1
|
Elmarakby E, Elkadi H. Comprehending particulate matter dynamics in transit-oriented developments: Traffic as a generator and design as a captivator. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172528. [PMID: 38663620 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
In Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), the close integration of residential structures with community activities and traffic heightens residents' exposure to traffic-related pollutants. Despite traffic being a primary source of particulate matter (PM), the compact design of TODs, together with the impact of urban heat island (UHI), increases the likelihood of trapping emitted PM from traffic, leading to heightened exposure of TOD residents to PM. Although PM originates from two distinct sources in road traffic, exhaust and non-exhaust emissions (NEE), current legislation addressing traffic-related PM from non-exhaust emissions sources remains limited. This paper focuses on two TOD typologies in Manchester City-Manchester Piccadilly and East Didsbury-to understand the roles of TOD traffic as a PM generator and TOD place design as a PM container and trapper. The investigation aims to establish correlations between street design canyon ratios, vehicular Speed, and PM10/PM2.5, providing design guidance and effective traffic management strategies to control PM emissions within TODs. Through mapping the canyon ratio and utilising the Breezometer API for PM monitoring, the paper revealed elevated PM levels in both TOD areas, exceeding World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, particularly for PM2.5. Correlation analysis between canyon configuration and PM2.5/PM10 highlighted the importance of considering building heights and avoiding the creation of deep canyons in TOD design to minimise the limited dispersion of PM. Leveraging UK road statistics and the PTV Group API for vehicle speed calculations, the paper studied the average speeds on the TOD roads concerning PM. Contrary to conventional assumption, the correlation analyses have revealed a noteworthy association shift between vehicular speed and PM concentrations. A positive correlation existed between speed increase and PM increases on arterial roads. However, a negative correlation emerged on main, collector, and local streets, indicating that PM levels rise for both PM10 and PM2.5 as Speed decreases. These findings challenge the traditional assumption that higher Speed leads to increased emissions, highlighting the potential impact of NEE on PM concentrations. This paper calls for thorough design considerations and traffic management strategies in TOD, especially in dense areas, considering building height, optimising traffic flow, and enhancing compromised air quality associated with vehicular emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esraa Elmarakby
- The University of Salford, School of Science, Engineering, and Environment, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, Egypt.
| | - Hisham Elkadi
- The University of Salford, School of Science, Engineering, and Environment, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dominutti PA, Mari X, Jaffrezo JL, Dinh VTN, Chifflet S, Guigue C, Guyomarc'h L, Vu CT, Darfeuil S, Ginot P, Elazzouzi R, Mhadhbi T, Voiron C, Martinot P, Uzu G. Disentangling fine particles (PM 2.5) composition in Hanoi, Vietnam: Emission sources and oxidative potential. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171466. [PMID: 38447718 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
A comprehensive chemical characterization of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was conducted at an urban site in one of the most densely populated cities of Vietnam, Hanoi. Chemical analysis of a series of 57 daily PM2.5 samples obtained in 2019-2020 included the quantification of a detailed set of chemical tracers as well as the oxidative potential (OP), which estimates the ability of PM to catalyze reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in vivo as an initial step of health effects due to oxidative stress. The PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 8.3 to 148 μg m-3, with an annual average of 40.2 ± 26.3 μg m-3 (from September 2019 to December 2020). Our results obtained by applying the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) source-receptor apportionment model showed the contribution of nine PM2.5 sources. The main anthropogenic sources contributing to the PM mass concentrations were heavy fuel oil (HFO) combustion (25.3 %), biomass burning (20 %), primary traffic (7.6 %) and long-range transport aerosols (10.6 %). The OP activities were evaluated for the first time in an urban site in Vietnam. The average OPv levels obtained in our study were 3.9 ± 2.4 and 4.5 ± 3.2 nmol min-1 m-3 for OPDTT and OPAA, respectively. We assessed the contribution to OPDTT and OPAA of each PM2.5 source by applying multilinear regression models. It shows that the sources associated with human activities (HFO combustion, biomass burning and primary traffic) are the sources driving OP exposure, suggesting that they should be the first sources to be controlled in future mitigation strategies. This study gives for the first time an extensive and long-term chemical characterization of PM2.5, providing also a link between emission sources, ambient concentrations and exposure to air pollution at an urban site in Hanoi, Vietnam.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Dominutti
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Xavier Mari
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Vy Thuy Ngoc Dinh
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Chifflet
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Guigue
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, Marseille, France
| | - Lea Guyomarc'h
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, Marseille, France
| | - Cam Tu Vu
- Water-Environment-Oceanography (WEO) Department, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Sophie Darfeuil
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Patrick Ginot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Rhabira Elazzouzi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Takoua Mhadhbi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Céline Voiron
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pauline Martinot
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, Marseille, France
| | - Gaëlle Uzu
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qi J, Zhao N, Liu M, Guo Y, Fu J, Zhang Y, Wang W, Su Z, Zeng Y, Yao Y, Hu K. Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter constituents and cognitive impairment among older adults: An 18-year Chinese nationwide cohort study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133785. [PMID: 38367441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although growing evidence has shown independent links of long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) with cognitive impairment, the effects of its constituents remain unclear. This study aims to explore the associations of long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 constituents' mixture with cognitive impairment in Chinese older adults, and to further identify the main contributor. METHODS 15,274 adults ≥ 65 years old were recruited by the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Study (CLHLS) and followed up through 7 waves during 2000-2018. Concentrations of ambient PM2.5 and its constituents (i.e., black carbon [BC], organic matter [OM], ammonium [NH4+], sulfate [SO42-], and nitrate [NO3-]) were estimated by satellite retrievals and machine learning models. Quantile-based g-computation model was employed to assess the joint effects of a mixture of 5 PM2.5 constituents and their relative contributions to cognitive impairment. Analyses stratified by age group, sex, residence (urban vs. rural), and region (north vs. south) were performed to identify vulnerable populations. RESULTS During the average 3.03 follow-up visits (89,296.9 person-years), 4294 (28.1%) participants had developed cognitive impairment. The adjusted hazard ratio [HR] (95% confidence interval [CI]) for cognitive impairment for every quartile increase in mixture exposure to 5 PM2.5 constituents was 1.08 (1.05-1.11). BC held the largest index weight (0.69) in the positive direction in the qg-computation model, followed by OM (0.31). Subgroup analyses suggested stronger associations in younger old adults and rural residents. CONCLUSION Long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5, particularly its constituents BC and OM, is associated with an elevated risk of cognitive impairment onset among Chinese older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qi
- Department of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Naizhuo Zhao
- Department of Land Resource Management, School of Humanities and Law, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Minhui Liu
- School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yiwen Guo
- Department of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jingqiao Fu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Yunquan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Wanjie Wang
- Department of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiyang Su
- Department of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Center for Healthy Aging and Development Studies, National School of Development, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yao Yao
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Kejia Hu
- Department of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nazneen, Patra AK, Kolluru SSR, Penchala A, Kumar S, Mishra N, Sree NB, Santra S, Dubey R. Assessment of seasonal variability of PM, BC and UFP levels at a highway toll stations and their associated health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 245:118028. [PMID: 38160974 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.118028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
As a part of their occupation, workers at toll stations are exposed to traffic emissions during the working shift, which sometimes stretches to 12 h. To assess the exposure and subsequent health risk of these workers, a study was performed on a highway toll station in India. PM1, PM2.5, PM10, BC and UFP concentration were determined inside a toll collectors' cabin and outside in a free-flowing traffic section (125 m from the toll cabin). The concentrations varied in the following range: PM1 (40.69-226.13 μg m-3), PM2.5 (49.71-247.36 μg m-3), PM10 (83.15-458.14 μg m-3) and BC (2.1-87.5 μg m-3) and UFP: 101-53705 pt cm-3. The mean concentration inside the cabin was 1.34 (PM1), 1.35 (PM2.5), 1.16 (PM10) and 2.91 (BC) times the concentration outside for the summer season. The corresponding levels in the winter season were 1.14 (PM1), 1.11 (PM2.5), 1.11 (PM10), 2.50 (BC) and 1.82 (UFP). In addition to the exhaust emission, the non-exhaust emissions such as resuspension of crustal particles, fly ash and bioaerosols were identified. Using the Multiple Path Particle Dosimetry model for two groups - adults (18-21 years) and adults (21+ years), it was estimated that the pulmonary deposition of in-cabin workers were 50% (PM2.5) -75% (PM1) higher than the workers outside the cabin. Particle mass deposition was found to be higher for adults (21+ years) than adults (18-21 years) for both the seasons. The study quantitatively assessed the health risk faced by the workers in terms of exposure concentration and deposition in respiratory tract. More such studies at different traffic mix and climate can provide better estimates of health risk of toll workers that can be used to devise appropriate strategies for control of it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazneen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Aditya Kumar Patra
- Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India.
