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Leong JV, Mezzomo P, Kozel P, Volfová T, de Lima Ferreira P, Seifert CL, Butterill PT, Freiberga I, Michálek J, Matos-Maraví P, Weinhold A, Engström MT, Salminen JP, Segar ST, Sedio BE, Volf M. Effects of individual traits vs. trait syndromes on assemblages of various herbivore guilds associated with central European Salix. Oecologia 2024:10.1007/s00442-024-05569-0. [PMID: 38829402 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-024-05569-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Plants employ diverse anti-herbivore defences that can covary to form syndromes consisting of multiple traits. Such syndromes are hypothesized to impact herbivores more than individual defences. We studied 16 species of lowland willows occurring in central Europe and explored if their chemical and physical traits form detectable syndromes. We tested for phylogenetic trends in the syndromes and explored whether three herbivore guilds (i.e., generalist leaf-chewers, specialist leaf-chewers, and gallers) are affected more by the detected syndromes or individual traits. The recovered syndromes showed low phylogenetic signal and were mainly defined by investment in concentration, richness, or uniqueness of structurally related phenolic metabolites. Resource acquisition traits or inducible volatile organic compounds exhibited a limited correlation with the syndromes. Individual traits composing the syndromes showed various correlations to the assemblages of herbivores from the three studied guilds. In turn, we found some support for the hypothesis that defence syndromes are composed of traits that provide defence against various herbivores. However, individual traits rather than trait syndromes explained more variation for all studied herbivore assemblages. The detected negative correlations between various phenolics suggest that investment trade-offs may occur primarily among plant metabolites with shared metabolic pathways that may compete for their precursors. Moreover, several traits characterizing the recovered syndromes play additional roles in willows other than defence from herbivory. Taken together, our findings suggest that the detected syndromes did not solely evolve as an anti-herbivore defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing V Leong
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Priscila Mezzomo
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kozel
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Volfová
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Paola de Lima Ferreira
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carlo L Seifert
- Department of Forest Nature Conservation, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Phillip T Butterill
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Inga Freiberga
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Michálek
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology, Centre Algatech Czech Academy of Sciences, Trebon, Czech Republic
| | - Pável Matos-Maraví
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Marica T Engström
- Bioanalytical Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Simon T Segar
- Agriculture and Environment Department, Harper Adams University, Newport, United Kingdom
| | - Brian E Sedio
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancón, Panama
| | - Martin Volf
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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2
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Xu T, Huangfu B, He X, Huang K. Exosomes as mediators of signal transmitters in biotoxins toxicity: a comprehensive review. Cell Biol Toxicol 2024; 40:27. [PMID: 38693223 PMCID: PMC11062979 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-024-09867-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Small membranes known as exosomes surround them and are released by several cell types both in vitro and in vivo. These membranes are packed with a variety of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and non-coding RNA (ncRNA). As a source of biological nanomaterials, exosomes play a role in information and substance transmission between cells and have been identified as a general method of facilitating communication during interactions between the body, target organs, and toxins.. In order to understand the changes and mechanism of the composition and level of exosomes after biotoxin infection, this review focuses on current findings on the exosomes and highlights their novel uses in the toxicity mechanism. Exosomes are mainly used as a delivery carrier or mediated by receptors, and play an immune role after the toxin enters the body. This review expounds on the importance of exosomes in the toxicological mechanism of biotoxins and provides new insights for further diagnosis of toxic biomarkers, detoxification, and treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongxiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bingxin Huangfu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100083, China.
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3
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Simon SJ, Furches A, Chhetri H, Evans L, Abeyratne CR, Jones P, Wimp G, Macaya-Sanz D, Jacobson D, Tschaplinski TJ, Tuskan GA, DiFazio SP. Genetic underpinnings of arthropod community distributions in Populus trichocarpa. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1307-1323. [PMID: 38488269 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Community genetics seeks to understand the mechanisms by which natural genetic variation in heritable host phenotypes can encompass assemblages of organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and many animals including arthropods. Prior studies that focused on plant genotypes have been unable to identify genes controlling community composition, a necessary step to predict ecosystem structure and function as underlying genes shift within plant populations. We surveyed arthropods within an association population of Populus trichocarpa in three common gardens to discover plant genes that contributed to arthropod community composition. We analyzed our surveys with traditional single-trait genome-wide association analysis (GWAS), multitrait GWAS, and functional networks built from a diverse set of plant phenotypes. Plant genotype was influential in structuring arthropod community composition among several garden sites. Candidate genes important for higher level organization of arthropod communities had broadly applicable functions, such as terpenoid biosynthesis and production of dsRNA binding proteins and protein kinases, which may be capable of targeting multiple arthropod species. We have demonstrated the ability to detect, in an uncontrolled environment, individual genes that are associated with the community assemblage of arthropods on a host plant, further enhancing our understanding of genetic mechanisms that impact ecosystem structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J Simon
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Anna Furches
- Biosciences Division and Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Hari Chhetri
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Computational Systems Biology Group, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Luke Evans
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | | | - Piet Jones
- Biosciences Division and Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Gina Wimp
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - David Macaya-Sanz
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Daniel Jacobson
- Biosciences Division and Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Timothy J Tschaplinski
- Biosciences Division and Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Gerald A Tuskan
- Biosciences Division and Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Stephen P DiFazio
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
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Kay T, Siegenthaler G, Kench T, Keller L. 2-Methoxybenzaldehyde effectively repels ants. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 117:24-33. [PMID: 38070195 PMCID: PMC10860152 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Ants can particularly make for harmful pests, infesting human homes and reducing crop yields. The damage caused by ants and the efforts to mitigate the damage are hugely costly. Broad-spectrum insecticides are used most commonly; however, due to their negative side effects, there is increasing interest in nontoxic alternatives. One promising commercially available alternative is 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, which is naturally produced by various arthropods as a means of chemical defense and effectively repels ants. Here we conduct a structure-activity relationship investigation, testing how different chemical modifications alter the repellence of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde. We find that 2-methoxybenzaldehyde is considerably more effective than 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde at repelling the common black garden ant, Lasius niger. We next compare the most effective repellent chemicals against 4 particularly harmful ant species to confirm that the results obtained with L. niger are general to ants and that our results are relevant to mitigate the costs of ant damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Kay
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Timothy Kench
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Laurent Keller
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Schnurrer F, Nakamura Y, Paetz C. A Mechanism to Transform Complex Salicinoids with Caffeoylquinic Acids in Lepidopteran Specialist Herbivores (Notodontidae). J Chem Ecol 2024; 50:71-83. [PMID: 38030933 PMCID: PMC10991022 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01464-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Larvae of the Salicaceae-adapted Notodontidae have developed a unique mechanism to metabolize the chemical defenses of their Salicaceae host plants. Salicinoids and salicortinoids are enzymatically transformed into salicyloyl, benzoyl and mixed salicyloyl-benzoyl quinates. The source of quinates and benzoates was previously unknown. To elucidate the origin of quinate and benzoate in the metabolic end-products, we fed Cerura vinula caterpillars with 13C-labelled poplar defense compounds. Caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs), such as chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid and their methyl esters, were identified as the source of quinates in the caterpillar's metabolism. Benzoyl substituents in the quinate end-products were found to originate from compounds such as tremulacin or trichocarpin. Salicaceae-adapted Notodontidae caterpillars have the ability to overcome their host plant's chemical defense by metabolizing CQAs and salicinoids, both abundant defense compounds in Salicacea plants, by a strategy of transformation and recombination. We believe that our study opens up avenues for understanding salicortinoid biotransformation at the enzymatic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schnurrer
- Department NMR/Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll- Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Yoko Nakamura
- Department NMR/Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll- Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Christian Paetz
- Department NMR/Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll- Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany.
