Gut microbiota, a new frontier to understand traditional Chinese medicines

Deciphering the effective components of a TCM formula for atherosclerosis by three-dimensional pattern recognition of exogenous components correlated with endogenous metabolites

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The deciphering of effective components is crucial for understanding the role they play and how they function in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulae. However, this remains a significant challenge for these complex systems with multiple components, targets, and pathways, despite their therapeutic benefits.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Three-dimensional pattern recognition of exogenous components correlated with endogenous metabolites was proposed to discover the effective components of Gualou-Xiebai-Banxia decoction (GXB), a famous classical TCM formula for effective improvement of atherosclerosis (AS).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The potential effective exogenous components were determined by three-dimensional pattern recognition of abundance, bioavailability and AS-related activity. The efficacy of GXB in attenuating AS was evaluated using an Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice model subjected to a high-fat diet regimen. Plasma metabolomics was developed to dig out GXB efficacy-related endogenous metabolites. Next, the potential effective exogenous components and GXB efficacy-related endogenous metabolites were combined with AS targets to develop correlation analysis, so as to explore candidate effective components and potential mechanisms of GXB. Further, the effective components were validated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages.

RESULTS

A total of 30 potential effective exogenous components in GXB were ascertained by three-dimensional pattern recognition after conducting Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) analysis. GXB demonstrated a significant ameliorative effect on atherosclerotic symptoms in ApoE-/- mice under a high-fat diet, as evidenced by decreasing serum lipid levels, atherosclerotic plaques (aorta and aortic root) and IL-6 content. Subsequently, metabolomics results revealed that it was associated with the regulation of endogenous metabolites, including organic acids, amino acid, fatty acids and glycerophospholipid. Next, the correlation analysis was constructed with AS targets by the network of "potential effective exogenous components-AS targets-endogenous metabolites", tentatively inferring that 18 exogenous components were candidate effective components, and lipid metabolism was the major regulation pathway of GXB. Furthermore, GXB suppressed lipid accumulation in vivo/vitro through increasing expressions of PPAGγ, ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-B1 related to cholesterol efflux. Cucurbitacin B and 5 (6)-ene-macrostemonoside B were demonstrated as the effective components with inhibitory activity on foam cell formation and lipid accumulation.

CONCLUSION

Three-dimensional pattern recognition of exogenous components correlated with endogenous metabolites was proposed and effectively utilized to demystify the effective components of GXB in AS prevention. This strategy also provided a reference for the related studies of other classical TCM formulae.

Gut microbiota: A potential enhancing factor for the therapeutic efficacy of bioactive compounds in herbal medicines

The therapeutic efficacy of herbal medicines (HMs) is often compromised by the low bioavailability of their bioactive compounds. However, emerging evidence highlights the crucial role of gut microbiota in enhancing their effectiveness. This review summarizes gut microbiota-mediated metabolism of key herbal components, including terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and quinones. Particular emphasis is placed on the diverse gut microbiota, enzymes, and metabolites that participate in the biotransformation pathways of these active components of HMs. Exploring the metabolism between the gut microbiota and bioactive compounds gives a better understanding of HMs with multiple components against multiple targets, complex mechanisms of action, and diverse physiological activities. This review underscores the critical importance of gut microbiota in modulating and potentially enhancing the pharmacological effects of HMs, which offers new insights into gut microbiota-mediated transformation pathways and molecular mechanisms of bioactive compounds and deepens the understanding of the therapeutic effects of HMs. Moreover, it suggests new research directions for studying HMs based on gut microbiota-mediated biotransformation.

Vinegar-processed frankincense ameliorates ulcerative colitis by targeting BSH-active bacteria preference-mediated GDCA hydrolysis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Frankincense, is extensively used in both traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Indian practices for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). In TCM, it is typically subjected to process with vinegar, which is believed to enhance its therapeutic efficacy. However, the underlying mechanism has yet to be elucidated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To elucidate the underlying mechanism of frankincense vinegar processing from the perspective of bile salt hydrolase (BSH)-active bacteria preference and glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA) hydrolysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced UC model was used to elucidate the superior improving effects of vinegar-processed frankincense (PF). 16S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing along with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectroscopy (UHPLC-TQ-MS) were employed to reveal the differential bacteria and its related disturbance of GDCA. The effects of PF and GDCA on BSH-active bacteria were confirmed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and in vitro experiments. Finally, the pro-inflammatory effects of GDCA and the mechanisms by which PF ameliorates UC were verified by establishing a UC pseudo-sterile mice model with GDCA intervention.

RESULTS

PF exhibited remarkable mitigating effects on UC (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Specifically, PF enhanced the BSH activity of Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus acidophilus (P < 0.01), thereby promoting their dissociation efficiency toward glycine-conjugated bile acids (G-CBAs), particularly GDCA (P < 0.01). Furthermore, PF reduced GDCA levels by regulating the dissociation efficiency of Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus acidophilus toward GDCA, thereby alleviating GDCA-induced exacerbation of UC.

CONCLUSION

PF exhibits its superior amelioration effects on UC by enhancing the dissociation efficiency of Bifidobacteruum longum and Lactobacillus acidophilus towards G-CBAs, particularly GDCA.

Effects of three Chinese herbal therapies on gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acid metabolism in patients with mild, moderate, and severe ulcerative colitis: Multi-center, randomized, controlled trials

BACKGROUND

Traditional Chinese medicines, as a burgeoning field of medication, significantly alleviate ulcerative colitis (UC) by improving intestinal microbiota-metabolism. Our previous studies demonstrated the significant efficacy of Hudi Enteric-coated capsules (HDEC), Qingchang Wenzhong decoction (QCWZ), and Modified Wumei pill (MWMP) using a mouse model of colitis. However, the mechanism of these therapies through the modulation of microbiota-metabolism remains uncertain.

OBJECTIVE

Three multicenter randomized controlled trials were designed to explore the effects of three therapies on the microbiota-metabolism of UC patients with different severity.

METHODS

A total of 143 patients with different severities of UC were recruited from 10 hospitals. The clinical efficacy of HDEC for mild UC, QCWZ for moderate UC, and MWMP for severe UC (SUCs) was evaluated by colorectal Mayo scores and systemic inflammatory indicators. The 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolomics were used to analyze intestinal microbiota and metabolite profiles.

RESULTS

Three therapies used alone or combined with mesalazine (MS) were comparable to MS alone in improving Mayo scores and hematic inflammatory parameters. Microbial diversities and architectures of SUCs showed the greatest response to MWMP+MS than other medications, as reflected by the enriched Ruminococcus and Anaerostipes together with the reduced Enterococcus, Streptococcus, and Streptococcus anginosus. Furthermore, MWMP+MS boosted the production of the microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) of SUCs. These differential microbes and metabolites further displayed significant statistical relationships with clinical parameters.

CONCLUSION

Herbal therapies, especially MWMP+MS, effectively improve microbiota composition and SCFA metabolism, which correlates with the improvements of serum inflammatory markers and endoscopic findings in patients.

A systematic review on the role of gut microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease: Spotlight on virome and plant metabolites

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, arise from various factors such as dietary, genetic, immunological, and microbiological influences. The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the development and treatment of IBD, though the exact mechanisms remain uncertain. Current research has yet to definitively establish the beneficial effects of the microbiome on IBD. Bacteria and viruses (both prokaryotic and eukaryotic) are key components of the microbiome uniquely related to IBD. Numerous studies suggest that dysbiosis of the microbiota, including bacteria, viruses, and bacteriophages, contributes to IBD pathogenesis. Conversely, some research indicates that bacteria and bacteriophages may positively impact IBD outcomes. Additionally, plant metabolites play a crucial role in alleviating IBD due to their anti-inflammatory and microbiome-modulating properties. This systematic review discusses the role of the microbiome in IBD patients and evaluates the potential connection between plant metabolites and the microbiome in the context of IBD pathophysiology.

Flavonoids regulating NLRP3 inflammasome: a promising approach in alleviating diabetic peripheral neuropathy

A common and serious side effect of diabetes is diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), which is characterised by gradual nerve damage brought on by oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and prolonged hyperglycemia. Studies identify NLRP3 inflammasome as a key mediator in the pathogenesis of DPN, connecting neuroinflammation and neuronal damage to metabolic failure. Because of their strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities, flavonoids, a broad class of naturally occurring polyphenols, have drawn interest as potential treatments for DPN. The various ways that flavonoids affect the NLRP3 inflammasome and their potential as a treatment for DPN are examined in this review. It has been demonstrated that flavonoids prevent NLRP3 activation, which lowers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β and IL-18 and causes neuroinflammation. Flavonoids work mechanistically by reducing oxidative stress, altering important signalling pathways, and blocking the activities of NF-κB and caspase-1, which are both essential for the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Preclinical research has shown that flavonoids have strong neuroprotective benefits, and few clinical evidence also points to the potential of flavonoids to improve nerve function and lessen neuropathic pain in diabetic patients. The current review emphasises how flavonoids may be used as a treatment strategy to target inflammation in DPN caused by the NLRP3 inflammasome. By targeting important inflammatory pathways, flavonoids provide a new way to slow the progression of this debilitating illness. Further investigation into the mechanisms, clinical translation, and novel drug delivery techniques could enhance the therapeutic efficacy of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Qing-Re-Hua-Shi Decoction ameliorates DSS-induced colitis by modulating multiple signaling pathways and remodeling the gut microbiota and metabolite profile

Background

Clinically, Qing-Re-Hua-Shi Decoction (QRHSD) has been clinically used to treat ulcerative colitis (UC) with satisfactory outcomes and minimal side effects. However, its molecular mechanisms remain unclear.

