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Silva SCDA, de Lemos MDT, Dos Santos Junior OH, Rodrigues TO, Silva TL, da Silva AI, Fiamoncini J, Lagranha CJ. Overweight during development dysregulates cellular metabolism and critical genes that control food intake in the prefrontal cortex. Physiol Behav 2024; 276:114453. [PMID: 38159589 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS AND AIMS Childhood obesity is increasing substantially across the world. The World Obesity Federation (WOF) and World Health Organization (WHO) predicted that in 2030 > 1 billion people will be obese, and by 2035 over 4 billion will reach obesity worldwide. According to WHO, the world soon cannot afford the economic cost of obesity, and we need to act to stop obesity acceleration now. Data in the literature supports that the first 1000 days of life are essential in preventing obesity and related adversities. Therefore, using basic research, the present a study that focuses on the immediate effect of overnutrition and serotonin modulation during the lactation period. METHODS Using a neonatal overfeeding model, male Wistar rats were divided into four groups based on nutrition or serotonin modulation by pharmacological treatment up to 22 days of life. Cellular and mitochondrial function markers, oxidative stress biomarkers and mRNA levels of hedonic and homeostatic genes were evaluated. RESULTS Our data showed that overfeeding during lactation decrease NAD/NADH ratio, citrate synthase activity, and increase ROS production. Lipid and protein oxidation were increased in overfed animals, with a decrease in antioxidant defenses, we also observe a differential expression of mRNA levels of homeostatic and hedonic genes. On the contrary, serotonin modulation with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors treatment reduces harmful effects caused by overnutrition. CONCLUSION Early effects of overnutrition significantly affect the prefrontal cortex at molecular and cellular level, which could mediate obesity-related neurodegenerative dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thyago Oliveira Rodrigues
- Gradute Program in Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco - CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | - Tercya Lucidi Silva
- Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco - CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | | | - Jarlei Fiamoncini
- Food Research Center, Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia J Lagranha
- Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco - CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil; Biochemistry and Physiology Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco - CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil; Gradute Program in Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco - CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil.
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2
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Valente EEL, Klotz JL, Markmann RC, Edwards JL, Harmon DL. 5-hydroxytryphophan mitigates ergot alkaloid-induced suppression of serotonin and feed intake in cattle. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae083. [PMID: 38520304 PMCID: PMC11017510 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of ergot toxicosis on livestock industries is detrimental and treatments are needed in many countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of acute exposure to ergot alkaloids and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) supplementation on feed intake, serotonin metabolism, and blood metabolites in cattle. Eight Holstein steers (538 ± 18 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin Square design experiment with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment structure. The treatments were the combination of 0 (E-) or 15 µg ergovaline/kg BW (E+) and 0 (5HTP-) or 0.5 mg of 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan/kg BW (5HTP+) administered daily for 6 d. Toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue seed was used to supply the daily dose of ergovaline. Endophyte-free seed was used to equalize seed intake between treatments. Ground seed was placed into the rumen immediately before feeding. The 5-HTP was dissolved in water and infused into the abomasum via the reticulo-omasal orifice. Blood was collected from a jugular vein catheter at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 h after treatment administration. Ergovaline without 5-HTP (E+/5HTP-) decreased dry matter intake (DMI) in comparison to steers without ergovaline and 5-HTP (E-/5HTP-). However, 5-HTP infusion in association with ergovaline (E+/5HTP+) normalized the DMI. Although E + did not affect (P > 0.05) the area under the curve (AUC) of serum 5-HTP, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, tryptophan, and kynurenine, serum and plasma serotonin concentrations were decreased (P < 0.05). The infusion of 5-HTP increased (P < 0.05) the AUC of serum 5-HTP, serum and plasma serotonin, and serum 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. In conclusion, acute exposure to ergot alkaloids reduced DMI and circulating serotonin in cattle but 5-HTP administration showed potential to normalize both circulating serotonin and feed intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriton E L Valente
- Animal Science Department, State University of Western Parana, Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil
| | - James L Klotz
- Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ryana C Markmann
- Animal Science Department, State University of Western Parana, Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brazil
| | - J Lannett Edwards
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - David L Harmon
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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3
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Jeong JE, Kim JW. Efficacy of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Controlling of Food Craving in Subjects With Overweight or Obesity: A Pilot Study. Psychiatry Investig 2024; 21:92-99. [PMID: 38200635 PMCID: PMC10822738 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2023.0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aim to explore the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on food craving improvement and changes in brain function associated with craving by conducting a total of 10 sessions of tDCS over a period of 2 weeks on overweight and obese subjects. METHODS A total of 15 patients who were overweight or obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥23 kg/m2) were included. Weight, BMI, neuropsychological variables, and food craving-related variables were assessed. We measured absolute and relative power in 19 channels and analyzed quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) according to the following frequency ranges: delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), beta (12-25 Hz), high beta (25-30 Hz), and gamma (30-80 Hz). RESULTS After the application of tDCS, there was no significant reduction observed in weight and BMI. However, all measures related to food and eating showed a decrease in the intensity of cravings, and there was also a significant reduction in depression, anxiety, and perceived stress. In qEEG analysis, an increase in theta waves was observed in the left frontal area (F7 and F3), an increase in alpha waves in the right parietal area (P4), and a decrease in beta waves in the frontal area (FP2) and occipital area (O1). CONCLUSION This study confirmed the beneficial effects of tDCS on food craving regulation in overweight or obese individuals and observed improved scores in psychological factors such as depression and anxiety. Furthermore, neurophysiological changes related to food craving were observed using qEEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Eun Jeong
- Department of Psychiatry, Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Won Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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4
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Cichoń L, Pałasz A, Wilczyński KM, Suszka-Świtek A, Żmijowska A, Jelonek I, Janas-Kozik M. Evaluation of Peripheral Blood Concentrations of Phoenixin, Spexin, Nesfatin-1 and Kisspeptin as Potential Biomarkers of Bipolar Disorder in the Pediatric Population. Biomedicines 2023; 12:84. [PMID: 38255190 PMCID: PMC10813295 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
There are some initial suggestions in the literature that phoenixin, spexin, nesfatin-1 and kisspeptin may play a role in the pathogenesis of affective disorders. Therefore, they may also be cautiously considered as potential diagnostic or predictive biomarkers of BD. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of the aforementioned neuropeptides in the peripheral blood of children and adolescents with bipolar. This study included 122 individuals: 67 persons with diagnosed bipolar disorder types I and II constituted the study group, and 55 healthy persons were included in the control group. Statistically significant differences in the concentrations of neuropeptides between the control and study groups were noted in relation to nesfatin-1 and spexin (although spexin lost statistical significance after introducing the Bonferroni correction). In a logistic regression analysis, an increased risk of bipolar disorder was noted for a decrease in nesfatin-1 concentration. Lower levels of nesfatin-1 seemed to be a significant risk factor for the development of bipolar disorder types I and II. Furthermore, the occurrence of bipolar disorder was associated with significantly elevated levels of spexin. None of the analyzed neuropeptides was significantly correlated with the number of symptoms of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Cichoń
- Department of Developmental Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, John Paul II Pediatric Centre in Sosnowiec, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Zapolskiej 3, 41-218 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Artur Pałasz
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Krzysztof M. Wilczyński
- Department of Developmental Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, John Paul II Pediatric Centre in Sosnowiec, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Zapolskiej 3, 41-218 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Suszka-Świtek
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Żmijowska
- Department of Developmental Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, John Paul II Pediatric Centre in Sosnowiec, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Zapolskiej 3, 41-218 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Jelonek
- Department of Developmental Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, John Paul II Pediatric Centre in Sosnowiec, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Zapolskiej 3, 41-218 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Janas-Kozik
- Department of Developmental Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, John Paul II Pediatric Centre in Sosnowiec, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Zapolskiej 3, 41-218 Sosnowiec, Poland
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Guo J, Qu L, Shao D, Wang Q, Li Y, Dou T, Wang X, Hu Y, Tong H. Genetic Architecture of Abdominal Fat Deposition Revealed by a Genome-Wide Association Study in the Laying Chicken. Genes (Basel) 2023; 15:10. [PMID: 38275592 PMCID: PMC10815693 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Fat has a high energy density, and excessive fatness has been recognized as a problem for egg production and the welfare of chickens. The identification of a genetic polymorphism controlling fat deposition would be helpful to select against excessive fatness in the laying hen. This study aimed to estimate genomic heritability and identify the genetic architecture of abdominal fat deposition in a population of chickens from a Dongxiang blue-shelled local breed crossbred with the White Leghorn. A genome-wide association study was conducted on abdominal fat percentage, egg production and body weights using a sample of 1534 hens genotyped with a 600 K Chicken Genotyping Array. The analysis yielded a heritability estimate of 0.19 ± 0.04 for abdominal fat percentage; 0.56 ± 0.04 for body weight at 72 weeks; 0.11 ± 0.03 for egg production; and 0.24 ± 0.04 for body weight gain. The genetic correlation of abdominal fat percentage with egg production between 60 and 72 weeks of age was -0.35 ± 0.18. This implies a potential trade-off between these two traits related to the allocation of resources. Strong positive genetic correlations were found between fat deposition and weight traits. A promising locus close to COL12A1 on chromosome 3, associated with abdominal fat percent, was found in the present study. Another region located around HTR2A on chromosome 1, where allele substitution was predicted to be associated with body weight gain, accounted for 2.9% of phenotypic variance. Another region located on chromosome 1, but close to SOX5, was associated with egg production. These results may be used to influence the balanced genetic selection for laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Haibing Tong
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou 225125, China; (J.G.)