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6
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Sanderson BJ, Gambhir D, Feng G, Hu N, Cronk QC, Percy DM, Freaner FM, Johnson MG, Smart LB, Keefover-Ring K, Yin T, Ma T, DiFazio SP, Liu J, Olson MS. Phylogenomics reveals patterns of ancient hybridization and differential diversification that contribute to phylogenetic conflict in willows, poplars, and close relatives. Syst Biol 2023; 72:1220-1232. [PMID: 37449764 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syad042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the economic, ecological, and scientific importance of the genera Salix L. (willows) and Populus L. (poplars, cottonwoods, and aspens) Salicaceae, we know little about the sources of differences in species diversity between the genera and of the phylogenetic conflict that often confounds estimating phylogenetic trees. Salix subgenera and sections, in particular, have been difficult to classify, with one recent attempt termed a "spectacular failure" due to a speculated radiation of the subgenera Vetrix and Chamaetia. Here, we use targeted sequence capture to understand the evolutionary history of this portion of the Salicaceae plant family. Our phylogenetic hypothesis was based on 787 gene regions and identified extensive phylogenetic conflict among genes. Our analysis supported some previously described subgeneric relationships and confirmed the polyphyly of others. Using an fbranch analysis, we identified several cases of hybridization in deep branches of the phylogeny, which likely contributed to discordance among gene trees. In addition, we identified a rapid increase in diversification rate near the origination of the Vetrix-Chamaetia clade in Salix. This region of the tree coincided with several nodes that lacked strong statistical support, indicating a possible increase in incomplete lineage sorting due to rapid diversification. The extraordinary level of both recent and ancient hybridization in both Salix and Populus have played important roles in the diversification and diversity in these two genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Sanderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506,USA
| | - Diksha Gambhir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA
| | - Guanqiao Feng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA
| | - Nan Hu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA
| | - Quentin C Cronk
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Diana M Percy
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | - Matthew G Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA
| | - Lawrence B Smart
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, New York 14456, USA
| | - Ken Keefover-Ring
- Departments of Botany and Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tongming Yin
- Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Biotechnology of Jiangsu Province and Education Department of China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Stephen P DiFazio
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506,USA
| | - Jianquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, Institute of Innovation Ecology & College of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Matthew S Olson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA
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Qi Y, Gao P, Yang S, Li L, Ke Y, Wei H, Huang F, Yu L. Comparative metabolomics analysis reveals dynamic changes in carbohydrate profiles of corms during the "relay growth" of konjac ( Amorphophallus muelleri). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1259561. [PMID: 37920719 PMCID: PMC10619727 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1259561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The type and content of carbohydrates in konjac corms are an essential factors in determining the quality of konjac; however, the pattern of carbohydrate changes and the mechanism regulating the development of mother and daughter corms in the "relay growth" process of Amorphophallus muelleri remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate changes in corm carbohydrates during the growth cycle of A. muelleri and to compare the carbohydrate composition and the expression of related genes between mother and daughter corms. Integrated metabolome and RNA-seq analyses identified 37 differential metabolites as well as 8074 genes that were differentially expressed between mother and daughter corms, the majority of which were involved in starch and sucrose metabolism. More than 80% of the differential metabolites, including sucrose and starch, tended to accumulate in the mother corms; however, konjac glucomannan (KGM), as one of the most important carbohydrates and its major component of the corm, accumulated in higher amounts in the daughter corms. In addition, the expression of invertase and alpha-amylase that promote the breakdown of sucrose and starch was 351.78- and 15.63-fold higher, respectively, in the daughter corm, whereas that of the starch synthesis gene AkWAXY was only 0.096 times as high as in the mother corms. Furthermore, the level of cellulose synthase-like protein G, which promotes KGM synthesis, was 3.85 times higher in daughter corms compared to mother corms. Thus, we inferred that the daughter and mother corms had two distinct carbohydrate utilization strategies. This study provides insights into temporal changes in carbohydrates during the growth cycle of A. muelleri.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Feiyan Huang
- College of Agronomy, Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Yu
- College of Agronomy, Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming, China
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8
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Liu Y, Ma D, Constabel CP. CRISPR/Cas9 Disruption of MYB134 and MYB115 in Transgenic Poplar Leads to Differential Reduction of Proanthocyanidin Synthesis in Roots and Leaves. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1189-1203. [PMID: 37522631 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are common specialized metabolites and particularly abundant in trees and woody plants. In poplar (Populus spp.), PA biosynthesis is stress-induced and regulated by two previously studied transcription factors MYB115 and MYB134. To determine the relative contribution of these regulators to PA biosynthesis, we created single- and double-knockout (KO) mutants for both genes in transgenic poplars using CRISPR/Cas9. Knocking out either MYB134 or MYB115 showed reduced PA accumulation and downregulated flavonoid genes in leaves, but MYB134 disruption had the greatest impact and reduced PAs to 30% of controls. In roots, by contrast, only the MYB134/MYB115 double-KOs showed a significant change in PA concentration. The loss of PAs paralleled the lower expression of PA biosynthesis genes and concentrations of flavan-3-ol PA precursors catechin and epicatechin. Interestingly, salicinoids were also affected in double-KOs, with distinct patterns in roots and shoots. We conclude that the regulatory pathways for PA biosynthesis differ in poplar leaves and roots. The residual PA content in the double-KO plants indicates that other transcription factors must also be involved in control of the PA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Liu
- Centre for Forest Biology & Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P5C3, Canada
| | - Dawei Ma
- Centre for Forest Biology & Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P5C3, Canada
| | - C Peter Constabel
- Centre for Forest Biology & Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P5C3, Canada
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9
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Yánez-Segovia S, Ramírez CC, Lindroth RL, Fuentes-Contreras E. Resistance against Leucoptera sinuella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) among hybrid clones of Populus spp. in central Chile. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:1662-1670. [PMID: 37441732 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Leucoptera sinuella (Reutti) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) is a leaf miner specialist on Salicaceae recently introduced to Chile and Argentina, where it is causing economic damage to poplar plantations. We report a field survey in a poplar nursery naturally infested showing that regardless of the poplar hybrid taxon, high variability in resistance was observed among clones within families for oviposition and leaf-mining damage. A group of susceptible and resistant hybrid poplar clones was then selected for a laboratory evaluation of oviposition (antixenosis) and leaf-mining damage (antibiosis) on potted, rooted shoot cuttings. The concentration of condensed tannins (CTs) and salicinoid phenolic glucosides (SPGs) of the leaves of the selected clones from the laboratory study was also measured. Total oviposited eggs were positively correlated with leaf area, with the lowest oviposition on TMxT 11372 clone. The lowest percentage of mined leaf area was obtained for clones TMxT 11372, TMxT 11463, and TDxD 17574, but surprisingly no correlation between the percentage of mined leaf area and concentration of CTs and SPGs was found. Resistant poplar hybrids of our study could be suitable for breeding programs aimed for L. sinuella integrated pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Yánez-Segovia
- Centro de Ecología Molecular y Funcional (CEMF), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca, Chile
| | - Claudio C Ramírez
- Centro de Ecología Molecular y Funcional (CEMF), Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca, Chile
| | - Richard L Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 237 Russell Laboratories, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Eduardo Fuentes-Contreras
- Centro de Ecología Molecular y Funcional (CEMF), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca, Chile
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10
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Riehl JFL, Cole CT, Morrow CJ, Barker HL, Bernhardsson C, Rubert‐Nason K, Ingvarsson PK, Lindroth RL. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal polygenic architecture for ecologically important traits in aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.). Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10541. [PMID: 37780087 PMCID: PMC10534199 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraspecific genetic variation in foundation species such as aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) shapes their impact on forest structure and function. Identifying genes underlying ecologically important traits is key to understanding that impact. Previous studies, using single-locus genome-wide association (GWA) analyses to identify candidate genes, have identified fewer genes than anticipated for highly heritable quantitative traits. Mounting evidence suggests that polygenic control of quantitative traits is largely responsible for this "missing heritability" phenomenon. Our research characterized the genetic architecture of 30 ecologically important traits using a common garden of aspen through genomic and transcriptomic analyses. A multilocus association model revealed that most traits displayed a highly polygenic architecture, with most variation explained by loci with small effects (likely below the detection levels of single-locus GWA methods). Consistent with a polygenic architecture, our single-locus GWA analyses found only 38 significant SNPs in 22 genes across 15 traits. Next, we used differential expression analysis on a subset of aspen genets with divergent concentrations of salicinoid phenolic glycosides (key defense traits). This complementary method to traditional GWA discovered 1243 differentially expressed genes for a polygenic trait. Soft clustering analysis revealed three gene clusters (241 candidate genes) involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis and regulation. Our work reveals that ecologically important traits governing higher-order community- and ecosystem-level attributes of a foundation forest tree species have complex underlying genetic structures and will require methods beyond traditional GWA analyses to unravel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clay J. Morrow
- Department of Forest and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Hilary L. Barker
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Present address:
Office of Student SuccessWisconsin Technical College SystemMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Carolina Bernhardsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
- Present address:
Department of Organismal Biology, Center for Evolutionary BiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Kennedy Rubert‐Nason
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Present address:
Division of Natural SciencesUniversity of Maine at Fort KentFort KentMaineUSA
| | - Pär K. Ingvarsson
- Department of Plant BiologySwedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenterUppsalaSweden
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11
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Köhler A, Förster N, Zander M, Ulrichs C. Inter- and intraspecific diversity of Salix bark phenolic profiles - A resource for the pharmaceutical industry. Fitoterapia 2023; 170:105660. [PMID: 37648031 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Due to their content of phenolic compounds, willow bark preparations are used as an herbal remedy. The large diversity of phenolic secondary metabolites in Salix still provides a resource for the identification of bioactive compounds in particular species, including species not yet in focus from a phytopharmaceutical perspective. The present study describes the bark phenolic profile of 13 Salix species analyzed by HPLC-MS: Salix alba, Salix babylonica, Salix daphnoides, Salix fragilis, Salix hastata, Salix myrsinifolia, Salix pentandra, Salix purpurea, Salix repens (including subspecies S. repens ssp. arenaria and S. repens ssp. repens), Salix rosmarinifolia, Salix sachalinensis, Salix triandra and Salix viminalis. The analyzed profiles comprised the chemical groups of salicylates, flavonoids, procyanidins, phenolic acid derivatives, and some unclassified phenolics. Particular compounds were detected in species where they have not been previously reported. Apart from interspecific diversity, qualitative variability within species was observed as certain components were detected only in some of the analyzed genotypes. The knowledge on specific phenolic profiles of species and genotypes is the basis for the selection of suitable willow bark material with certain desired bioactive properties. Furthermore, the high inter- and intraspecific variability points out the necessity for product standardization of willow bark raw material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Köhler
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences, Division Urban Plant Ecophysiology, Lentzeallee 55/57, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Nadja Förster
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences, Division Urban Plant Ecophysiology, Lentzeallee 55/57, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Matthias Zander
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences, Division Urban Plant Ecophysiology, Lentzeallee 55/57, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Christian Ulrichs
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences, Division Urban Plant Ecophysiology, Lentzeallee 55/57, Berlin 14195, Germany.