Purpose

This study investigates the effects of QRHSD on DSS-induced colitis in mice, employing multi-omics analyses, including RNA-seq transcriptomics, 16S rRNA microbiomics, non-targeted metabolomics, and network pharmacology analysis.

Methods

The chemical composition of QRHSD was analyzed using quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS). A UC mice model was induced by 3% DSS for 7 days. The effects and mechanisms of QRHSD on UC were evaluated via hematoxylin and eosin, immunofluorescence assay, flow cytometry, western blot, RNA-seq transcriptomics, 16S rRNA microbiomics, non-targeted metabolomics, and network pharmacology. Correlation analyses and validation experiments explored links between transcriptomic, microbiome, metabolomic profiles, and UC-related clinical indices.

Results

UPLC-Q-TOF/MS identified 55 compounds in QRHSD. QRHSD significantly reduced clinical activity, histological changes, and inflammatory factors in UC mice, regulated Th17/Treg balance, and enhanced intestinal barrier integrity. 16S rRNA analysis showed that QRHSD altered gut microbiota composition, increasing beneficial bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus) and decreasing harmful bacteria (e.g., Morganella). Non-targeted metabolomics revealed 507 metabolites associated with UC amelioration, enriched in pathways like bile secretion, ABC transporters, and amino acid biosynthesis. RNA-seq analysis, network pharmacology, and experimental verification showed that QRHSD significantly regulated key signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, and MAPK signaling pathways. Finally, correlation analysis highlighted connections among UC-related clinical factors, gut microbiota, and metabolites.

Conclusion

QRHSD could modulate the gut microbiota, metabolic homeostasis, and multiple signal pathways in the treatment of DSS-induced UC, revealing the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine therapy for UC.

Polysaccharide from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. alleviates pyrotinib-induced diarrhea through regulating cAMP/LKB1/AMPK/CFTR pathway and restoring gut microbiota and metabolites

Polysaccharide from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (PAMK), a bioactive component of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (AMK), demonstrates a wide range of pharmacological activities, including the enhancement of gastrointestinal function and regulation of internal homeostasis. This study explores the potential of PAMK in alleviating pyrotinib-induced diarrhea and modulating gut microbiota and its metabolites. Pyrotinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in cancer treatment, is known for its side effect of diarrhea, which significantly diminishes patients' quality of life. Our prior research suggests that pyrotinib-induced diarrhea may be linked to CFTR-mediated dysregulation of chloride secretion. The present findings indicate that PAMK alleviates pyrotinib-induced diarrhea by reducing cAMP levels, activating the LKB1/AMPK pathway, and inhibiting CFTR activity, as confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), qRT-PCR, and western blot analyses. PAMK effectively decreased CFTR-mediated chloride ion secretion in pyrotinib-treated cells, as shown by the MQAE assay. At specific doses, PAMK alleviated pyrotinib-induced diarrhea in rats and significantly restored intestinal barrier integrity. Furthermore, PAMK treatment rebalanced the gut microbiota, reversing the pyrotinib-induced increase in Clostridium and Erysipelotrichi species. Metabolomic profiling further highlighted the involvement of the AMPK signaling pathway. These findings provide a basis for future research aimed at developing cancer treatments with reduced side effects.

Chaihushugan powder regulates the gut microbiota to alleviate mitochondrial oxidative stress in the gastric tissues of rats with functional dyspepsia

Introduction

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder associated with oxidative stress (OS) and dysbiosis. Chaihushugan powder (CHSGP) demonstrates efficacy in treating FD; however, the underlying therapeutic mechanism is not yet elucidated. This study aims to investigate the effects of CHSGP on OS and gut microbiota (GM) in FD rats, with a particular emphasis on the role of GM as a potential target for the antioxidant properties of CHSGP.

Methods

The FD rat model was established with a modified tail-clamp stimulation and the administration of the CHSGP decoction at a dosage of 9.6 g/kg via gavage for a duration of 4 weeks. The GM was depleted by the administration of a cocktail of metronidazole (200 mg/kg), ampicillin (200 mg/kg), neomycin sulfate (200 mg/kg), and vancomycin (100 mg/kg). Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed with CHSGP-treated fecal supernatant at a dosage of 10 mL/kg. The gastrointestinal motility was measured using the rates of gastric emptying and small intestine propulsion. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was employed to elucidate the pathological changes, while the transmission electron microscope was used to examine the microstructures of the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). Chemiluminescence, colorimetric assay, immunofluorescence co-staining, and western blot assay were employed to identify the OS-related markers (ROS, SOD, NOX4, PRDX1, and TRX2). Sequencing of fecal microbiota was performed utilizing 16S rDNA.

Results

The CHSGP decoction promoted gastrointestinal motility, protected the microstructure of ICC, and reduced OS in FD rats. The GM composition was also regulated by CHSGP. However, these effects disappeared after microbiota depletion. Fortunately, the FMT therapy reinstated them.

Conclusion

Chaihushugan powder decoction might regulate the GM to alleviate mitochondrial OS in the gastric tissues of FD rats.

Uterine Microbiota and Bisphenols: Novel Influencers in Reproductive Health

Infertility affects 8-12% of couples worldwide, and 30-75% of preclinical pregnancy losses are due to a failure during the implantation process. Exposure to endocrine disruptors, like bisphenols, among others, has been associated with the increase in infertility observed in the past decades. An increase in infertility has correlated with exposure to endocrine disruptors like bisphenols. The uterus harbors its own microbiota, and changes in this microbiota have been linked to several gynecological conditions, including reproductive failure. There are no studies on the effects of bisphenols on the uterine-microbiota composition, but some inferences can be gleaned by looking at the gut. Bisphenols can alter the gut microbiota, and the molecular mechanism by which gut microbiota regulates intestinal permeability involves Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and tight junction (TJ) proteins. TJs participate in embryo implantation in the uterus, but bisphenol exposure disrupts the expression and localization of TJ proteins. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the microbiota of the female reproductive tract (FRT), its association with different reproductive diseases-particularly reproductive failure-the effects of bisphenols on microbiota composition and reproductive health, and the molecular mechanisms regulating uterine-microbiota interactions crucial for embryo implantation. This review also highlights existing knowledge gaps and outlines research needs for future risk assessments regarding the effects of bisphenols on reproduction.

Oral administration of astilbin mitigates acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury in mice by modulating the gut microbiota

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose-induced acute liver injury (ALI) is characterized by extensive oxidative stress, and the clinical interventions for this adverse effect remain limited. Astilbin is an active compound found in the rhizome of Smilax glabra Roxb. with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Due to its low oral bioavailability, astilbin can accumulate in the intestine, which provides a basis for the interaction between astilbin and gut microbiota (GM). In the present study we investigated the protective effects of astilbin against APAP-induced ALI by focusing on the interaction between astilbin and GM. Mice were treated with astilbin (50 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.g.) for 7 days. After the last administration of astilbin for 2 h, the mice received APAP (300 mg/kg, i.g.) to induce ALI. We showed that oral administration of astilbin significantly alleviated APAP-induced ALI by altering the composition of GM and enriching beneficial metabolites including hydroxytyrosol (HT). GM depletion using an "antibiotics cocktail" or paraoral administration of astilbin abolished the hepatoprotective effects of astilbin. On the other hand, administration of HT (10 mg/kg, i.g.) caused similar protective effects in APAP-induced ALI mice. Transcriptomic analysis of the liver tissue revealed that HT inhibited reactive oxygen species and inflammation-related signaling in APAP-induced ALI; HT promoted activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway to combat oxidative stress following APAP challenge in a sirtuin-6-dependent manner. These results highlight that oral astilbin ameliorates APAP-induced ALI by manipulating the GM and metabolites towards a more favorable profile, and provide an alternative therapeutic strategy for alleviating APAP-induced ALI.

Integrated Microbiome and Metabolomic to Explore the Mechanism of Coptisine in Alleviating Ulcerative Colitis

Coptisine (COP), a naturally occurring alkaloid, is known for its diverse pharmacological effects and its supportive role in intestinal health. Despite this, the detailed mechanisms behind its therapeutic benefits are not yet fully understood. The objective of this study is to investigate the therapeutic potential of COP for the treatment of Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and to delineate the critical pathways by which it exerts its therapeutic effects. To assess COP's therapeutic effectiveness, mice were administered COP and monitored for clinical symptoms, activity, and disease activity index (DAI) changes. Intestinal histopathology, mucosal barrier function, and gut microbiota structure were evaluated, along with metabolic profiling, focusing on Prenol lipids in the colon to identify COP-induced metabolic shifts. Mice treated with COP exhibited significant relief from diarrhea and bleeding, along with increased activity and a marked reduction in DAI scores. Histopathological evaluation revealed a reduction in intestinal inflammation, and the intestinal mucosal barrier function was notably enhanced. The gut microbiota composition in COP-treated mice showed improvements. Additionally, the levels of Prenol lipids in the colon were elevated by COP treatment, which is crucial for the recovery of intestinal function. Our study demonstrates that COP effectively ameliorates colitis symptoms by modulating colon Prenol lipids metabolism, particularly under the influence of key bacterial species. The findings of this study provide novel insights into the therapeutic mechanisms of COP in the treatment of UC.

Exploiting omic-based approaches to decipher Traditional Chinese Medicine

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), an ancient health system, faces significant research challenges due to the complexity of its active components and targets, as well as a historical lack of detailed annotation. However, recent advances in omics technologies have begun to unravel these complexities, providing a more informed and nuanced understanding of TCM's therapeutic potential in contemporary healthcare.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

This review summarizes the application of omics technologies in TCM modernization, emphasizing components analysis, quality control, biomarker discovery, target identification, and treatment optimization. In addition, future perspectives on using omics for precision TCM treatment are also discussed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We have explored several databases (including PubMed, ClinicalTrials, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) to review related articles, focusing on Traditional Chinese Medicine, Omics Strategy, Precision Medicine, Biomarkers, Quality Control, and Molecular Mechanisms. Paper selection criteria involved English grammar, publication date, high citations, and broad applicability, exclusion criteria included low credibility, non-English publications, and those full-text inaccessible ones.

