PMID: 28759573 PMCID: PMC5536264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate changes in plasma fatty acids proportions and estimated desaturase activities for variable grading of liver steatosis in children. Methods In total, 111 schoolchildren (aged 8–18 years) were included in the analysis from March 2015 to August 2016. Anthropometric evaluation, liver ultrasound examination and scoring for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD score = 0–6), and biochemical and plasma fatty acids analysis were performed. We compared the composition ratio of fatty acids between children with high-grade liver steatosis (NAFLD score = 4–6), low-grade liver steatosis (NAFLD score = 1–3), and healthy controls (NAFLD score = 0). In addition, correlation coefficients (r) between NAFLD score, metabolic variables, and estimated activity of desaturase indices (stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase-1 (SCD1), delta-5 and delta-6 desaturase) were calculated. Results Compared with healthy controls, children with liver steatosis showed a higher proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids (21.16 ± 2.81% vs. 19.68 ± 2.71%, p = 0.024). In addition, children with high- grade liver steatosis exhibited higher proportions of palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1n-7), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (C20:3n-6), adrenic acid (C22:4n-6), and docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5n-6); and lower proportions of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3) (P< 0.05). In all subjects, the NAFLD score was positively correlated with body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) (r = 0.696), homeostasis model of assessment ratio–index (HOMA-IR) (r = 0.510), SCD1(16) (r = 0.273), and the delta-6 index (r = 0.494); and inversely associated with the delta-5 index (r = -0.443). Conclusion Our current data suggested that children with liver steatosis was highly associated with obesity, and insulin resistance. In addition, increased endogenous lipogenesis through altered desaturase activity may contribute to the progression of liver steatosis in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Chin Hua
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (MCH); (JLH)
| | - Hui-Min Su
- Department of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Chieh Yao
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Kuo
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Lai
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Liver research center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Han Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Long Huang
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (MCH); (JLH)
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Ostermann AI, Reutzel M, Hartung N, Franke N, Kutzner L, Schoenfeld K, Weylandt KH, Eckert GP, Schebb NH. A diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids enhances expression of soluble epoxide hydrolase in murine brain. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017; 133:79-87. [PMID: 28583889 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Several studies suggest that intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFA) beneficially influences cognitive function. However, effects on the adult brain are not clear. Little is known about the impact of dietary intervention on the fatty acid profile in adult brain, the modulation in the expression of enzymes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism as well as changes in resulting oxylipins. These questions were addressed in the present study in two independent n3-PUFA feeding experiments in mice. Supplementation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 1% each in the diet) for 30days to adult NMRI and C57BL/6 mice led to a distinct shift in the brain PUFA pattern. While n3-PUFAs EPA, n3 docosapentaenoic acid and DHA were elevated, many n6-PUFAs were significantly decreased (except, e.g. C20:3 n6 which was increased). This shift in PUFAs was accompanied by immense differences in concentrations of oxidative metabolites derived from enzymatic conversion of PUFAs, esp. arachidonic acid whose products were uniformly decreased, and a modulation in the activity and expression pattern of delta-5 and delta-6 desaturases. In both mouse strains a remarkable increase in the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) activity (decreased epoxy-FA concentrations and epoxy-FA to dihydroxy-FA-ratios) as well as sEH expression was observed. Taking the high biological activity of epoxy-FA, e.g. on blood flow and nociceptive signaling into account, this finding might be of relevance for the effects of n3-PUFAs in neurodegenerative diseases. On any account, our study suggests a new distinct regulation of brain PUFA and oxylipin pattern by supplementation of n3-PUFAs to adult rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Irmgard Ostermann
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martina Reutzel
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Wilhelmstr. 20, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Nicole Hartung
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Franke
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Wilhelmstr. 20, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Laura Kutzner
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kirsten Schoenfeld
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karsten-Henrich Weylandt
- Medical Department, Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology (including Metabolic Diseases), Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Centre, Charité University Medicine, Campus Buch, Berlin, Germany; Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Oncology, Hematology, Rheumatology and Diabetes, Ruppiner Kliniken, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Gunter Peter Eckert
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Wilhelmstr. 20, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Nils Helge Schebb
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany; Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
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11
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Polyunsaturated fatty acids and recurrent mood disorders: Phenomenology, mechanisms, and clinical application. Prog Lipid Res 2017; 66:1-13. [PMID: 28069365 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A body of evidence has implicated dietary deficiency in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in the pathophysiology and etiology of recurrent mood disorders including major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder. Cross-national and cross-sectional evidence suggests that greater habitual intake of n-3 PUFA is associated with reduced risk for developing mood symptoms. Meta-analyses provide strong evidence that patients with mood disorders exhibit low blood n-3 PUFA levels which are associated with increased risk for the initial development of mood symptoms in response to inflammation. While the etiology of this n-3 PUFA deficit may be multifactorial, n-3 PUFA supplementation is sufficient to correct this deficit and may also have antidepressant effects. Rodent studies suggest that n-3 PUFA deficiency during perinatal development can recapitulate key neuropathological, neurochemical, and behavioral features associated with mood disorders. Clinical neuroimaging studies suggest that low n-3 PUFA biostatus is associated with abnormalities in cortical structure and function also observed in mood disorders. Collectively, these findings implicate dietary n-3 PUFA insufficiency, particularly during development, in the pathophysiology of mood dysregulation, and support implementation of routine screening for and treatment of n-3 PUFA deficiency in patients with mood disorders.