| | - Soma Sekhara Rao Kolluru
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Abhishek Penchala
- Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Sachidanand Kumar
- Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Namrata Mishra
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Naragam Bhanu Sree
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Samrat Santra
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Ravish Dubey
- Yale School of Environment, Yale University, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
van der Westhuizen D, Howlett-Downing C, Molnár P, Boman J, Wichmann J, von Eschwege KG. Source apportionment of fine atmospheric particles in Bloemfontein, South Africa, using positive matrix factorization. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:188. [PMID: 38261167 PMCID: PMC10806018 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12293-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Air pollution is of major health and environmental concern globally and in South Africa. Studies on the sources of PM2.5 air pollution in low- and middle-income countries such as South Africa are limited. This study aimed to identify local and distant sources of PM2.5 pollution in Bloemfontein. PM2.5 samples were collected from June 16, 2020 to August 18, 2021. Trace element concentrations were determined by EDXRF spectroscopy. By use of the US EPA PMF 5.0 program, local sources were determined to be combustion/wood burning (49%), industry (22%), soil dust (10%), base metal/pyrometallurgical and traffic (9.6%) and water treatment/industry (9.4%). The HYSPLIT program was applied to determine distant PM2.5 source areas and the following clusters were identified: Mpumalanga province (52%), Northern Cape province (35%), Indian Ocean (8%) and Atlantic Ocean (6%). The majority of the air was found to come from the Mpumalanga province in the north-east, while the majority of local sources are ascribed to combustion/wood burning. Results from this study can be used to develop an Air Quality Management Plan for Bloemfontein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chantelle Howlett-Downing
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Peter Molnár
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Boman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science Division, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Janine Wichmann
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Karel G von Eschwege
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tsai CY, Peng YP, Lin CH, Chen KF, Lai CH, Qiu PH. Seasonal Disparities of Human Health Risk and Particle-Bound Metal Characteristics Associated with Atmospheric Particles in a Fishery Harbor. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 85:438-450. [PMID: 37910195 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-023-01037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of atmospheric pollution from ship emissions have been considered for several harbors worldwide. The health risk assessment and source apportionment of particle-bound metals in a fishery harbor were investigated in this study. The most abundant metal elements in particulate matter (PM) on all sampling days in three seasons were Fe (280.94 ± 136.93 ng/m3), Al (116.40 ± 71.25 ng/m3), and Zn (110.55 ± 26.70 ng/m3). The ratios of V/Ni were 1.44 ± 0.31, 1.48 ± 0.09 and 1.87 ± 0.06 in PM10, PM2.5, and PM1, respectively. Meanwhile, the ratios higher than 1 indicated that fuel oil combustion from ship emission in fishery harbor. The highest deposits of total particle-bound metals in the human respiratory tract were in the head airway (HA), accounting for 76.77 ± 2.29% of the total particle-bound metal concentration, followed by 5.32 ± 0.13% and 2.53 ± 0.15% in the alveolar region (AR) and tracheobronchial (TB) region, respectively. The total cancer risk (CR) of inhalation exposure to local residents exceeded 10-6. Mean total CR values followed the sequence: autumn (1.24 × 10-4) > winter (8.53 × 10-5) > spring (2.77 × 10-6). Source apportionment of related metal emissions was mobile pollution emissions (vehicle/boat) (37.10-48.92%), metal fumes of arc welding exhaust (19.68-34.42%), spray-painting process (12.34-16.24%), combustion emissions (6.32-13.12%), and metal machining processes (9.04-16.31%) in Singda fishing harbor. These results suggest that proper control of heavy metals from each potential source in fishing harbor areas should be carried out to reduce the carcinogenic risk of adverse health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yun Tsai
- Institute of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, 406, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ping Peng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin, 632301, Taiwan
| | - Ku-Fan Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Nantou, 545, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsiang Lai
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin, 632301, Taiwan.
| | - Pin-Hao Qiu
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin, 632301, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang P, Guo C, Wei Y, Wang Z, Li Z, Qian Y, Li X, Zhu X, Xu P, Shen J, Xue W, Hu J. Ambient black carbon variations and emission characteristics of typical Chinese vessels in the Yangtze River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:102739-102749. [PMID: 37672157 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) has a significant impact on air quality, climate change, and human health. Studies on BC from vessel exhaust have been focused on in recent years. To realize the contribution of BC from vessels to ambient air quality, 28 months of BC variation were observed from February 2019 to May 2022, including 3 fishing moratoriums and 2 normal periods. The results showed that the average daily concentration of BC in the fishing moratorium was significantly lower than that in the normal period. The difference proportion of the BC concentration between 370 and 880 nm was calculated over the whole period. As a result, the mean difference value in the fishing moratorium from February to May was 0.06 ± 0.07, and the normal period was -0.02 ± 0.05. The aethalometer model indicated that BC was greatly affected by fossil fuel combustion in the normal period. The effect of vessel emissions on regional BC concentrations was considerable. In addition, 16 PAHs and 21 elements in PM emitted from 24 vessels of different types were sampled and analyzed in Dianshan Lake and the Taipu River. EC accounted for the highest proportion (23.64%) in the sample of small trawlers compared to the emissions from cargo ships with large tonnages. The component profiles of vessel exhaust showed that Zn, As, phenanthrene (Phe), anthracene (Ant), fluoranthene (Fla), and pyrene (Pyr) were the dominant species, although some of these species were mainly recognized as characteristic factors of coal combustion. To improve the accuracy of identifying the vessel source, the diagnostic ratios of Ant/(Ant + Phe), BaA/(BaA + Chr), Phe/Ant, and BaA/Chr were provided, and they exhibited the obvious characteristics of fuel combustion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Puzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanshan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Qingpu District Environmental Monitoring Station of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Qingpu District Environmental Monitoring Station of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenchao Xue
- Qingpu District Environmental Monitoring Station of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Qingpu District Environmental Monitoring Station of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aubourg MA, Sawtell G, Deanes L, Fabricant N, Thomas M, Spicer K, Wagar C, Campbell S, Ulman A, Heaney CD. Community-driven research and capacity building to address environmental justice concerns with industrial air pollution in Curtis Bay, South Baltimore. FRONTIERS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 3:1198321. [PMID: 38099060 PMCID: PMC10720608 DOI: 10.3389/fepid.2023.1198321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Curtis Bay (CB) is an environmental justice (EJ) community in South Baltimore. With a high concentration of industrial polluters and compounding non-chemical stressors, CB has experienced socioeconomic, quality of life, and health burdens for over 100 years. Today, these polluters include the open-air CSX Coal Terminal, waste-to-energy incinerators, and heavy diesel traffic through residential areas. The Community of Curtis Bay Association, Free Your Voice, and South Baltimore Community Land Trust are local organizations enacting a vision for equitable, healthy, and community-led development without industrial encroachment. In response to community-identified EJ concerns and an explosion at the CSX Coal Terminal, CB community groups partnered with academic researchers to develop a community-driven hyperlocal air monitoring and capacity building approach. This paper describes this approach to characterizing hyperlocal air quality in CB, building bridges between community residents and regulatory agencies, and nurturing a cohesive and effective community-academic partnership toward EJ. Methods Using hyperlocal air monitoring, we are collecting real-time air pollution (particulate matter, black carbon, and ground-level gas species) and meteorological data from 15 low-cost sensors in residential and industrial areas of CB. We also use trail cameras to record activities at the CSX Coal Terminal. We merge air pollution and industrial activity data to evaluate the following: overall air quality in CB, multi-air pollutant profiles of elevated events, spatiotemporal changes in air quality in the community, patterns of industrial activity, and potential correlations between air quality and observed industrial activity. Members of our partnership also lead a high school course educating students about the history and ongoing efforts of the EJ movement in their community. Students in this course learn how to employ qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis methods to bring scientific support to community EJ concerns. Results and Discussion Our hyperlocal air monitoring network and community-academic partnership are continuing to evolve and have already demonstrated the ability to respond to community-identified EJ issues with real-time data while developing future EJ leaders. Our reflections can assist other community and academic groups in developing strong and fruitful partnerships to address similar EJ issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Aubourg
- Community Science and Innovation for Environmental Justice (CSI EJ) Initiative, Center for a Livable Future, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Greg Sawtell
- Community of Curtis Bay Association, Curtis Bay, Baltimore, MD, United States
- South Baltimore Community Land Trust, Curtis Bay, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lauren Deanes
- Community Science and Innovation for Environmental Justice (CSI EJ) Initiative, Center for a Livable Future, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nicole Fabricant
- Department of Anthropology, Sociology, and Criminal Justice, Towson University, Towson, MD, United States
| | - Meleny Thomas
- Community of Curtis Bay Association, Curtis Bay, Baltimore, MD, United States
- South Baltimore Community Land Trust, Curtis Bay, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kristoffer Spicer
- Community Science and Innovation for Environmental Justice (CSI EJ) Initiative, Center for a Livable Future, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Caila Wagar
- Community Science and Innovation for Environmental Justice (CSI EJ) Initiative, Center for a Livable Future, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shashawnda Campbell
- Community of Curtis Bay Association, Curtis Bay, Baltimore, MD, United States
- South Baltimore Community Land Trust, Curtis Bay, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Abigail Ulman
- Community Science and Innovation for Environmental Justice (CSI EJ) Initiative, Center for a Livable Future, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Christopher D. Heaney
- Community Science and Innovation for Environmental Justice (CSI EJ) Initiative, Center for a Livable Future, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Karl M, Ramacher MOP, Oppo S, Lanzi L, Majamäki E, Jalkanen JP, Lanzafame GM, Temime-Roussel B, Le Berre L, D’Anna B. Measurement and Modeling of Ship-Related Ultrafine Particles and Secondary Organic Aerosols in a Mediterranean Port City. TOXICS 2023; 11:771. [PMID: 37755781 PMCID: PMC10535743 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Maritime transport emerges as a major source of ultrafine particle (UFP) pollution in coastal regions with consequences for the health of people living in port cities. Inhalation of UFPs can cause inflammation and oxidative stress, which are starting points for further diseases. In addition to primary particles, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) may form through the photo-oxidation of volatile organic compounds emitted in ship exhaust. The characterization of size-segregated and chemical properties of particles is essential for assessing the health implications related to shipping. We applied a coupled regional-local chemistry transport modeling system to study the effects of ship emissions on atmospheric concentrations of UFP and SOA in the Mediterranean port city Marseille (France), which is characterized by the combination of high port activity, industrialized emissions, and active photochemistry in summer. Our results show that the average potential impact from local shipping in the port area was 6-9% for SOA and 27-51% for total particle number concentration in July 2020. The estimated oxidative potential of daily mean particulate organic matter related to shipping was lower than the oxidative potential reported for heavy fuel oil (HFO). The lower oxidative potential in this study is very likely due to the low share of ships using HFO during stopover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Karl
- Department of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany;
| | | | - Sonia Oppo
- AtmoSud, Air Quality Observatory in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur Region, 13006 Marseille, France; (S.O.); (L.L.)