RESULTS

TCM and the popularity of Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) are gaining increasing attention worldwide. This is driven, in part, by a large number of technologies, especially omics strategy, which are aiding the modernization of TCM. They contribute to the quality control of CHMs, the identification of cellular targets, discovery of new drugs and, most importantly, the understanding of their mechanisms of action.

CONCLUSION

To fully integrate TCM into modern medicine, further development of robust omics strategies is essential. This vision includes personalized medicine, backed by advanced computational power and secure data infrastructure, to facilitate global acceptance and seamless integration of TCM practices.

Baicalin: a potential therapeutic agent for acute kidney injury and renal fibrosis

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common critical clinical disease that is linked to significant morbidity, recurrence, and mortality. It is characterized by a fast and prolonged loss in renal function arising from numerous etiologies and pathogenic pathways. Renal fibrosis, defined as the excessive accumulation of collagen and proliferation of fibroblasts within renal tissues, contributes to the structural damage and functional decline of the kidneys, playing a pivotal role in the advancement of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Until now, while continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) has been utilized in the management of severe AKI, there remains a dearth of effective targeted therapies for AKI stemming from diverse etiologies. Similarly, the identification of specific biomarkers and pharmacological targets for the treatment of renal fibrosis remains a challenge. Baicalin, a naturally occurring compound classified within the flavonoid group and commonly found in the Chinese herb Scutellaria baicalensis, has shown a range of pharmacological characteristics, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, antitumor and antiviral effects, as evidenced by research studies. Research shows that Baicalin has potential in treating kidney diseases like AKI and renal fibrosis. This review aims to summarize Baicalin's progress in these areas, including its molecular mechanism, application in treatment, and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Baicalin's therapeutic effects are achieved through various pathways, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrosis, and regulation of apoptosis and cell proliferation. Besides, we also hope this review may give some enlightenment for treating AKI and renal fibrosis in clinical practice.

Intestinal microbiota-mediated serum pharmacochemistry reveals hepatoprotective metabolites of Platycodonis Radix against APAP-induced liver injury

The urgent need for new medications that regulate CYP2E1, CASP3, Nrf2, HO-1, TLR2, TLR4, STAT3, and NF-κB activities is paramount for the treatment of drug-induced liver injury (DILI), particularly from acetaminophen (APAP). Previous studies have suggested that platycosides of Platycodonis Radix exhibits hepatoprotective properties against APAP-induced liver injury (AILI), and their serum metabolites may be the effective agents. As the identify the serum metabolites of platycosides is a huge challenge, the mechanism whether platycosides exert effects through the serum metabolites regulating those targets still remain unclear. In this study, we propose a novel method termed intestinal microbiota-mediated serum pharmacochemistry (IMSP) to identify the serum metabolite profile of platycosides, using deglycosylated platycosides as template molecules. Our results identified a total of 44 prototype platycosides in the total platycosides fraction of Platycodonis Radix (PF). In rat serum, we identified 12 prototype platycosides and 45 metabolites derived from the 44 platycosides. Furthermore, our findings indicate that all 44 platycosides can enter the serum in the form of metabolites. The presence of these metabolites in serum is closely related to their oral bioavailability and the content of the prototypes. The in vivo animal experiments showed that the PF possessed significant anti-AILI effects and CYP2E1, CASP3, Nrf2, HO-1, TLR2, TLR4, STAT3, and NF-κB p65 regulation activities. And the in vitro cell experiments and molecular docking analyses further demonstrated that the hepatoprotective effects were mainly ascribed to the serum metabolites, which regulating targets of CYP2E1, CASP3, Nrf2, HO-1, TLR2, TLR4, STAT3, and NF-κB p65. Additionally, the activities of these metabolites are closely associated with their structures. In summary, the IMSP method significantly enhances the ability to identify platycoside metabolites in serum, reveals that all platycosides may contribute to anti-AILI activity through their metabolites, PF and some of these metabolites are promising candidate compounds for developing new medications with anti-AILI effects for the first time.

Uncovering the mechanisms of Zhubi decoction against rheumatoid arthritis through an integrated study of network pharmacology, metabolomics, and intestinal flora

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Zhubi Decoction (ZBD) is a modified formulation derived from the classic traditional Chinese medicine prescription "Er-Xian Decoction" documented in the esteemed "Clinical Manual of Chinese Medical Prescription". While the utilization of ZBD has exhibited promising clinical outcomes in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the precise bioactive chemical constituents and the underlying mechanisms involved in its therapeutic efficacy remain to be comprehensively determined.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aims to systematically examine ZBD's pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms for RA alleviation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Utilizing the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat model, we comprehensively evaluated the anti-rheumatoid arthritis effects of ZBD in vivo through various indices, such as paw edema, arthritis index, ankle diameter, inflammatory cytokine levels, pathological conditions, and micro-CT analysis. The UPLC-MS/MS technique was utilized to analyze the compounds of ZBD. The potential therapeutic targets and signaling pathways of ZBD in the management of RA were predicted using network pharmacology. To analyze comprehensive metabolic profiles and identify underlying metabolic pathways, we conducted a serum-based widely targeted metabolomics analysis utilizing LC-MS technology. Key targets and predicted pathways were further validated using immunofluorescent staining, which integrated findings from serum metabolomics and network pharmacology analysis. Additionally, we analyzed the gut microbiota composition in rats employing 16 S rDNA sequencing and investigated the effects of ZBD on the microbiota of CIA rats through bioinformatics and statistical methods.

RESULTS

ZBD exhibited remarkable efficacy in alleviating RA symptoms in CIA rats without notable side effects. This included reduced paw redness and swelling, minimized joint damage, improved the histopathology of cartilage and synovium, mitigated the inflammatory state, and lowered serum concentrations of cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Notably, the effectiveness of ZBD was comparable to MTX. Network pharmacology analysis revealed inflammation and immunity-related signaling pathways, such as PI3K/AKT, MAPK, IL-17, and TNF signaling pathways, as vital mediators in the effectual mechanisms of ZBD. Immunofluorescence analysis validated ZBD's ability to inhibit PI3K/AKT pathway proteins. Serum metabolomics studies revealed that ZBD modulates 170 differential metabolites, partially restored disrupted metabolic profiles in CIA rats. With a notable impact on amino acids and their metabolites, and lipids and lipid-like molecules. Integrated analysis of metabolomics and network pharmacology identified 6 pivotal metabolite pathways and 3 crucial targets: PTGS2, GSTP1, and ALDH2. Additionally, 16 S rDNA sequencing illuminated that ZBD mitigated gut microbiota dysbiosis in the CIA group, highlighting key genera such as Ligilactobacillus, Prevotella_9, unclassified_Bacilli, and unclassified_rumen_bacterium_JW32. Correlation analysis disclosed a significant link between 47 distinct metabolites and specific bacterial species.

CONCLUSION

ZBD is a safe and efficacious TCM formulation, demonstrates efficacy in treating RA through its multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway mechanisms. The regulation of inflammation and immunity-related signaling pathways constitutes a crucial mechanism of ZBD's efficacy. Furthermore, ZBD modulates host metabolism and intestinal flora. The integrated analysis presents experimental evidence of ZBD for the management of RA.

Leonurine restrains granulosa cell ferroptosis through SLC7A11/GPX4 axis to promote the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder marked by ovarian dysfunction and metabolic abnormality. This study explores the therapeutic potential of leonurine (SCM-198) in PCOS. Our results show that SCM-198 treatment significantly improved ovarian function, hormone disorders and insulin resistance while reducing granulosa cell ferroptosis. This study provides the first evidence that SCM-198 modulates the gut microbiota composition, increases the abundance of Christensenella minuta, and boosts butyrate levels. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that PCOS patients exhibit granulosa cell ferroptosis and decreased butyrate levels in follicular fluid. Butyrate was shown to alleviate ferroptosis in granulosa cells via the SLC7A11/TXNRD1/GPX4 pathway, as confirmed in vitro with KGN cells. The therapeutic mechanism of SCM-198 in the management of PCOS via the gut microbiota-ovary axis involves the enhancement of gut microbiota and its metabolites. This intervention improves ovarian function and alleviates PCOS symptoms by targeting ferroptosis in granulosa cells.

The pharmacodynamic and pharmacological mechanisms underlying nanovesicles of natural products: Developments and challenges

Natural products such as Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) show great advantages in the treatment and prevention of diseases, but the unclear effective ingredients and mechanisms are key obstacles to restrict their rapid development. Under the guidance of the theoretical guidance of reductionism and the theoretical of allopathic medicine, some researches have indeed achieved some breakthrough results. However, these incomplete methods mainly limited to direct actions or indirect actions (such as the intermediated substances mediated cross-organ or cross-system regulation) mechanism of single active ingredient derived from natural products, which are often inconsistent with Systemism and Harmonizing Medicine and make it difficult to reasonably explain the pharmacodynamics and pharmacological mechanism of most natural products. Actually, effective pharmaceutical ingredients often do not exist in the form of free monomers, but prefer to assembly nanovesicles (NVs) for a combinational pharmacological effect, mainly including self-assembled nanoparticles (SANs) and exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs). These developments of NVs-based application are a good supplement to existing pharmacological mechanism research. Hence, this review focuses on the developments and strategies of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacological mechanism of NVs-based TCMs under the combining theory of traditional Chinese and western medicine. On this basis, a novel "multidimensional combination" research approach is proposed firstly, which will provide new strategies and directions for breaking through the bottleneck of pharmacological mechanism research, and promote the clinical application of innovative natural products including TCMs.