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12
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Marine fatty acids aggravate hepatotoxicity of α-HBCD in juvenile female BALB/c mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 97:411-423. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Zeman M, Macášek J, Burda M, Tvrzická E, Vecka M, Krechler T, Staňková B, Hrabák P, Žák A. Chronic pancreatitis and the composition of plasma phosphatidylcholine fatty acids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 108:38-44. [PMID: 27154363 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is an irreversible inflammatory disorder characterized by the destruction of both exocrine and endocrine tissue. There is growing evidence that dysregulation of fatty acid (FA) metabolism is connected with many diseases; however, there are few data concerning FA composition in CP. Therefore, we analyzed FA profiles in plasma phosphatidylcholines in 96 patients with CP and in 108 control subjects (CON). The patients with CP had, in comparison with CON, increased sum of monounsaturated FA (ΣMUFA) and decreased content of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) in both n-6 and n-3 families. Moreover, CP patients had increased indexes for delta-9, delta-6 desaturases, and fall in activity of delta-5 desaturase. Increased ratio of 16:1n-7/18:2n-6 (marker of essential n-6 FA deficiency), was more prevalent among CP patients. These changes implicated decreased fat intake, including n-3 as well as n-6 PUFA, and intrinsic changes in FA metabolism due to the alteration of delta desaturase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Zeman
- Fourth Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Macášek
- Fourth Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Burda
- Institute for Research and Applications of Fuzzy Modeling, CE IT4Innovations, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Tvrzická
- Fourth Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Vecka
- Fourth Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Krechler
- Fourth Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Staňková
- Fourth Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hrabák
- Fourth Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Žák
- Fourth Department of Medicine, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
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14
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High Fat Diet Administration during Specific Periods of Pregnancy Alters Maternal Fatty Acid Profiles in the Near-Term Rat. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8010025. [PMID: 26742067 PMCID: PMC4728639 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive fat intake is a global health concern as women of childbearing age increasingly ingest high fat diets (HFDs). We therefore determined the maternal fatty acid (FA) profiles in metabolic organs after HFD administration during specific periods of gestation. Rats were fed a HFD for the first (HF1), second (HF2), or third (HF3) week, or for all three weeks (HFG) of gestation. Total maternal plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations were monitored throughout pregnancy. At day 20 of gestation, maternal plasma, liver, adipose tissue, and placenta FA profiles were determined. In HF3 mothers, plasma myristic and stearic acid concentrations were elevated, whereas docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was reduced in both HF3 and HFG mothers. In HF3 and HFG mothers, hepatic stearic and oleic acid proportions were elevated; conversely, DHA and linoleic acid (LA) proportions were reduced. In adipose tissue, myristic acid was elevated, whereas DHA and LA proportions were reduced in all mothers. Further, adipose tissue stearic acid proportions were elevated in HF2, HF3, and HFG mothers; with oleic acid increased in HF1 and HFG mothers. In HF3 and HFG mothers, placental neutral myristic acid proportions were elevated, whereas DHA was reduced. Further, placental phospholipid DHA proportions were reduced in HF3 and HFG mothers. Maintenance on a diet, high in saturated fat, but low in DHA and LA proportions, during late or throughout gestation, perpetuated reduced DHA across metabolic organs that adapt during pregnancy. Therefore a diet, with normal DHA proportions during gestation, may be important for balancing maternal FA status.