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Dussarrat T, Schweiger R, Ziaja D, Nguyen TTN, Krause L, Jakobs R, Eilers EJ, Müller C. Influences of chemotype and parental genotype on metabolic fingerprints of tansy plants uncovered by predictive metabolomics. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11645. [PMID: 37468576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38790-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraspecific plant chemodiversity shapes plant-environment interactions. Within species, chemotypes can be defined according to variation in dominant specialised metabolites belonging to certain classes. Different ecological functions could be assigned to these distinct chemotypes. However, the roles of other metabolic variation and the parental origin (or genotype) of the chemotypes remain poorly explored. Here, we first compared the capacity of terpenoid profiles and metabolic fingerprints to distinguish five chemotypes of common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) and depict metabolic differences. Metabolic fingerprints captured higher variation in metabolites while preserving the ability to define chemotypes. These differences might influence plant performance and interactions with the environment. Next, to characterise the influence of the maternal origin on chemodiversity, we performed variation partitioning and generalised linear modelling. Our findings revealed that maternal origin was a higher source of chemical variation than chemotype. Predictive metabolomics unveiled 184 markers predicting maternal origin with 89% accuracy. These markers included, among others, phenolics, whose functions in plant-environment interactions are well established. Hence, these findings place parental genotype at the forefront of intraspecific chemodiversity. We recommend considering this factor when comparing the ecology of various chemotypes. Additionally, the combined inclusion of inherited variation in main terpenoids and other metabolites in computational models may help connect chemodiversity and evolutionary principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dussarrat
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Rabea Schweiger
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dominik Ziaja
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thuan T N Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Liv Krause
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ruth Jakobs
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Elisabeth J Eilers
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
- CTL GmbH Bielefeld, Krackser Straße 12, 33659, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Lindroth RL, Wooley SC, Donaldson JR, Rubert-Nason KF, Morrow CJ, Mock KE. Phenotypic Variation in Phytochemical Defense of Trembling Aspen in Western North America: Genetics, Development, and Geography. J Chem Ecol 2023; 49:235-250. [PMID: 36765024 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01409-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) is arguably the most important deciduous tree species in the Intermountain West of North America. There, as elsewhere in its range, aspen exhibits remarkable genetic variation in observable traits such as morphology and phenology. In contrast to Great Lakes populations, however, relatively little is known about phytochemical variation in western aspen. This survey of phytochemistry in western aspen was undertaken to assess how chemical expression varies among genotypes, cytotypes (diploid vs. triploid), and populations, and in response to development and mammalian browsing. We measured levels of foliar nitrogen, salicinoid phenolic glycosides (SPGs) and condensed tannins (CTs), as those constituents influence organismal interactions and ecosystem processes. Results revealed striking genotypic variation and considerable population variation, but minimal cytotype variation, in phytochemistry of western aspen. Levels of SPGs and nitrogen declined, whereas levels of CTs increased, with tree age. Browsed ramets had much higher levels of SPGs, and lower levels of CTs, than unbrowsed ramets of the same genotype. We then evaluated how composite chemical profiles of western aspen differ from those of Great Lakes aspen (assessed in earlier research). Interestingly, mature western aspen trees maintain much higher levels of SPGs, and lower levels of CTs, than Great Lakes aspen. Phenotypic variation in chemical composition of aspen - a foundation species - in the Intermountain West likely has important consequences for organismal interactions and forest ecosystem dynamics. Moreover, those consequences likely play out over spatial and temporal scales somewhat differently than have been documented for Great Lakes aspen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Stuart C Wooley
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University-Stanislaus, Turlock, CA, 95382, USA
| | - Jack R Donaldson
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- , Orem, UT, USA
| | - Kennedy F Rubert-Nason
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine at Fort Kent, Fort Kent, ME, 04743, USA
| | - Clay J Morrow
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Karen E Mock
- Department of Wildland Resources and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
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Schnurrer F, Paetz C. Reductive Conversion Leads to Detoxification of Salicortin-like Chemical Defenses (Salicortinoids) in Lepidopteran Specialist Herbivores (Notodontidae). J Chem Ecol 2023; 49:251-261. [PMID: 37191771 PMCID: PMC10495269 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Lepidopteran specialist herbivores of the Notodontidae family have adapted to thrive on poplar and willow species (Salicaceae). Previous research showed that Cerura vinula, a member of the Notodontidae family occurring throughout Europe and Asia, uses a unique mechanism to transform salicortinoids, the host plant's defense compounds, into quinic acid-salicylate conjugates. However, how the production of this conjugates relates to the detoxification of salicortinoids and how this transformation proceeds mechanistically have remained unknown. To find the mechanisms, we conducted gut homogenate incubation experiments with C. vinula and re-examined its metabolism by analyzing the constituents of its frass. To estimate the contribution of spontaneous degradation, we examined the chemical stability of salicortinoids and found that salicortinoids were degraded very quickly by midgut homogenates and that spontaneous degradation plays only a marginal role in the metabolism. We learned how salicortinoids are transformed into salicylate after we discovered reductively transformed derivatives, which were revealed to play key roles in the metabolism. Unless they have undergone the process of reduction, salicortinoids produce toxic catechol. We also studied constituents in the frass of the Notodontidae species Cerura erminea, Clostera anachoreta, Furcula furcula, Notodonta ziczac, and Pheosia tremula, and found the same metabolites as those described for C. vinula. We conclude that the process whereby salicortinoids are reductively transformed represents an important adaption of the Notodontidae to their Salicaceae host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schnurrer
- Department NMR/Biosynthesis, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Paetz
- Department NMR/Biosynthesis, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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Mezzomo P, Weinhold A, Aurová K, Jorge LR, Kozel P, Michálek J, Nováková N, Seifert CL, Volfová T, Engström M, Salminen J, Sedio BE, Volf M. Leaf volatile and nonvolatile metabolites show different levels of specificity in response to herbivory. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10123. [PMID: 37255847 PMCID: PMC10225982 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants produce diverse chemical defenses with contrasting effects on different insect herbivores. Deploying herbivore-specific responses can help plants increase their defensive efficiency. Here, we explore how variation in induced plant responses correlates with herbivore species, order, feeding guild, and level of specialization. In a greenhouse experiment, we exposed 149 plants of Salix fragilis (Linnaeus, 1753) to 22 herbivore species naturally associated with this host. The insects belonged to four orders (Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Hymenoptera), three feeding guilds (external leaf-chewers, leaf-tying chewers, and sap-sucking), and included both dietary specialists and generalists. Following herbivory, we quantified induced changes in volatiles and nonvolatile leaf metabolites. We performed multivariate analyses to assess the correlation between herbivore order, feeding guild, dietary specialization, chewing damage by herbivores, and induced responses. The volatile composition was best explained by chewing damage and insect order, with Coleoptera and Lepidoptera eliciting significantly different responses. Furthermore, we recorded significant differences in elicited volatiles among some species within the two orders. Variation in nonvolatile leaf metabolites was mainly explained by the presence of insects, as plants exposed to herbivores showed significantly different metabolites from controls. Herbivore order also played a role to some extent, with beetles eliciting different responses than other herbivores. The induction of volatile and nonvolatile leaf metabolites shows different levels of specificity. The specificity in volatiles could potentially serve as an important cue to specialized predators or parasitoids, increasing the efficacy of volatiles as indirect defenses. By contrast, the induction of nonvolatile leaf metabolites was largely unaffected by herbivore identity. Most nonvolatile metabolites were downregulated, possibly indicating that plants redirected their resources from leaves in response to herbivory. Our results demonstrate how diverse responses to herbivores can contribute to the diversity of plant defensive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Mezzomo
- Biology Centre CASInstitute of EntomologyCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of BiodiversityUniversity of JenaJenaGermany
| | - Klára Aurová
- Biology Centre CASInstitute of EntomologyCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Leonardo R. Jorge
- Biology Centre CASInstitute of EntomologyCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Petr Kozel
- Biology Centre CASInstitute of EntomologyCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Jan Michálek
- Centre Algatech CASInstitute of MicrobiologyTřeboňCzech Republic
- Biology Centre CASInstitute of ParasitologyCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Nela Nováková
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Carlo L. Seifert
- Department of Forest Nature Conservation, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest EcologyGeorg‐August‐University GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Tereza Volfová
- Biology Centre CASInstitute of EntomologyCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | | | | | - Brian E. Sedio
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteBalboa, AncónRepublic of Panama
| | - Martin Volf
- Biology Centre CASInstitute of EntomologyCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
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16
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Lyu F, Hai X, Wang Z. A Review of the Host Plant Location and Recognition Mechanisms of Asian Longhorn Beetle. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14030292. [PMID: 36975977 PMCID: PMC10054519 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Asian longhorn beetle (ALB), Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky, is a polyphagous xylophage with dozens of reported host tree species. However, the mechanisms by which individuals locate and recognize host plants are still unknown. We summarize the current knowledge of the host plant list, host kairomones, odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and microbial symbionts of this beetle and their practical applications, and finally discuss the host localization and recognition mechanisms. A total of 209 species (or cultivars) were reported as ALB host plants, including 101 species of higher sensitivity; host kairomones were preferentially bound to ALB recombinant OBPs, including cis-3-hexen-1-ol, δ-3-carene, nonanal, linalool, and β-caryophyllene. In addition, microbial symbionts may help ALB degrade their host. Complementarity of tree species with different levels of resistance may reduce damage, but trapping effectiveness for adults was limited using a combination of host kairomones and sex pheromones in the field. Therefore, we discuss host location behavior from a new perspective and show that multiple cues are used by ALB to locate and recognize host plants. Further research into host resistance mechanisms and visual signal recognition, and the interaction of sex pheromone synthesis, symbiont microbiota, and host plants may help reveal the host recognition mechanisms of ALBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lyu
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (Z.W.); Tel.: +86-03127520216 (F.L.)
| | | | - Zhigang Wang
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (Z.W.); Tel.: +86-03127520216 (F.L.)
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17
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Landau SY, Glasser TA, Zachut M, Klein JD, Deutch-Traubman T, Voet H, Kra G, Davidovich-Rikanati R. Milking performance and plant specialized metabolites in the milk of goats fed silage from willow (Salix acmophylla) irrigated with saline water. Livest Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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18
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Hillabrand RM, Gordon H, Hynes B, Constabel CP, Landhäusser SM. Populus root salicinoid phenolic glycosides are not mobilized to support metabolism and regrowth under carbon limited conditions. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023:tpad020. [PMID: 36809479 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Remobilization of carbon storage compounds in trees is crucial for the resilience to disturbances, stress, and the requirements of their perennial lifestyle, all of which can impact photosynthetic carbon gain. Trees contain abundant non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in the form of starch and sugars for long term carbon storage, yet questions remain about the ability of trees to remobilize non-conventional carbon compounds under stress. Aspens, like other members of the genus Populus, have abundant specialized metabolites called salicinoid phenolic glycosides, which contain a core glucose moiety. In this study, we hypothesized that the glucose-containing salicinoids could be remobilized as an additional carbon source during severe carbon limitation. We made use of genetically modified hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x P. alba) with minimal salicinoid content and compared these to control plants with high salicinoid content during resprouting (suckering) in dark (carbon limited) conditions. As salicinoids are abundant anti-herbivore compounds, identification of such a secondary function for salicinoids may provide insight to the evolutionary pressures that drive their accumulation. Our results show that salicinoid biosynthesis is maintained during carbon limitation and suggests that salicinoids are not remobilized as a carbon source for regenerating shoot tissue. However, we found that salicinoid-producing aspens had reduced resprouting capacity per available root biomass when compared to salicinoid-deficient aspens. Therefore, our work shows that the constitutive salicinoid production in aspens can reduce the capacity for resprouting and survival in carbon limited conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Hillabrand
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 ESB, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - H Gordon
- Centre for Forest Biology & Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, V8P 5C2, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - B Hynes
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 ESB, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - C P Constabel
- Centre for Forest Biology & Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, V8P 5C2, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - S M Landhäusser
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 ESB, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
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Dávila C, Fiorenza JE, Gershenzon J, Reichelt M, Zavala JA, Fernández PC. Sawfly egg deposition extends the insect life cycle and alters hormone and volatile emission profiles. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1084063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionInsect oviposition can enhance plant defenses and decrease plant quality in response to future feeding damage by hatched larvae. Induced resistance triggered by egg deposition and its negative effect on insect herbivore performance is known for several annual plants but has been much less studied in woody perennials, such as species of the Salicaceae. Here we studied the response of the willow Salix babylonica to oviposition by the specialist willow sawfly Nematus oligospilus and its impact on insect performance.MethodsWe measured the effect of oviposition on larval feeding and pupa formation and evaluated its influence on plant phytohormones and volatile emission profile.ResultsWe showed that oviposition reduced neonate larval growth and increased the proportion of prepupae that delayed their transition to pupae, thus extending the length of the sawfly cocoon phase. Oviposited willows increased jasmonic acid levels and changed their volatile profile through enhanced concentrations of the terpenoids, (E/E)-α-farnesene, (Z)- and (E)-β-ocimene. Volatile profiles were characteristic for each type of insect damage (oviposition vs. feeding), but no priming effect was found.DiscussionWe demonstrated that willows could perceive sawfly oviposition per se as a primary factor activating defense signaling via the jasmonic acid pathway. This induced response ultimately determined changes in pupation dynamics that may affect the whole insect population cycle.