Chang-Wei-Qing Combined with PD-1 Inhibitor Alleviates Colitis-Associated Colorectal Tumorigenesis by Modulating the Gut Microbiota and Restoring Intestinal Barrier

Chang-Wei-Qing (CWQ) is a widely recognized Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formulation composed of Astragalus, Codonopsis, Atractylodes, Poria, Coix seed, Akebia trifoliata Koidz, Sargentodoxa cuneata, and Vitis quinquangularis Rehd. This formulation has garnered significant interest for its positive effects in mitigating colorectal cancer, and when combined with PD-1, it affects some gut microbiota associated with tumor infiltrating lymphocytes cells. However, the biological rationale underlying the suppression of colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) in AOM/DSS-treated mice by CWQ combined with PD-1 inhibitor remains to be explored. Our aim is to explore the chemopreventive effect of CWQ combined with PD-1 inhibitor on CAC, with a focus on modulating the gut microbiota. A mouse model of CAC was established using azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) treatment. Pathological evaluation of tissue samples included immunohistochemistry and hematoxylin and eosin staining. Intestinal barrier function was assessed by transmission electron microscopy. Fecal microbiota and metabolites were analyzed through 16 S rRNA gene sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. Mice treated with antibiotics served as models for fecal microbiota transplantation. CWQ combined with PD-1 inhibitor suppressed CAC in AOM/DSS-treated mice. This combined therapy effectively alleviated gut dysbiosis in the CAC model by increasing microbial diversity, enriching probiotic populations such as Limosilactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, and reducing pathogenic bacteria like Desulfovibrio. Additionally, CWQ combined with PD-1 inhibitor downregulated metabolites associated with the NF-kappa B signaling pathway. The combined treatment also significantly improved intestinal barrier function in CAC mice. Transmission electron microscopy of the CWQ combined with PD-1 inhibitor group showed enhanced cellular integrity, a relatively normal mitochondrial structure with intact membranes, and a more abundant, unexpanded endoplasmic reticulum, underscoring the protective effects of this combination on intestinal barrier integrity. Transcriptomic analysis further demonstrated that the combined therapy upregulated genes involved in tight and adherens junctions, while downregulating genes linked to innate immune responses. CWQ combined with PD-1 inhibitor can ameliorate dysbiosis in the AOM/DSS mouse model, with the metabolites of the gut microbiome potentially possessing anti-inflammatory activity. Moreover, CWQ combined with PD-1 inhibitor improves intestinal barrier function, thereby effectively inhibiting the occurrence and development of CAC.

Essential Oils as Alternative Green Broad-Spectrum Biocides

Natural compounds from plants represent suitable options to replace synthetic biocides when employed against microorganisms in various applications. Essential oils (EOs) have attracted increased interest due to their biocompatible and rather innocuous nature, and complex biological activity (fungicide, biocide and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory action, etc.). EOs are complex mixtures of derived metabolites with high volatility obtained from various vegetal parts and employed to a great extent in different healthcare (natural cures, nutrition, phyto- and aromatherapy, spices) and cosmetics applications (perfumery, personal and beauty care), as well as in cleaning products, agriculture and pest control, food conservation and active packaging, or even for restauration and preservation of cultural artifacts. EOs can act in synergy with other compounds, organic and synthetic as well, when employed in different complex formulations. This review will illustrate the employment of EOs in different applications based on some of the most recent reports in a systematic and comprehensive, though not exhaustive, manner. Some critical assessments will also be included, as well as some perspectives in this regard.

Acupuncture and Moxibustion for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Regulatory Mechanisms Revealed by Microbiome and Metabolomic Analysis

Acupuncture and moxibustion are widely acknowledged as effective complementary therapies for managing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in traditional Chinese medicine. However, the regulatory mechanisms by which these two therapies exert their therapeutic effects in IBD are yet to be fully elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of action underlying acupuncture and moxibustion and the regulative differences between them as therapeutic interventions for IBD. Using a dextran sodium sulfate-induced IBD mice model, the effects of the two treatments were evaluated by examination of body weight, stool samples, colon morphology, inflammatory factors, gut microbiota, and metabolites. The results indicated that both acupuncture and moxibustion mitigated body weight reduction; improved the structural characteristics of intestinal tissues; increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-10; and decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-[Formula: see text]), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-[Formula: see text]B), IL-6, IL-1[Formula: see text], and IL-17. Acupuncture and moxibustion had distinct effects on the regulation of the intestinal microbiota and metabolic pathways in IBD mice. Moxibustion regulated a greater number of metabolic pathways than acupuncture, the majority of which were associated with amino acid metabolism, brain signal transmission, energy metabolism, and anti-inflammatory pathways. These findings provide a scientific basis for the differential applications of acupuncture and moxibustion in clinical practice.

Managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus via the Regulation of Gut Microbiota: A Chinese Medicine Perspective

BACKGROUND

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and inadequate insulin production. Given the increased frequency of T2DM and the health issues it can cause, there is an increasing need to develop alternative T2DM management strategies. One such approach is Chinese Medicine (CM), a complementary therapy widely used in T2DM treatment. Given the emphasis on gut microbiota in current research, studying CM in the treatment of T2DM via gut microbiota modulation could be beneficial. Scope and approach: The use of various CM methods for managing T2DM via gut microbiota modulation is highlighted in this review. Following an introduction of the gut microbiota and its role in T2DM pathogenesis, we will review the potential interactions between gut microbiota and T2DM. Thereafter, we will review various CM treatment modalities that modulate gut microbiota and provide perspectives for future research. Key findings and discussion: In T2DM, Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, and Firmicutes are examples of gut microbiota commonly imbalanced. Studies have shown that CM therapies can modulate gut microbiota, leading to beneficial effects such as reduced inflammation, improved metabolism, and improved immunity. Among these treatment modalities, Chinese Herbal Medicine and acupuncture are the most well-studied, and several in vivo studies have demonstrated their potential in managing T2DM by modulating gut microbiota. However, the underlying biomolecular mechanisms of actions are not well elucidated, which is a key area for future research. Future studies could also investigate alternate CM therapies such as moxibustion and CM exercises and conduct large-scale clinical trials to validate their effectiveness in treatment.

Shen-Bai-Jie-Du decoction suppresses the progression of colorectal adenoma to carcinoma through regulating gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids

BACKGROUND

Shen-Bai-Jie-Du decoction (SBJDD), a traditional Chinese herb formula developed based on evidence-based medicine, is efficacy to reduce the recurrence and carcinogenesis of colorectal adenoma. However, the mechanism of SBJDD to treat colorectal adenoma remains unclear. The present study aims to investigate the efficacy and mechanism of SBJDD on colorectal adenoma carcinogenesis from the aspects of regulating gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs).

METHODS

Twenty-one patients diagnosed with colorectal adenoma were recruited in the study and required to take SBJDD for four consecutive weeks. Analysis of gut microbiota was conducted using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, while levels of SCFAs in fecal and serum samples were determined through HPLC-MS/MS. Additionally, twenty-four Apcmin/+ mice were randomly assigned to normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD), and SBJDD groups. The pharmacological effects and mechanism of SBJDD on colorectal adenoma carcinogenesis were assessed using RT-qPCR, HE staining, IHC staining, Western blot, IF staining, and Flow cytometry assays.

RESULTS

Our clinical study has shown that SBJDD can regulate the gut microbiota composition and enhance SCFAs production in patients with colorectal adenoma. SBJDD alleviated colorectal adenoma formation and carcinogenesis, as well as protected the integrity of the intestinal barrier in the Apcmin/+ mice model compared to the HFD group. Additionally, SBJDD was found to regulate gut microbiota capable of producing SCFAs. G protein-coupled receptors GPR43, GPR41, and GPR109a were effectively activated in the SBJDD group, while HDAC1 and HDAC3 were inhibited. Furthermore, decreased expression levels of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), along with elevated expression level of interleukin 10 (IL-10), were observed in the colorectal tissue of the SBJDD group. Finally, SBJDD exhibited the ability to reduce the proportion of M1-type macrophages while increasing the proportion of M2-type macrophages.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study objectively demonstrated the pharmacological effects of SBJDD in inhibiting the progression of colorectal adenoma and investigated its mechanisms in terms of regulating gut microbiota, increasing SCFAs, and reducing colorectal inflammation.

Ginsenoside compound K alleviates D-galactose-induced mild cognitive impairment by modulating gut microbiota-mediated short-chain fatty acid metabolism

The occurrence and progression of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are closely related to dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. Ginsenoside compound K (CK), a bioactive component of ginseng, has been shown to alleviate gut microbiota dysbiosis and neural damage. However, the mechanisms by which CK regulates the gut microbiota to improve MCI remain unexplored. In this study, an MCI mouse model induced by D-galactose was used, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, metabolomics, transcriptomics, and integrative multi-omics analyses were employed to investigate the potential mechanisms by which CK alleviates MCI through modulation of the gut microbiota. The results demonstrated that CK repaired intestinal barrier dysfunction caused by MCI, improved blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, inhibited activation of microglial cells and astrocytes, and significantly ameliorated MCI. Furthermore, CK enhanced gut microbiota diversity, notably enriched beneficial bacteria such as Akkermansia, and modulated the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), particularly increasing propionate, thereby alleviating gut microbiota dysbiosis caused by MCI. Germ-free experiments confirmed that gut microbiota is a key factor for ginsenoside CK in relieving MCI. Further investigation revealed that CK regulated the TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway through modulation of gut microbiota-mediated propionate metabolism, significantly reducing systemic inflammation and alleviating MCI. Our findings provide a new theoretical basis for using CK as a potential means of modulating the gut microbiota for the treatment of MCI.