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Najm Al-Halboosi DA, Savchenko O, Heisler LK, Sylantyev S. Modulation of GABA release by 5-HT 1B receptors: An interplay with AMPA-receptors and voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels. Neuropharmacology 2023; 241:109758. [PMID: 37827445 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has become a worldwide health challenge and commonly results from the intake of more calories than the body requires. The brain represents the master controller of food intake and as such has been the target of obesity medications. However, key mechanisms of druggable targets remain to be defined. Neurons within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus co-expressing neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related protein (AgRP) and GABA (NAG) are fundamental stimulators of hunger and food intake. NAG neurons also inhibit local satiety-promoting pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. Agonists of the 1B subtype of metabotropic serotonin receptor (5-HT1BR) reduce food intake in part through the inhibition of hunger-promoting NAG neurons. We first confirmed that 5-HT1BR activation suppressed intake of a palatable Western diet in a mouse model of common dietary-induced obesity and genetically prone obesity. Next, we combined several electrophysiological approaches to analyse the effect of 5-HT1BRs in NAG neuron cell activity and GABA release. 5-HT1BR activation reduced NAG neuron action potential frequency and neurotransmitter release. We found that 5-HT1BR impact on GABA release from NAG neurons is mediated through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels with a critical input from glutamate receptors of AMPA subtype (AMPARs). As a fundamental outcome, this type of interplay provides an uncommon example of metabotropic action of AMPARs which regulates inhibitory signalling due to modulation of GABA release. As a translational outcome, our results provide a key mechanism through which 5-HT1BR drugs inhibit appetite-stimulating neurons within the brain to suppress food intake. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Ukrainian Neuroscience".
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olena Savchenko
- National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky KPI", Department of Biotechnology, 37 Beresteiskyi Ave., Kyiv, 03056, Ukraine
| | - Lora K Heisler
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Rd. West, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Sergiy Sylantyev
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Rd. West, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK; Odesa National Mechnikov University, Biological Department, 2 Shampansky Ln., Odesa, 65015, Ukraine.
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Hu Z, Feng L, Jiang Q, Wang W, Tan B, Tang X, Yin Y. Intestinal tryptophan metabolism in disease prevention and swine production. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 15:364-374. [PMID: 38058568 PMCID: PMC10695851 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid that cannot be synthesized by animals. It has been characterized into two different isomers, levorotation-Trp (L-Trp) and dextrorotation-Trp (D-Trp), based on their distinct molecule orientation. Intestinal epithelial cells and gut microbiota are involved in metabolizing L-Trp in the gut via the activation of the kynurenine, serotonin, and indole pathways. However, knowledge regarding D-Trp metabolism in the gut remains unclear. In this review, we briefly update the current understanding of intestinal L/D-Trp metabolism and the function of their metabolites in modulating the gut physiology and diseases. Finally, we summarize the effects of Trp nutrition on swine production at different stages, including growth performance in weaned piglets and growing pigs, as well as the reproduction performance in sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Hu
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Science, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Luya Feng
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Wenliang Wang
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Bi'e Tan
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Xiongzhuo Tang
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Science, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
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Fonseca M, Carmo F, Martel F. Metabolic effects of atypical antipsychotics: Molecular targets. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13347. [PMID: 37866818 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) are commonly prescribed drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other mental diseases with psychotic traits. Although the use of AAPs is associated with beneficial effects in these patients, they are also associated with undesired metabolic side effects, including metabolic syndrome (MetS). MeS is defined by the presence of metabolic abnormalities such as large waist circumference, dyslipidemia, fasting hyperglycemia and elevated blood pressure, which predispose to type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease. In this review, the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in these undesired metabolic abnormalities induced by AAPs are described. These mechanisms are complex as AAPs have multiple cellular targets which significantly affect the activities of several hormones and neuromodulators. Additionally, AAPs affect all the relevant metabolic organs, namely the liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and intestine, and the central and peripheral nervous system as well. A better understanding of the molecular targets linking AAPs with MetS and of the mechanisms responsible for clinically different side effects of distinct AAPs is needed. This knowledge will help in the development of novel AAPs with less adverse effects as well as of adjuvant therapies to patients receiving AAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fonseca
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisca Carmo
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Martel
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- I3S -Institute of Research and innovation in Health University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Parekh P, Begley P, Jessop M, Aplin M, Missir E, McMeekin H, Raczek G, Singh N, Dizdarevic S. Association between body mass index (BMI) and [ 123I]Ioflupane (DaTSCAN) availabilities in patients with parkinsonism using single-photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography (SPECT-CT). Eur J Hybrid Imaging 2023; 7:21. [PMID: 37981626 PMCID: PMC10657921 DOI: 10.1186/s41824-023-00181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM [123I]Ioflupane (DaTSCAN) has a high binding affinity to the dopamine (DA) transporter (DaT) and tenfold less affinity to serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT). Both neurotransmitters are considered to contribute to body weight regulation. This study assesses the association between body mass index (BMI) and DaTSCAN availability in brain. METHOD Scans from 74 consecutive patients who had undergone DaTSCAN single-photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography (SPECT-CT) were used to obtain semi- and absolute quantitative data in several volumes of interest (VOIs). Relative semi-quantitative specific binding ratios (SBRs) from Chang attenuated SPECT were obtained from GE DaTQUANT. Absolute normalised concentration (NC) was calculated from attenuation/scatter corrected SPECT-CT images, using an adapted version of the EARL Ltd (European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) Research 4 Life) template. Scans were subdivided into either degenerative parkinsonism (abnormal = 49), borderline (n = 14) or scan without evidence of dopaminergic deficit (SWEDD = 11) using visual assessment and SBR values by two nuclear medicine consultants. RESULTS SBRs did not correlate with BMI. However, NC values correlated negatively in the entire cohort, with the strongest correlation in the frontal (r = - 0.649. p = 0.000), occipital (r = - 0.555, p = 0.000) regions and pons (r = - 0.555, p = 0.000). In the abnormal (n = 49) and SWEDD group (n = 11), NC of the frontal region was the most correlated with BMI (r = - 0.570, p = 0.000; r = - 0.813, p = 0.002, respectively). In the borderline group (n = 14), the left posterior putamen displayed the strongest correlation (r = - 0.765, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION Absolute NC values demonstrate a strong inverse correlation with BMI, strongest in the extrastriatal regions. Due to the predominately non-overlapping distribution of DaT and SERT, this study suggests greater involvement of SERT in obesity with possible interplay with DA transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Parekh
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, England
| | - Patrick Begley
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Royal Sussex County Hospital, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, England
| | - Maryam Jessop
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Royal Sussex County Hospital, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, England
| | - Mark Aplin
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Royal Sussex County Hospital, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, England
| | - Elena Missir
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, England
| | | | - Gosia Raczek
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, England
| | - Nitasha Singh
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Royal Sussex County Hospital, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, England
| | - Sabina Dizdarevic
- Clinical Imaging Science Centre, Neuroscience and Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, England.
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, England.
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Royal Sussex County Hospital, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, England.
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Wilson JB, Epstein M, Lopez B, Brown AK, Lutfy K, Friedman TC. The role of Neurochemicals, Stress Hormones and Immune System in the Positive Feedback Loops between Diabetes, Obesity and Depression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1224612. [PMID: 37664841 PMCID: PMC10470111 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1224612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and depression are significant public health and socioeconomic issues. They commonly co-occur, with T2DM occurring in 11.3% of the US population, while depression has a prevalence of about 9%, with higher rates among youths. Approximately 31% of patients with T2DM suffer from depressive symptoms, with 11.4% having major depressive disorders, which is twice as high as the prevalence of depression in patients without T2DM. Additionally, over 80% of people with T2DM are overweight or obese. This review describes how T2DM and depression can enhance one another, using the same molecular pathways, by synergistically altering the brain's structure and function and reducing the reward obtained from eating. In this article, we reviewed the evidence that eating, especially high-caloric foods, stimulates the limbic system, initiating Reward Deficiency Syndrome. Analogous to other addictive behaviors, neurochemical changes in those with depression and/or T2DM are thought to cause individuals to increase their food intake to obtain the same reward leading to binge eating, weight gain and obesity. Treating the symptoms of T2DM, such as lowering HbA1c, without addressing the underlying pathways has little chance of eliminating the disease. Targeting the immune system, stress circuit, melatonin, and other alterations may be more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian B. Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ma’ayan Epstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Psychiatric Emergency Room, Olive View – University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Sylmar, CA, United States
| | - Briana Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Friends Research Institute, Cerritos, CA, United States
| | - Amira K. Brown
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kabirullah Lutfy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Theodore C. Friedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Friends Research Institute, Cerritos, CA, United States
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11
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Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus administration to anorexigenic neuropeptides and some biochemical parameters on rats fed with a high-fat diet. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2023; 166:106729. [PMID: 36914021 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2023.106729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM One of the rapidly rising global public health concern is obesity. Over the past three decades, the prevalence of obesity has doubled/tripled in several nations around the world, most likely as a result of urbanization, sedentary lifestyles, and increased intake of high-calorie processed foods. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus administration on rats exposed to high-fat diet experimentally on anorexigenic peptides in the brain and some biochemical parameters in the serum. METHODS In the study, 4 different experimental groups were formed. Group 1 was designated as the control group and fed with a standard rat chow (SD). Group 2 was designated as the high-fat diet (HFD) fed group. Group 3 fed with SD and L. acidophilus probiotic administered. Group 4 fed with HFD and L. acidophilus probiotic administered. At the end of the experiment, leptin, serotonin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels were measured in the brain tissue and serum. Glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), total protein (TP), albumin, uric acid, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were determined in the serum. RESULTS At the end of the study, it was found that there was an increase in body weight and body mass index in Group 2 compared to Group 1. It was determined that the levels of AST, ALT, TG, TC, glucose, leptin in the serum were significantly high (P < 0.05). The levels of GLP-1 and serotonin in the serum and in the brain were significantly low (P < 0.05). There was a significant decrease in TG and TC in Groups 3 and 4 compared to Group 2 (P < 0.05). The leptin hormone levels in serum and brain were significantly higher in Group 2 than in other groups (P < 0.05). GLP-1 and serotonin levels were found to be significantly low (P < 0.05). The leptin levels in the serum of Groups 3 and 4 decreased significantly compared to Group 2 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION It was found that probiotic supplementation in high-fat diet had positive effects on anorexigenic peptides. It was concluded that L. acidophilus probiotic can be recommended as a food supplement in the treatment of obesity.