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20
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Dahal S, Hurst GB, Chourey K, Engle NL, Burdick LH, Morrell-Falvey JL, Tschaplinski TJ, Doktycz MJ, Pelletier DA. Mechanism for Utilization of the Populus-Derived Metabolite Salicin by a Pseudomonas- Rahnella Co-Culture. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020140. [PMID: 36837758 PMCID: PMC9959693 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas fluorescens GM16 associates with Populus, a model plant in biofuel production. Populus releases abundant phenolic glycosides such as salicin, but P. fluorescens GM16 cannot utilize salicin, whereas Pseudomonas strains are known to utilize compounds similar to the aglycone moiety of salicin-salicyl alcohol. We propose that the association of Pseudomonas to Populus is mediated by another organism (such as Rahnella aquatilis OV744) that degrades the glucosyl group of salicin. In this study, we demonstrate that in the Rahnella-Pseudomonas salicin co-culture model, Rahnella grows by degrading salicin to glucose 6-phosphate and salicyl alcohol which is secreted out and is subsequently utilized by P. fluorescens GM16 for its growth. Using various quantitative approaches, we elucidate the individual pathways for salicin and salicyl alcohol metabolism present in Rahnella and Pseudomonas, respectively. Furthermore, we were able to establish that the salicyl alcohol cross-feeding interaction between the two strains on salicin medium is carried out through the combination of their respective individual pathways. The research presents one of the potential advantages of salicyl alcohol release by strains such as Rahnella, and how phenolic glycosides could be involved in attracting multiple types of bacteria into the Populus microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Dahal
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
- Genome Science and Technology Program, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Gregory B. Hurst
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Karuna Chourey
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Nancy L. Engle
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Leah H. Burdick
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | | | | | - Mitchel J. Doktycz
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Dale A. Pelletier
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
- Correspondence:
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21
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Mottiar Y, Karlen SD, Goacher RE, Ralph J, Mansfield SD. Metabolic engineering of p-hydroxybenzoate in poplar lignin. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:176-188. [PMID: 36161690 PMCID: PMC9829402 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ester-linked p-hydroxybenzoate occurs naturally in poplar lignin as pendent groups that can be released by mild alkaline hydrolysis. These 'clip-off' phenolics can be separated from biomass and upgraded into diverse high-value bioproducts. We introduced a bacterial chorismate pyruvate lyase gene into transgenic poplar trees with the aim of producing more p-hydroxybenzoate from chorismate, itself a metabolic precursor to lignin. By driving heterologous expression specifically in the plastids of cells undergoing secondary wall formation, this strategy achieved a 50% increase in cell-wall-bound p-hydroxybenzoate in mature wood and nearly 10 times more in developing xylem relative to control trees. Comparable amounts also remained as soluble p-hydroxybenzoate-containing xylem metabolites, pointing to even greater engineering potential. Mass spectrometry imaging showed that the elevated p-hydroxybenzoylation was largely restricted to the cell walls of fibres. Finally, transgenic lines outperformed control trees in assays of saccharification potential. This study highlights the biotech potential of cell-wall-bound phenolate esters and demonstrates the importance of substrate supply in lignin engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaseen Mottiar
- Department of Wood ScienceUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMadisonWIUSA
| | - Steven D. Karlen
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMadisonWIUSA
| | - Robyn E. Goacher
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and PhysicsNiagara UniversityNorth TonawandaNYUSA
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMadisonWIUSA
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
| | - Shawn D. Mansfield
- Department of Wood ScienceUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMadisonWIUSA
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
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22
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Cornelissen JHC, Cornwell WK, Freschet GT, Weedon JT, Berg MP, Zanne AE. Coevolutionary legacies for plant decomposition. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:44-54. [PMID: 35945074 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Coevolution has driven speciation and evolutionary novelty in functional traits across the Tree of Life. Classic coevolutionary syndromes such as plant-pollinator, plant-herbivore, and host-parasite have focused strongly on the fitness consequences during the lifetime of the interacting partners. Less is known about the consequences of coevolved traits for ecosystem-level processes, in particular their 'afterlife' legacies for litter decomposition, nutrient cycling, and the functional ecology of decomposers. We review the mechanisms by which traits resulting from coevolution between plants and their consumers, microbial symbionts, or humans, and between microbial decomposers and invertebrates, drive plant litter decomposition pathways and rates. This supports the idea that much of current global variation in the decomposition of plant material is a legacy of coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hans C Cornelissen
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Systems Ecology Section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - William K Cornwell
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Grégoire T Freschet
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Moulis, France
| | - James T Weedon
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Systems Ecology Section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matty P Berg
- A-LIFE, Ecology and Evolution Section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Community and Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amy E Zanne
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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23
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Hamdan DI, Tawfeek N, El-Shiekh RA, Khalil HMA, Mahmoud MY, Bakr AF, Zaafar D, Farrag N, Wink M, El-Shazly AM. Salix subserrata Bark Extract-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Attenuate Neurotoxicity Induced by Sodium Arsenate in Rats in Relation with HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS Profile. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 24:15. [PMID: 36522541 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollution is a worldwide environmental risk. Arsenic (As) is an environmental pollutant with a major health concern due to its toxic effects on multiple body organs, including the brain. Humans are exposed to As through eating contaminated food and water or via skin contact. Salix species (willow) are plants with medicinal efficacy. Salix subserrata Willd bark extract-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (SBE.CNPs) was formulated, characterized, and evaluated against As-induced neurotoxicity. The stem bark was selected for nanoparticle formulation based on HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS profiling and in vitro antioxidant assessment using free radical scavenging activity. SBE.CNPs demonstrated an average un-hydrated diameter of 193.4 ± 24.5 nm and zeta potential of + 39.6 ± 0.4 mV with an encapsulation efficiency of 83.7 ± 4.3%. Compared to As-intoxicated rats, SBE.CNP-treated rats exhibited anxiolytic activity and memory-boosting as evidenced in open field test, light-dark activity box, and Y-maze. Also, it increased the antioxidant biomarkers, including superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase associated with reducing the malondialdehyde levels and apoptotic activity. Besides this, SBE.CNPs maintained the brain architecture and downregulated both nuclear factor-kappa B and heme oxygenase-1 expression. These results suggest that SBE.CNP administration showed promising potent neuroprotective and antioxidative efficiencies against arsenic-induced oxidative threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daila I Hamdan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shibin Elkom, 32511, Egypt.
| | - Nora Tawfeek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Riham A El-Shiekh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini st., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Heba M A Khalil
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Y Mahmoud
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alaa F Bakr
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Dalia Zaafar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Information and Technology, El Mokattam, Egypt
| | - Nawaal Farrag
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Assem Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.,Faculty of Pharmacy, El Saleheya El Gadida University, 44813 El Saleheya El Gadida, El Saleheya, Egypt
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24
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Fang Y, Jiang Z, Li L, Li J, He J, Liu S, Wu Y, Cui L, Huang X. Response of tropical seagrass palatability based on nutritional quality, chemical deterrents and physical defence to ammonium stress and its subsequent effect on herbivory. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 182:105785. [PMID: 36308799 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Seagrass-herbivore interactions play a principal role in regulating the structure and function of coastal food webs, which were affected by nutrient enrichment. Seawater nutrient enrichment might change seagrass palatability by altering seagrass physical and chemical traits, consequently modulating herbivory patterns, but this remains elusive. In this study, the dominant tropical seagrass Thalassia hemprichii was cultured in different ammonium concentrations to examine the response of seagrass nutritional quality, deterrent secondary metabolites, and leaf toughness, as well as the subsequent effect of the changed physical (e.g., leaf toughness) and chemical traits (e.g., nitrogen content; total phenol) on the grazing activity of the herbivorous snail Cerithidea rhizophorarum. Ammonium enrichment enhanced seagrass nutritional quality and decreased physical defence. Low ammonium enrichment increased total phenol content, while high ammonium enrichment reduced it. Both low and high ammonium enrichment enhanced the grazing intensity of C. rhizophorarum on seagrass. Interestingly, nutritional quality mostly determined the herbivory preference of C. rhizophorarum on the intact seagrass having physical structure, with a chemical deterrent (total phenol) playing a secondary role. In contrast, chemical deterrent mainly determined the grazing intensity on agar seagrass food which was made artificially to exclude physical structure. This indicated that seagrass leaf physical structure might hinder phenol compounds from deterring herbivores. Overall, the results presented here demonstrate that ammonium enrichment remarkably increased seagrass palatability and subsequently induced higher susceptibility to herbivory, which might induce seagrass loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Zhijian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458, PR China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Sanya National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, 572000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Oceanology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, 572000, PR China.
| | - Linglan Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Jinlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Jialu He
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Marine Development Planning and Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510220, PR China
| | - Songlin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458, PR China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; Sanya National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, 572000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Oceanology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, 572000, PR China
| | - Yunchao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458, PR China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; Sanya National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, 572000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Oceanology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, 572000, PR China
| | - Lijun Cui
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458, PR China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Sanya National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, 572000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Oceanology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, 572000, PR China.