The energy metabolism-promoting effect of aconite is associated with gut microbiota and bile acid receptor TGR5-UCP1 signaling

Introduction

As a widely used traditional Chinese medicine with hot property, aconite can significantly promote energy metabolism. However, it is unclear whether the gut microbiota and bile acids contribute to the energy metabolism-promoting properties of aconite. The aim of this experiment was to verify whether the energy metabolism-promoting effect of aconite aqueous extract (AA) is related to gut microbiota and bile acid (BA) metabolism.

Methods

The effect of AA on energy metabolism in rats was detected based on body weight, body temperature, and adipose tissue by HE staining and immunohistochemistry. In addition, 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing and targeted metabolomics were used to detect changes in gut microbiota and BA concentrations, respectively. Antibiotic treatment and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) were also performed to demonstrate the importance of gut microbiota.

Results

Rats given AA experienced an increase in body temperature, a decrease in body weight, and an increase in BAT (brown adipose tissue) activity and browning of WAT (white adipose tissue). Sequencing analysis and targeted metabolomics indicated that AA modulated gut microbiota and BA metabolism. The energy metabolism promotion of AA was found to be mediated by gut microbiota, as demonstrated through antibiotic treatment and FMT. Moreover, the energy metabolism-promoting effect of aconite is associated with the bile acid receptor TGR5 (Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5)-UCP1 (uncoupling protein 1) signaling pathway.

Conclusion

The energy metabolism-promoting effect of aconite is associated with gut microbiota and bile acid receptor TGR5-UCP1 signaling.

Jianpi Jiedu decoction suppresses colorectal cancer growth by inhibiting M2 polarization of TAMs through the tryptophan metabolism-AhR pathway

BACKGROUND

Traditional Chinese medicine, JianpiJiedu decoction (JPJDF), has been utilized in colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment for over forty years. The potential of JPJDF to inhibit CRC through modulation of intestinal microbiota and their metabolites remains uncertain.

AIMS

This study aims to further investigate the therapeutic mechanisms of JPJDF in CRC.

METHODS

CAC mouse models were developed using azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Intestinal tissues and contents underwent 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics analysis. Serum levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were measured using ELISA. Immunohistochemistry was utilized to assess the expression of Ki67, ZO-1, Occludin, CD68, and CD206. Furthermore, western blotting was performed to evaluate the protein expression of AhR and NF-κB.

RESULTS

JPJDF inhibited colorectal tumourigenesis in AOM/DSS treated mice, while also suppressing tumor cell proliferation and upregulating the expression of tight junction proteins. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed that JPJDF altered intestinal microbiota composition by increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria. Additionally, JPJDF reduced tryptophan metabolites, effectively alleviating inflammation and significantly restoring intestinal barrier function in CAC mice. Molecular biology experiments confirmed that JPJDF suppressed the expression levels of AhR and M2-type tumor-associated macrophages, thereby promoting anti-tumor immunity and exerting inhibitory effects on CAC growth.

CONCLUSION

JPJDF can regulate the tryptophan metabolism-AhR pathway by modulating the gut microbiota, reducing intestinal inflammation, improving intestinal barrier function, enhancing anti-tumor immunity, and effectively inhibiting CAC growth.

PRM1201 effectively inhibits colorectal cancer metastasis via shaping gut microbiota and short- chain fatty acids

BACKGROUND

PRM1201 is a traditional medicine with beneficial effects against colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis. However, the underlying mechanism of this action remains to be determined.

HYPOTHESIS

Remodeling microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) metabolism might be a potential mechanism to explain the anti-metastatic action of PRM1201, as this gut-microbiota dependent effect involves downregulation of histone deacetylation and EMT.

METHODS

To investigate this possibility, clinical specimens were sequenced and the correlation between the anti-metastatic efficacy of PRM1201 and the restoration of SCFA-producing bacteria was studied. To obtain solid causal evidence, a mouse metastasis model was established to detect the influence of PRM1201 on cancer metastasis. Specifically, 16S amplicon sequencing, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis, and bacterial manipulation were used to examine the gut microbiota-driven anti-metastatic action of PRM1201.

RESULTS

Clinical data showed that PRM1201 increased both the number of SCFA-producing bacteria and generation of SCFAs in the feces of CRC patients. A positive correlation between the anti-metastatic efficacy of PRM1201 and the restoration of SCFAs observed. The animal experiments demonstrated that PRM1201 effectively blocked CRC metastasis in a dose-dependent manner. PRM1201 treatment modulated the composition of gut microbiota, and promoted the proliferation of beneficial SCFAs producers such as Akkermansia, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Blautia, while simultaneously reducing the abundance of pathogenic bacteria like Escherichia-Shigella. In addition, PRM1201 led to augmentation of SCFAs content. Further results indicated that the anti-cancer metastatic mechanism of PRM1201 was linked to inhibition of histone deacetylation and suppression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in metastatic lesions. Microbiota depletion treatment and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) underscored the microbiota-dependent nature of this phenomenon. Moreover, this anti-colorectal cancer metastatic effect and mechanism of total SCFAs and single SCFA were also confirmed.

CONCLUSION

In summary, PRM1201 exerts its anti-metastatic effects by modulating SCFA-producing bacteria and enhancing the production of SCFAs. Furthermore, the prebiotic-like actions of PRM1201, along with the PRM1201-treated bacteria, function as inhibitors of histone deacetylases (DHACs) thereby effectively suppressing EMT events.

Lonicera japonica Fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum Improve Multiple Patterns Driven Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis (OP) represents a global health challenge. Certain functional food has the potential to mitigate OP. Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) solution has medicinal effects, such as anti-inflammatory and immune enhancement, and can be used in functional foods such as health drinks and functional snacks. The composition of honeysuckle changed significantly after fermentation, and 376 metabolites were enriched. In this study, we used dexamethasone to induce OP in the rat model. Research has confirmed the ability of FS (fermented Lonicera japonica solution) to enhance bone mineral density (BMD), repair bone microarchitectural damage, and increase blood calcium levels. Markers such as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b (TRACP-5b) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) were notably decreased, whereas osteocalcin (OCN) levels increased after FS treatment. FS intervention in OP rats restored the abundance of 6 bacterial genera and the contents of 17 serum metabolites. The results of the Spearman correlation analysis showed that FS may alleviate OP by restoring the abundance of 6 bacterial genera and the contents of 17 serum metabolites, reducing osteoclast differentiation, promoting osteoblast differentiation, and reducing the inflammatory response. This study revealed that Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented honeysuckle alleviated OP through intestinal bacteria and serum metabolites and provided a theoretical basis for the development of related functional foods.

Geniposide for treating atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a systematic review on its biological characteristics, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology

In recent years, the prevalence and fatality rates of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease have not only shown a consistent rise that cannot be ignored, but have also become a pressing social health problem that requires urgent attention. While interventional surgery and drug therapy offer significant therapeutic results, they often come with common side effects. Geniposide, an active component extracted from the Chinese medicine Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, shows promise in the management of cardiac conditions. This review comprehensively outlines the underlying pharmacological mechanisms by which geniposide exerts its effects on atherosclerosis. Geniposide exhibits a range of beneficial effects including alleviating inflammation, inhibiting the development of macrophage foam cells, improving lipid metabolism, and preventing platelet aggregation and thrombosis. It also demonstrates mitochondrial preservation, anti-apoptotic effects, and modulation of autophagy. Moreover, geniposide shows potential in improving oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress by maintaining the body's antioxidant and oxidative balance. Additionally, this review comprehensively details the biological properties of geniposide, including methods of extraction and purification, as well as its pharmacokinetics and toxicological characteristics. It further discusses the clinical applications of related biopharmaceuticals, emphasizing the potential of geniposide in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, it highlights the limitations of current research, aiming to provide insights for future studies.

Pseudostellaria heterophylla improves intestinal microecology through modulating gut microbiota and metabolites in mice

BACKGROUND

Pseudostellaria heterophylla is a Chinese medicine and healthy edible that is widely used to for its immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic and antitussive properties. However, the potential function of P. heterophylla in intestinal microecology remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the impact of P. heterophylla on immune functions and evaluated its potential to regulate the gut microbiota and metabolome.

RESULTS

The results showed that P. heterophylla significantly increased the content of red blood cells, total antioxidant capacity and expression of immune factors, and decreased platelet counts when compared to the control under cyclophosphamide injury. In addition, P. heterophylla altered the diversity and composition of the gut bacterial community; increased the abundance of potentially beneficial Akkermansia, Roseburia, unclassified Clostridiaceae, Mucispirillum, Anaeroplasma and Parabacteroides; and decreased the relative abundance of pathogenic Cupriavidus and Staphylococcus in healthy mice. Metabolomic analyses showed that P. heterophylla significantly increased the content of functional oligosaccharides, common oligosaccharides, vitamins and functional substances. Probiotics and pathogens were regulated by metabolites across 11 pathways in the bacterial-host co-metabolism network.