| | - Ludovic Lanzi
- AtmoSud, Air Quality Observatory in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur Region, 13006 Marseille, France; (S.O.); (L.L.)
| | - Elisa Majamäki
- FMI (Finnish Meteorological Institute), 00560 Helsinki, Finland; (E.M.); (J.-P.J.)
| | - Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen
- FMI (Finnish Meteorological Institute), 00560 Helsinki, Finland; (E.M.); (J.-P.J.)
| | - Grazia Maria Lanzafame
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de l’Environnement (LCE), Aix Marseille Université, 13003 Marseille, France; (G.M.L.); (B.T.-R.); (L.L.B.); (B.D.)
| | - Brice Temime-Roussel
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de l’Environnement (LCE), Aix Marseille Université, 13003 Marseille, France; (G.M.L.); (B.T.-R.); (L.L.B.); (B.D.)
| | - Lise Le Berre
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de l’Environnement (LCE), Aix Marseille Université, 13003 Marseille, France; (G.M.L.); (B.T.-R.); (L.L.B.); (B.D.)
| | - Barbara D’Anna
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de l’Environnement (LCE), Aix Marseille Université, 13003 Marseille, France; (G.M.L.); (B.T.-R.); (L.L.B.); (B.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kilian JG, Mejias-Ortega M, Hsu HW, Herman DA, Vidal J, Arechavala RJ, Renusch S, Dalal H, Hasen I, Ting A, Rodriguez-Ortiz CJ, Lim SL, Lin X, Vu J, Saito T, Saido TC, Kleinman MT, Kitazawa M. Exposure to quasi-ultrafine particulate matter accelerates memory impairment and Alzheimer's disease-like neuropathology in the AppNL-G-F knock-in mouse model. Toxicol Sci 2023; 193:175-191. [PMID: 37074955 PMCID: PMC10230292 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to traffic-related air pollution consisting of particulate matter (PM) is associated with cognitive decline leading to Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we sought to examine the neurotoxic effects of exposure to ultrafine PM and how it exacerbates neuronal loss and AD-like neuropathology in wildtype (WT) mice and a knock-in mouse model of AD (AppNL-G-F/+-KI) when the exposure occurs at a prepathologic stage or at a later age with the presence of neuropathology. AppNL-G-F/+-KI and WT mice were exposed to concentrated ultrafine PM from local ambient air in Irvine, California, for 12 weeks, starting at 3 or 9 months of age. Particulate matter-exposed animals received concentrated ultrafine PM up to 8 times above the ambient levels, whereas control animals were exposed to purified air. Particulate matter exposure resulted in a marked impairment of memory tasks in prepathologic AppNL-G-F/+-KI mice without measurable changes in amyloid-β pathology, synaptic degeneration, and neuroinflammation. At aged, both WT and AppNL-G-F/+-KI mice exposed to PM showed a significant memory impairment along with neuronal loss. In AppNL-G-F/+-KI mice, we also detected an increased amyloid-β buildup and potentially harmful glial activation including ferritin-positive microglia and C3-positive astrocytes. Such glial activation could promote the cascade of degenerative consequences in the brain. Our results suggest that exposure to PM impairs cognitive function at both ages while exacerbation of AD-related pathology and neuronal loss may depend on the stage of pathology, aging, and/or state of glial activation. Further studies will be required to unveil the neurotoxic role of glial activation activated by PM exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Kilian
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1830, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairmants and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Marina Mejias-Ortega
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1830, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Heng-Wei Hsu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1830, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairmants and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - David A Herman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1830, USA
| | - Janielle Vidal
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1830, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairmants and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Rebecca J Arechavala
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1830, USA
| | - Samantha Renusch
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1830, USA
| | - Hansal Dalal
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1830, USA
| | - Irene Hasen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1830, USA
| | - Amanda Ting
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1830, USA
| | - Carlos J Rodriguez-Ortiz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1830, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairmants and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Siok-Lam Lim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1830, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairmants and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Xiaomeng Lin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1830, USA
| | - Joan Vu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1830, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairmants and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Michael T Kleinman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1830, USA
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1830, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairmants and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Validation of an optimised microwave-assisted acid digestion method for trace and ultra-trace elements in indoor PM 2.5 by ICP-MS analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12844. [PMID: 36691535 PMCID: PMC9860410 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Three microwave-assisted digestion procedures, followed by analysis of digestates employing inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were evaluated for use in the determination of elements at trace and ultra-trace levels in PM2.5 samples. Digestion procedure 1 used 2.5 mL HNO3 (65%) at 200 °C. Procedure 2, consisted of a two-stage digestion step at 200 °C with 2.5 mL HNO3 (65%) and 3 μL HF (48%) followed by 24 μL H3BO3 (5%). A 10-fold increase in the amounts of HF and H3BO3 was used for procedure 3. The addition of HF/H3BO3 was carried out to aid the dissolution of silicate matrices and refractory compounds. The digestions were carried out using PTFE ultra-trace inserts which increased the sample throughput threefold. The addition of small quantities of HF resulted in the effective solubilisation of Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sr, Cd, Sb and Pb. The optimal method using HNO3/HF/H3BO3 digestion as in procedure 3 showed recovery efficiency greater than 70% for all elements. The validated method was applied to quantify the elemental content of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 (with samples <0.5 mg) at an urban background site in Malta.
Collapse
|
12
|
Scerri MM, Weinbruch S, Delmaire G, Mercieca N, Nolle M, Prati P, Massabò D. Exhaust and non-exhaust contributions from road transport to PM 10 at a Southern European traffic site. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120569. [PMID: 36347413 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is a well - established fact that road traffic is one of the main contributors to ambient levels of airborne particulate matter (APM). This study was carried out at a traffic site in which the PM10 levels are monitored all year round. A trend analysis of these levels revealed that over a decade there was no discernible trend, with the PM10 concentrations normally hovering around the EU limit values. In 2018, one of these limit values was exceeded. The contribution of traffic at the site was therefore investigated through a chemical speciation of 209 PM10 samples collected throughout this year. The speciation data were used in a source apportionment exercise in which the output of the PMF model was further refined using the lesser-known, constraint weighted non - negative matrix factorization (CW - NMF) model. This technique enabled the isolation of two factors clearly related to traffic, which were labelled as "exhaust contribution" (responsible for 3.4% of the PM10), "tire/brake wear contribution" (contributing 17% of the PM10). Additionally, a factor including both traffic resuspended dust and crustal material was also isolated and labelled "road dust/crustal" factor. The two contributors to the factor jointly contribute 18% to the PM10 and the contribution of the traffic resuspended dust was estimated at 7.3%. The traffic resuspended component of this factor together with the "tire/brake wear contribution" jointly make up the non-exhaust contribution of traffic - derived dust. Consonant with what has been known for quite some time, the exhaust fraction is the minor component of traffic PM10. It is therefore, clear that policies aimed at controlling traffic derived PM10 pollution at the receptor will have a minimal effect unless the non - exhaust emissions are adequately controlled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Scerri
- Institute of Earth Systems, University of Malta, Tal-Qroqq, Msida, MSD2080, Malta.