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15
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Heating of vegetable oils influences the activity of enzymes participating in arachidonic acid formation in Wistar rats. Nutr Res 2015; 35:930-938. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Ghasemifard S, Sinclair AJ, Kaur G, Lewandowski P, Turchini GM. What Is the Most Effective Way of Increasing the Bioavailability of Dietary Long Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids--Daily vs. Weekly Administration of Fish Oil? Nutrients 2015; 7:5628-45. [PMID: 26184297 PMCID: PMC4517018 DOI: 10.3390/nu7075241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The recommendations on the intake of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) vary from eating oily fish ("once to twice per week") to consuming specified daily amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ("250-500 mg per day"). It is not known if there is a difference in the uptake/bioavailability between regular daily consumption of supplementsvs. consuming fish once or twice per week. In this study, the bioavailability of a daily dose of n-3 LC-PUFA (Constant treatment), representing supplements, vs. a large weekly dose of n-3 LC-PUFA (Spike treatment), representing consuming once or twice per week, was assessed. Six-week old healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a Constant treatment, a Spike treatment or Control treatment (no n-3 LC-PUFA), for six weeks. The whole body, tissues and faeces were analysed for fatty acid content. The results showed that the major metabolic fate of the n-3 LC-PUFA (EPA+docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) + DHA) was towards catabolism (β-oxidation) accounting for over 70% of total dietary intake, whereas deposition accounted less than 25% of total dietary intake. It was found that significantly more n-3 LC-PUFA were β-oxidised when originating from the Constant treatment (84% of dose), compared with the Spike treatment (75% of dose). Conversely, it was found that significantly more n-3 LC-PUFA were deposited when originating from the Spike treatment (23% of dose), than from the Constant treatment (15% of dose). These unexpected findings show that a large dose of n-3 LC-PUFA once per week is more effective in increasing whole body n-3 LC-PUFA content in rats compared with a smaller dose delivered daily.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gunveen Kaur
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (CPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Australia.
| | | | - Giovanni M Turchini
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool 3280, Australia.
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17
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Valenzuela R, Barrera C, Espinosa A, Llanos P, Orellana P, Videla LA. Reduction in the desaturation capacity of the liver in mice subjected to high fat diet: Relation to LCPUFA depletion in liver and extrahepatic tissues. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 98:7-14. [PMID: 25910408 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
α-Linolenic (ALA) and linoleic (LA) acids are precursors of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), FAs with important biochemical and physiological functions. In this process, desaturation reactions catalyzed by Δ5- and Δ6-desaturase play a major role, enzymes that are subjected to hormonal and dietary regulation. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of a high fat diet (HFD) on activity of liver Δ5 and Δ6 desaturases, in relation to LCPUFA composition in liver and extrahepatic tissues. Male C57BL/6J mice received control diet (CD) (10% fat, 20% protein and 70% carbohydrate) or high fat diet (HFD) (60% fat, 20% protein, and 20% carbohydrate) for 12 weeks. After this time, blood and liver samples were taken for metabolic, morphologic, inflammatory, oxidative stress and desaturase activity assessment, besides FA phospholipid analysis in erythrocytes, heart, adipose tissue and brain. HFD significantly increased hepatic total fat, triacylglycerides and free FA content with macrovesicular steatosis and oxidative stress enhancement, concomitantly with higher fasting serum glucose and insulin levels, HOMA, and serum cholesterol, triacylglycerols, TNF-α, and IL-6. Diminution in liver Δ5- and Δ6-desaturase activities and LCPUFA depletion were induced by HFD, the later finding being also observed in extrahepatic tissues. In conclusion, HFD-induced reduction in the bioavailability of liver LCPUFA is associated with defective desaturation of ALA and LA, with Δ5- and Δ6-desaturase activities being correlated with insulin resistance development. Data analyzed point to the liver as a major organ responsible for extrahepatic LCPUFA homeostasis, which is markedly deranged by HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Cynthia Barrera