CONCLUSION

We demonstrated that P. heterophylla increased the abundance of probiotics and decreased pathogens, and further stimulated host microbes to produce beneficial secondary metabolites for host health. Our studies highlight the role of P. heterophylla in gut health and provide new insights for the development of traditional Chinese medicine in the diet. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Comprehensive fecal metabolomics and gut microbiota study of the protective mechanism of herbal pair Polygonum hydropiper-Coptis chinensis in rats with stress-induced gastric mucosal damage

Introduction: Stress-related gastric mucosal lesions (SGMLs) are the most common complication in critical care patients. Previous studies have demonstrated that herbal pair (HP), Polygonum hydropiper-Coptis chinensis (HP P-C) has the anti-SGML effect. However, the underlying mechanism of HP P-C against SGML remains elusive. This study aimed to elucidate how HP P-C extracts exert their protective effects on SGML by examining the role of gut microbiota and metabolites. Methods: SD rats were pretreated with different doses of HP P-C extracts for 6 days, followed by inducing SGML with water-immersion restraint stress (WIRS). After a comprehensive evaluation of serum and gastric tissue indicators in rats, 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolomics analyses were conducted to assess the impact of HP P-C on the fecal microorganisms and metabolites and their correlation. Results: Animal experiment suggested that pretreatment with HP P-C effectively reduced the gastric mucosal lesions, remarkably increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in SGML model rats induced by WIRS. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis showed that HP P-C altered the composition of gut microbiota by raising the abundance of Lactobacillus and Akkermansia. In addition, metabolomics data identified seventeen main differential metabolites related to WIRS-induced gastric mucosal injury, primarily involving in tyrosine metabolism and betalain biosynthesis. HP P-C was found to regulate tyrosine metabolism and betalain biosynthesis by down-regulating the tyramine, L-tyrosine and L-dopa and up -regulating the gentisic acid and dopaquinone. Conclusion: Taken together, this study indicated that HP P-C could effectively protect against WIRS-induced gastric mucosal lesions by modulating intestinal flora and metabolites.

Integrating 16S rRNA Sequencing, Microflora Metabolism, and Network Pharmacology to Investigate the Mechanism of SBL in Alleviating HDM-Induced Allergic Rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a series of allergic reactions to allergens in the nasal mucosa and is one of the most common allergic diseases that affect both children and adults. Shi-Bi-Lin (SBL) is the modified formula of Cang Er Zi San (CEZS), a traditional Chinese herbal formula used for treating AR. Our study aims to elucidate the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of SBL in house dust mite-induced AR by regulating gut microflora metabolism. In vivo studies showed that nasal allergies and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the nasal epithelium were significantly suppressed by SBL. Moreover, SBL restored the impaired nasal epithelial barrier function with an increased tight junction protein expression and reduced the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Interestingly, SBL significantly reconstituted the abundance and composition of gut microbiota in AR mice; it increased the relative abundance of potentially beneficial genera and decreased the relative abundance of harmful genera. SBL also restored immune-related metabolisms, which were significantly increased and correlated with suppressing inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, a network analysis and molecular docking indicated IL-6 was a possible target drug candidate for the SBL treatment. SBL dramatically reduced the IL-6 level in the nasal lavage fluid (NALF), suppressing the IL-6 downstream Erk1/2 and AKT/PI3K signaling pathways. In conclusion, our study integrates 16S rRNA sequencing, microflora metabolism, and network pharmacology to explain the immune mechanism of SBL in alleviating HDM-induced allergic rhinitis.

Efficacy of probiotics/synbiotics supplementation in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious and steadily growing health problem worldwide. Probiotic and synbiotic supplementation are expected to improve kidney function in CKD patients by altering imbalanced intestinal flora, regulating microbiota metabolites, modulating the brain-gut axis, and reducing inflammation.

Objectives

Our aim is to report the latest and largest pooled analyses and evidence updates to explore whether probiotic and synbiotic have beneficial effects on renal function and general conditions in patients with CKD.

Methods

We conducted a systematic literature search using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception until 1 December 2023. Eligible literatures were screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, data were extracted, and a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. Measurements included renal function-related markers, inflammatory markers, uremic toxins, lipid metabolism-related markers and electrolytes levels.

Results

Twenty-one studies were included. The results showed that probiotic/synbiotic significantly reduced blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (standardized mean difference (SMD), -0.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.41, -0.04; p = 0.02, I2 = 10%) and lowered c-reactive protein level (CRP) (SMD: -0.34; 95% CI: -0.62, -0.07; p = 0.01, I2 = 37%) in CKD patients, compared with the control group.

Conclusion

In summary, probiotic/synbiotic supplementation seems to be effective in improving renal function indices and inflammation indices in CKD patients. Subgroup analyses suggested that longer-term supplementation is more favorable for CKD patients, but there is a high degree of heterogeneity in the results of partial subgroup analyses. The efficacy of probiotic/synbiotic in treating CKD needs to be supported by more evidence from large-scale clinical studies.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42024526836, Unique identifier: CRD42024526836.

Rujin Jiedu decoction protects against influenza virus infection by modulating gut microbiota

Background

Rujin Jiedu decoction (RJJDD) is a classical prescription of Traditional Chinese Medicine that has long been applied to treat pneumonia caused by external infection, but whether and how it benefits influenza virus therapy remains largely unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of RJJDD on the mouse model of influenza and to explore its potential mechanism.

Methods

The mice were mock-infected with PBS or infected with PR8 virus followed by treatment with RJJDD or antiviral oseltamivir. The weight loss and morbidity of mice were monitored daily. Network pharmacology is used to explore the potential pathways that RJJDD may modulate. qRT-PCR and ELISA were performed to assess the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the lung tissue and macrophages. The intestinal feces were collected for 16S rDNA sequencing to assess the changes in gut microbiota.

Results

We demonstrate that RJJDD protects against IAV-induced pneumonia. Comprehensive network pharmacology analyses of the Mass Spec-identified components of RJJDD suggest that RJJDD may act through down-regulating key signaling pathways producing inflammatory cytokines, which was experimentally confirmed by cytokine expression analysis in IAV-infected mouse lung tissues and IAV single-strand RNA mimic R837-induced macrophages. Furthermore, gut microbiota analysis indicates that RJJDD prevented IAV-induced dysbiosis of host intestinal flora, thereby offering a mechanistic explanation for RJJDD's efficacy in influenza pneumonia.

Conclusion

This study defines a previously uncharacterized role for RJJDD in protecting against influenza likely by maintaining homeostasis of gut microbiota, and provides a new therapeutic option for severe influenza.

Repairing gut barrier by traditional Chinese medicine: roles of gut microbiota

Gut barrier is not only part of the digestive organ but also an important immunological organ for the hosts. The disruption of gut barrier can lead to various diseases such as obesity and colitis. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has gained much attention for its rich clinical experiences enriched in thousands of years. After orally taken, TCM can interplay with gut microbiota. On one hand, TCM can modulate the composition and function of gut microbiota. On the other hand, gut microbiota can transform TCM compounds. The gut microbiota metabolites produced during the actions of these interplays exert noticeable pharmacological effects on the host especially gut barrier. Recently, a large number of studies have investigated the repairing and fortifying effects of TCM on gut barriers from the perspective of gut microbiota and its metabolites. However, no review has summarized the mechanism behand this beneficiary effects of TCM. In this review, we first briefly introduce the unique structure and specific function of gut barrier. Then, we summarize the interactions and relationship amidst gut microbiota, gut microbiota metabolites and TCM. Further, we summarize the regulative effects and mechanisms of TCM on gut barrier including physical barrier, chemical barrier, immunological barrier, and microbial barrier. At last, we discuss the effects of TCM on diseases that are associated gut barrier destruction such as ulcerative colitis and type 2 diabetes. Our review can provide insights into TCM, gut barrier and gut microbiota.

Oligosaccharides from black ginseng innovatively prepared by low-temperature steam-heating process ameliorate cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease mice via the Keap-1/Nrf2 pathway

BACKGROUND

Our objective in this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of oligosaccharides extracted from black ginseng (OSBG), innovatively prepared by a low-temperature steam-heating process, in the improvement of learning and memory impairment in mice, as well as the mechanism(s).

RESULTS

Eight carbohydrates involving isomaltose and maltotetraose were detected in black gensing; monosaccharide residues including mannose and rhamnose were also discovered. OSBG-treated mice showed significant amelioration in recognition and spatial memory deficits compared to the scopolamine group. OSBG could decrease acetylcholinesterase activity in a tissue-dependent fashion but not in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, in contrast, OSBG administration resulted in significant upregulation superoxide dismutase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, downregulation of malondialdehyde and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in the tissues. Finally, at the genus level, we observed that the OSBG interventions increased the relative abundance of probiotics (e.g., Barnesiella, Staphylococcus, Clostridium_XlVb) and decreased pernicious bacteria such as Eisenbergiella and Intestinimonas, compared to the Alzheimer's disease mouse model group. Herein, our results demonstrate that OSBG restores the composition of the scopolamine-induced intestinal microbiota in mice, providing homeostasis of gut microbiota and providing evidence for microbiota-regulated therapeutic potential.

CONCLUSION

Our results showed for the first time a clear role for OSBG in improving scopolamine-induced memory impairment by inhibiting cholinergic dysfunction in a tissue-dependent manner. Additionally, OSBG administration relieved oxidative stress by activating the Keap-1/Nrf2 pathway and modulating the gut microbiota. Collectively, OSBG may be a promising target for neuroprotective antioxidants for improving memory and cognition in Alzheimer's disease patients. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Microbiome-driven anticancer therapy: A step forward from natural products

Human microbiomes, considered as a new emerging and enabling cancer hallmark, are increasingly recognized as critical effectors in cancer development and progression. Manipulation of microbiome revitalizing anticancer therapy from natural products shows promise toward improving cancer outcomes. Herein, we summarize our current understanding of the human microbiome-driven molecular mechanisms impacting cancer progression and anticancer therapy. We highlight the potential translational and clinical implications of natural products for cancer prevention and treatment by developing targeted therapeutic strategies as adjuvants for chemotherapy and immunotherapy against tumorigenesis. The challenges and opportunities for future investigations using modulation of the microbiome for cancer treatment are further discussed in this review.