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25
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Muklada H, Schwartz A, Davidovich-Rikanati R, Klein JD, Deutch-Traubman T, Voet H, Lewinsohn E, Landau SY. Effect of water quality on the biomass production, nutritional value, and contents of secondary compounds of three genotypes of willow (Salix acmophylla Boiss.) grown for fodder. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Keefover-Ring K, Carlson CH, Hyden B, Azeem M, Smart LB. Genetic mapping of sexually dimorphic volatile and non-volatile floral secondary chemistry of a dioecious willow. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6352-6366. [PMID: 35710312 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Secondary chemistry often differs between sexes in dioecious plant species, a pattern attributed to its possible role in the evolution and/or maintenance of dioecy. We used GC-MS to measure floral volatiles emitted from, and LC-MS to quantitate non-volatile secondary compounds contained in, female and male Salix purpurea willow catkins from an F2 family. Using the abundance of these chemicals, we then performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping to locate them on the genome, identified biosynthetic candidate genes in the QTL intervals, and examined expression patterns of candidate genes using RNA-seq. Male flowers emitted more total terpenoids than females, but females produced more benzenoids. Male tissue contained greater amounts of phenolic glycosides, but females had more chalcones and flavonoids. A flavonoid pigment and a spermidine derivative were found only in males. Male catkins were almost twice the mass of females. Forty-two QTL were mapped for 25 chemical traits and catkin mass across 16 of the 19 S. purpurea chromosomes. Several candidate genes were identified, including a chalcone isomerase associated with seven compounds. A better understanding of the genetic basis of the sexually dimorphic chemistry of a dioecious species may shed light on how chemically mediated ecological interactions may have helped in the evolution and maintenance of dioecy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Keefover-Ring
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Craig H Carlson
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - Brennan Hyden
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - Muhammad Azeem
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Lawrence B Smart
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY, USA
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27
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Yeram PB, Kulkarni YA. Glycosides and Vascular Complications of Diabetes. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200067. [PMID: 36181446 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is linked with various microvascular and macrovascular complications. Nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy are important microvascular complications of diabetes. Different types of secondary metabolites including glycosides have been studied for their effects in diabetic complications. Various glycosides such as flavanoid glycosides and saponin glycosides are reported for their beneficial effects in diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy and cardiomyopathy by action on various pathways involved in the progression of these complications. Coumarin glycosides and cryanogenic glycosides have been studied for their effective role in diabetic nephropathy. Phenolic glycosides and anthraquinone glycosides also have beneficial role in diabetic neuropathy. The present review focuses on various classes of glycosides and their role in the prevention and treatment of vascular complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranali B Yeram
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400 056, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400 056, India
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28
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Zhang M, Liu C, Xi D, Bi H, Cui Z, Zhuang Y, Yin H, Liu T. Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for High-Level Production of Salicin. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:33147-33155. [PMID: 36157746 PMCID: PMC9494424 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Salicin is a notable phenolic glycoside derived from plants including Salix and Populus genus and has multiple biological activities such as anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic, anticancer, and antiaging effects. In this work, we engineered production of salicin from cheap renewable carbon resources in Escherichia coli (E. coli) by extending the shikimate pathway. We first investigated enzymes synthesizing salicylate from chorismate. Subsequently, carboxylic acid reductases (CARs) from different resources were screened to achieve efficient reduction of salicylate. Third, glucosyltransferases from different sources were selected for constructing cell factories of salicin. The enzymes including salicylate synthase AmS from Amycolatopsis methanolica, carboxylic acid reductase CARse from Segniliparus rotundus, and glucosyltransferase UGT71L1 from Populous trichocarpa were overexpressed in a modified E. coli strain MG1655-U7. The engineered strain produced 912.3 ± 12.7 mg/L salicin in 72 h of fermentation. These results demonstrated the production of salicin in a microorganism and laid significant foundation for its commercialization for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Zhang
- University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Tianjin
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key
Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National
Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Tianjin
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key
Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National
Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Daoyi Xi
- Tianjin
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key
Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National
Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Huiping Bi
- Tianjin
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key
Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National
Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Zhanzhao Cui
- Tianjin
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key
Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National
Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yibin Zhuang
- Tianjin
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key
Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National
Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Tianjin
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key
Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National
Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Tianjin
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key
Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National
Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
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29
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Eisenring M, Best RJ, Zierden MR, Cooper HF, Norstrem MA, Whitham TG, Grady K, Allan GJ, Lindroth RL. Genetic divergence along a climate gradient shapes chemical plasticity of a foundation tree species to both changing climate and herbivore damage. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:4684-4700. [PMID: 35596651 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is threatening the persistence of many tree species via independent and interactive effects on abiotic and biotic conditions. In addition, changes in temperature, precipitation, and insect attacks can alter the traits of these trees, disrupting communities and ecosystems. For foundation species such as Populus, phytochemical traits are key mechanisms linking trees with their environment and are likely jointly determined by interactive effects of genetic divergence and variable environments throughout their geographic range. Using reciprocal Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) common gardens along a steep climatic gradient, we explored how environment (garden climate and simulated herbivore damage) and genetics (tree provenance and genotype) affect both foliar chemical traits and the plasticity of these traits. We found that (1) Constitutive and plastic chemical responses to changes in garden climate and damage varied among defense compounds, structural compounds, and leaf nitrogen. (2) For both defense and structural compounds, plastic responses to different garden climates depended on the climate in which a population or genotype originated. Specifically, trees originating from cool provenances showed higher defense plasticity in response to climate changes than trees from warmer provenances. (3) Trees from cool provenances growing in cool garden conditions expressed the lowest constitutive defense levels but the strongest induced (plastic) defenses in response to damage. (4) The combination of hot garden conditions and simulated herbivory switched the strategy used by these genotypes, increasing constitutive defenses but erasing the capacity for induction after damage. Because Fremont cottonwood chemistry plays a major role in shaping riparian communities and ecosystems, the effects of changes in phytochemical traits can be wide reaching. As the southwestern US is confronted with warming temperatures and insect outbreaks, these results improve our capacity to predict ecosystem consequences of climate change and inform selection of tree genotypes for conservation and restoration purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eisenring
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Forest Entomology, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca J Best
- School of Earth and Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Mark R Zierden
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hillary F Cooper
- Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Madelyn A Norstrem
- School of Earth and Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Thomas G Whitham
- Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Kevin Grady
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Gerard J Allan
- Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Richard L Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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30
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Gordon H, Fellenberg C, Lackus ND, Archinuk F, Sproule A, Nakamura Y, K�llner TG, Gershenzon J, Overy DP, Constabel CP. CRISPR/Cas9 disruption of UGT71L1 in poplar connects salicinoid and salicylic acid metabolism and alters growth and morphology. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2925-2947. [PMID: 35532172 PMCID: PMC9338807 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Salicinoids are salicyl alcohol-containing phenolic glycosides with strong antiherbivore effects found only in poplars and willows. Their biosynthesis is poorly understood, but recently a UDP-dependent glycosyltransferase, UGT71L1, was shown to be required for salicinoid biosynthesis in poplar tissue cultures. UGT71L1 specifically glycosylates salicyl benzoate, a proposed salicinoid intermediate. Here, we analyzed transgenic CRISPR/Cas9-generated UGT71L1 knockout plants. Metabolomic analyses revealed substantial reductions in the major salicinoids, confirming the central role of the enzyme in salicinoid biosynthesis. Correspondingly, UGT71L1 knockouts were preferred to wild-type by white-marked tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma) larvae in bioassays. Greenhouse-grown knockout plants showed substantial growth alterations, with decreased internode length and smaller serrated leaves. Reinserting a functional UGT71L1 gene in a transgenic rescue experiment demonstrated that these effects were due only to the loss of UGT71L1. The knockouts contained elevated salicylate (SA) and jasmonate (JA) concentrations, and also had enhanced expression of SA- and JA-related genes. SA is predicted to be released by UGT71L1 disruption, if salicyl salicylate is a pathway intermediate and UGT71L1 substrate. This idea was supported by showing that salicyl salicylate can be glucosylated by recombinant UGT71L1, providing a potential link of salicinoid metabolism to SA and growth impacts. Connecting this pathway with growth could imply that salicinoids are under additional evolutionary constraints beyond selective pressure by herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harley Gordon
- Department of Biology, Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Christin Fellenberg
- Department of Biology, Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Nathalie D Lackus
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Finn Archinuk
- Department of Biology, Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Amanda Sproule
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Yoko Nakamura
- Department of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Tobias G K�llner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - David P Overy
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
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31
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Kasper K, Abreu IN, Feussner K, Zienkiewicz K, Herrfurth C, Ischebeck T, Janz D, Majcherczyk A, Schmitt K, Valerius O, Braus GH, Feussner I, Polle A. Multi-omics analysis of xylem sap uncovers dynamic modulation of poplar defenses by ammonium and nitrate. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:282-303. [PMID: 35535561 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Xylem sap is the major transport route for nutrients from roots to shoots. In the present study, we investigated how variations in nitrogen (N) nutrition affected the metabolome and proteome of xylem sap and the growth of the xylem endophyte Brennaria salicis, and we also report transcriptional re-wiring of leaf defenses in poplar (Populus × canescens). We supplied poplars with high, intermediate or low concentrations of ammonium or nitrate. We identified 288 unique proteins in xylem sap. Approximately 85% of the xylem sap proteins were shared among ammonium- and nitrate-supplied plants. The number of proteins increased with increasing N supply but the major functional categories (catabolic processes, cell wall-related enzymes, defense) were unaffected. Ammonium nutrition caused higher abundances of amino acids and carbohydrates, whereas nitrate caused higher malate levels in xylem sap. Pipecolic acid and N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid increased, whereas salicylic acid and jasmonoyl-isoleucine decreased, with increasing N nutrition. Untargeted metabolome analyses revealed 2179 features in xylem sap, of which 863 were differentially affected by N treatments. We identified 124 metabolites, mainly from specialized metabolism of the groups of salicinoids, phenylpropanoids, phenolics, flavonoids, and benzoates. Their abundances increased with decreasing N, except coumarins. Brennaria salicis growth was reduced in nutrient-supplemented xylem sap of low- and high- NO3- -fed plants compared to that of NH4+ -fed plants. The drastic changes in xylem sap composition caused massive changes in the transcriptional landscape of leaves and recruited defenses related to systemic acquired and induced systemic resistance. Our study uncovers unexpected complexity and variability of xylem composition with consequences for plant defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Kasper
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Ilka N Abreu
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Kirstin Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Dennis Janz
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Andrzej Majcherczyk
- Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schmitt
- Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 8, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Proteomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 8, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Oliver Valerius
- Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 8, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Proteomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 8, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 8, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Proteomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 8, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
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Mazurek S, Włodarczyk M, Pielorz S, Okińczyc P, Kuś PM, Długosz G, Vidal-Yañez D, Szostak R. Quantification of Salicylates and Flavonoids in Poplar Bark and Leaves Based on IR, NIR, and Raman Spectra. Molecules 2022; 27:3954. [PMID: 35745076 PMCID: PMC9229158 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Poplar bark and leaves can be an attractive source of salicylates and other biologically active compounds used in medicine. However, the biochemical variability of poplar material requires a standardization prior to processing. The official analytical protocols used in the pharmaceutical industry rely on the extraction of active compounds, which makes their determination long and costly. An analysis of plant materials in their native state can be performed using vibrational spectroscopy. This paper presents for the first time a comparison of diffuse reflectance in the near- and mid-infrared regions, attenuated total reflection, and Raman spectroscopy used for the simultaneous determination of salicylates and flavonoids in poplar bark and leaves. Based on 185 spectra of various poplar species and hybrid powdered samples, partial least squares regression models, characterized by the relative standard errors of prediction in the 4.5-9.9% range for both calibration and validation sets, were developed. These models allow for fast and precise quantification of the studied active compounds in poplar bark and leaves without any chemical sample treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwester Mazurek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (S.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Maciej Włodarczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 211a Borowska, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (P.O.); (P.M.K.); (G.D.); (D.V.-Y.)