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Espinosa
- Medical Technology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Llanos
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Orellana
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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18
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Saín J, González MA, Lavandera JV, Scalerandi MV, Bernal CA. Trans
fatty acid retention and conversion rates of fatty acids in tissues depend on dietary fat in mice. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Saín
- Cátedra de Bromatología y NutriciónFacultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Nacional del LitoralSanta FeArgentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Santa FeArgentina
| | - Marcela Aída González
- Cátedra de Bromatología y NutriciónFacultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Nacional del LitoralSanta FeArgentina
| | - Jimena Verónica Lavandera
- Cátedra de Bromatología y NutriciónFacultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Nacional del LitoralSanta FeArgentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Santa FeArgentina
| | - María Victoria Scalerandi
- Cátedra de Bromatología y NutriciónFacultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Nacional del LitoralSanta FeArgentina
| | - Claudio Adrián Bernal
- Cátedra de Bromatología y NutriciónFacultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Nacional del LitoralSanta FeArgentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Santa FeArgentina
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19
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González RS, Rodriguez-Cruz M, Maldonado J, Saavedra FJ. Role of maternal tissue in the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in response to a lipid-deficient diet during pregnancy and lactation in rats. Gene 2014; 549:7-23. [PMID: 25046614 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy and lactation, metabolic adaptations involve changes in expression of desaturases and elongases (Elovl2 and Elovl5) in the mammary gland and liver for the synthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (AA) required for fetal and postnatal growth. Adipose tissue is a pool of LC-PUFAs. The response of adipose tissue for the synthesis of these fatty acids in a lipid-deficient diet of dams is unknown. The aim of this study was to explore the role of maternal tissue in the synthesis of LC-PUFAs in rats fed a low-lipid diet during pregnancy and lactation. Fatty acid composition (indicative of enzymatic activity) and gene expression of encoding enzymes for fatty acid synthesis were measured in liver, mammary gland and adipose tissue in rats fed a low-lipid diet. Gene expression of desaturases, elongases, fatty acid synthase (Fasn) and their regulator Srebf-1c was increased in the mammary gland, liver and adipose tissue of rats fed a low-lipid diet compared with rats from the adequate-lipid diet group throughout pregnancy and lactation. Genes with the highest (P<0.05) expression in the mammary gland, liver and adipose tissue were Elovl5 (1333%), Fads2 (490%) and Fasn (6608%), respectively, in a low-lipid diet than in adequate-lipid diet. The percentage of AA in the mammary gland was similar between the low-lipid diet and adequate-lipid diet groups during the second stage of pregnancy and during lactation. The percentage of monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids was significantly (P<0.05) increased throughout pregnancy and lactation in all tissues in rats fed a low-lipid diet than in rats fed an adequate-lipid diet. Results suggest that maternal metabolic adaptations used to compensate for lipid-deficient diet during pregnancy and lactation include increased expression of genes involved in LC-PUFAs synthesis in a stage- and tissue-specific manner and elevated lipogenic activity (saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid synthesis) of maternal tissues including adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Sánchez González
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, México City, Mexico.
| | - Maricela Rodriguez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, México City, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, México City, Mexico.