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Moura MS, Lozano AFQ, Tavares BM, Figueiredo TM, Franco de Barros JW, Valencise L, de Grava Kempinas W. Prenatal exposure to sertraline, associated or not with stress, can negatively program somatic and neurobehavioral development of female rats, and dysregulate reproductive function in adulthood. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 116:108336. [PMID: 36669626 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are prescribed to pregnant women for treating mental illnesses. Among the drugs of this class, sertraline (ST) is the antidepressant therapy recommended most frequently. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of gestational ST treatment on reproductive parameters and toxicological target organs of rat female offspring, as well as on somatic, reflex and neurobehavioral development, in a model of maternal adversity. Pregnant Wistar rats received vehicle (filtered water) or ST hydrochloride (20 mg/Kg/day diluted in vehicle) by oral gavage, associated or not with restraint stress for 1 h/day from gestational days 13-20. F1 female offspring was evaluated on reproductive parameters, body weight and somatic and reflex milestones from postnatal day (PND) 1. On PNDs 25 and 72, the elevated-plus-maze test was performed, while toxicological target organs were evaluated on PNDs 42 and 80. In utero exposure to ST, regardless of exposure to stress, reduced body weight at birth and affected the somatic development and estrous cycle. The absolute and relative thyroid weights were increased in Stress/ST group during puberty and adulthood, while the percentage of ovarian structures and the absolute uterine weight were altered in this group on PND 80. Prenatal exposure only to ST reduced initial body weight gain, delayed fur development and increased anxiety-like behavior on PND 25. Thus, this experimental study suggests that intrauterine exposure to ST disrupts the fetal environment and can negatively program serotonin-regulated processes. Furthermore, it impacts thyroid weight when associated with stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Silva Moura
- Graduate Program in General and Applied Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Flávia Quiarato Lozano
- Graduate Program in General and Applied Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna Marques Tavares
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Thamíris Moreira Figueiredo
- Graduate Program in General and Applied Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Jorge Willian Franco de Barros
- Graduate Program in General and Applied Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Lethicia Valencise
- Graduate Program in General and Applied Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilma de Grava Kempinas
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Is lactational sertraline exposure safe for maternal health and the reproductive/neurobehavioral development of the descendants? A study in rats. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 117:108356. [PMID: 36828160 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Although sertraline is considered one of the safest antidepressants in the lactation period, there are still few studies that assess its impact on child development. Therefore, this experimental study aimed to clarify the effect of sertraline on the neurobehavioral and reproductive development of male rats. Thus, 30 lactating rats were divided into 3 experimental groups (n = 10/group): CO- received filtered water, S10 and S20 groups that received, respectively, 10 and 20 mg/kg/day of sertraline. Treatment was performed by gavage, from postnatal days (PND) 1-20. During this period, the reflex and somatic development of rats were observed, as well as maternal behavior. On PND 21, mothers were euthanized and the organs were weighed. On PND 21, 45, and 100, one male from each litter was euthanized for histological and immunohistochemical (PCNA and WT1) analysis of the reproductive organs. The growth of body weight, the anogenital distance (AGD), the time to puberty, sperm quality, sexual behavior, neurobehavior, and natural fertility were also verified. Statistical analysis: One-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test (p ≤ 0.05). The results showed that mothers in the S20 group had an increase in thyroid weight. The male offspring exposed to sertraline had lower body weight (PND 7), lower AGD (PND 7 and 14), and delay in reflex development, in addition to histological alterations in the testis (PND 21). In adulthood, sperm quality was altered, without compromising natural fertility. Therefore, the present study found important alterations in the reflex and reproductive development of male rats exposed to sertraline during lactation.
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Raphe serotonin projections dynamically regulate feeding behavior through targeting inhibitory circuits from rostral zona incerta to paraventricular thalamus. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101634. [PMID: 36351530 PMCID: PMC9672487 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rostral zona incerta (ZIR) evokes feeding by sending GABA transmission to paraventricular thalamus (PVT). Although central serotonin (5-HT) signaling is known to play critical roles in the regulation of food intake and eating disorders, it remains unknown whether raphe 5-HT neurons functionally innervate ZIR-PVT neural pathway for feeding control. Here, we sought to reveal how raphe 5-HT signaling regulates both ZIR and PVT for feeding control. METHODS We used retrograde neural tracers to map 5-HT projections in Sert-Cre mice and slice electrophysiology to examine the mechanism by which 5-HT modulates ZIR GABA neurons. We also used optogenetics to test the effects of raphe-ZIR and raphe-PVT 5-HT projections on feeding motivation and food intake in mice regularly fed, 24 h fasted, and with intermittent high-fat high-sugar (HFHS) diet. In addition, we applied RNAscope in situ hybridization to identify 5-HT receptor subtype mRNA in ZIR. RESULTS We show raphe 5-HT neurons sent projections to both ZIR and PVT with partial collateral axons. Photostimulation of 5-HT projections inhibited ZIR but excited PVT neurons to decrease motivated food consumption. However, both acute food deprivation and intermittent HFHS diet downregulated 5-HT inhibition on ZIR GABA neurons, abolishing the inhibitory regulation of raphe-ZIR 5-HT projections on feeding motivation and food intake. Furthermore, we found high-level 5-HT1a and 5-HT2c as well as low-level 5-HT7 mRNA expression in ZIR. Intermittent HFHS diet increased 5-HT7 but not 5-HT1a or 5-HT2c mRNA levels in the ZIR. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that raphe-ZIR 5-HT projections dynamically regulate ZIR GABA neurons for feeding control, supporting that a dynamic fluctuation of ZIR 5-HT inhibition authorizes daily food intake but a sustained change of ZIR 5-HT signaling leads to overeating induced by HFHS diet.
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Reich N, Hölscher C. Beyond Appetite: Acylated Ghrelin As A Learning, Memory and Fear Behavior-modulating Hormone. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 143:104952. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Les approches thérapeutiques non invasives de l’obésité : hier, aujourd’hui et demain. NUTR CLIN METAB 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Boehm I, Hennig J, Ritschel F, Geisler D, King JA, Lesch I, Roessner V, Zepf FD, Ehrlich S. Acute tryptophan depletion balances altered resting-state functional connectivity of the salience network in female patients recovered from anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2022; 47:E351-E358. [PMID: 36195339 PMCID: PMC9533767 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.210161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that individuals predisposed to or recovered from anorexia nervosa experience a hyperserotonergic state associated with anxiety that might be mitigated by restricted food intake, because diminished levels of the tryptophan precursor lower the central availability of serotonin (5-HT). At the neural level, the salience network is a system of functionally connected brain regions; it has been closely associated with 5-HT functioning and mental disorders (including anorexia nervosa). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect on the salience network of a temporary dietary manipulation of 5-HT synthesis in patients with anorexia nervosa. METHODS In this double-blind crossover study, we obtained data on resting-state functional connectivity from 22 weight-recovered female patients with a history of anorexia nervosa, and 22 age-matched female healthy controls. The study procedure included acute tryptophan depletion (a dietary intervention that lowers the central 5-HT synthesis rate) and a sham condition. RESULTS We identified an interaction of group and experimental condition in resting-state functional connectivity between the salience network and the orbitofrontal cortex extending to the frontal pole (F 1,42 = 12.52; p FWE = 0.026). Further analysis revealed increased resting-state functional connectivity during acute tryptophan depletion in patients recovered from anorexia nervosa, resembling that of healthy controls during the sham condition (T 42 = -0.66; p = 0.51). LIMITATIONS The effect of acute tryptophan depletion on the central availability of 5-HT can be judged only indirectly using plasma ratios of tryptophan to large neutral amino acids. Moreover, the definition of anorexia nervosa recovery varies widely across studies, limiting comparability. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings support the notion of 5-HT dysregulation in anorexia nervosa and indicate that reduced 5-HT synthesis and availability during acute tryptophan depletion (and possibly with food restriction) may balance hyperserotonergic functioning and the associated resting-state functional connectivity of the salience network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefan Ehrlich
- From the Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Boehm, Hennig, Ritschel, Geisler, King, Lesch, Ehrlich); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital C. G. Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Roessner); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany (Zepf); the Eating Disorder Treatment and Research Centre, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Ehrlich)
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The Burden of Carbohydrates in Health and Disease. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183809. [PMID: 36145184 PMCID: PMC9505863 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foods high in carbohydrates are an important part of a healthy diet, since they provide the body with glucose to support bodily functions and physical activity. However, the abusive consumption of refined, simple, and low-quality carbohydrates has a direct implication on the physical and mental pathophysiology. Then, carbohydrate consumption is postulated as a crucial factor in the development of the main Western diseases of the 21st century. We conducted this narrative critical review using MedLine (Pubmed), Cochrane (Wiley), Embase, and CinAhl databases with the MeSH-compliant keywords: carbohydrates and evolution, development, phylogenetic, GUT, microbiota, stress, metabolic health, consumption behaviors, metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, mental disease, anxiety, depression, cancer, chronic kidney failure, allergies, and asthma in order to analyze the impact of carbohydrates on health. Evidence suggests that carbohydrates, especially fiber, are beneficial for the well-being and growth of gut microorganisms and consequently for the host in this symbiotic relationship, producing microbial alterations a negative effect on mental health and different organic systems. In addition, evidence suggests a negative impact of simple carbohydrates and refined carbohydrates on mood categories, including alertness and tiredness, reinforcing a vicious circle. Regarding physical health, sugar intake can affect the development and prognosis of metabolic disease, as an uncontrolled intake of refined carbohydrates puts individuals at risk of developing metabolic syndrome and subsequently developing metabolic disease.