| | - Stephan Weinbruch
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technical University Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 9, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gilles Delmaire
- Laboratoire d'Informatique Signal et Image de la Côte d'Opale (LISIC), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, F62228, Calais, France
| | - Nadine Mercieca
- Environment and Resources Authority, Hexagon House, Spencer Hill, Marsa, MRS1441, Malta
| | - Michael Nolle
- Environment and Resources Authority, Hexagon House, Spencer Hill, Marsa, MRS1441, Malta
| | - Paolo Prati
- Physics Department & INFN, Università degli studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy
| | - Dario Massabò
- Physics Department & INFN, Università degli studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mooibroek D, Sofowote UM, Hopke PK. Source apportionment of ambient PM 10 collected at three sites in an urban-industrial area with multi-time resolution factor analyses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:157981. [PMID: 35964756 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemical speciation data for PM10, collected for annual trend analyses of health-relevant species, at three receptor sites in a highly industrialized area (IJmond) in the Netherlands were used in a multi-time resolution receptor model (ME-2) to identify the PM10 sources in this area. Despite the available data not being optimized for receptor modelling, five-factor solutions were obtained for all sites based on independent PMF analysis on PM10 data from the three sites (IJM, WAZ and BEV). Four factors were common to all three sites: nitrate-sulphate (average percentage contributions to PM10: IJM: 35.3 %, WAZ: 37.7 %, and BEV: 36.3 %); sea salt (20.2 %, 23.7 %, 15.2 %); industrial (8.1 %, 11.0 %, 18.1 %) and brake wear/traffic (31.4 %, 21.2 %, 20.6 %). At WAZ, a local/site-specific factor containing most of the PAH measurements was found (6.4 %) while a crustal matter factor was resolved at IJM (7.6 %) and BEV (9.8 %). Additionally, sludge-drying was a potential source of the marker species in the industrial factor at WAZ. Bootstrapping (BS) and factor displacement (DISP) were applied to the factor profiles in this work for error estimation. In general, the factor profiles at all three sites had very small intervals from both BS and DISP methods. To our knowledge, this is the first time DISP was applied in a complex model such as the multi-time resolution model. Most of the measured metal and PAH concentrations found in the IJmond area during the 2017-2019 period had local sources, with significant contributions from several processes related to the steel industry. This study shows that available detailed PM10 chemical speciation data, although primarily collected for annual trend analyses of health-relevant species, could also be used in receptor modelling by applying a multi-time framework. We propose general recommendations for the optimization of the measurement strategy for source apportionment of PM in areas with similar urban-industrial land use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Mooibroek
- Centre for Environmental Monitoring, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), A. van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Uwayemi M Sofowote
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Canada
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yuan CS, Lai CS, Chang-Chien GP, Tseng YL, Cheng FJ. Kidney damage induced by repeated fine particulate matter exposure: Effects of different components. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157528. [PMID: 35882344 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) is associated with adverse health effects. This study aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of the constituents of PM2.5 on mouse kidneys. METHODS We collected PM2.5 near an industrial complex located in southern Kaohsiung, Taiwan, that was divided into water extract and insoluble particles. Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into five groups: control, low- and high-dose insoluble particle exposure, and low- and high-dose water extract exposure. Biochemical analysis, Western blot analysis, histological examination, and immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate the impact of PM2.5 constituents on mice kidneys. RESULTS PM2.5 was collected from January 1, 2021, to February 8, 2021, from an industrial complex in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Metallic element analysis showed that Pb, Ni, V, and Ti were non-essential metals with enrichment factors >10. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and nitrate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon analyses revealed that the toxic equivalents are, in the order, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), indeno(1,2,3-cd) pyrene (IP), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (DBA), and benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), which are potential carcinogens. Both water extract and insoluble particle exposure induced inflammatory cytokine upregulation, inflammatory cell infiltration, antioxidant activity downregulation, and elevation of kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) level in mouse kidneys. A dose-dependent effect of PM2.5 water extract and insoluble particle exposure on angiotensin converter enzyme 2 downregulation in mouse kidneys was observed. CONCLUSION We found that water-soluble extract and insoluble particles of PM2.5 could induce oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions, influence the regulation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS), and lead to kidney injury marker level elevation in mouse kidneys. The lowest-observed-adverse-effect level for renal toxicity in mice was 40 μg water-soluble extract/insoluble particle inhalation per week, which was approximately equal to the ambient PM2.5 concentration of 44 μg/m3 for mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Shin Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70, Lian-Hai Road, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, ROC; Aerosol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, 70, Lian-Hai Road, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Shu Lai
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Guo-Ping Chang-Chien
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Cheng Shiu University, No. 840 Chengcing Rd., Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, No. 840 Chengcing Rd., Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lun Tseng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70, Lian-Hai Road, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fu-Jen Cheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan, ROC; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 259, Wenhua 1(st) Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan, ROC.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ray I, Das R, Chua SL, Wang X. Seasonal variation of atmospheric Pb sources in Singapore - Elemental and lead isotopic compositions of PM 10 as source tracer. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:136029. [PMID: 36028124 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Southeast Asia has become a hotspot of anthropogenic particulate matter (PM) emissions due to increased coal combustion, high-temperature industrial operations, vehicular traffic, and agricultural biomass burning. Lead (Pb), a criteria pollutant, bound to such PM can be hazardous when inhaled, even at extremely low concentrations. Precise and accurate source apportionment of atmospheric Pb is thus, critical in order to minimize its exposure. This study investigates the sources of atmospheric Pb in Singapore aerosol samples (PM10) using Pb isotopes and elemental composition as tracers of contamination sources. PM10 aerosol sampling was conducted over a period of 1 year from June 2017 to May 2018 to capture the seasonal variations in sources of atmospheric Pb. Elemental concentrations reveal particularly high enrichment factors for Pb, Cu, V, Ni and Zn, especially when under the influence of southwest (SW) and inter monsoon (IM) winds. Pb isotopic ratios across the three seasons (206/207Pb = 1.147-1.150 and 208/207Pb = 2.420-2.428) are not significantly different. The Pb isotopic signatures and V/Ni ratios for all three seasons overlap with those of gasoline, diesel and ship emissions. Moreover, V/Pb values of more than unity for SW and IM winds suggest influence of transboundary coal combustion emissions particularly from Indonesia. Consequently, using Pb isotopic fingerprints and elemental ratios, we find that the primary sources of atmospheric Pb are vehicular & ship emissions, heavy oil combustion, transboundary coal combustion emissions, waste incineration and recirculation of historic leaded gasoline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iravati Ray
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Reshmi Das
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India; Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Song Lin Chua
- Asian School of Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Xianfeng Wang
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Asian School of Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Alankarage D, Juhasz AL. Impact of smelter re-development on spatial and temporal airborne Pb concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119952. [PMID: 35985437 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Total suspended particulate (TSP) and PM10 filters collected from two ambient air monitoring stations in Port Pirie were analysed to determine the impact of a lead (Pb) smelter redevelopment on air quality parameters including total elemental concentration, Pb isotopic ratio, Pb bioaccessibility and Pb speciation. Filters from 2009 to 2020 were analysed with a focus on samples from 2017 (immediately prior to smelter redevelopment) and 2020 (post-smelter redevelopment). Lead concentration in 2009-2020 TSP was variable ranging up to 6.94 μg m-3 (mean = 0.57 μg m-3), however, no significant decrease in Pb concentration was observed at either Port Pirie West (p = 0.56, n = 34) or Oliver Street (p = 0.32, n = 28) monitoring stations when 2017 and 2020 TSP values were compared. Similarly, no significant difference (p = 0.42) in PM10 Pb concentration was observed in 2017 (mean = 0.80 μg m-3) and 2020 (0.60 μg m-3) Oliver Street filters. Although no change in percentage Pb bioaccessibility was observed when 2017 and 2020 Port Pirie West TSP samples were compared (mean of 88.7% versus 88.0%), Pb bioaccessibility was lower (p < 0.005) in both 2020 TSP (mean of 83.9% versus 62.9%) and PM10 (mean of 70.8% versus 58.3%) Oliver Street filters compared to 2017. While scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy identified a number of Pb phases within filters (galena, anglesite, cerussite, conglomerates), differences in Pb speciation between 2017 and 2020 filters could not be identified although it was presumed that this influenced Pb bioaccessibility outcomes at Oliver Street. Data from this study suggests that recent smelter redevelopments have not significantly decreased the concentrations of airborne Pb in Port Pirie although re-entrainment of soil-Pb from historical impact may also be a contributing Pb source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Albert L Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Marguí E, Queralt I, de Almeida E. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for environmental analysis: Basic principles, instrumentation, applications and recent trends. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135006. [PMID: 35605725 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the conceptual advancement on green analytical chemistry (GAC) has moved in parallel with efforts to incorporate new screening or quantitative low-cost analytical tools to solve analytical problems. In this sense, the role of solid state techniques that allow the non-invasive analysis (or with a minimum sample treatment) of solid samples cannot be neglected. This review describes the basic principles, instrumentation and advances in the application of X-ray fluorescence instrumentation to the environmental sciences research topics, published between 2006 and 2020. Obviously, and because of the enormous number of works that can be found in the literature, it is not possible to exhaustively cover all published articles and the diversity of topics related to the environment in which a solid state technique like XRF has been applied successfully. It is a question of making a compilation of the instrumentation in use, the significant advances in XRF spectrometry and sample treatment strategies to highlight the potential of its implementation for environmental assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Marguí
- Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, C/M.AurèliaCampany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain.
| | - I Queralt
- Department of Geosciences, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C. Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E de Almeida