Lysimachia capillipes Hemsl. saponins ameliorate colorectal cancer in mice via regulating gut microbiota and restoring metabolic profiles

Lysimachia capillipes Hemsl., a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is commonly prescribed for its anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated that Lysimachia capillipes Hemsl. saponins (LCS) are the primary bioactive component. However, its mechanism for treating colorectal cancer (CRC) is still unknown. Increasing evidence suggests a close relationship between CRC, intestinal flora, and host metabolism. Thus, this study aims to investigate the mechanism of LCS amelioration of CRC from the perspective of the gut microbiome and metabolome. As a result, seven gut microbiotas and fourteen plasma metabolites were significantly altered between the control and model groups. Among them, one gut microbiota genera (Monoglobus) and six metabolites (Ureidopropionic acid, Cytosine, L-Proline, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, Cyclic AMP and Suberic acid) showed the most pronounced callback trend after LCS administration. Subsequently, the correlation analysis revealed significant associations between 68 pairs of associated metabolites and gut microbes, with 13 pairs of strongly associated metabolites regulated by the LCS. Taken together, these findings indicate that the amelioration of CRC by LCS is connected to the regulation of intestinal flora and the recasting of metabolic abnormalities. These insights highlight the potential of LCS as a candidate drug for the treatment of CRC.

Research on the mechanism of Guanyu Zhixie Granule in intervening gastric ulcers in rats based on network pharmacology and multi-omics

Objective

Guanyu Zhixie Granule (GYZXG) is a traditional Chinese medicine compound with definite efficacy in intervening in gastric ulcers (GUs). However, the effect mechanisms on GU are still unclear. This study aimed to explore its mechanism against GU based on amalgamated strategies.

Methods

The comprehensive chemical characterization of the active compounds of GYZXG was conducted using UHPLC-Q/TOF-MS. Based on these results, key targets and action mechanisms were predicted through network pharmacology. GU was then induced in rats using anhydrous ethanol (1 mL/200 g). The intervention effects of GYZXG on GU were evaluated by measuring the inhibition rate of GU, conducting HE staining, and assessing the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-4, Pepsin (PP), and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to verify the mRNA levels of key targets and pathways. Metabolomics, combined with 16S rRNA sequencing, was used to investigate and confirm the action mechanism of GYZXG on GU. The correlation analysis between differential gut microbiota and differential metabolites was conducted using the spearman method.

Results

For the first time, the results showed that nine active ingredients and sixteen targets were confirmed to intervene in GU when using GYZXG. Compared with the model group, GYZXG was found to increase the ulcer inhibition rate in the GYZXG-M group (p < 0.05), reduce the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, PP in gastric tissue, and increase the levels of IL-10, IL-4, and EGF. GYZXG could intervene in GU by regulating serum metabolites such as Glycocholic acid, Epinephrine, Ascorbic acid, and Linoleic acid, and by influencing bile secretion, the HIF-1 signaling pathway, and adipocyte catabolism. Additionally, GYZXG could intervene in GU by altering the gut microbiota diversity and modulating the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Bacteroides, Verrucomicrobia, Akkermansia, and Ruminococcus. The differential gut microbiota was strongly associated with serum differential metabolites. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated a significant role of the HIF-1 signaling pathway in GYZXG's intervention on GU. The changes in metabolites within metabolic pathways and the alterations in RELA, HIF1A, and EGF mRNA levels in RT-qPCR experiments provide further confirmation of this result.

Conclusion

GYZXG can intervene in GU induced by anhydrous ethanol in rats by regulating gut microbiota and metabolic disorders, providing a theoretical basis for its use in GU intervention.

Hydrothermal carbonization of Chinese medicine residues: Formation of humic acids and combustion performance of extracted hydrochar

Aiming at the sustainable management of high-moisture Chinese medicine residues (CMR), an alternative way integrating hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), humic acids (HAs) extraction and combustion of remained hydrochar has been proposed in this study. Effect of HTC temperature, HTC duration, and feedwater pH on the mass yield and properties of HAs was examined. The associated formation mechanism of HAs during HTC was proposed. The combustion performance of remained hydrochar after HAs extraction was evaluated. Results show that the positive correlation between hydrochar yield and HAs yield is observed. According to three-dimensional excitation emission matrix (3D EEM) fluorescence intensity, the best quality of HAs is achieved with a yield of 8.17 % at feedwater pH of 13 and HTC temperature of 200 °C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses show abundant aromatic and aliphatic structure as well as oxygenated functional groups in HAs, which is like commercial HAs (HA-C). Besides, in terms of comprehensive combustion index (CCI), HTC can improve the combustion performance of CMR, while it becomes a bit worse after HAs extraction. Higher weighted mean apparent activation energy (Em) of hydrochar indicating its highly thermal stability. HAs extraction reduces Em and CCI of remained hydrochar. However, it can be regarded a potential renewable energy. This work confirms a more sustainable alternative way for CMR comprehensive utilization in near future.

Colonic microflora and plasma metabolite-based comparative analysis of unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced chronic kidney disease after treatment with the Chinese medicine FuZhengHuaYuJiangZhuTongLuo and AST-120

Background

Many researchers have investigated the use of Chinese herbs to delay the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) through their effects on colonic microflora and microbiota-derived metabolites. However, whether FuZhengHuaYuJiangZhuTongLuo (FZHY) has effects that are similar to those of AST-120 on CKD needs to be elucidated.

Methods

In this study, we compared the effects of FZHY and AST-120 on the colonic microbiota and plasma metabolites in the CKD rat model. We developed a unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced CKD rat model and then administered FZHY and AST-120 to these model rats. Non-targeted metabolomic LC-MS analysis, 16S rRNA sequencing, and histopathological staining were performed on plasma, stool, and kidney tissues, respectively, and the joint correlation between biomarkers and metabolites of candidate bacteria was analyzed.

Results

Our results showed that administering FZHY and AST-120 effectively ameliorated UUO-induced abnormal renal function and renal fibrosis and regulated the composition of microbiota and metabolites. Compared to the UUO model group, the p_Firmicutes and o_Peptostreptococcales_Tissierellales were increased, while 14 negative ion metabolites were upregulated and 21 were downregulated after FZHY treatment. Additionally, 40 positive ion metabolites were upregulated and 63 were downregulated. On the other hand, AST-120 treatment resulted in an increase in the levels of g_Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group and f_Prevotellaceae, as well as 12 upregulated and 23 downregulated negative ion metabolites and 56 upregulated and 63 downregulated positive ion metabolites. Besides, FZHY increased the levels of candidate bacterial biomarkers that were found to be negatively correlated with some poisonous metabolites, such as 4-hydroxyretinoic acid, and positively correlated with beneficial metabolites, such as l-arginine. AST-120 increased the levels of candidate bacterial biomarkers that were negatively correlated with some toxic metabolites, such as glycoursodeoxycholic acid, 4-ethylphenol, and indole-3-acetic acid.

Conclusion

FZHY and AST-120 effectively reduced kidney damage, in which, the recovery of some dysregulated bacteria and metabolites are probably involved. As their mechanisms of regulation were different, FZHY might play a complementary role to AST-120 in treating CKD.

Potential Beneficial Effects of Naringin and Naringenin on Long COVID-A Review of the Literature

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused a severe epidemic due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Recent studies have found that patients do not completely recover from acute infections, but instead, suffer from a variety of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, known as long COVID. The effects of long COVID can be far-reaching, with a duration of up to six months and a range of symptoms such as cognitive dysfunction, immune dysregulation, microbiota dysbiosis, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, myocarditis, pulmonary fibrosis, cough, diabetes, pain, reproductive dysfunction, and thrombus formation. However, recent studies have shown that naringenin and naringin have palliative effects on various COVID-19 sequelae. Flavonoids such as naringin and naringenin, commonly found in fruits and vegetables, have various positive effects, including reducing inflammation, preventing viral infections, and providing antioxidants. This article discusses the molecular mechanisms and clinical effects of naringin and naringenin on treating the above diseases. It proposes them as potential drugs for the treatment of long COVID, and it can be inferred that naringin and naringenin exhibit potential as extended long COVID medications, in the future likely serving as nutraceuticals or clinical supplements for the comprehensive alleviation of the various manifestations of COVID-19 complications.

Metagenomic analysis of oral and intestinal microbiome of patients during the initial stage of orthodontic treatment

INTRODUCTION

This prospective study analyzed changes in the oral and intestinal microbiomes in patients before and after fixed orthodontic treatment, elucidating the impacts of fixed orthodontic treatment on patient health and metabolism.

METHODS

Metagenomic analysis was conducted on stool, dental plaque, and saliva samples from 10 fixed orthodontic patients. All the samples were sequenced with Illumina NovaSeq 6000 with a paired-end sequencing length of 150 bp. Identification of taxa in metagenomes and functional annotation of genes of the microbiota were performed using the data after quality control. Clinical periodontal parameters, including the gingiva index, plaque index, and pocket probing depth, were examined at each time point in triplicates. Patients also received a table to record their oral hygiene habits of brushing, flossing, and dessert consumption frequency over 1 month.

RESULTS

The brushing and flossing times per day of patients were significantly increased after treatment compared with baseline. The number of times a patient ate dessert daily was also fewer after treatment than at baseline. In addition, the plaque index decreased significantly, whereas the pH value of saliva, gingiva index, and pocket probing depth did not change. No significant differences were observed between the participants before and after orthodontic treatment regarding alpha-diversity analysis of the gut, dental plaque, or saliva microbiota. However, on closer analysis, periodontal disease-associated bacteria levels in the oral cavity remain elevated. Alterations in gut microbiota were also observed after orthodontic treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

The richness and diversity of the microbiome did not change significantly during the initial stage of fixed orthodontic treatment. However, the levels of periodontal disease-associated bacteria increased.