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Yeste N, Pérez-Valle J, Heras-Molina A, Pesántez-Pacheco JL, Porrini E, González-Bulnes A, Bassols A. A High-Fat Diet Modifies Brain Neurotransmitter Profile and Hippocampal Proteome and Morphology in an IUGR Pig Model. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163440. [PMID: 36014946 PMCID: PMC9416793 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) hinders the correct growth of the fetus during pregnancy due to the lack of oxygen or nutrients. The developing fetus gives priority to brain development ("brain sparing"), but the risk exists of neurological and cognitive deficits at short or long term. On the other hand, diets rich in fat exert pernicious effects on brain function. Using a pig model of spontaneous IUGR, we have studied the effect on the adult of a long-term high-fat diet (HFD) on the neurotransmitter profile in several brain areas, and the morphology and the proteome of the hippocampus. Our hypothesis was that animals affected by IUGR (born with low birth weight) would present a different susceptibility to an HFD when they become adults, compared with normal birth-weight animals. Our results indicate that HFD affected the serotoninergic pathway, but it did not provoke relevant changes in the morphology of the hippocampus. Finally, the proteomic analysis revealed that, in some instances, NBW and LBW individuals respond to HFD in different ways. In particular, NBW animals presented changes in oxidative phosphorylation and the extracellular matrix, whereas LBW animals presented differences in RNA splicing, anterograde and retrograde transport and the mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Yeste
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Pérez-Valle
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Heras-Molina
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Pesántez-Pacheco
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Cuenca, Avda, Doce de Octubre, Cuenca 010220, Ecuador
| | - Esteban Porrini
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, 38320 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Antonio González-Bulnes
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Anna Bassols
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Kupcova I, Danisovic L, Grgac I, Harsanyi S. Anxiety and Depression: What Do We Know of Neuropeptides? Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12080262. [PMID: 36004833 PMCID: PMC9405013 DOI: 10.3390/bs12080262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern society, there has been a rising trend of depression and anxiety. This trend heavily impacts the population’s mental health and thus contributes significantly to morbidity and, in the worst case, to suicides. Modern medicine, with many antidepressants and anxiolytics at hand, is still unable to achieve remission in many patients. The pathophysiology of depression and anxiety is still only marginally understood, which encouraged researchers to focus on neuropeptides, as they are a vast group of signaling molecules in the nervous system. Neuropeptides are involved in the regulation of many physiological functions. Some act as neuromodulators and are often co-released with neurotransmitters that allow for reciprocal communication between the brain and the body. Most studied in the past were the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of oxytocin, vasopressin or neuropeptide Y and S, or Substance P. However, in recent years, more and more novel neuropeptides have been added to the list, with implications for the research and development of new targets, diagnostic elements, and even therapies to treat anxiety and depressive disorders. In this review, we take a close look at all currently studied neuropeptides, their related pathways, their roles in stress adaptation, and the etiology of anxiety and depression in humans and animal models. We will focus on the latest research and information regarding these associated neuropeptides and thus picture their potential uses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Kupcova
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (I.K.); (L.D.)
| | - Lubos Danisovic
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (I.K.); (L.D.)
| | - Ivan Grgac
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Stefan Harsanyi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (I.K.); (L.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-2-59357-299
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Ng CM, Kaur S. Environmental light exposure and mealtime regularity: Implications for human health. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:1183-1194. [PMID: 35786074 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2093212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Light exposure and mealtime act as cues to the human circadian rhythm, which subsequently regulates various physiological functions in the body. However, modernization alters lifestyles, with changes to social and work-related activities independent of the natural light-dark cycle. This review summarizes the role of light exposure and regular mealtime on bodily processes and, ultimately, metabolic health. Various aspects of light are reviewed, including the type of light (natural/artificial), intensity (lux), spectral composition, time of exposure (night/day), and exposure duration. Further, the possible relationship between light exposure and mealtime irregularity is discussed as a function affecting metabolic health. In essence, research evidence suggests that mealtime regularity and light exposure habits based on the natural occurring light-dark cycle are essential for metabolic health in relation to an aligned circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Ming Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Satvinder Kaur
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Barra NG, Kwon YH, Morrison KM, Steinberg GR, Wade MG, Khan WI, Vijayan MM, Schertzer JD, Holloway AC. Increased gut serotonin production in response to bisphenol A structural analogs may contribute to their obesogenic effects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E80-E091. [PMID: 35575233 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00049.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesogens are synthetic, environmental chemicals that can disrupt endocrine control of metabolism and contribute to the risk of obesity and metabolic disease. Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most studied obesogens. There is considerable evidence that BPA exposure is associated with weight gain, increased adiposity, poor blood glucose control, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in animal models and human populations. Increased usage of structural analogs of BPA has occurred in response to legislation banning their use in some commercial products. However, BPA analogs may also cause some of the same metabolic impairments because of common mechanisms of action. One key effector that is altered by BPA and its analogs is serotonin, however, it is unknown if BPA-induced changes in peripheral serotonin pathways underlie metabolic perturbations seen with BPA exposure. Upon ingestion, BPA and its analogs act as endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the gastrointestinal tract to influence serotonin production by the gut, where over 95% of serotonin is produced. The purpose of this review is to evaluate how BPA and its analogs alter gut serotonin regulation and then discuss how disruption of serotonergic networks influences host metabolism. We also provide evidence that BPA and its analogs enhance serotonin production in gut enterochromaffin cells. Taken together, we propose that BPA and many BPA analogs represent endocrine-disrupting chemicals that can influence host metabolism through the endogenous production of gut-derived factors, such as serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole G Barra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yun Han Kwon
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine M Morrison
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G Wade
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Waliul I Khan
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jonathan D Schertzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alison C Holloway
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Metabolomics and biochemical insights on the regulation of aging-related diabetes by a low-molecular-weight polysaccharide from green microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Food Chem X 2022; 14:100316. [PMID: 35774637 PMCID: PMC9237631 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
C. pyrenoidosa polysaccharide (CPP) have hypoglycemic activity and oxidation resistance. CPP prevents oxidative stress and stimulates insulin via affecting phenylpyruvic acid. CPP can regulate the GLP-1R/IL-6R and ZO-1/MMP-2 pathways. CPP activated BCL-6 to promote cell survival in brain.
Globally, aging and diabetes are considered prevalent threats to human health. Chlorella pyrenoidosa polysaccharide (CPP) is a natural active ingredient with multiple health benefits including antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities. In this study, the aging-related diabetic (AD) mice model was established to investigate the underlying hypoglycemic and antioxidant mechanisms of CPP. It improved superoxide dismutase, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), and malondialdehyde activities in liver and insulin secretion. CAT and GSH-px activity in the brain increased after CPP administration. In addition, through histopathological examinations, it was evident that injuries in the liver, brain, jejunum, and pancreas were restored by CPP. This restoration was likely mediated via the activation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor/FOXO-1 (forkhead box O1) pathway concurrent with the inhibition of interleukin-6 receptor/FOXO-1 pathway. Furthermore, metabolomics and correlation analysis revealed that CPP possibly relived AD through changes in insulin levels and declined oxidative stress as regulated by phenylpyruvic acid. These findings suggested that CPP exerted antioxidant and hypoglycemic roles in an AD mice model, thereby providing a sound scientific foundation for further development and utilization of CPP.
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Owaki T, Kamimura K, Ko M, Nagayama I, Nagoya T, Shibata O, Oda C, Morita S, Kimura A, Sato T, Setsu T, Sakamaki A, Kamimura H, Yokoo T, Terai S. The liver-gut peripheral neural axis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease pathologies via hepatic serotonin receptor 2A. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:276108. [PMID: 35765850 PMCID: PMC9346519 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is one of the key bioamines of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Its mechanism of action in autonomic neural signal pathways remains unexplained; hence, we evaluated the involvement of 5-HT and related signaling pathways via autonomic nerves in NAFLD. Diet-induced NAFLD animal models were developed using wild-type and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) knockout (MC4RKO) mice, and the effects of the autonomic neural axis on NAFLD physiology, 5-HT and its receptors (HTRs), and lipid metabolism-related genes were assessed by applying hepatic nerve blockade. Hepatic neural blockade retarded the progression of NAFLD by reducing 5-HT in the small intestine, hepatic HTR2A and hepatic lipogenic gene expression, and treatment with an HTR2A antagonist reproduced these effects. The effects were milder in MC4RKO mice, and brain 5-HT and HTR2C expression did not correlate with peripheral neural blockade. Our study demonstrates that the autonomic liver-gut neural axis is involved in the etiology of diet-induced NAFLD and that 5-HT and HTR2A are key factors, implying that the modulation of the axis and use of HTR2A antagonists are potentially novel therapeutic strategies for NAFLD treatment. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: The hepatic-gut neural axis plays a role in NAFLD progression via serotonin and the serotonin receptor HTR2A in hepatocytes, suggesting that HTR2A antagonists are potential therapeutic agents for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Owaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kenya Kamimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,Department of General Medicine, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Ko
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Itsuo Nagayama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Takuro Nagoya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Osamu Shibata
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Chiyumi Oda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Shinichi Morita
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Takeki Sato
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Toru Setsu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Sakamaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroteru Kamimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yokoo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
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Pagire SH, Pagire HS, Park KY, Bae EJ, Kim KE, Kim M, Yoon J, Parameswaran S, Choi JH, Park S, Jeon JH, Song JS, Bae MA, Lee IK, Kim H, Suh JM, Ahn JH. Identification of New Non-BBB Permeable Tryptophan Hydroxylase Inhibitors for Treating Obesity and Fatty Liver Disease. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113417. [PMID: 35684355 PMCID: PMC9182086 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptophan) is a hormone that regulates emotions in the central nervous system. However, serotonin in the peripheral system is associated with obesity and fatty liver disease. Because serotonin cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), we focused on identifying new tryptophan hydroxylase type I (TPH1) inhibitors that act only in peripheral tissues for treating obesity and fatty liver disease without affecting the central nervous system. Structural optimization inspired by para-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) resulted in the identification of a series of oxyphenylalanine and heterocyclic phenylalanine derivatives as TPH1 inhibitors. Among these compounds, compound 18i with an IC50 value of 37 nM was the most active in vitro. Additionally, compound 18i showed good liver microsomal stability and did not significantly inhibit CYP and Herg. Furthermore, this TPH1 inhibitor was able to actively interact with the peripheral system without penetrating the BBB. Compound 18i and its prodrug reduced body weight gain in mammals and decreased in vivo fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvarna H. Pagire
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.H.P.); (H.S.P.); (E.J.B.); (M.K.); (J.Y.); (S.P.); (J.-H.C.)
- JD Bioscience, 208 beon-gil, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Haushabhau S. Pagire
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.H.P.); (H.S.P.); (E.J.B.); (M.K.); (J.Y.); (S.P.); (J.-H.C.)
- JD Bioscience, 208 beon-gil, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Kun-Young Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (K.-Y.P.); (K.-e.K.); (H.K.)
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.H.P.); (H.S.P.); (E.J.B.); (M.K.); (J.Y.); (S.P.); (J.-H.C.)
| | - Kwang-eun Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (K.-Y.P.); (K.-e.K.); (H.K.)