| | - Filiberto Jasso Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, México City, Mexico
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20
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Sheppard KW, Cheatham CL. Omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio and higher-order cognitive functions in 7- to 9-y-olds: a cross-sectional study. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:659-67. [PMID: 23824723 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.058719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biochemical and behavioral evidence has suggested that the ratio of n-6 (omega-6) to n-3 (omega-3) could be an important predictor of executive function abilities in children. OBJECTIVE We determined the relation between the ratio of n-6 to n-3 and cognitive function in children. We hypothesized that children with lower ratios of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids would perform better on tests of planning and working memory. DESIGN Seventy 7- to 9-y-old children completed three 24-h diet recalls and a subset of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Assessment Battery. Parents provided information on their demographics and children's diet histories. RESULTS Mean n-3 and mean n-6 intakes were related to the mean time spent on each action taken in the planning problem. The ratio of n-6 to n-3 significantly predicted performance on the working memory and planning problems. There was a significant interaction between the ratio and fatty acid intake; when children had high ratios, a higher intake of n-3 fatty acids predicted a better performance on the planning task than when children had lower n-3 intakes. When children had low ratios, a lower intake of n-3 and lower intake of n-6 predicted better performance than when intakes were higher. CONCLUSIONS The relation between cognitive abilities and the ratio of n-6 to n-3 may be mediated by an enzymatic affinity for n-3 fatty acids. The ratio of n-6 to n-3 should be considered an important factor in the study of fatty acids and cognitive development. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01823419.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly W Sheppard
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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21
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Lotrich FE, Sears B, McNamara RK. Elevated ratio of arachidonic acid to long-chain omega-3 fatty acids predicts depression development following interferon-alpha treatment: relationship with interleukin-6. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 31:48-53. [PMID: 22926083 PMCID: PMC3552059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-sectional studies have found that an elevated ratio of arachidonic acid to omega-3 fatty acid is associated with depression, and controlled intervention studies have found that decreasing this ratio through administration of omega-3 fatty acids can alleviate depressive symptoms. Additionally, arachidonic acid and omega-3 fatty acids have opposing effects on inflammatory signaling. Exogenous administration of the inflammatory cytokine interferon-alpha (IFN-α) can trigger a depressive episode in a subset of vulnerable people, though associated risk factors remain poorly understood. Using a within-subject prospective design of 138 subjects, we examined whether baseline long-chain omega-3 (docosahexaenoic acid - DHA; eicosapentaenoic acid - EPA) and omega-6 (arachidonic acid - AA; di-homo-gamma-linolenic acid - DGLA) fatty acid status was associated with depression vulnerability in hepatitis C patients treated with IFN-α. Based on the literature, we had specific a priori interest in the AA/EPA+DHA ratio. Lower baseline DHA predicted depression incidence (p=0.04), as did elevated DGLA (p=0.02) and an elevated AA/EPA+DHA ratio (p=0.007). The AA/EPA+DHA ratio predicted depression even when controlling for other critical variables such as sleep quality and race. A higher AA/EPA+DHA ratio was positively associated with both increasing Montgomery-Asperg Depression Rating Scores over time (F=4.0; p<0.05) as well as interleukin-6 levels (F=107.4; p<0.05) but not C-reactive protein. Importantly, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid status was not associated with sustained viral response to IFN-α treatment. These prospective data support the role of fatty acid status in depression vulnerability and indicate a potential role for omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention of inflammation-induced depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis E Lotrich
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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22
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Sumich AL, Matsudaira T, Heasman B, Gow RV, Ibrahimovic A, Ghebremeskel K, Crawford MA, Taylor E. Fatty acid correlates of temperament in adolescent boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:431-6. [PMID: 23566869 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atypical fatty acid metabolism has been reported in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), however, its relationship with temperament in this population is unclear. The current study investigated the association between blood levels of fatty acids implicated in brain structure and function (omega-3, omega-6, omega-9) and personality traits of stability (neuroticism, conscientiousness and agreeableness) and plasticity (extraversion and openness). Twenty right-handed adolescent boys with ADHD completed a self-report NEO-FFI personality questionnaire, and had fatty acid content assessed from red blood using gas chromatography. Pearson's correlations showed no significant associations between omega-3 levels and personality. After correction for multiple comparisons, Adrenic Acid (C22:4n6) was inversely associated with stability. Oleic acid (C18:1n9) was positively associated with plasticity. Results are in line with a role of fatty acids in brain function. They suggest that those fatty acids that are involved in myelination (Adrenic, Oleic) have the strongest associations with temperament in adolescents with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex L Sumich
- Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4BU, United Kingdom.
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23
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Gow RV, Sumich A, Vallee-Tourangeau F, Crawford MA, Ghebremeskel K, Bueno AA, Hibbeln JR, Taylor E, Wilson DA, Rubia K. Omega-3 fatty acids are related to abnormal emotion processing in adolescent boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:419-29. [PMID: 23660373 PMCID: PMC5559876 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to the core symptoms, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with poor emotion regulation. There is some evidence that children and young adults with ADHD have lower omega-3 levels and that supplementation with omega-3 can improve both ADHD and affective symptoms. We therefore investigated differences between ADHD and non-ADHD children in omega-3/6 fatty acid plasma levels and the relationship between those indices and emotion-elicited event-related potentials (ERPs). METHODS Children/adolescents with (n=31) and without ADHD (n=32) were compared in their plasma omega-3/6 indices and corresponding ERPs during an emotion processing task. RESULTS Children with ADHD had lower mean omega-3/6 and ERP abnormalities in emotion processing, independent of emotional valence relative to control children. ERP abnormalities were significantly associated with lower omega-3 levels in the ADHD group. CONCLUSIONS The findings reveal for the first time that lower omega-3 fatty acids are associated with impaired emotion processing in ADHD children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel V Gow
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom.