| | - Sonia Pielorz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (S.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Piotr Okińczyc
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 211a Borowska, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (P.O.); (P.M.K.); (G.D.); (D.V.-Y.)
| | - Piotr M. Kuś
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 211a Borowska, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (P.O.); (P.M.K.); (G.D.); (D.V.-Y.)
| | - Gabriela Długosz
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 211a Borowska, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (P.O.); (P.M.K.); (G.D.); (D.V.-Y.)
| | - Diana Vidal-Yañez
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 211a Borowska, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (P.O.); (P.M.K.); (G.D.); (D.V.-Y.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08014 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roman Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (S.P.); (R.S.)
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Morrow CJ, Jaeger SJ, Lindroth RL. Intraspecific variation in plant economic traits predicts trembling aspen resistance to a generalist insect herbivore. Oecologia 2022; 199:119-128. [PMID: 35449362 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Patterns of trait expression within some plant species have recently been shown to align with the leaf economics spectrum paradigm. Resistance to herbivores is also expected to covary with leaf economics traits. We selected 36 mature Populus tremuloides genotypes in a common garden to assess whether aspen leaf economics patterns follow those observed among species globally. We also evaluated leaf economics strategies in the context of insect resistance by conducting bioassays to determine the effects of plant traits on preference and performance of Lymantria dispar. We found that: (1) intraspecific trait patterns of P. tremuloides parallel those exhibited by the interspecific leaf economics spectrum, (2) herbivores preferred leaves from genotypes with resource-acquisitive strategies, and (3) herbivores also performed best on genotypes with resource-acquisitive strategies. We conclude that a leaf economics spectrum that incorporates defense traits is a useful tool for explaining intraspecific patterns of variation in plant strategies, including resistance to herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clay J Morrow
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 226 Russell Laboratories, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Samuel J Jaeger
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 237 Russell Laboratories, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- CEMML, Colorado State University, 200 W. Lake ST, 1490 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Richard L Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 237 Russell Laboratories, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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DeRose RJ, Gardner RS, Lindroth RL, Mock KE. Polyploidy and growth-defense tradeoffs in natural populations of western quaking Aspen. J Chem Ecol 2022; 48:431-440. [PMID: 35416535 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-022-01355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyploidy, the expression of more than two sets of chromosomes, is common in plants, and is thought to influence plant trait expression and drive plant species evolution. The degree to which polyploidy influences interactions among physiological processes such as growth and defense in natural populations through its effect on phenotypic variability is poorly understood. We link broad plant genotypic features (including polyploidy) to phenotypic expression of growth and chemical defense in natural populations of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) to examine patterns in resource allocation that might drive growth-defense tradeoffs. Quaking aspen are capable of rapid growth, and are also a primary food plant for a large range of herbivores, including insects and ungulates. While often diploid, aspen can exhibit polyploidy as triploid clones. We tested for the effect of genotype, cytotype (ploidy level, divided between diploids and triploids), and ramet age on relationships between growth and leaf chemistry across natural aspen clones in northern Utah. Substantial genotype variability in growth and leaf chemistry occurred across both cytotypes. Phenolic glycosides, but not condensed tannins, were negatively related to growth. Ramet age was also negatively related to growth. Phenolic glycosides were negatively related to condensed tannins, but only for the diploid clones. Triploid clones exhibited ~ 20% higher levels of phenolic glycosides than diploids. Growth in quaking aspen was likely sacrificed for the production of phenolic glycosides. Our study underscores the importance of considering polyploidy, genetic variability, and ramet age in understanding growth-defense tradeoffs in natural populations of clonal organisms, such as quaking aspen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Justin DeRose
- Department of Wildland Resources and Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5230, Old Main, USA.
| | - Richard S Gardner
- Department of Wildland Resources and Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5230, Old Main, USA.,USDA Forest Service, Umatilla National Forest, 72510 Coyote Road, 97801, Pendleton, OR, USA
| | - Richard L Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Karen E Mock
- Department of Wildland Resources and Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5230, Old Main, USA
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Sivaprakasam Padmanaban PB, Rosenkranz M, Zhu P, Kaling M, Schmidt A, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Polle A, Schnitzler JP. Mycorrhiza-Tree-Herbivore Interactions: Alterations in Poplar Metabolome and Volatilome. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12020093. [PMID: 35208168 PMCID: PMC8880370 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are continuously interacting with other organisms to optimize their performance in a changing environment. Mycorrhization is known to affect the plant growth and nutrient status, but it also can lead to adjusted plant defense and alter interactions with other trophic levels. Here, we studied the effect of Laccaria bicolor-mycorrhization on the poplar (Populus x canescens) metabolome and volatilome on trees with and without a poplar leaf beetle (Chrysomela populi) infestation. We analyzed the leaf and root metabolomes employing liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, and the leaf volatilome employing headspace sorptive extraction combined with gas-chromatography–mass spectrometry. Mycorrhization caused distinct metabolic adjustments in roots, young/infested leaves and old/not directly infested leaves. Mycorrhization adjusted the lipid composition, the abundance of peptides and, especially upon herbivory, the level of various phenolic compounds. The greatest change in leaf volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions occurred four to eight days following the beetle infestation. Together, these results prove that mycorrhization affects the whole plant metabolome and may influence poplar aboveground interactions. The herbivores and the mycorrhizal fungi interact with each other indirectly through a common host plant, a result that emphasizes the importance of community approach in chemical ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasath Balaji Sivaprakasam Padmanaban
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (P.B.S.P.); (P.Z.); (M.K.)
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (P.B.S.P.); (P.Z.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (J.-P.S.); Tel.: +49-89-3187-4469 (M.R.); +49-89-3187-2413 (J.-P.S.)
| | - Peiyuan Zhu
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (P.B.S.P.); (P.Z.); (M.K.)
| | - Moritz Kaling
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (P.B.S.P.); (P.Z.); (M.K.)
| | - Anna Schmidt
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (P.B.S.P.); (P.Z.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (J.-P.S.); Tel.: +49-89-3187-4469 (M.R.); +49-89-3187-2413 (J.-P.S.)
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Tienaho J, Reshamwala D, Sarjala T, Kilpeläinen P, Liimatainen J, Dou J, Viherä-Aarnio A, Linnakoski R, Marjomäki V, Jyske T. Salix spp. Bark Hot Water Extracts Show Antiviral, Antibacterial, and Antioxidant Activities-The Bioactive Properties of 16 Clones. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:797939. [PMID: 34976988 PMCID: PMC8716786 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.797939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies have shown that the bark of Salix L. species (Salicaceae family) is rich in extractives, such as diverse bioactive phenolic compounds. However, we lack knowledge on the bioactive properties of the bark of willow species and clones adapted to the harsh climate conditions of the cool temperate zone. Therefore, the present study aimed to obtain information on the functional profiles of northern willow clones for the use of value-added bioactive solutions. Of the 16 willow clones studied here, 12 were examples of widely distributed native Finnish willow species, including dark-leaved willow (S. myrsinifolia Salisb.) and tea-leaved willow (S. phylicifolia L.) (3 + 4 clones, respectively) and their natural and artificial hybrids (3 + 2 clones, respectively). The four remaining clones were commercial willow varieties from the Swedish willow breeding program. Hot water extraction of bark under mild conditions was carried out. Bioactivity assays were used to screen antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, yeasticidal, and antioxidant activities, as well as the total phenolic content of the extracts. Additionally, we introduce a fast and less labor-intensive steam-debarking method for Salix spp. feedstocks. Clonal variation was observed in the antioxidant properties of the bark extracts of the 16 Salix spp. clones. High antiviral activity against a non-enveloped enterovirus, coxsackievirus A9, was found, with no marked differences in efficacy between the native clones. All the clones also showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, whereas no antifungal (Aspergillus brasiliensis) or yeasticidal (Candida albicans) efficacy was detected. When grouping the clone extract results into Salix myrsinifolia, Salix phylicifolia, native hybrid, artificial hybrid, and commercial clones, there was a significant difference in the activities between S. phylicifolia clone extracts and commercial clone extracts in the favor of S. phylicifolia in the antibacterial and antioxidant tests. In some antioxidant tests, S. phylicifolia clone extracts were also significantly more active than artificial clone extracts. Additionally, S. myrsinifolia clone extracts showed significantly higher activities in some antioxidant tests than commercial clone extracts and artificial clone extracts. Nevertheless, the bark extracts of native Finnish willow clones showed high bioactivity. The obtained knowledge paves the way towards developing high value-added biochemicals and other functional solutions based on willow biorefinery approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Tienaho
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dhanik Reshamwala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tytti Sarjala
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri Kilpeläinen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Liimatainen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jinze Dou
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Anneli Viherä-Aarnio
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Linnakoski
- Natural Resources, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tuula Jyske
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
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Schott J, Fuchs B, Böttcher C, Hilker M. Responses to larval herbivory in the phenylpropanoid pathway of Ulmus minor are boosted by prior insect egg deposition. PLANTA 2021; 255:16. [PMID: 34878607 PMCID: PMC8654711 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03803-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Elms, which have received insect eggs as a 'warning' of larval herbivory, enhance their anti-herbivore defences by accumulating salicylic acid and amplifying phenylpropanoid-related transcriptional and metabolic responses to hatching larvae. Plant responses to insect eggs can result in intensified defences against hatching larvae. In annual plants, this egg-mediated effect is known to be associated with changes in leaf phenylpropanoid levels. However, little is known about how trees-long-living, perennial plants-improve their egg-mediated, anti-herbivore defences. The role of phytohormones and the phenylpropanoid pathway in egg-primed anti-herbivore defences of a tree species has until now been left unexplored. Using targeted and untargeted metabolome analyses we studied how the phenylpropanoid pathway of Ulmus minor responds to egg-laying by the elm leaf beetle and subsequent larval feeding. We found that when compared to untreated leaves, kaempferol and quercetin concentrations increased in feeding-damaged leaves with prior egg deposition, but not in feeding-damaged leaves without eggs. PCR analyses revealed that prior insect egg deposition intensified feeding-induced expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), encoding the gateway enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Salicylic acid (SA) concentrations were higher in egg-treated, feeding-damaged leaves than in egg-free, feeding-damaged leaves, but SA levels did not increase in response to egg deposition alone-in contrast to observations made of Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results indicate that prior egg deposition induces a SA-mediated response in elms to feeding damage. Furthermore, egg deposition boosts phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in subsequently feeding-damaged leaves by enhanced PAL expression, which results in the accumulation of phenylpropanoid derivatives. As such, the elm tree shows similar, yet distinct, responses to insect eggs and larval feeding as the annual model plant A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Schott
- Department of Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Fuchs
- Department of Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)-Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Königin-Luise-Str. 19, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Hilker
- Department of Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany.