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Minhee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.H.P.); (H.S.P.); (E.J.B.); (M.K.); (J.Y.); (S.P.); (J.-H.C.)
| | - Jihyeon Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.H.P.); (H.S.P.); (E.J.B.); (M.K.); (J.Y.); (S.P.); (J.-H.C.)
| | - Saravanan Parameswaran
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.H.P.); (H.S.P.); (E.J.B.); (M.K.); (J.Y.); (S.P.); (J.-H.C.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Jun-Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.H.P.); (H.S.P.); (E.J.B.); (M.K.); (J.Y.); (S.P.); (J.-H.C.)
| | - Sungmi Park
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea; (S.P.); (J.-H.J.); (I.-K.L.)
| | - Jae-Han Jeon
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea; (S.P.); (J.-H.J.); (I.-K.L.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea
| | - Jin Sook Song
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.S.S.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Myung Ae Bae
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.S.S.); (M.A.B.)
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea; (S.P.); (J.-H.J.); (I.-K.L.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Hail Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (K.-Y.P.); (K.-e.K.); (H.K.)
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jae Myoung Suh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (K.-Y.P.); (K.-e.K.); (H.K.)
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.M.S.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Jin Hee Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.H.P.); (H.S.P.); (E.J.B.); (M.K.); (J.Y.); (S.P.); (J.-H.C.)
- JD Bioscience, 208 beon-gil, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.M.S.); (J.H.A.)
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Chávez J, Alcántara-Alonso V, García-Luna C, Soberanes-Chávez P, Grammatopoulos D, de Gortari P. Hypothalamic TRH mediates anorectic effects of serotonin in rats. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0077-22.2022. [PMID: 35545425 PMCID: PMC9159524 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0077-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the modulatory functions of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), an anorectic behavior in rodents is observed when centrally injected. Hypothalamic PVN neurons receive serotonergic inputs from dorsal raphe nucleus and express serotonin (5HT) receptors such as 5HT1A, 5HT2A/2C, 5HT6, which are involved in 5HT-induced feeding regulation. Rats subjected to dehydration-induced anorexia (DIA) model show increased PVN TRH mRNA expression, associated with their decreased food intake. We analyzed whether 5HT input is implicated in the enhanced PVN TRH transcription that anorectic rats exhibit, given that 5HT increases TRH expression and release when studied in vitro By using mHypoA-2/30 hypothalamic cell cultures, we found that 5HT stimulated TRH mRNA, pCREB and pERK1/2 levels. By inhibiting basal PKA or PKC activities or those induced by 5HT, pCREB or pERK1/2 content did not increase suggesting involvement of both kinases in their phosphorylation. 5HT effect on TRH mRNA was not affected by PKA inhibition, but it diminished in the presence of PKCi suggesting involvement of PKC in 5HT-induced TRH increased transcription. This likely involves 5HT2A/2C and the activation of alternative transduction pathways than those studied here. In agreement with the in vitro data, we found that injecting 5HT2A/2C antagonists into the PVN of DIA rats reversed the increased TRH expression of anorectic animals, as well as their decreased food intake; also, the agonist reduced food intake of hungry restricted animals along with elevated PVN TRH mRNA levels. Our results support that the anorectic effects of serotonin are mediated by PVN TRH in this model.Significance statementInteraction between brain peptides and neurotransmitters' pathways regulates feeding behavior, but when altered it could lead to the development of eating disorders, such as anorexia. An abnormal increased TRH expression in hypothalamic PVN results in dehydration-induced anorectic rats, associated to their low food intake. The role of neurotransmitters in that alteration is unknown, and since serotonin inhibits feeding and has receptors in PVN, we analyzed its participation in increasing TRH expression and reducing feeding in anorectic rats. By antagonizing PVN serotonin receptors in anorectic rats, we identify decreased TRH expression and increased feeding, suggesting that the anorectic effects of serotonin are mediated by PVN TRH. Elucidating brain networks involved in feeding regulation would help to design therapies for eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Chávez
- Molecular Neurophysiology laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Mexico City, Mexico 14370
| | - Viridiana Alcántara-Alonso
- Molecular Neurophysiology laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Mexico City, Mexico 14370
- Translational Medicine, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Kingdom CV4 7HL
| | - Cinthia García-Luna
- Molecular Neurophysiology laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Mexico City, Mexico 14370
| | - Paulina Soberanes-Chávez
- Molecular Neurophysiology laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Mexico City, Mexico 14370
| | - Dimitris Grammatopoulos
- Translational Medicine, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Kingdom CV4 7HL
- Institute of Precision Diagnostics and Translational Medicine, Division of Pathology, UHCW NHS Trust, Coventry, United Kingdom CV2 2DX
| | - Patricia de Gortari
- Molecular Neurophysiology laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Mexico City, Mexico 14370.
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27
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Xiao P, Goodarzi P, Pezeshki A, Hagen DE. RNA-seq reveals insights into molecular mechanisms of metabolic restoration via tryptophan supplementation in low birthweight piglet model. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6584466. [PMID: 35552417 PMCID: PMC9155244 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Low birth weight (LBW) is associated with metabolic disorders in early life. While dietary l-tryptophan (Trp) can ameliorate postprandial plasma triglycerides (TG) disposal in LBW piglets, the genetic and biological basis underlying Trp-caused alterations in lipid metabolism is poorly understood. In this study, we collected 24 liver samples from 1-mo-old LBW and normal birth weight (NBW) piglets supplemented with different concentrations of dietary Trp (NBW with 0% Trp, N0; LBW with 0% Trp, L0; LBW with 0.4% Trp, L4; LBW with 0.8% Trp, L8; N = 6 in each group.) and conducted systematic, transcriptome-wide analysis using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). We identified 39 differentially expressed genes (DEG) between N0 and L0, and genes within “increased dose effect” clusters based on dose-series expression profile analysis, enriched in fatty acid response of gene ontology (GO) biological process (BP). We then identified RNA-binding proteins including SRSF1, DAZAP1, PUM2, PCBP3, IGF2BP2, and IGF2BP3 significantly (P < 0.05) enriched in alternative splicing events (ASE) in comparison with L0 as control. There were significant positive and negative relationships between candidate genes from co-expression networks (including PID1, ANKRD44, RUSC1, and CYP2J34) and postprandial plasma TG concentration. Further, we determined whether these candidate hub genes were also significantly associated with metabolic and cardiovascular traits in humans via human phenome-wide association study (Phe-WAS), and analysis of mammalian orthologs suggests a functional conservation between human and pig. Our work demonstrates that transcriptomic changes during dietary Trp supplementation in LBW piglets. We detected candidate genes and related BP that may play roles on lipid metabolism restoration. These findings will help to better understand the amino acid support in LBW metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiao
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Parniyan Goodarzi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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28
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Yao Z, Scott K. Serotonergic neurons translate taste detection into internal nutrient regulation. Neuron 2022; 110:1036-1050.e7. [PMID: 35051377 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The nervous and endocrine systems coordinately monitor and regulate nutrient availability to maintain energy homeostasis. Sensory detection of food regulates internal nutrient availability in a manner that anticipates food intake, but sensory pathways that promote anticipatory physiological changes remain unclear. Here, we identify serotonergic (5-HT) neurons as critical mediators that transform gustatory detection by sensory neurons into the activation of insulin-producing cells and enteric neurons in Drosophila. One class of 5-HT neurons responds to gustatory detection of sugars, excites insulin-producing cells, and limits consumption, suggesting that they anticipate increased nutrient levels and prevent overconsumption. A second class of 5-HT neurons responds to gustatory detection of bitter compounds and activates enteric neurons to promote gastric motility, likely to stimulate digestion and increase circulating nutrients upon food rejection. These studies demonstrate that 5-HT neurons relay acute gustatory detection to divergent pathways for longer-term stabilization of circulating nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng Yao
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Kristin Scott
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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29
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Clark TD, Reichelt AC, Ghosh-Swaby O, Simpson SJ, Crean AJ. Nutrition, anxiety and hormones. Why sex differences matter in the link between obesity and behavior. Physiol Behav 2022; 247:113713. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Human loss-of-function variants in the serotonin 2C receptor associated with obesity and maladaptive behavior. Nat Med 2022; 28:2537-2546. [PMID: 36536256 PMCID: PMC9800280 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-02106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin reuptake inhibitors and receptor agonists are used to treat obesity, anxiety and depression. Here we studied the role of the serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT2CR) in weight regulation and behavior. Using exome sequencing of 2,548 people with severe obesity and 1,117 control individuals without obesity, we identified 13 rare variants in the gene encoding 5-HT2CR (HTR2C) in 19 unrelated people (3 males and 16 females). Eleven variants caused a loss of function in HEK293 cells. All people who carried variants had hyperphagia and some degree of maladaptive behavior. Knock-in male mice harboring a human loss-of-function HTR2C variant developed obesity and reduced social exploratory behavior; female mice heterozygous for the same variant showed similar deficits with reduced severity. Using the 5-HT2CR agonist lorcaserin, we found that depolarization of appetite-suppressing proopiomelanocortin neurons was impaired in knock-in mice. In conclusion, we demonstrate that 5-HT2CR is involved in the regulation of human appetite, weight and behavior. Our findings suggest that melanocortin receptor agonists might be effective in treating severe obesity in individuals carrying HTR2C variants. We suggest that HTR2C should be included in diagnostic gene panels for severe childhood-onset obesity.