- Laboratory of Nuclear Instrumentation, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, Piracicaba, SP, 13416000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pala D, Casella V, Larizza C, Malovini A, Bellazzi R. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on PM concentrations in an Italian Northern City: A year-by-year assessment. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263265. [PMID: 35344546 PMCID: PMC8959169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last century, the increase in traffic, human activities and industrial production have led to a diffuse presence of air pollution, which causes an increase of risk of several health conditions such as respiratory diseases. In Europe, air pollution is a serious concern that affects several areas, one of the worst ones being northern Italy, and in particular the Po Valley, an area characterized by low air quality due to a combination of high population density, industrial activity, geographical factors and weather conditions. Public health authorities and local administrations are aware of this problem, and periodically intervene with temporary traffic limitations and other regulations, often insufficient to solve the problem. In February 2020, this area was the first in Europe to be severely hit by the SARS-CoV-2 virus causing the COVID-19 disease, to which the Italian government reacted with the establishment of a drastic lockdown. This situation created the condition to study how significant is the impact of car traffic and industrial activity on the pollution in the area, as these factors were strongly reduced during the lockdown. Differently from some areas in the world, a drastic decrease in pollution measured in terms of particulate matter (PM) was not observed in the Po Valley during the lockdown, suggesting that several external factors can play a role in determining the severity of pollution. In this study, we report the case study of the city of Pavia, where data coming from 23 air quality sensors were analyzed to compare the levels measured during the lockdown with the ones coming from the same period in 2019. Our results show that, on a global scale, there was a statistically significant reduction in terms of PM levels taking into account meteorological variables that can influence pollution such as wind, temperature, humidity, rain and solar radiation. Differences can be noticed analyzing daily pollution trends too, as—compared to the study period in 2019—during the study period in 2020 pollution was higher in the morning and lower in the remaining hours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Pala
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Vittorio Casella
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristiana Larizza
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Bellazzi
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chianese E, Tirimberio G, Appolloni L, Dinoi A, Contini D, Di Gilio A, Palmisani J, Cotugno P, Miniero DV, Dusek U, Cammino G, Riccio A. Chemical characterisation of PM 10 from ship emissions: a study on samples from hydrofoil exhaust stacks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:17723-17736. [PMID: 34676477 PMCID: PMC8530373 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A chemical characterization of PM10 collected at hydrofoil exhaust stacks was performed conducting two on-board measuring campaigns, with the aim of assessing the ship emission impact on PM10 collected in the coastal area of Naples (Southern Italy) and providing information about the characteristics of this important PM emission source.Samples were analysed determining the contribution of different chemical parameters to PM10's mass, which consisted of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (0.10 ± 0.12%), total carbon (61.9% ± 20.0%, with 40.4% of organic carbon, OC, and 21.5% of elemental carbon, EC) and elemental fraction (0.44% ± 1.00%). Differences in terms of composition and chemical parameter profiles were observed between samples collected during offshore navigation (Off) and samples collected during shunting operations (SO), the latter of higher concern on a local scale. For SO samples, lower contributions of OC and EC were observed (39.7% and 19.6% respectively) compared to Off samples (41.5% and 24.2%), and an increase in terms of elements (from 0.32 to 0.51%) and PAHs (from 0.06 to 0.12%) concentrations was observed. In addition, enrichment factors (EFs) for some elements such as V, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ag and Hg as well as PAHs profile varied significantly between SO and Off. Data presented here were compared with data on chemical composition of PM10 sampled in a tunnel, in a background site and in an urban site in the city of Naples. Results indicated that shipping activities contributed significantly to the emission of V and, in some extent, Zn and Cd; in addition, PAH profiles indicated a greater contribution to urban PM10 from vehicular traffic than shipping emissions. These results can significantly contribute to the correct evaluation of the influence of shipping emission on PM10 generation in urban coastal areas and can be a useful reference for similar studies. The coastal area of Naples is an important example of the coexistence of residential, touristic and natural areas with pollutants emission sources including, among the others, shipping emissions. In this and similar contexts, it is important to distinguish the contribution of each emission source to clearly define environmental control policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chianese
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples 'Parthenope', Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Tirimberio
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples 'Parthenope', Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luca Appolloni
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples 'Parthenope', Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143, Napoli, Italy
| | - Adelaide Dinoi
- Istituto Di Scienze Dell'Atmosfera E del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Daniele Contini
- Istituto Di Scienze Dell'Atmosfera E del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Gilio
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Jolanda Palmisani
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Cotugno
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Ulrike Dusek
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO) Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gennaro Cammino
- Autorità Di Sistema Portuale del Mar Tirreno Centrale, Piazzale Pisacane 80133, Napoli, Italy
| | - Angelo Riccio
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples 'Parthenope', Centro Direzionale Isola C4, 80143, Napoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Luo H, Wang Q, Guan Q, Ma Y, Ni F, Yang E, Zhang J. Heavy metal pollution levels, source apportionment and risk assessment in dust storms in key cities in Northwest China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 422:126878. [PMID: 34418825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the potential hazards of heavy metals in dust storms were investigated by collecting dust storm samples, measuring their heavy metal concentrations, and using index evaluation, spatial analysis, positive matrix factorization (PMF) model and risk assessment model. Heavy metals in dust storms were contaminated by anthropogenic sources leading to their concentrations being higher than the background values. The enrichment factors and geoaccumulation indices showed that the heavy metals came from both natural and anthropogenic sources, Cu, Ni, Zn and Pb are strongly influenced by anthropogenic sources. Heavy metals in dust storms were divided into four sources: Cu and Ni were attributed to industrial sources mainly from local mining and metal processing; Cr was mainly contributed by industrial sources related to industrial production such as coal combustion; Pb and Zn were mainly contributed by transportation sources; and Ti, V, Mn, Fe, and As were from natural and agricultural sources. The level of comprehensive ecological risk of heavy metals in dust storms were low, but there were moderate and above risks at individual sites. Both adults and children had the highest carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks from the ingestion route, and the risk for children was higher than that for adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Luo
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qingzheng Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qingyu Guan
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yunrui Ma
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fei Ni
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Enqi Yang
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
The Content and Sources of Potentially Toxic Elements in the Road Dust of Surgut (Russia). ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The chemical and particle size composition of road dust in Surgut, which is a rapidly developing city in Western Siberia, was studied for the first time. Contents of major and trace elements were determined using ICP-MS and ICP-AES, respectively. It was found that the road dust had an alkaline pH (from 7.54 to 9.38) and that the particle size composition was dominated by the 100–250-μm fraction. The contamination assessment based on calculations of the enrichment factor (EF) showed that the road dust was significantly enriched in Sb and Cu and moderately enriched in Zn, Pb, Mo, Ni and W. The sources of these elements are probably associated with the abrasion of car tires and brake pads. Based on calculations of global pollution index (PIr) and total enrichment factor (Ze), the road dust of Surgut was characterized by a generally low level of potential ecological risk, except for stretches of road subject to regular traffic jams, where a moderate ecological risk level was identified. In comparison to the other Russian cities (Moscow, Chelyabinsk, Tyumen, etc.) where studies of road dust composition have been carried out, Surgut had similar contents of Cr and Cu and relatively lower contents of Sb, Cd, As and Pb.
Collapse
|
22
|
City Scale Modeling of Ultrafine Particles in Urban Areas with Special Focus on Passenger Ferryboat Emission Impact. TOXICS 2021; 10:toxics10010003. [PMID: 35051045 PMCID: PMC8779367 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution by aerosol particles is mainly monitored as mass concentrations of particulate matter, such as PM10 and PM2.5. However, mass-based measurements are hardly representative for ultrafine particles (UFP), which can only be monitored adequately by particle number (PN) concentrations and are considered particularly harmful to human health. This study examines the dispersion of UFP in Hamburg city center and, in particular, the impact of passenger ferryboats by modeling PN concentrations and compares concentrations to measured values. To this end, emissions inventories and emission size spectra for different emission sectors influencing concentrations in the city center were created, explicitly considering passenger ferryboat traffic as an additional emission source. The city-scale chemical transport model EPISODE-CityChem is applied for the first time to simulate PN concentrations and additionally, observations of total particle number counts are taken at four different sampling sites in the city. Modeled UFP concentrations are in the range of 1.5–3 × 104 cm−3 at ferryboat piers and at the road traffic locations with particle sizes predominantly below 50 nm. Urban background concentrations are at 0.4–1.2 × 104 cm−3 with a predominant particle size in the range 50–100 nm. Ferryboat traffic is a significant source of emissions near the shore along the regular ferry routes. Modeled concentrations show slight differences to measured data, but the model is capable of reproducing the observed spatial variation of UFP concentrations. UFP show strong variations in both space and time, with day-to-day variations mainly controlled by differences in air temperature, wind speed and wind direction. Further model simulations should focus on longer periods of time to better understand the influence of meteorological conditions on UFP dynamics.
Collapse
|
23
|
Millán-Martínez M, Sánchez-Rodas D, Sánchez de la Campa AM, de la Rosa J. Contribution of anthropogenic and natural sources in PM10 during North African dust events in Southern Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118065. [PMID: 34523517 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The influence of North African (NAF) dust events on the air quality at the regional level (12 representative monitoring stations) in Southern Europe during a long time series (2007-2014) was studied. PM10 levels and chemical composition were separated by Atlantic (ATL) and NAF air masses. An increase in the average PM10 concentrations was observed on sampling days with NAF dust influence (42 μg m-3) when compared to ATL air masses (29 μg m-3). Major compounds such as crustal components and secondary inorganic compounds (SIC), as well as toxic trace elements derived from industrial emissions, also showed higher concentrations of NAF events. A source contribution analysis using positive matrix factorisation (PMF) 5.0 of the PM10 chemical data, discriminating ATL and NAF air mass origins, allowed the identification of five sources: crustal, sea salt, traffic, regional, and industrial. A higher contribution (74%) of the natural sources to PM10 concentrations was confirmed under NAF episodes compared with ATL. Furthermore, there was an increase in anthropogenic sources during these events (51%), indicating the important influence of the NAF air masses on these sources. The results of this study highlight that environmental managers should take appropriate actions to reduce local emissions during NAF events to ensure good air quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Millán-Martínez
- Associate Unit CSIC-University of Huelva "Atmospheric Pollution", Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry - CIQSO, University of Huelva, E21071, Huelva, Spain; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Campus El Carmen s/n, 21071, Huelva, Spain.