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38
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Desmet S, Morreel K, Dauwe R. Origin and Function of Structural Diversity in the Plant Specialized Metabolome. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2393. [PMID: 34834756 PMCID: PMC8621143 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant specialized metabolome consists of a multitude of structurally and functionally diverse metabolites, variable from species to species. The specialized metabolites play roles in the response to environmental changes and abiotic or biotic stresses, as well as in plant growth and development. At its basis, the specialized metabolism is built of four major pathways, each starting from a few distinct primary metabolism precursors, and leading to distinct basic carbon skeleton core structures: polyketides and fatty acid derivatives, terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolics. Structural diversity in specialized metabolism, however, expands exponentially with each subsequent modification. We review here the major sources of structural variety and question if a specific role can be attributed to each distinct structure. We focus on the influences that various core structures and modifications have on flavonoid antioxidant activity and on the diversity generated by oxidative coupling reactions. We suggest that many oxidative coupling products, triggered by initial radical scavenging, may not have a function in se, but could potentially be enzymatically recycled to effective antioxidants. We further discuss the wide structural variety created by multiple decorations (glycosylations, acylations, prenylations), the formation of high-molecular weight conjugates and polyesters, and the plasticity of the specialized metabolism. We draw attention to the need for untargeted methods to identify the complex, multiply decorated and conjugated compounds, in order to study the functioning of the plant specialized metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrien Desmet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium; (S.D.); (K.M.)
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kris Morreel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium; (S.D.); (K.M.)
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Rebecca Dauwe
- Unité de Recherche Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France
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39
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Nguyen PD, Sayagh C, Massiot G, Lavaud C. Phenyl glycosides from the leaves of Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr (Salicaceae). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 190:112891. [PMID: 34358899 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen phenolic glycosides, together with fourteen various known compounds, were isolated from the methanolic extract of leaves of Flacourtia indica. Twelve of these were composed of gentisyl or salicyl alcohols, glycosylated on the phenol and acylated on the primary alcohol with various more or less oxidized forms of pyrocatechuic acid. A number of positions on the glucose or on the acid were further acylated by benzoic or cinnamic acid. In addition to these, a glucoside of a phenyl propanoid was also isolated. The gross structures were elucidated by spectroscopic means including 1D and 2D NMR experiments and HR-ESI-MS analyses. Several of these structures, for example, xylosmin, were previously described but it proved extremely difficult to conclude on their exact identity with the absence of clear data on absolute configuration in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc-Dam Nguyen
- Equipe Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR CNRS 7312, BP 1039, Reims Cedex 2, 51687, France; Department of Chemistry Education, School of Education, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, 94115, Viet Nam
| | - Charlotte Sayagh
- Equipe Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR CNRS 7312, BP 1039, Reims Cedex 2, 51687, France
| | - Georges Massiot
- Equipe Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR CNRS 7312, BP 1039, Reims Cedex 2, 51687, France
| | - Catherine Lavaud
- Equipe Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR CNRS 7312, BP 1039, Reims Cedex 2, 51687, France.
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40
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Sobuj N, Nissinen K, Virjamo V, Salonen A, Sivadasan U, Randriamanana T, Ikonen VP, Kilpeläinen A, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Nybakken L, Mehtätalo L, Peltola H. Accumulation of phenolics and growth of dioecious Populus tremula (L.) seedlings over three growing seasons under elevated temperature and UVB radiation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 165:114-122. [PMID: 34034157 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of secondary metabolites may exhibit developmentally regulated variation in different plant organs. Moreover, prevailing environmental conditions may interact with development-related variations in plant traits. In this study, we examined developmentally regulated variation in phenolic accumulation in the twigs of dioecious Populus tremula (L.) and how the effects of elevated temperature and ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation on growth and phenolics accumulation varied as the plants get older. In an open-field experiment, six female and six male genotypes were exposed to single and combined elevated temperature and UVB radiation treatments for three consecutive growing seasons. The concentrations of low molecular weight phenolics and condensed tannins did not show age-dependent variation in the twigs. In temperature-treated plants, diameter growth rate decreased, and concentration of condensed tannins increased as plants aged; there were no cumulative effects of elevated UVB radiation on growth and phenolic accumulation. Females maintained a higher concentration of low molecular weight phenolics throughout the experimental period; however, growth and phenolic concentration did not vary over time in females and males. Our results suggest that phenolic accumulation in perennial plants may not necessarily always exhibit age-dependent variation and the effects of elevated temperature on growth and phenolic may diminish as plants get older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norul Sobuj
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Katri Nissinen
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Virpi Virjamo
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland; School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Anneli Salonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Unnikrishnan Sivadasan
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Tendry Randriamanana
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Veli-Pekka Ikonen
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Antti Kilpeläinen
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Line Nybakken
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Lauri Mehtätalo
- School of Computing, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Heli Peltola
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
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Ensiling willow (Salix acmophylla) fodder modifies the contents of plant specialized metabolites, but not nutritional attributes. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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42
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Kendall N, Smith J, Whistance L, Stergiadis S, Stoate C, Chesshire H, Smith A. Trace element composition of tree fodder and potential nutritional use for livestock. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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43
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Pobłocka-Olech L, Głód D, Jesionek A, Łuczkiewicz M, Krauze-Baranowska M. Studies on the Polyphenolic Composition and the Antioxidant Properties of the Leaves of Poplar (Populus spp.) Various Species and Hybrids. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18. [PMID: 34138528 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The chemical composition in terms of flavonoid and salicylic compounds of leaves from 6 species and 3 hybrids of poplars (Populus) was identified with the use of TLC and HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS methods. Chromatographic analyses were carried out with 21 standard compounds including salicylic compounds (2), phenolic acids (3) and flavonoids (16). Moreover, on the basis of the obtained chromatographic data from the HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS and TLC separations, the presence of salicortin, tremulacin and chlorogenic acid was confirmed, depending on the analyzed poplar species or hybrid. The content of salicylic compounds was determined by HPLC-UV method and expressed on salicin as free and total fraction. Total flavonoid content was determined by spectroscopic method as quercetin equivalent. Significant qualitative and quantitative differences in the chemical composition of the analyzed leaves were demonstrated. The highest concentration of flavonoids (8.02 mg/g) was found in the leaves of Populus nigra, while the highest content of salicylic compounds (47.14 mg/g) was found in the leaves of P.×berolinensis. The antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibition properties of extracts from poplar leaves were investigated by TLC bioautography. It has been shown that the richest set of compounds with antioxidant properties are present in the leaves of P. alba, P.×candicans and P. nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta Pobłocka-Olech
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gen. J. Hallera Str. 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Daniel Głód
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gen. J. Hallera Str. 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Jesionek
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gen. J. Hallera Str. 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maria Łuczkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gen. J. Hallera Str. 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mirosława Krauze-Baranowska
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gen. J. Hallera Str. 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
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Lackus ND, Schmidt A, Gershenzon J, Köllner TG. A peroxisomal β-oxidative pathway contributes to the formation of C6-C1 aromatic volatiles in poplar. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:891-909. [PMID: 33723573 PMCID: PMC8195509 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Benzenoids (C6-C1 aromatic compounds) play important roles in plant defense and are often produced upon herbivory. Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) produces a variety of volatile and nonvolatile benzenoids involved in various defense responses. However, their biosynthesis in poplar is mainly unresolved. We showed feeding of the poplar leaf beetle (Chrysomela populi) on P. trichocarpa leaves led to increased emission of the benzenoid volatiles benzaldehyde, benzylalcohol, and benzyl benzoate. The accumulation of salicinoids, a group of nonvolatile phenolic defense glycosides composed in part of benzenoid units, was hardly affected by beetle herbivory. In planta labeling experiments revealed that volatile and nonvolatile poplar benzenoids are produced from cinnamic acid (C6-C3). The biosynthesis of C6-C1 aromatic compounds from cinnamic acid has been described in petunia (Petunia hybrida) flowers where the pathway includes a peroxisomal-localized chain shortening sequence, involving cinnamate-CoA ligase (CNL), cinnamoyl-CoA hydratase/dehydrogenase (CHD), and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (KAT). Sequence and phylogenetic analysis enabled the identification of small CNL, CHD, and KAT gene families in P. trichocarpa. Heterologous expression of the candidate genes in Escherichia coli and characterization of purified proteins in vitro revealed enzymatic activities similar to those described in petunia flowers. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the CNL subfamily in gray poplar (Populus x canescens) resulted in decreased emission of C6-C1 aromatic volatiles upon herbivory, while constitutively accumulating salicinoids were not affected. This indicates the peroxisomal β-oxidative pathway participates in the formation of volatile benzenoids. The chain shortening steps for salicinoids, however, likely employ an alternative pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie D Lackus
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Author for communication:
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Li Z, Yang J, Shang B, Agathokleous E, Rubert-Nason KF, Xu Y, Feng Z. Nonlinear responses of foliar phenylpropanoids to increasing O 3 exposure: Ecological implications in a Populus model system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 767:144358. [PMID: 33429270 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenolic compounds (phenylpropanoids) act as defense chemicals against herbivores and can mediate ecosystem processes. Tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution alters concentrations of plant phenolics; however, little is known about how these phytochemicals respond to different levels of O3 exposure. Here, we investigated the effects of five different O3 exposure levels on foliar concentrations of phenylpropanoids (53 compounds in total) and antioxidative capacity in hybrid Populus (Populus euramericana cv. '74/76') saplings grown in the presence of high or low soil nitrogen (N) load. Increasing O3 exposure initially increased and then decreased total concentrations of phenolic compounds, revealing a biphasic exposure-response profile (hormetic zone: 1.1-36.3 ppm h AOT40). This biphasic response pattern was driven by changes in a subset of phenylpropanoids with high antioxidative capacity (e.g. condensed tannins) but not in phenolics with low antioxidative capacity (e.g. salicinoids). The O3 exposure-response relationships of some phenylpropanoids (e.g. flavonoids and chlorogenic acids) varied in response to soil N, with hormesis occurring in high N soil but not in low N soil. Collectively, our findings indicated that plant phenolic compounds exhibit nonlinear responses to increasing O3 exposure, and that the responses vary in relation to phenolic compound class, antioxidative capacity, and soil nitrogen conditions. Our findings further suggest that the impact of O3 on ecological processes mediated by phenolics will be concentration-dependent, highlighting the complexity of the ecological effects of ground-level O3 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Bo Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | | | - Yansen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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46