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Tang H, Rising HH, Majji M, Brown RD. Long-Term Space Nutrition: A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010194. [PMID: 35011072 PMCID: PMC8747021 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This scoping review aimed to identify current evidence and gaps in the field of long-term space nutrition. Specifically, the review targeted critical nutritional needs during long-term manned missions in outer space in addition to the essential components of a sustainable space nutrition system for meeting these needs. The search phrase "space food and the survival of astronauts in long-term missions" was used to collect the initial 5432 articles from seven Chinese and seven English databases. From these articles, two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts to identify 218 articles for full-text reviews based on three themes and 18 keyword combinations as eligibility criteria. The results suggest that it is possible to address short-term adverse environmental factors and nutritional deficiencies by adopting effective dietary measures, selecting the right types of foods and supplements, and engaging in specific sustainable food production and eating practices. However, to support self-sufficiency during long-term space exploration, the most optimal and sustainable space nutrition systems are likely to be supported primarily by fresh food production, natural unprocessed foods as diets, nutrient recycling of food scraps and cultivation systems, and the establishment of closed-loop biospheres or landscape-based space habitats as long-term life support systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Tang
- College of Landscape and Tourism, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Hope Hui Rising
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Manoranjan Majji
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Robert D. Brown
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
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Sahu S, Biswas P, Singh SK, Patel AB, Barman AS, Pandey PK. Reproductive and immuno-biochemical response of silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus) fed dietary l-tryptophan. REPRODUCTION AND BREEDING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbre.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Hajishafiee M, Ullrich SS, Fitzgerald PC, Horowitz M, Lange K, Poppitt SD, Feinle-Bisset C. Suppression of Energy Intake by Intragastric l-Tryptophan in Lean and Obese Men: Relations with Appetite Perceptions and Circulating Cholecystokinin and Tryptophan. J Nutr 2021; 151:2932-2941. [PMID: 34255069 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND l-Tryptophan reduces energy intake in healthy men. The underlying mechanisms, including appetite, plasma cholecystokinin (CCK), tryptophan (Trp), and the ratio of Trp to large neutral amino acids (Trp:LNAAs ratio), and whether responses differ in lean and obese individuals, are uncertain. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the effects of intragastric Trp on energy intake (primary outcome) and their potential mechanisms, pre- and postmeal, in lean men and those with obesity. METHODS Twelve lean men [mean ± SD age: 30 ± 3 y; BMI (in kg/m2): 23 ± 1] and 13 men with obesity (mean ± SD age: 31 ± 3 y; BMI: 33 ± 1) received, on 3 separate occasions, in double-blind, randomized order, 3 g ("Trp-3") or 1.5 g ("Trp-1.5") Trp, or control ("C"), intragastrically, 30 min before a buffet-meal. Energy intake from the buffet-meal, hunger, fullness, and plasma CCK and amino acid concentrations were measured in response to Trp alone and for 2 h postmeal. Data were analyzed using maximum likelihood mixed-effects models, with treatment, group, and treatment-by-group interaction as fixed effects. RESULTS Trp alone increased plasma CCK, Trp, and the Trp:LNAAs ratio (all P < 0.001), with no difference between groups. Trp suppressed energy intake (P < 0.001), with no difference between groups (lean, C: 1085 ± 102 kcal, Trp-1.5: 1009 ± 92 kcal, Trp-3: 868 ± 104 kcal; obese, C: 1249 ± 98 kcal, Trp-1.5: 1217 ± 90 kcal, Trp-3: 1012 ± 100 kcal). Postmeal, fullness was greater after Trp-3 than after C and Trp-1.5 (all P < 0.05), and in men with obesity than in lean men (P < 0.05). Plasma Trp and the Trp:LNAAs ratio were greater after Trp-3 and Trp-1.5 than after C (all P < 0.001), and tended to be less in men with obesity than in the lean (P = 0.07) (Trp:LNAAs ratio: lean, C: 1.5 ± 0.2, Trp-1.5: 6.9 ± 0.7, Trp-3: 10.7 ± 1.4; obese, C: 1.4 ± 0.1, Trp-1.5: 4.6 ± 0.7, Trp-3: 7.8 ± 1.3). There were inverse correlations of energy intake with plasma Trp and the Trp:LNAAs ratio in both groups (lean, both r = -0.50, P < 0.01; obese, both r = -0.40, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Intragastric Trp has potent energy intake-suppressant effects, in both lean men and those with obesity, apparently related to the Trp:LNAAs ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hajishafiee
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Penelope Ce Fitzgerald
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kylie Lange
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sally D Poppitt
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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van Galen KA, Booij J, Schrantee A, Adriaanse SM, Unmehopa UA, Fliers E, Schwartz GJ, DiLeone RJ, Ter Horst KW, la Fleur SE, Serlie MJ. The response to prolonged fasting in hypothalamic serotonin transporter availability is blunted in obesity. Metabolism 2021; 123:154839. [PMID: 34331964 PMCID: PMC8994212 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Serotonergic and dopaminergic systems in the brain are essential for homeostatic and reward-associated regulation of food intake and systemic energy metabolism. It is largely unknown how fasting influences these systems or if such effects are altered in humans with obesity. We therefore aimed to evaluate the effects of fasting on hypothalamic/thalamic serotonin transporter (SERT) and striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) availability in lean subjects and subjects with obesity. METHODS In this randomized controlled cross-over trial, we assessed the effects of 12 vs 24 h of fasting on SERT and DAT availability in the hypothalamus/thalamus and striatum, respectively, using SPECT imaging in 10 lean men and 10 men with obesity. RESULTS As compared with the 12-h fast, a 24-h fast increased hypothalamic SERT availability in lean men, but not in men with obesity. We observed high inter-individual variation in the effects of fasting on thalamic SERT and striatal DAT, with no differences between lean men and those with obesity. In all subjects, fasting-induced increases in circulating free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations were associated with an increase in hypothalamic SERT availability and a decrease in striatal DAT availability. Multiple regression analysis showed that changes in plasma insulin and FFAs together accounted for 44% of the observed variation in striatal DAT availability. CONCLUSION Lean men respond to prolonged fasting by increasing hypothalamic SERT availability, whereas this response is absent in men with obesity. Inter-individual differences in the adaptations of the cerebral serotonergic and dopaminergic systems to fasting may, in part, be explained by changes in peripheral metabolic signals of fasting, including FFAs and insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy A van Galen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Booij
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk Schrantee
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sofie M Adriaanse
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Unga A Unmehopa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gary J Schwartz
- Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ralph J DiLeone
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kasper W Ter Horst
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne E la Fleur
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mireille J Serlie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Orexin receptors 1 and 2 in serotonergic neurons differentially regulate peripheral glucose metabolism in obesity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5249. [PMID: 34475397 PMCID: PMC8413382 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The wake-active orexin system plays a central role in the dynamic regulation of glucose homeostasis. Here we show orexin receptor type 1 and 2 are predominantly expressed in dorsal raphe nucleus-dorsal and -ventral, respectively. Serotonergic neurons in ventral median raphe nucleus and raphe pallidus selectively express orexin receptor type 1. Inactivation of orexin receptor type 1 in serotonin transporter-expressing cells of mice reduced insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obesity, mainly by decreasing glucose utilization in brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Selective inactivation of orexin receptor type 2 improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in obese mice, mainly through a decrease in hepatic gluconeogenesis. Optogenetic activation of orexin neurons in lateral hypothalamus or orexinergic fibers innervating raphe pallidus impaired or improved glucose tolerance, respectively. Collectively, the present study assigns orexin signaling in serotonergic neurons critical, yet differential orexin receptor type 1- and 2-dependent functions in the regulation of systemic glucose homeostasis. The wake-active orexin system plays a central role in the dynamic regulation of glucose homeostasis. Here the authors report that inactivation of the orexin receptor type 1 or 2 in serotonergic neurons differentially regulate systemic glucose homeostasis in the context of diet induced obesity.
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Habibi M, Shili C, Sutton J, Goodarzi P, Maylem ER, Spicer L, Pezeshki A. Branched-chain amino acids partially recover the reduced growth of pigs fed with protein-restricted diets through both central and peripheral factors. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:868-882. [PMID: 34632118 PMCID: PMC8484988 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the growth efficiency of pigs fed with protein-restricted diets supplemented with branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and limiting amino acids (LAA) above the recommended levels. Following 2 weeks of adaptation, 48 young barrows were weight matched and randomly assigned to 6 treatments (8 pigs/treatment) for 4 weeks: positive control (PC) with standard protein, negative control (NC) with very low protein containing LAA (i.e., Lys, Met, Thr and Trp) at recommended levels, and NC containing LAA 25% (L25), LAA 50% (L50), LAA+BCAA (i.e., Leu, Ile and Val) 25% (LB25) and LAA+BCAA 50% (LB50) more than recommendations. Feed intake (FI) and body weight (BW) were measured daily and weekly, respectively. At week 6, blood samples were collected, all pigs euthanized and tissue samples collected. The data were analyzed by univariate GLM or mixed procedure (SPSS) and the means were separated using paired Student's t-test followed by Benjamini-Hochberg correction. Relative to PC, NC had decreased FI, BW, unsupplemented plasma essential amino acids, serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) (P < 0.01). Compared to NC, L25 or L50, LB50 had increased BW and serum IGF-I and decreased plasma serotonin and both LB25 and LB50 had higher FI, plasma BCAA, hypothalamic 5-hydroxytryptamine-receptor 2A and NPY and jejunal 5-hydroxytryptamine-receptor 7 (P < 0.01). Overall, supplementation of protein-restricted diets with increased levels of dietary BCAA partially recovered the negative effects of these diets on growth through improved IGF-I concentration and FI, which was associated with changed expression of serotonin receptors, blood AA and hypothalamic NPY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Habibi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Cedrick Shili
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Julia Sutton
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Parniyan Goodarzi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Excel Rio Maylem
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Leon Spicer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
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Madkour DA, Ahmed MM, Orabi SH, Sayed SM, Korany RMS, Khalifa HK. Nigella sativa oil protects against emamectin benzoate-Induced neurotoxicity in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:1521-1535. [PMID: 33885218 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the ameliorative impact of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) on emamectin benzoate (EMB) neurotoxicity. Thirty-five male rats were randomly allocated into 5 groups (n = 7). G1 (control): received distilled water; G2: received NSO (3 ml. Kg-1 B.W.) for 6 weeks; G3: received EMB (9 mg kg-1 B.W.) for 6 weeks; G4: was co-treated with NSO and EMB for 6 weeks; G5: was treated with EMB for 4 weeks then, received NSO for 2 weeks. All treatments were given orally every other day. EMB increased serum urea, creatinine levels; brain dopamine, serotonin, malondialdehyde levels; brain expression levels of caspase 3 and TNF-α. While, it decreased serum total protein, albumin, brain GABA, AChE, GSH-Px, CAT, and SOD levels. Histopathological findings revealed hemorrhage, congestion, severe degeneration, and edema of the brain tissues. NSO reversed the EMB-induced biochemical and histopathological alterations. This NSO effect is mostly due to its antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. These findings suggest NSO as a potential protective and therapeutic agent for EMB-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa A Madkour
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Sahar H Orabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Samy M Sayed
- Department of Science and Technology, University College-Ranyah, Taif University, Ranyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reda M S Korany
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanem K Khalifa
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
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Goodarzi P, Habibi M, Roberts K, Sutton J, Shili CN, Lin D, Pezeshki A. Dietary Tryptophan Supplementation Alters Fat and Glucose Metabolism in a Low-Birthweight Piglet Model. Nutrients 2021; 13:2561. [PMID: 34444719 PMCID: PMC8399558 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Low birthweight (LBW) is associated with metabolic complications, such as glucose and lipid metabolism disturbances in early life. The objective of this study was to assess: (1) the effect of dietary tryptophan (Trp) on glucose and fat metabolism in an LBW piglet model, and (2) the role peripheral 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5HT3) receptors in regulating the feeding behavior in LBW piglets fed with Trp-supplemented diets. Seven-day-old piglets were assigned to 4 treatments: normal birthweight-0%Trp (NBW-T0), LBW-0%Trp (LBW-T0), LBW-0.4%Trp (LBW-T0.4), and LBW-0.8%Trp (LBW-T0.8) for 3 weeks. Compared to LBW-T0, the blood glucose was decreased in LBW-T0.8 at 60 min following the meal test, and the triglycerides were lower in LBW-T0.4 and LBW-T0.8. Relative to LBW-T0, LBW-T0.8 had a lower transcript and protein abundance of hepatic glucose transporter-2, a higher mRNA abundance of glucokinase, and a lower transcript of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. LBW-T0.4 tended to have a lower protein abundance of sodium-glucose co-transporter 1 in the jejunum. In comparison with LBW-T0, LBW-T0.4 and LBW-T0.8 had a lower transcript of hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and LBW-T0.4 had a higher transcript of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Blocking 5-HT3 receptors with ondansetron reduced the feed intake in all groups, with a transient effect on LBW-T0, but more persistent effect on LBW-T0.8 and NBW-T0. In conclusion, Trp supplementation reduced the hepatic lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis, but increased the glycolysis in LBW piglets. Peripheral serotonin is likely involved in the regulation of feeding behavior, particularly in LBW piglets fed diets supplemented with a higher dose of Trp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parniyan Goodarzi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (P.G.); (M.H.); (K.R.); (J.S.); (C.N.S.)