| | - Daniel Sánchez-Rodas
- Associate Unit CSIC-University of Huelva "Atmospheric Pollution", Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry - CIQSO, University of Huelva, E21071, Huelva, Spain; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Campus El Carmen s/n, 21071, Huelva, Spain
| | - Ana M Sánchez de la Campa
- Associate Unit CSIC-University of Huelva "Atmospheric Pollution", Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry - CIQSO, University of Huelva, E21071, Huelva, Spain; Department of Mining, Mechanic, Energetic and Construction Engineering, ETSI, University of Huelva, 21071, Huelva, Spain
| | - Jesús de la Rosa
- Associate Unit CSIC-University of Huelva "Atmospheric Pollution", Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry - CIQSO, University of Huelva, E21071, Huelva, Spain; Department of Earth Science, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Campus El Carmen s/n, 21071, Huelva, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chowdhury RB, Khan A, Mahiat T, Dutta H, Tasmeea T, Binth Arman AB, Fardu F, Roy BB, Hossain MM, Khan NA, Amin ATMN, Sujauddin M. Environmental externalities of the COVID-19 lockdown: Insights for sustainability planning in the Anthropocene. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:147015. [PMID: 34088121 PMCID: PMC9616981 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has abruptly halted the Anthropocene's ever-expanding reign for the time being. The resulting global human confinement, dubbed as the Anthropause, has created an unprecedented opportunity for us to evaluate the environmental consequences of large-scale changes in anthropogenic activities. Based on a methodical and in-depth review of related literature, this study critically evaluates the positive and negative externalities of COVID-19 induced lockdown on environmental components including air, water, noise, waste, forest, wildlife, and biodiversity. Among adverse impacts of the lockdown, increased amount of healthcare waste (300-400%), increased level of atmospheric ozone (30-300%), elevated levels of illicit felling in forests and wildlife poaching were prominent. Compared to the negative impacts, significant positive changes in various quality parameters related to key environmental components were evident. Positive impacts on air quality, water quality, noise level, waste generation, and wildlife were apparent in varying degrees as evaluated in this study. By presenting a critical overview of the recommendations given in the major literature in light of these documented impacts, this paper alludes to potential policy reforms as a guideline for future sustainable environmental management planning. Some of the key recommendations are e.g., enhance remote working facilities, cleaner design, use of internet of things, automation, systematic lockdown, and inclusion of hazardous waste management in disaster planning. The summarized lessons of this review, pertinent to the dynamic relationship between anthropogenic activities and environmental degradation, amply bring home the need for policy reforms and prioritization of Sustainable Development Goals in the context of the planetary boundaries to the environmental sustainability for a new post-pandemic world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayushi Khan
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tashfia Mahiat
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Tahana Tasmeea
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Afra Bashira Binth Arman
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farzin Fardu
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Bidhan Bhuson Roy
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Niaz Ahmed Khan
- Department of Development Studies, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB), Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A T M Nurul Amin
- Department of Economics and Social Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Sujauddin
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang S, Kaur M, Li T, Pan F. Effect of Different Pollution Parameters and Chemical Components of PM 2.5 on Health of Residents of Xinxiang City, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6821. [PMID: 34202054 PMCID: PMC8297198 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study was planned to explore the pollution characteristics, health risks, and influence of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its components on blood routine parameters in a typical industrial city (Xinxiang City) in China. In this study, 102 effective samples 28 (April-May), 19 (July-August), 27 (September-October), 28 (December-January) of PM2.5 were collected during different seasons from 2017 to 2018. The water-soluble ions and metal elements in PM2.5 were analyzed via ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The blood routine physical examination parameters under different polluted weather conditions from January to December 2017 and 2018, the corresponding PM2.5 concentration, temperature, and relative humidity during the same period were collected from Second People's Hospital of Xinxiang during 2017-2018. Risk assessment was carried out using the generalized additive time series model (GAM). It was used to analyze the influence of PM2.5 concentration and its components on blood routine indicators of the physical examination population. The "mgcv" package in R.3.5.3 statistical software was used for modeling and analysis and used to perform nonparametric smoothing on meteorological indicators such as temperature and humidity. When Akaike's information criterion (AIC) value is the smallest, the goodness of fit of the model is the highest. Additionally, the US EPA exposure model was used to evaluate the health risks caused by different heavy metals in PM2.5 to the human body through the respiratory pathway, including carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic risk. The result showed that the air particulate matter and its chemical components in Xinxiang City were higher in winter as compared to other seasons with an overall trend of winter > spring > autumn > summer. The content of nitrate (NO3-) and sulfate (SO42-) ions in the atmosphere were higher in winter, which, together with ammonium, constitute the main components of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 in Xinxiang City. Source analysis reported that mobile pollution sources (coal combustion emissions, automobile exhaust emissions, and industrial emissions) in Xinxiang City during the winter season contributed more to atmospheric pollution as compared to fixed sources. The results of the risk assessment showed that the non-carcinogenic health risk of heavy metals in fine particulate matter is acceptable to the human body, while among the carcinogenic elements, the order of lifetime carcinogenic risk is arsenic (As) > chromium(Cr) > cadmium (Cd) > cobalt(Co) > nickel (Ni). During periods of haze pollution, the exposure concentration of PM2.5 has a certain lag effect on blood routine parameters. On the day when haze pollution occurs, when the daily average concentration of PM2.5 rises by 10 μg·m-3, hemoglobin (HGB) and platelet count (PLT) increase, respectively, by 9.923% (95% CI, 8.741-11.264) and 0.068% (95% CI, 0.067-0.069). GAM model analysis predicted the maximum effect of PM2.5 exposure concentration on red blood cell count (RBC) and PLT was reached when the hysteresis accumulates for 1d (Lag0). The maximum effect of exposure concentration ofPM2.5 on MONO is reached when the lag accumulation is 3d (Lag2). When the hysteresis accumulates for 6d (Lag5), the exposure concentration of PM2.5 has the greatest effect on HGB. The maximum cumulative effect of PM2.5 on neutrophil count (NEUT) and lymphocyte (LMY) was strongest when the lag was 2d (Lag1). During periods of moderate to severe pollution, the concentration of water-soluble ions and heavy metal elements in PM2.5 increases significantly and has a significant correlation with some blood routine indicators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China;
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- Henan Key Laboratory of Earth System Science Observation and Modeling, Henan University, Jinming Campus, Kaifeng 475004, China; (M.K.); (T.L.)
- College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Tengfei Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Earth System Science Observation and Modeling, Henan University, Jinming Campus, Kaifeng 475004, China; (M.K.); (T.L.)
- College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Feng Pan
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China;
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shipping and Air Quality in Italian Port Cities: State-of-the-Art Analysis of Available Results of Estimated Impacts. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12050536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Populated coastal areas are exposed to emissions from harbour-related activities (ship traffic, loading/unloading, and internal vehicular traffic), posing public health issues and environmental pressures on climate. Due to the strategic geographical position of Italy and the high number of ports along coastlines, an increasing concern about maritime emissions from Italian harbours has been made explicit in the EU and IMO (International Maritime Organization, London, UK) agenda, also supporting the inclusion in a potential Mediterranean emission control area (MedECA). This work reviews the main available outcomes concerning shipping (and harbours’) contributions to local air quality, particularly in terms of concentration of particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants (mainly nitrogen and sulphur oxides), in the main Italian hubs. Maritime emissions from literature and disaggregated emission inventories are discussed. Furthermore, estimated impacts to air quality, obtained with dispersion and receptor modeling approaches, which are the most commonly applied methodologies, are discussed. Results show a certain variability that suggests the necessity of harmonization among methods and input data in order to compare results. The analysis gives a picture of the effects of this pollution source, which could be useful for implementing effective mitigation strategies at a national level.
Collapse
|
27
|
Wu PC, Huang KF. Tracing local sources and long-range transport of PM 10 in central Taiwan by using chemical characteristics and Pb isotope ratios. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7593. [PMID: 33828152 PMCID: PMC8026966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87051-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Central Taiwan is among the most heavily polluted regions in Taiwan because of a complex mixing of local emissions from intense anthropogenic activities with natural dust. Long-range transport (LRT) of pollutants from outside Taiwan also contributes critically to the deterioration of air quality, especially during the northeast monsoon season. To identify the sources of particulate matter < 10 μm (PM10) in central Taiwan, this study performed several sampling campaigns, including three local events, one LRT event, and one dust storm event, during the northeast monsoon season of 2018/2019. The PM10 samples were analyzed for water-soluble ion and trace metal concentrations as well as Pb isotope ratios. Local sediments were also collected and analyzed to constrain chemical/isotopic signatures of natural sources. The Pb isotope data were interpreted together with the enrichment factors and elemental ratios of trace metals in PM10, and reanalysis data sets were used to delineate the sources of PM10 in central Taiwan. Our results suggested that Pb in PM10 was predominantly contributed by oil combustion and oil refineries during the local events (48-88%), whereas the lowest contributions were from coal combustion (< 21%). During periods of high wind speed, the contribution from natural sources increased significantly from 13 to 31%. Despite Pb represented only a small portion of PM10, a strong correlation (r = 0.89, p < 0.001, multiple regression analysis) between PM10 mass and the concentrations of Pb, V, and Al was observed in the study area, suggesting that the sources of PM10 in central Taiwan can be possibly tracked by using chemical characteristics and Pb isotopes in PM10. Moreover, the Pb isotopic signals of PM10 collected during the LRT event confirmed the impact of LRT from Mainland China, and the chemical characteristics of the PM10 significantly differed from those of the PM10 collected during local events. This study demonstrates the robustness of using a combination of Pb isotopic compositions and chemical characteristics in PM10 for source tracing in complex and heavily polluted areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chao Wu
- Earth System Science Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Earth Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Fang Huang
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Galvão ES, de Cassia Feroni R, D'Azeredo Orlando MT. A review of the main strategies used in the interpretation of similar chemical profiles yielded by receptor models in the source apportionment of particulate matter. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:128746. [PMID: 33153846 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Receptor models have been widely used for the source apportionment of airborne particulate matter. However, in the last 10 years, the use of factor analysis-based models, such as PMF and UNMIX, has increased significantly. The results yielded by these models must be interpreted by users who must know all variables influencing the modeling, and without this knowledge, the probability of incorrect interpretation of the source profiles may increase, especially when two or more sources have similar chemical profiles. Concerning the quality of data, this work shows that a broad characterization of PM composition, including inorganic, organic, and mineralogical species can improve this process, avoiding misinterpretation and the attribution of mixed or unidentified sources. This work aims to provide readers with some answers for a question often risen during source apportionment studies: Which source markers should be used for better separation and interpretation of source profiles? This review shows there is no right answer for this because different strategies can be used for this purpose. Therefore, this review aims to compile and highlight qualitatively the key strategies already used by several experienced receptor models users, combining the use of inorganic, organic, and mineralogical markers of PM for better separation and interpretation of the profiles yielded by receptor models. Also, this work presents a compilation in tables of the main chemical species reported in the literature as markers for interpreting the source profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elson Silva Galvão
- Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Física, Vitória, Brazil.