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Eberl F, Fabisch T, Luck K, Köllner TG, Vogel H, Gershenzon J, Unsicker SB. Poplar protease inhibitor expression differs in an herbivore specific manner. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:170. [PMID: 33836664 PMCID: PMC8033671 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02936-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease inhibitors are defense proteins widely distributed in the plant kingdom. By reducing the activity of digestive enzymes in insect guts, they reduce the availability of nutrients and thus impair the growth and development of the attacking herbivore. One well-characterized class of protease inhibitors are Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitors (KTIs), which have been described in various plant species, including Populus spp. Long-lived woody perennials like poplar trees encounter a huge diversity of herbivores, but the specificity of tree defenses towards different herbivore species is hardly studied. We therefore aimed to investigate the induction of KTIs in black poplar (P. nigra) leaves upon herbivory by three different chewing herbivores, Lymantria dispar and Amata mogadorensis caterpillars, and Phratora vulgatissima beetles. RESULTS We identified and generated full-length cDNA sequences of 17 KTIs that are upregulated upon herbivory in black poplar leaves, and analyzed the expression patterns of the eight most up-regulated KTIs via qRT-PCR. We found that beetles elicited higher transcriptional induction of KTIs than caterpillars, and that both caterpillar species induced similar KTI expression levels. Furthermore, KTI expression strongly correlated with the trypsin-inhibiting activity in the herbivore-damaged leaves, but was not dependent on damage severity, i.e. leaf area loss, for most of the genes. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the induction of KTIs in black poplar is controlled at the transcriptional level in a threshold-based manner and is strongly influenced by the species identity of the herbivore. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and ecological consequences of these patterns remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Eberl
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPI-CE), Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Fabisch
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPI-CE), Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Luck
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPI-CE), Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G. Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPI-CE), Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, MPI-CE, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPI-CE), Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sybille B. Unsicker
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPI-CE), Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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47
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Xia J, Guo Z, Yang Z, Han H, Wang S, Xu H, Yang X, Yang F, Wu Q, Xie W, Zhou X, Dermauw W, Turlings TCJ, Zhang Y. Whitefly hijacks a plant detoxification gene that neutralizes plant toxins. Cell 2021; 184:1693-1705.e17. [PMID: 33770502 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants protect themselves with a vast array of toxic secondary metabolites, yet most plants serve as food for insects. The evolutionary processes that allow herbivorous insects to resist plant defenses remain largely unknown. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a cosmopolitan, highly polyphagous agricultural pest that vectors several serious plant pathogenic viruses and is an excellent model to probe the molecular mechanisms involved in overcoming plant defenses. Here, we show that, through an exceptional horizontal gene transfer event, the whitefly has acquired the plant-derived phenolic glucoside malonyltransferase gene BtPMaT1. This gene enables whiteflies to neutralize phenolic glucosides. This was confirmed by genetically transforming tomato plants to produce small interfering RNAs that silence BtPMaT1, thus impairing the whiteflies' detoxification ability. These findings reveal an evolutionary scenario whereby herbivores harness the genetic toolkit of their host plants to develop resistance to plant defenses and how this can be exploited for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixing Xia
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhaojiang Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zezhong Yang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haolin Han
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haifeng Xu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fengshan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, 8920 Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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48
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Kulasekaran S, Cerezo-Medina S, Harflett C, Lomax C, de Jong F, Rendour A, Ruvo G, Hanley SJ, Beale MH, Ward JL. A willow UDP-glycosyltransferase involved in salicinoid biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1634-1648. [PMID: 33249501 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The salicinoids are phenolic glycosides that are characteristic secondary metabolites of the Salicaceae, particularly willows and poplars. Despite the well-known pharmacology of salicin, that led to the development of aspirin >100 years ago, the biosynthetic pathways leading to salicinoids have yet to be defined. Here, we describe the identification, cloning, and biochemical characterization of SpUGT71L2 and SpUGT71L3-isozymic glycosyltransferases from Salix purpurea-that function in the glucosylation of ortho-substituted phenols. The best substrate in vitro was salicyl-7-benzoate. Its product, salicyl-7-benzoate glucoside, was shown to be endogenous in poplar and willow. Together they are inferred to be early intermediates in the biosynthesis of salicortin and related metabolites in planta. The role of this UDP-glycosyltransferase was confirmed via the metabolomic analysis of transgenic plants produced by RNAi knockdown of the poplar orthologue (UGT71L1) in the hybrid clone Populus tremula×P. alba, INRA 717-1B4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kulasekaran
- Computational and Analytical Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Sergio Cerezo-Medina
- Computational and Analytical Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Claudia Harflett
- Computational and Analytical Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Charlotte Lomax
- Computational and Analytical Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Femke de Jong
- Computational and Analytical Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Amelie Rendour
- Computational and Analytical Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Gianluca Ruvo
- Computational and Analytical Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Steven J Hanley
- Computational and Analytical Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Michael H Beale
- Computational and Analytical Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Jane L Ward
- Computational and Analytical Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
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49
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Johnson JB, Mani JS, Broszczak D, Prasad SS, Ekanayake CP, Strappe P, Valeris P, Naiker M. Hitting the sweet spot: A systematic review of the bioactivity and health benefits of phenolic glycosides from medicinally used plants. Phytother Res 2021; 35:3484-3508. [PMID: 33615599 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic acid and flavonoid glycosides form a varied class of naturally occurring compounds, characterised by high polarity-resulting from the glycone moiety-and the presence of multiple phenol functionalities, which often leads to strong antioxidant activity. Phenolic glycosides, and in particular flavonoid glycosides, may possess strong bioactive properties with broad spectrum activity. This systematic literature review provides a detailed overview of 28 studies examining the biological activity of phenolic and flavonoid glycosides from plant sources, highlighting the potential of these compounds as therapeutic agents. The activity of glycosides depends upon the biological activity type, identity of the aglycone and the identity and specific location of the glycone moiety. From studies reporting the activity of both glycosides and their respective aglycones, phenolic glycosides appear to generally be a storage/reserve pool of precursors of more bioactive compounds. The glycosylated compounds are likely to be more bioavailable compared to their aglycone forms, due to the presence of the sugar moieties. Hydrolysis of the glycoside in the in vivo environment would release the free aglycone, potentiating their biological activity. However, further high-quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of glycosides from many of the plant species studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel B Johnson
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, North Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Indigenous Health Equity Research, CQUniversity, North Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Janice S Mani
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, North Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Indigenous Health Equity Research, CQUniversity, North Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel Broszczak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shirtika S Prasad
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Engineering, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
| | - Charitha P Ekanayake
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Padraig Strappe
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, North Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Valeris
- Shimadzu Scientific Instruments (Oceania) Pty Ltd, Rydalmere, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mani Naiker
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, North Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Indigenous Health Equity Research, CQUniversity, North Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
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50
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Thakur MP, Künne T, Unsicker SB, Biere A, Ferlian O, Pruschitzki U, Thouvenot L, Türke M, Eisenhauer N. Invasive earthworms reduce chemical defense and increase herbivory and pathogen infection in native trees. THE JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2021; 109:763-775. [PMID: 33664527 PMCID: PMC7891629 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent research shows that earthworms can alter defense traits of plants against herbivores and pathogens by affecting soil biochemistry. Yet, the effects of invasive earthworms on defense traits of native plants from previously earthworm-free ecosystems as well as the consequences for multitrophic interactions are virtually unknown.Here we use a combination of an observational study and a complementary experimental study to investigate the effects of invasive earthworms on leaf defense traits, herbivore damage and pathogen infection in two poplar tree species (Populus balsamifera and Populus tremuloides) native to North American boreal forests.Our observational study showed that earthworm invasion was associated with enhanced leaf herbivory (by leaf-chewing insects) in saplings of both tree species. However, we only detected significant shifts in the concentration of chemical defense compounds in response to earthworm invasion for P. balsamifera. Specifically, leaf phenolic concentrations, including salicinoids and catechin, were lower in P. balsamifera from earthworm-invaded sites.Our experimental study confirmed an earthworm-induced reduction in leaf defense levels in P. balsamifera for one of the defense compounds, tremulacin. The experimental study additionally showed that invasive earthworms reduced leaf dry matter content, potentially increasing leaf palatability, and enhanced susceptibility of trees to infection by a fungal pathogen, but not to aphid infestation, in the same tree species. Synthesis. Our results show that invasive earthworms can decrease the concentrations of some chemical defense compounds in P. balsamifera, which could make them susceptible to leaf-chewing insects. Such potential impacts of invasive earthworms are likely to have implications for tree survival and competition, native tree biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav P. Thakur
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)WageningenThe Netherlands
- Terrestrial Ecology GroupInstitute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Tom Künne
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Sybille B. Unsicker
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Arjen Biere
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)WageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Olga Ferlian
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Ulrich Pruschitzki
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Lise Thouvenot
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Manfred Türke
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
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