| | - Mohammad Habibi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (P.G.); (M.H.); (K.R.); (J.S.); (C.N.S.)
| | - Kennedy Roberts
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (P.G.); (M.H.); (K.R.); (J.S.); (C.N.S.)
| | - Julia Sutton
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (P.G.); (M.H.); (K.R.); (J.S.); (C.N.S.)
| | - Cedrick Ndhumba Shili
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (P.G.); (M.H.); (K.R.); (J.S.); (C.N.S.)
| | - Dingbo Lin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
| | - Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (P.G.); (M.H.); (K.R.); (J.S.); (C.N.S.)
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Valente EEL, Damasceno ML, Klotz JL, Harmon DL. Residual effects of abomasal 5-hydroxytryptophan administration on serotonin metabolism in cattle. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 76:106627. [PMID: 33882449 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies of serotonin in animal husbandry has received growing interest. However, there is limited information about serotonin manipulation using 5-HTP administered postruminally and its residual effects in cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 5-HTP infused into the abomasum for enhancing circulating serotonin in cattle. Four Holstein steers (487 ± 7.6 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a 4 × 4 Latin Square design experiment. The treatments were intra-abomasal infusion of 5-HTP at 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg BW. Blood was collected from the jugular vein of each steer at -60, -30, 0, 30, 60, 120, 240, and 480 min from 5-HTP infusion for basal and short term evaluation and, at 1, 2, 4, and 7 d after 5-HTP infusion for long term evaluation. Dry matter intake was not affected (P > 0.05) by intra-abomasal infusions. The half-life of 5-HTP was dose-independent (128 min). The serum 5-HTP, serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid area under the curve increased (P < 0.05) linearly with an increased dose of 5-HTP. Serum 5-HTP reached peak concentration in approximately 30 min after dosing while serum and plasma serotonin peaked after 240 min postinfusion. Serotonin was greater than control for all 5-HTP doses 1 d and 2 d after infusion in serum and plasma, respectively. Intra-abomasal infusion of 5-HTP at doses up to 1 mg/ kg BW increases circulating serotonin for up 2 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E L Valente
- Animal Science Department, State University of Western Parana, Brazil
| | - M L Damasceno
- Animal Science Department, State University of Western Parana, Brazil
| | - J L Klotz
- USDA-ARS, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY
| | - D L Harmon
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
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Geffroy B, Gesto M, Clota F, Aerts J, Darias MJ, Blanc MO, Ruelle F, Allal F, Vandeputte M. Parental selection for growth and early-life low stocking density increase the female-to-male ratio in European sea bass. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13620. [PMID: 34193934 PMCID: PMC8245542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), as in many other fish species, temperature is known to influence the sex of individuals, with more males produced at relatively high temperatures. It is however unclear to what extent growth or stress are involved in such a process, since temperature is known to influence both growth rate and cortisol production. Here, we designed an experiment aiming at reducing stress and affecting early growth rate. We exposed larvae and juveniles originating from both captive and wild parents to three different treatments: low stocking density, food supplemented with tryptophan and a control. Low stocking density and tryptophan treatment respectively increased and decreased early growth rate. Each treatment influenced the stress response depending on the developmental stage, although no clear pattern regarding the whole-body cortisol concentration was found. During sex differentiation, fish in the low-density treatment exhibited lower expression of gr1, gr2, mr, and crf in the hypothalamus when compared to the control group. Fish fed tryptophan displayed lower crf in the hypothalamus and higher level of serotonin in the telencephalon compared to controls. Overall, fish kept at low density produced significantly more females than both control and fish fed tryptophan. Parents that have been selected for growth for three generations also produced significantly more females than parents of wild origin. Our findings did not allow to detect a clear effect of stress at the group level and rather point out a key role of early sexually dimorphic growth rate in sex determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France.
| | - Manuel Gesto
- Techn Section for Aquaculture, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Willemoesvej 2, 9850, Hirtshals, Denmark
| | - Fréderic Clota
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Johan Aerts
- Stress Physiology Research Group, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ostend, Belgium
| | - Maria J Darias
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Marie-Odile Blanc
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - François Ruelle
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - François Allal
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Marc Vandeputte
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Kanagasundram S. Quetiapine-induced sleep-related eating disorder: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:e04168. [PMID: 34194765 PMCID: PMC8222754 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first case report of two depressed Malay females prescribed quetiapine, the first patient developed sleep related eating disorder (SRED) on 200 mg per day and the second patient at 50 mg per day. Both resolved with discontinuation of the drug. Assessment for SRED should be done at every follow up.
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Awasthi JR, Tamada K, Overton ETN, Takumi T. Comprehensive topographical map of the serotonergic fibers in the male mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:1391-1429. [PMID: 32892368 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that serotonergic fibers distribute throughout the brain. Abnormal densities or patterns of serotonergic fibers have been implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders. Although many classical studies have examined the distribution pattern of serotonergic fibers, most of them were either limited to specific brain areas or had limitations in demonstrating the fine axonal morphology. In this study, we utilize male mice expressing green fluorescence protein under the serotonin transporter (SERT) promoter to map the topography of serotonergic fibers across the rostro-caudal extent of each brain area. We demonstrate previously unreported regional density and fine-grained anatomy of serotonergic fibers. Our findings include: (a) SERT fibers distribute abundantly in the thalamic nuclei close to the midline and dorsolateral areas, in most of the hypothalamic nuclei with few exceptions such as the median eminence and arcuate nuclei, and within the basal amygdaloid complex and lateral septal nuclei, (b) the source fibers of innervation of the hippocampus traverse through the septal nuclei before reaching its destination, (c) unique, filamentous type of straight terminal fibers within the nucleus accumbens, (d) laminar pattern of innervation in the hippocampus, olfactory bulb and cortex with heterogenicity in innervation density among the layers, (e) cortical labeling density gradually decreases rostro-caudally, (f) fibers traverse and distribute mostly within the gray matter, leaving the white fiber bundles uninnervated, and (g) most of the highly labeled nuclei and cortical areas have predominant anatomical connection to limbic structures. In conclusion, we provide novel, regionally specific insights on the distribution map of serotonergic fibers using transgenic mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janak R Awasthi
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | - Toru Takumi
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Adjustment of Whey:Casein Ratio from 20:80 to 60:40 in Milk Formulation Affects Food Intake and Brainstem and Hypothalamic Neuronal Activation and Gene Expression in Laboratory Mice. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030658. [PMID: 33808819 PMCID: PMC8003661 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjustment of protein content in milk formulations modifies protein and energy levels, ensures amino acid intake and affects satiety. The shift from the natural whey:casein ratio of ~20:80 in animal milk is oftentimes done to reflect the 60:40 ratio of human milk. Studies show that 20:80 versus 60:40 whey:casein milks differently affect glucose metabolism and hormone release; these data parallel animal model findings. It is unknown whether the adjustment from the 20:80 to 60:40 ratio affects appetite and brain processes related to food intake. In this set of studies, we focused on the impact of the 20:80 vs. 60:40 whey:casein content in milk on food intake and feeding-related brain processes in the adult organism. By utilising laboratory mice, we found that the 20:80 whey:casein milk formulation was consumed less avidly and was less preferred than the 60:40 formulation in short-term choice and no-choice feeding paradigms. The relative PCR analyses in the hypothalamus and brain stem revealed that the 20:80 whey:casein milk intake upregulated genes involved in early termination of feeding and in an interplay between reward and satiety, such as melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R), oxytocin (OXT), proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R). The 20:80 versus 60:40 whey:casein formulation intake differently affected brain neuronal activation (assessed through c-Fos, an immediate-early gene product) in the nucleus of the solitary tract, area postrema, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and supraoptic nucleus. We conclude that the shift from the 20:80 to 60:40 whey:casein ratio in milk affects short-term feeding and relevant brain processes.