| | - Rita de Cassia Feroni
- Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Engenharias e Tecnologia, São Mateus, ES, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Manojkumar N, Srimuruganandam B. Health effects of particulate matter in major Indian cities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2021; 31:258-270. [PMID: 31392891 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1651257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background: Particulate matter (PM) is one among the crucial air pollutants and has the potential to cause a wide range of health effects. Indian cities ranked top places in the World Health Organization list of most polluted cities by PM. Objectives: Present study aims to assess the trends, short- and long-term health effects of PM in major Indian cities. Methods: PM-induced hospital admissions and mortality are quantified using AirQ+ software. Results: Annual PM concentration in most of the cities is higher than the National Ambient Air Quality Standards of India. Trend analysis showed peak PM concentration during post-monsoon and winter seasons. The respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions in the male (female) population are estimated to be 31,307 (28,009) and 5460 (4882) cases, respectively. PM2.5 has accounted for a total of 1,27,014 deaths in 2017. Conclusion: Cities with high PM concentration and exposed population are more susceptible to mortality and hospital admissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Manojkumar
- School of Civil Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) , Vellore, India
| | - B Srimuruganandam
- School of Civil Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) , Vellore, India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Taylor WL, Schuldt SJ, Delorit JD, Chini CM, Postolache TT, Lowry CA, Brenner LA, Hoisington AJ. A framework for estimating the United States depression burden attributable to indoor fine particulate matter exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:143858. [PMID: 33293092 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently published exploratory studies based on exposure to outdoor fine particulates, defined as particles with a nominal mean diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm (PM2.5) indicate that the pollutant may play a role in mental health conditions, such as major depressive disorder. This paper details a model that can estimate the United States (US) major depressive disorder burden attributable to indoor PM2.5 exposure, locally modifiable through input parameter calibrations. By utilizing concentration values in an exposure-response function, along with relative risk values derived from epidemiological studies, the model estimated the prevalence of expected cases of major depressive disorder in multiple scenarios. Model results show that exposure to indoor PM2.5 might contribute to 476,000 cases of major depressive disorder in the US (95% confidence interval 11,000-1,100,000), approximately 2.7% of the total number of cases reported annually. Increasing heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) filter efficiency in a residential dwelling results in minor reductions in depressive disorders in rural or urban locations in the US. Nevertheless, a minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) 13 filter does have a benefit/cost ratio at or near one when smoking occurs indoors; during wildfires; or in locations with elevated outdoor PM2.5 concentrations. The approach undertaken herein could provide a transparent strategy for investment into the built environment to improve the mental health of the occupants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William L Taylor
- Department of Systems Engineering and Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA
| | - Steven J Schuldt
- Department of Systems Engineering and Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA
| | - Justin D Delorit
- Department of Systems Engineering and Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA
| | - Christopher M Chini
- Department of Systems Engineering and Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA
| | - Teodor T Postolache
- Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Integrative Physiology, Center for Neuroscience, and Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry, & Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lisa A Brenner
- Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry, & Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrew J Hoisington
- Department of Systems Engineering and Management, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Seasonal Variations in the Chemical Composition of Indoor and Outdoor PM10 in University Classrooms. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13042263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the VIEPI project (Integrated evaluation of the exposure to indoor particulate matter) framework, we carried out a 1-year study of the concentration and chemical composition of particulate matter (PM) in a 5 story building in the Sapienza University of Rome (Italy). Each sampling had a duration of 1 month and was carried out indoors and outdoors in six classrooms. The chemical analyses were grouped to obtain information about the main PM sources. Micro-elements in their soluble and insoluble fractions were used to trace additional sources. Indoor PM composition was dominated by soil components and, to a lesser extent, by the organics, which substantially increased when people crowded the sites. The penetration of PM components was regulated by their chemical nature and by the dimensions of the particles in which they were contained. For the first time in crowded indoor environments, three different chemical assays aimed to determine PM redox properties complemented chemical composition measurements. These preliminary tests showed that substantially different redox properties characterised atmospheric particles in indoor and outdoor sites. The innovative characteristics of this study (time duration, number of considered environments) were essential to obtain relevant information about PM composition and sources in indoor academic environments and the occupants’ role.
Collapse
|
32
|
Oduber F, Calvo AI, Castro A, Blanco-Alegre C, Alves C, Calzolai G, Nava S, Lucarelli F, Nunes T, Barata J, Fraile R. Characterization of aerosol sources in León (Spain) using Positive Matrix Factorization and weather types. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142045. [PMID: 32916490 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A one-year aerosol sampling campaign, between 2016 and 2017, was conducted in a suburban area of León city, Spain. An association between the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) results and air masses through circulation weather types was carried out, through the construction of linear models from the PM10 concentrations and its chemical composition. The aerosol sources, identified by PMF six-factor solution, were: traffic (29%), aged sea salt (26%), secondary aerosols (16%), dust (13%), marine aerosol (7%) and biomass burning (3%). Traffic and secondary factors showed the highest PM10 contribution in the hybrid cyclonic types with wind component from the first and second quadrant. Anticyclonic types with wind component from the first quadrant exhibited high values of secondary, aged sea salt and dust factors. The highest contributions of the dust factor were also associated with northerly types. The linear models built for estimating the source apportionment of PM10, from aerosol chemical composition and geostrophic flow, showed positive coefficients for: westerly flows (WF) in marine factor, southerly flows (SF) in secondary and traffic factors, and shear southerly vorticities (ZS) in dust factor. Negative dependences were observed for ZS in aged sea salt factor and for SF in dust factor. The PM10 mass concentration calculated by the linear models and by the PMF model were strongly correlated. This can be very useful to determine the contribution of a specific source to PM10 in León, only by knowing some meteorological and chemical variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Oduber
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB University of León, León, Spain.
| | - Ana Isabel Calvo
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB University of León, León, Spain.
| | - Amaya Castro
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB University of León, León, Spain.
| | | | - Célia Alves
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Giulia Calzolai
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence and INFN-Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Silvia Nava
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence and INFN-Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Franco Lucarelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence and INFN-Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Teresa Nunes
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Joana Barata
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Roberto Fraile
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB University of León, León, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pattammattel A, Leppert VJ, Aronstein P, Robinson M, Mousavi A, Sioutas C, Forman HJ, O’Day PA. Iron Speciation in Particulate Matter (PM 2.5) from Urban Los Angeles Using Spectro-microscopy Methods. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2021; 245:117988. [PMID: 33223923 PMCID: PMC7673293 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The speciation, oxidation states, and relative abundance of iron (Fe) phases in PM2.5 samples from two locations in urban Los Angeles were investigated using a combination of bulk and spatially resolved, element-specific spectroscopy and microscopy methods. Synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of bulk samples in situ (i.e., without extraction or digestion) was used to quantify the relative fractions of major Fe phases, which were corroborated by spatially resolved spectro-microscopy measurements. Ferrihydrite (amorphous Fe(III)-hydroxide) comprised the largest Fe fraction (34-52%), with hematite (α-Fe2O3; 13-23%) and magnetite (Fe3O4; 10-24%) identified as major crystalline oxide components. An Fe-bearing phyllosilicate fraction (16-23%) was fit best with a reference spectrum of a natural illite/smectite mineral, and metallic Fe(0) was a relatively small (2-6%) but easily identified component. Sizes, morphologies, oxidation state, and trace element compositions of Fe-bearing PM from electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) revealed variable and heterogeneous mixtures of Fe species and phases, often associated with carbonaceous material with evidence of surface oxidation. Ferrihydrite (or related Fe(III) hydroxide phases) was ubiquitous in PM samples. It forms as an oxidation or surface alteration product of crystalline Fe phases, and also occurs as coatings or nanoparticles dispersed with other phases as a result of environmental dissolution and re-precipitation reactions. The prevalence of ferrihydrite (and adsorbed Fe(III) has likely been underestimated in studies of ambient PM because it is non-crystalline, non-magnetic, more soluble than crystalline phases, and found in complex mixtures. Review of potential sources of different particle types suggests that the majority of Fe-bearing PM from these urban sites originates from anthropogenic activities, primarily abrasion products from vehicle braking systems and engine emissions from combustion and/or wear. These variable mixtures have a high probability for electron transfer reactions between Fe, redox-active metals such as copper, and reactive carbon species such as quinones. Our findings suggest the need to assess biological responses of specific Fe-bearing phases both individually and in combination to unravel mechanisms of adverse health effects of particulate Fe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajith Pattammattel
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute and School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, 95343, USA
| | | | - Paul Aronstein
- Environmental Systems Program, University of California, Merced, 95343, USA
| | - Matthew Robinson
- School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, 95343, USA
| | - Amirhosein Mousavi
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Henry Jay Forman
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Peggy A. O’Day
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute and School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, 95343, USA
- Environmental Systems Program, University of California, Merced, 95343, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Contardo T, Vannini A, Sharma K, Giordani P, Loppi S. Disentangling sources of trace element air pollution in complex urban areas by lichen biomonitoring. A case study in Milan (Italy). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 256:127155. [PMID: 32470739 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the bioaccumulation of selected trace elements in lichen samples transplanted for three months in Milan, Italy, with the aim of assessing the main environmental contaminants and the overall pollution load, and of disentangling the main air pollution sources as well as of estimating fluxes of element deposition. The results highlighted Cu and Sb as important contaminants and suggested a common origin for these two elements from railways and non-exhaust sources of vehicular traffic such as brake abrasion. High or very high global air pollution emerged for all study sites. Source apportionment outlined three main factors, that found reliable correlation with distance from major roads and railways, an industrial plant, and soil resuspension. Ranges of estimated mean annual element deposition rates in the study area were similar to those reported for other cities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Contardo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Vannini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Kunal Sharma
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Giordani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Loppi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lin YC, Zhang YL, Song W, Yang X, Fan MY. Specific sources of health risks caused by size-resolved PM-bound metals in a typical coal-burning city of northern China during the winter haze event. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:138651. [PMID: 32460085 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High particulate matter (PM) pollution frequently occurs in winter over northern China , resulting in threats to human health. To date, there are limited studies to link source apportionments and health risk assessments in the different size-resolved PM samples during high PM events. In this study, size-segregated PM samples were collected in Linfen, a typical coal-burning city, in northern China during a wintertime haze pollution. In addition to water-soluble ions and carbon contents, metallic elements in the different size-segregated PM samples were also determined for health risk assessments by inhalation of PM. During the sampling period, the average concentration of PM10 was 274 ± 57 μg m-3 with a major fraction (73%) of organic material and secondary-related aerosols, and an insignificant portion of trace elements (TEs, ~ 3%). The size distribution showed that As and Se, markers of coal combustion, exhibited a mono-modal distribution with a major peak at 0.4-0.7 μm and the others mostly possessed mono-/bi-modal patterns with a major peak at 3.3-5.8 μm. The cancer risk (CR) resulted from PM10 metals by inhalation was estimated to be 2.91 × 10-5 for children and 7.75 × 10-5 for adults while non-cancer risk (NCR) was 2.10 for children and 0.70 for adults. Chromium (Cr) was the dominant species (~89%) of cancer risk in PM10. Road dust was a major fraction (~65%) to total metals in coarse PM (dp > 3.3 μm) whereas coal combustion was a dominant source (~55%) in submicron (dp < 1.1 μm) PM metals. However, traffic emissions (40%) and coal combustion (36%) were the dominant sources of CR since both emissions contributed major fractions (74%) to Cr, especially in submicron PM which exhibited high deposition efficiency of TEs into respiratory tracts, resulting in high CR in Linfen City.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Lin
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yan-Lin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Wenhuai Song
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Mei-Yi Fan
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Long T, Peng B, Yang Z, Tang C, Ye Z, Zhao N, Chen C. Spatial Distribution and Source of Inorganic Elements in PM 2.5 During a Typical Winter Haze Episode in Guilin, China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 79:1-11. [PMID: 32307576 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Guilin, a famous tourist city, is located in northeast Guangxi Province of Southwest China. However, recently, abnormal haze events occurred frequently in the winter. To characterize inorganic elements in PM2.5 and associated sources during a winter haze episode, 30 samples were collected from 6 sites in Guilin from December 16 to 20, 2016, and 24 inorganic elements were measured using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The results showed that the sum of 24 inorganic elements varied from 5.47 ± 0.45 to 9.26 ± 0.73 μg m-3, and accounting for 6.81% ± 13.35% to 8.63% ± 15.05% of PM2.5 at all sites. Among them, crustal elements, including K, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Fe, and Ti contributed approximately 82% ± 6%-90% ± 3%. Cluster results combined the coefficient of divergence and hierarchical cluster for inorganic elements and the sites showed that YS designated as the background site had obvious spatial heterogeneity, specially, mass concentration, and Igeo (index of geoaccumulation) values of Ni, Cr, Mo, and Ba were higher than those at the other five sites, which indicating that PM2.5 in Guilin was significantly affected by interregional transport. The results of source apportionment showed that Al, Ti, B, Fe, Ca, Mg, and Cr were derived from road and building dust, whereas Sb, As, and Hg originated from coal combustion, Co and V from vehicle emission (such as diesel and gasoline combustion), and other metals (Zn, Pb, Mn, Ba, Cu, Ni, Se, Cd, Mo, Tl, K, and Na) from coal combustion and industrial processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tengfa Long
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guilin, China.