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Poudyal H, Panchal SK, Ward LC, Brown L. Effects of ALA, EPA and DHA in high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1041-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Adult medication-free schizophrenic patients exhibit long-chain omega-3 Fatty Acid deficiency: implications for cardiovascular disease risk. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol 2013; 2013:796462. [PMID: 23533712 PMCID: PMC3600206 DOI: 10.1155/2013/796462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency in long-chain omega-3 (LCn - 3) fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n - 3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n - 3), has been implicated in the pathoetiology of cardiovascular disease, a primary cause of excess premature mortality in patients with schizophrenia (SZ). In the present study, we determined erythrocyte EPA + DHA levels in adult medication-free patients SZ (n = 20) and age-matched healthy controls (n = 24). Erythrocyte EPA + DHA composition exhibited by SZ patients (3.5%) was significantly lower than healthy controls (4.5%, -22%, P = 0.007). The majority of SZ patients (72%) exhibited EPA+DHA levels ≤4.0% compared with 37% of controls (Chi-square, P = 0.001). In contrast, the omega-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n - 6) (+9%, P = 0.02) and the AA:EPA + DHA ratio (+28%, P = 0.0004) were significantly greater in SZ patients. Linoleic acid (18:2n - 6) was significantly lower (-12%, P = 0.009) and the erythrocyte 20:3/18:2 ratio (an index of delta6-desaturase activity) was significantly elevated in SZ patients. Compared with same-gender controls, EPA + DHA composition was significantly lower in male (-19%, P = 0.04) but not female (-13%, P = 0.33) SZ patients, whereas the 20:3/18:2 ratio was significantly elevated in both male (+22%, P = 0.008) and female (+22%, P = 0.04) SZ patients. These results suggest that the majority of SZ patients exhibit low LCn - 3 fatty acid levels which may place them at increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
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McNamara RK, Magrisso IJ, Hofacer R, Jandacek R, Rider T, Tso P, Benoit SC. Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency augments risperidone-induced hepatic steatosis in rats: positive association with stearoyl-CoA desaturase. Pharmacol Res 2012; 66:283-91. [PMID: 22750665 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric patients frequently exhibit long-chain n-3 (LCn-3) fatty acid deficits and elevated triglyceride (TAG) production following chronic exposure to second generation antipsychotics (SGAs). Emerging evidence suggests that SGAs and LCn-3 fatty acids have opposing effects on stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1), which plays a pivotal role in TAG biosynthesis. Here we evaluated whether low LCn-3 fatty acid status would augment elevations in rat liver and plasma TAG concentrations following chronic treatment with the SGA risperidone (RSP), and evaluated relationships with hepatic SCD1 expression and activity indices. In rats maintained on the n-3 fatty acid-fortified (control) diet, chronic RSP treatment significantly increased liver SCD1 mRNA and activity indices (18:1/18:0 and 16:1/16:0 ratios), and significantly increased liver, but not plasma, TAG concentrations. Rats maintained on the n-3 deficient diet exhibited significantly lower liver and erythrocyte LCn-3 fatty acid levels, and associated elevations in LCn-6/LCn-3 ratio. In n-3 deficient rats, RSP-induced elevations in liver SCD1 mRNA and activity indices (18:1/18:0 and 16:1/16:0 ratios) and liver and plasma TAG concentrations were significantly greater than those observed in RSP-treated controls. Plasma glucose levels were not altered by diet or RSP, and body weight was lower in RSP- and VEH-treated n-3 deficient rats. These preclinical data support the hypothesis that low n-3 fatty acid status exacerbates RSP-induced hepatic steatosis by augmenting SCD1 expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA.
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