Clinical efficacy, pharmacodynamic components, and molecular mechanisms of antiviral granules in the treatment of influenza: A systematic review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The Antiviral Granules (AG) are derived from the classical famous prescription, which is composed of 9 traditional Chinese medicines, namely Radix Isatidis (called Banlangen, BLG in Chinese), Forsythiae Fructus (called Lianqiao, LQ in Chinese), Gypsum fibrosum, Anemarrhenae Rhizoma (called Zhimu, ZM in Chinese), Phragmitis Rhizoma (called Lugen, LG in Chinese), Rehmanniae Radix (called Dihuang, DH in Chinese), Pogostemonis Herba (called Guanghuoxiang, GHX in Chinese), Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma (called Shichangpu, SCP in Chinese), and Curcumae Radix (called Yujin, YJ in Chinese), and has shown an excellent therapeutic effect in clinical treatment of influenza. However, there are few studies on the anti-influenza mechanism of AG, and the mechanism of action is still unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The purpose is to provide the latest information about the clinical efficacy, pharmacodynamic composition and mechanism of AG based on scientific literature, so as to enhance the utilization of AG in the treatment of influenza and related diseases, and promote the development and innovation of novel anti-influenza drugs targeting the influenza virus.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Enter the data retrieval room, search for Antiviral Granules, as well as the scientific names, common names, and Chinese names of each Chinese medicine. Additionally, search for the relevant clinical applications, pharmacodynamic composition, pharmacological action, and molecular mechanism of both Antiviral Granules and single-ingredient medicines. Keywords includes terms such as "antiviral granules", "influenza", "Isatis indigotica Fort.", "Radix Isatidis", "Banlangeng", "pharmacology", "clinical application", "pharmacologic action", etc. and their combinations. Obtain results from the Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Sci Finder Scholar, CNKI and other resources.

RESULTS

AG is effective in the treatment of influenza and is often used in combination with other drugs to treat viral diseases. Its chemical composition is complex, including alkaloids, polysaccharides, volatile oils, steroid saponins, phenylpropanoids, terpenoids and other compounds. These compounds have a variety of pharmacological activities, which can interfere with the replication cycle of the influenza virus, regulate RIG-I-MAVS, JAK/STAT, TLRs/MyD88, NF-κB signaling pathways and related cytokines, regulate intestinal microorganisms, and protect both the lungs and extrapulmonary organs.

CONCLUSIONS

AG can overcome the limitations of traditional antiviral drug therapy, play a synergistic role in fighting influenza virus with the characteristics of multi-component, multi-pathway and multi-target therapy, and reverse the bodily function damage caused by influenza virus. AG may be a potential drug in the prevention and treatment of influenza and related diseases.

Traditional Medicine Pien Tze Huang Suppresses Colorectal Tumorigenesis Through Restoring Gut Microbiota and Metabolites

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Pien Tze Huang (PZH) is a well-established traditional medicine with beneficial effects against inflammation and cancer. We aimed to explore the chemopreventive effect of PZH in colorectal cancer (CRC) through modulating gut microbiota.

METHODS

CRC mouse models were established by azoxymethane plus dextran sulfate sodium treatment or in Apcmin/+ mice treated with or without PZH (270 mg/kg and 540 mg/kg). Gut barrier function was determined by means of intestinal permeability assays and transmission electron microscopy. Fecal microbiota and metabolites were analyzed by means of metagenomic sequencing and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, respectively. Germ-free mice or antibiotic-treated mice were used as models of microbiota depletion.

RESULTS

PZH inhibited colorectal tumorigenesis in azoxymethane plus dextran sulfate sodium-treated mice and in Apcmin/+ mice in a dose-dependent manner. PZH treatment altered the gut microbiota profile, with an increased abundance of probiotics Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans and Eubacterium limosum, while pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas veronii, Campylobacter jejuni, Collinsella aerofaciens, and Peptoniphilus harei were depleted. In addition, PZH increased beneficial metabolites taurine and hypotaurine, bile acids, and unsaturated fatty acids, and significantly restored gut barrier function. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that PZH inhibited PI3K-Akt, interleukin-17, tumor necrosis factor, and cytokine-chemokine signaling. Notably, the chemopreventive effect of PZH involved both microbiota-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Fecal microbiota transplantation from PZH-treated mice to germ-free mice partly recapitulated the chemopreventive effects of PZH. PZH components ginsenoside-F2 and ginsenoside-Re demonstrated inhibitory effects on CRC cells and primary organoids, and PZH also inhibited tumorigenesis in azoxymethane plus dextran sulfate sodium-treated germ-free mice.

CONCLUSIONS

PZH manipulated gut microbiota and metabolites toward a more favorable profile, improved gut barrier function, and suppressed oncogenic and pro-inflammatory pathways, thereby suppressing colorectal carcinogenesis.

An Overview of the Potential of Food-Based Carbon Dots for Biomedical Applications

Food-based carbon dots (CDs) hold significant importance across various fields, ranging from biomedical applications to environmental and food industries. These CDs offer unique advantages over traditional carbon nanomaterials, including affordability, biodegradability, ease of operation, and multiple bioactivities. This work aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent developments in food-based CDs, focusing on their characteristics, properties, therapeutic applications in biomedicine, and safety assessment methods. The review highlights the potential of food-based CDs in biomedical applications, including antibacterial, antifungal, antivirus, anticancer, and anti-immune hyperactivity. Furthermore, current strategies employed for evaluating the safety of food-based CDs have also been reported. In conclusion, this review offers valuable insights into their potential across diverse sectors and underscores the significance of safety assessment measures to facilitate their continued advancement and application.

Modulation of Xiongdanjiuxin pills on the gut-liver axis in high-fat diet rats

AIM

Xiongdanjiuxin pill (XP) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula for the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia (HLP) and related complications. In this study, the gut-liver axis was used as the breakthrough point to analyze the therapeutic effect and potential mechanism of XP on HLP model rats and related complications.

MAIN METHODS

We used high-fat diet (HFD) to establish the HLP model of rats and treated them with XP. The 16S rRNA sequencing method was used to explore the effect of XP on the gut microbiota of HFD rats, and the effects of XP on ileum pathology, intestinal barrier and circulatory inflammation in HFD rats were also investigated. We further explored the molecular mechanism of XP treating liver inflammation in rats with HFD by regulating toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling.

KEY FINDINGS

We found that XP could regulate the imbalance of gut microbiota in HFD rats, and up-regulate the expression of tight junction protein in intestinal epithelium of HFD rats, thereby improving the intestinal barrier damage and intestinal inflammatory response. In addition, XP could significantly reduce the levels of inflammatory cytokines in HFD rats, and inhibit TLR4 signaling pathway, thereby reducing liver inflammation in HFD rats.

SIGNIFICANCE

XP can effectively improve the imbalance of gut-liver axis in hyperlipidemic rats and alleviate the inflammatory damage of liver. Its mechanism may be related to regulating the disorder of gut microbiota and inhibiting TLR4 signal pathway, so as to achieve the therapeutic effect on hyperlipidemic fatty liver in rats.

Research progress on the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine regulating intestinal microbiota to combat influenza a virus infection

Influenza A viruses (IAV) are a prevalent respiratory pathogen that can cause seasonal flu and global pandemics, posing a significant global public health threat. Emerging research suggests that IAV infections may disrupt the balance of gut microbiota, while gut dysbiosis can affect disease progression in IAV patients. Therefore, restoring gut microbiota balance may represent a promising therapeutic target for IAV infections. Traditional Chinese medicine, with its ability to regulate gut microbiota, offers significant potential in preventing and treating IAV. This article provides a comprehensive review of the relationship between IAV and gut microbiota, highlighting the impact of gut microbiota on IAV infections. It also explores the mechanisms and role of traditional Chinese medicine in regulating gut microbiota for the prevention and treatment of IAV, presenting novel research avenues for traditional Chinese medicine-based IAV treatments.

Detrimental Impacts of Pharmaceutical Excipient PEG400 on Gut Microbiota and Metabolome in Healthy Mice

Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) is a widely used pharmaceutical excipient in the field of medicine. It not only enhances the dispersion stability of the main drug but also facilitates the absorption of multiple drugs. Our previous study found that the long-term application of PEG400 as an adjuvant in traditional Chinese medicine preparations resulted in wasting and weight loss in animals, which aroused our concern. In this study, 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the diversity of gut microbiota, and LC-MS/MS Q-Exactive Orbtriap metabolomics technology was used to analyze the effect of PEG400 on the metabolome of healthy mice, combined with intestinal pathological analysis, aiming to investigate the effects of PEG400 on healthy mice. These results showed that PEG400 significantly altered the structure of gut microbiota, reduced the richness and diversity of intestinal flora, greatly increased the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila), increased the proportion of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes, and reduced the abundance of many beneficial bacteria. Moreover, PEG400 changed the characteristics of fecal metabolome in mice and induced disorders in lipid and energy metabolism, thus leading to diarrhea, weight loss, and intestinal inflammation in mice. Collectively, these findings provide new evidence for the potential effect of PEG400 ingestion on a healthy host.

The changes of gut microbiota and metabolites in different drug-induced liver injuries

The increasing incidence of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) has become a major concern. Gut microbiota, as another organ of the human body, has been studied in various tumors, cardiovascular metabolic diseases, inflammatory bowel disease and human immunity. The studies mentioned above have confirmed its important impact on the occurrence and development of DILI. The gut-liver axis explains the close relationship between the gut and the liver, and it may be a pathway by which gut microbes contribute to DILI. In addition, the interaction between drugs and gut microbes affects both separately, which in turn may have positive or negative effects on the body, including DILI. There are both common and specific changes in liver injury caused by different drugs. The alteration of metabolites in DILI is also a new direction of therapeutic exploration. The application of microbiomics, metabolomics and other multi-omics to DILI has also explored new ideas for DILI. In this review, we conclude the alterations of gut microbes and metabolites under different DILI, and the significance of applying gut microbiome-metabolomics to DILI, so as to explore the metabolic characteristics of DILI and possible novel metabolic biomarkers.