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Liu L, Artigas SO, Ulrich A, Tardu J, Mohr PNC, Wilms B, Koletzko B, Schmid SM, Park SQ. Eating to dare - Nutrition impacts human risky decision and related brain function. Neuroimage 2021; 233:117951. [PMID: 33722669 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macronutrient composition modulates plasma amino acids that are precursors of neurotransmitters and can impact brain function and decisions. Neurotransmitter serotonin has been shown to regulate not only food intake, but also economic decisions. We investigated whether an acute nutrition-manipulation inducing plasma tryptophan fluctuation affects brain function, thereby affecting risky decisions. Breakfasts differing in carbohydrate/protein ratios were offered to test changes in risky decision-making while metabolic and neural dynamics were tracked. We identified that a high-carbohydrate/protein breakfast increased plasma tryptophan/LNAA (large neutral amino acids) ratio which mapped to individual risk propensity changes. The nutrition-manipulation and tryptophan/LNAA fluctuation effects on risk propensity changes were further modulated by individual differences in body fat mass. Using fMRI, we further identified activation in the parietal lobule during risk-processing, of which activities 1) were sensitive to the tryptophan/LNAA fluctuation, 2) were modulated by individual's body fat mass, and 3) predicted the risk propensity changes in decision-making. Our results provide evidence for a personalized nutrition-driven modulation on human risky decision and its metabolic and neural mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Decision Neuroscience & Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
| | | | - Anja Ulrich
- Institute for Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jeremy Tardu
- Institute for Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Peter N C Mohr
- School of Business and Economics, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany; WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin, Germany; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Wilms
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Schmid
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Soyoung Q Park
- Department of Decision Neuroscience & Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Neuroscience Research Center, Berlin, Germany.
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Carli M, Kolachalam S, Longoni B, Pintaudi A, Baldini M, Aringhieri S, Fasciani I, Annibale P, Maggio R, Scarselli M. Atypical Antipsychotics and Metabolic Syndrome: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Differences. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:238. [PMID: 33800403 PMCID: PMC8001502 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) are commonly prescribed medications to treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorders and other psychotic disorders. However, they might cause metabolic syndrome (MetS) in terms of weight gain, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and high blood pressure, which are responsible for reduced life expectancy and poor adherence. Importantly, there is clear evidence that early metabolic disturbances can precede weight gain, even if the latter still remains the hallmark of AAPs use. In fact, AAPs interfere profoundly with glucose and lipid homeostasis acting mostly on hypothalamus, liver, pancreatic β-cells, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. Their actions on hypothalamic centers via dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamine receptors affect neuropeptides and 5'AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity, thus producing a supraphysiological sympathetic outflow augmenting levels of glucagon and hepatic glucose production. In addition, altered insulin secretion, dyslipidemia, fat deposition in the liver and adipose tissues, and insulin resistance become aggravating factors for MetS. In clinical practice, among AAPs, olanzapine and clozapine are associated with the highest risk of MetS, whereas quetiapine, risperidone, asenapine and amisulpride cause moderate alterations. The new AAPs such as ziprasidone, lurasidone and the partial agonist aripiprazole seem more tolerable on the metabolic profile. However, these aspects must be considered together with the differences among AAPs in terms of their efficacy, where clozapine still remains the most effective. Intriguingly, there seems to be a correlation between AAP's higher clinical efficacy and increase risk of metabolic alterations. Finally, a multidisciplinary approach combining psychoeducation and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is proposed as a first-line strategy to avoid the MetS. In addition, pharmacological treatments are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.K.); (B.L.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (S.A.)
| | - Shivakumar Kolachalam
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.K.); (B.L.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (S.A.)
| | - Biancamaria Longoni
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.K.); (B.L.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (S.A.)
| | - Anna Pintaudi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.K.); (B.L.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (S.A.)
| | - Marco Baldini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.K.); (B.L.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (S.A.)
| | - Stefano Aringhieri
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.K.); (B.L.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (S.A.)
| | - Irene Fasciani
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (I.F.); (R.M.)
| | - Paolo Annibale
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Roberto Maggio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (I.F.); (R.M.)
| | - Marco Scarselli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (S.K.); (B.L.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (S.A.)
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Carteri RB, Menegassi LN, Feldmann M, Kopczynski A, Rodolphi MS, Strogulski NR, Almeida AS, Marques DM, Porciúncula LO, Portela LV. Intermittent fasting promotes anxiolytic-like effects unrelated to synaptic mitochondrial function and BDNF support. Behav Brain Res 2021; 404:113163. [PMID: 33549686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased neurotrophic support. Since anxiolytic drugs target mitochondria, non-pharmacological approaches to improve mitochondrial metabolism such as intermittent fasting (IF) may cause parallel behavioral benefits against anxiety disorders. Here, we investigated whether a chronic IF regimen could induce anxiolytic-like effects concomitantly to modulation in mitochondrial bioenergetics and trophic signaling in mice brain. A total of 44 Male C57BL/6 J mice (180 days old) were assigned to two dietary regimens: a normal, ad libitum diet (AL group) and an alternate-day fasting (IF group), where animals underwent 10 cycles of 24 h food restriction followed by 24 h ad libitum access. Animals underwent the open field test, dark/light box and elevated plus maze tasks. Isolated nerve terminals were obtained from mice brain and used for mitochondrial respirometry, hydrogen peroxide production and assessment of membrane potential dynamics, calcium handling and western blotting. We showed that IF significantly alters total daily food intake and food consumption patterns but not body weight. There were no differences in the exploratory and locomotory parameters. Remarkably, animals from IF showed decreased anxiety-like behavior. Mitochondrial metabolic responses in different coupling states and parameters linked with H2O2 production, Ca2+ buffering and electric gradient were not different between groups. Finally, no alterations in molecular indicators of apoptotic death (Bax/Bcl-2 ratio) and neuroplasticity (proBDNF/BDNF and synaptophysin were observed). In conclusion, IF exerts anxiolytic-like effect not associated with modulation in synaptic neuronergetics or expression of neurotrophic proteins. These results highlight a potential benefit of intermittent fasting as a nutritional intervention in anxiety-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randhall B Carteri
- Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores - Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro Universitário Metodista - Instituto Porto Alegre (IPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Lizia Nardi Menegassi
- Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores - Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marceli Feldmann
- Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores - Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Afonso Kopczynski
- Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores - Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Salimen Rodolphi
- Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores - Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nathan Ryzewski Strogulski
- Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores - Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda Staldoni Almeida
- Laboratório de Estudos sobre o Sistema Purinérgico - Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela Melo Marques
- Laboratório de Estudos sobre o Sistema Purinérgico - Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lisiane O Porciúncula
- Laboratório de Estudos sobre o Sistema Purinérgico - Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis Valmor Portela
- Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores - Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Khattab A, Ahmed-Farid O, Nasr S. Enhanced brain biodistribution of Ginsenoside Rg1 based self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system to ameliorate metabolic syndromes and keep homeostatic balance. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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48
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Berberine for Appetite Suppressant and Prevention of Obesity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2020:3891806. [PMID: 33415147 PMCID: PMC7752296 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3891806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Berberine (BBR), a natural plant product, has been shown to have antidiabetic, cholesterol-reducing effects. To investigate the action of BBR as appetite suppressants, two experimental protocols were performed. In the first experiment, the mice were fed either a normal-chow diet or a high-fat diet (HF). The mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of BBR (10 mg/kg or saline at 1 ml/kg) for 3 weeks. To determine the antiobesity effects of BBR, the food consumption, body weight, fat contents, serum leptin, and glucose level were investigated. In the second experiment, we set out to validate the effect of BBR on central neuropeptide Y (NPY) stimulated rats. Experiments were carried out in 24-hour fasted rats, and then food intake and glucose level were subsequently recorded for 1 hour. The experimental groups were subdivided into the intra-3rd ventricular microinjections of ACSF (artificial cerebrospinal fluid), neuropeptide Y (NPY; 100 nM), NPY+BBR (10 nM), and NPY+BBR (100 nM) group. And then the blood glucose level was examined. In the first experiment, treatment with BBR in the HF diet mice reduced food intake, body weight, fat contents, serum leptin, and glucose level. In the second experiment, the NPY-injected group increased food intake by 39.3%, and food intake was reduced in the BBR group by 47.5%, compared with the ACSF-injected group. Also, the serum glucose level in the NPY+BBR (100 nM) group was significantly lower than that in the NPY (100 nM) group. The results suggest that BBR improved lipid dysregulation in obesity by controlling the central obesity related pathway.
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Valente EEL, Klotz JL, Harmon DL. 5-Hydroxytryptophan strongly stimulates serotonin synthesis in Holstein steers. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 74:106560. [PMID: 33035847 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although serotonin has been extensively studied in many species, there is a lack of information in ruminants, and no research has been evaluated if its precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), administered into the abomasum may be used as a means to manipulate serotonin metabolism. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate if intra-abomasal infusion of 5-HTP increases circulating serotonin in the steer. Eight Holstein steers (471 ± 8.9 kg) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin Square design experiment. The treatments were intra-abomasal infusion of 5-HTP at 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg BW. Blood was collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h after infusion. The serum concentration of 5-HTP increased quadratically (P = 0.005) with a peak at 2 h after administration. The 5-HTP administration increased (P < 0.05) serum serotonin in comparison with baseline with no difference (P > 0.05) between the doses of 5-HTP. When 5-HTP was dosed at 2.5 mg/kg BW or higher, intake decreased, and there was an altered manure consistency. The serum 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid concentrations followed the same pattern as 5-HTP. Plasma glucose content was not affected (P > 0.05) by 5-HTP dosing. However, free fatty acids concentration in the plasma was lower (P > 0.05) compared with baseline for the infusion levels of 0.5 and 1 mg/kg BW. Intra-abomasal infusion of 5-HTP efficiently increases serum serotonin cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E L Valente
- Animal Science Department, State University of Western Parana, Marechal Cândido, Rondon 85960-000, Brazil
| | - J L Klotz
- USDA-ARS, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - D L Harmon
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
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Romero-Reyes J, Molina-Hernández A, Díaz NF, Camacho-Arroyo I. Role of serotonin in vertebrate embryo development. Reprod Biol 2020; 21:100475. [PMID: 33370653 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2020.100475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1937, serotonin (5-HT) has become one of the most studied biogenic amines due to its predominant role in regulating several physiological processes such as mood, sleep, and food intake. This amine and the main components of the serotoninergic system are in almost all cells of the body. The presence of 5-HT and the serotoninergic system has been observed in oocytes and in different embryo development stages of fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals. In several classes of vertebrates, the change in the concentration of 5-HT or the alteration of the serotoninergic system, interfere with early embryo development. These data suggest that 5-HT participates in embryo development of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Romero-Reyes
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Néstor Fabián Díaz
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico.
| | - Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Mexico City, Mexico.
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