- College of Environment and Resource, Guangxi Normal University, 15th YuCai St. QiXing District, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Bin Peng
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Zhihui Yang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Chongjian Tang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Ziwei Ye
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guilin, China
- College of Environment and Resource, Guangxi Normal University, 15th YuCai St. QiXing District, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guilin, China
- College of Environment and Resource, Guangxi Normal University, 15th YuCai St. QiXing District, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Chunqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guilin, China
- College of Environment and Resource, Guangxi Normal University, 15th YuCai St. QiXing District, Guilin, 541004, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chemical Composition of PM10 in 16 Urban, Industrial and Background Sites in Italy. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11050479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Italy is characterized by a very variable configuration in terms of altitude, proximity to the sea, latitude and the presence of industrial plants. This paper summarizes the chemical characterization of PM10 obtained from 38 sampling campaigns carried out in 16 sites in Italy during the years 2008–2018. Chemical determinations include all macro-components (six macro-elements, eight ions, elemental carbon and organic carbon). The sum of the individual components agrees well with the PM10 mass. The chemical composition of the atmospheric aerosol clearly reflects the variety in the Italian territory and the pronounced seasonal variations in the meteoclimatic conditions that characterize the country. Macro-sources reconstruction allowed us to identify and evaluate the strength of the main PM10 sources in different areas. On 10 sampling sites, the soluble and insoluble fractions of 23 minor and trace elements were also determined. Principal Component Analysis was applied to these data to highlight the relationship between the elemental composition of PM10 and the characteristics of the sampling sites.
Collapse
|
38
|
Alanen J, Isotalo M, Kuittinen N, Simonen P, Martikainen S, Kuuluvainen H, Honkanen M, Lehtoranta K, Nyyssönen S, Vesala H, Timonen H, Aurela M, Keskinen J, Rönkkö T. Physical Characteristics of Particle Emissions from a Medium Speed Ship Engine Fueled with Natural Gas and Low-Sulfur Liquid Fuels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5376-5384. [PMID: 32250108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Particle emissions from marine traffic affect significantly air quality in coastal areas and the climate. The particle emissions were studied from a 1.4 MW marine engine operating on low-sulfur fuels natural gas (NG; dual-fuel with diesel pilot), marine gas oil (MGO) and marine diesel oil (MDO). The emitted particles were characterized with respect to particle number (PN) emission factors, PN size distribution down to nanometer scale (1.2-414 nm), volatility, electric charge, morphology, and elemental composition. The size distribution of fresh exhaust particles was bimodal for all the fuels, the nucleation mode highly dominating the soot mode. Total PN emission factors were 2.7 × 1015-7.1 × 1015 #/kWh, the emission being the lowest with NG and the highest with MDO. Liquid fuel combustion generated 4-12 times higher soot mode particle emissions than the NG combustion, and the harbor-area-typical lower engine load (40%) caused higher total PN emissions than the higher load (85%). Nonvolatile particles consisted of nanosized fuel, and spherical lubricating oil core mode particles contained, e.g., calcium as well as agglomerated soot mode particles. Our results indicate the PN emissions from marine engines may remain relatively high regardless of fuel sulfur limits, mostly due to the nanosized particle emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Alanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mia Isotalo
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Niina Kuittinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pauli Simonen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Sampsa Martikainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Heino Kuuluvainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mari Honkanen
- Tampere Microscopy Center, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Kati Lehtoranta
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Sami Nyyssönen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Hannu Vesala
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Keskinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hourly Elemental Composition and Source Identification by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) of Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter in the High Polluted Industrial Area of Taranto (Italy). ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11040419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the framework of an extensive environmental investigation, promoted by the Italian Health Ministry, the ISPESL (Istituto Superiore per la Prevenzione e la Sicurezza del Lavoro) and the CNR (Consiglio Nazionale della Ricerca), aerosol samples were collected in Taranto (one of the most industrialized towns in southern Italy) with high time resolution and analyzed by PIXE. The samples were collected in two periods (February–March and June 2004) and in two different sites: an urban district close to the industrial area and a small town 7 km N-NW of Taranto. The use of ‘‘streaker’’ samplers (by PIXE International Corporation) allowed for the simultaneous collection of the fine (<2.5 μm) and coarse (2.5–10 μm) fractions of particulate matter. PIXE analyses were performed with a 3 MeV proton beam from the 3 MV Tandetron accelerator of the INFN-LABEC laboratory. Particulate emissions as well as their atmospheric transport and dilution processes change within a few hours, but most of the results in literature are limited to daily time resolution of the input samples that are not suitable for tracking these rapid changes. Furthermore, since source apportionment receptor models need a series of samples containing material from the same set of sources in different proportions, a higher variability between samples can be obtained by increasing the temporal resolution rather than with samples integrated over a longer time. In this study, the high time resolution of the adopted approach allowed us to follow in detail the changes in the aerosol elemental composition due to both the time evolution of the industrial emissions and the time changes in meteorological conditions, and thus, transport pathways. Moreover, the location of the sampling sites, along the prevalent wind direction and in opposite positions with respect to the industrial site, allowed us to follow the impact of the industrial plume as a function of wind direction. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis on the elemental hourly concentrations identified eight sources in the fine fraction and six sources in the coarse one.
Collapse
|
40
|
Chi R, Li H, Wang Q, Zhai Q, Wang D, Wu M, Liu Q, Wu S, Ma Q, Deng F, Guo X. Association of emergency room visits for respiratory diseases with sources of ambient PM 2.5. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 86:154-163. [PMID: 31787180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported associations of short-term exposure to different sources of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and increased mortality or hospitalizations for respiratory diseases. Few studies, however, have focused on the short-term effects of source-specific PM2.5 on emergency room visits (ERVs) of respiratory diseases. Source apportionment for PM2.5 was performed with Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and generalized additive model was applied to estimate associations between source-specific PM2.5 and respiratory disease ERVs. The association of PM2.5 and total respiratory ERVs was found on lag4 (RR = 1.011, 95%CI: 1.002, 1.020) per interquartile range (76 μg/m3) increase. We found PM2.5 to be significantly associated with asthma, bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) ERVs, with the strongest effects on lag5 (RR = 1.072, 95%CI: 1.024, 1.119), lag4 (RR = 1.104, 95%CI: 1.032, 1.176) and lag3 (RR = 1.091, 95%CI: 1.047, 1.135), respectively. The estimated effects of PM2.5 changed little after adjusting for different air pollutants. Six primary PM2.5 sources were identified using PMF analysis, including dust/soil (6.7%), industry emission (4.5%), secondary aerosols (30.3%), metal processing (3.2%), coal combustion (37.5%) and traffic-related source (17.8%). Some of the sources were identified to have effects on ERVs of total respiratory diseases (dust/soil, secondary aerosols, metal processing, coal combustion and traffic-related source), bronchitis ERVs (dust/soil) and COPD ERVs (traffic-related source, industry emission and secondary aerosols). Different sources of PM2.5 contribute to increased risk of respiratory ERVs to different extents, which may provide potential implications for the decision making of air quality related policies, rational emission control and public health welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qiangrong Zhai
- Emergency Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Daidai Wang
- Emergency Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Emergency Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qichen Liu
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Shaowei Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qingbian Ma
- Emergency Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Furong Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinbiao Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Martin PJ, Héliot A, Trémolet G, Landkocz Y, Dewaele D, Cazier F, Ledoux F, Courcot D. Cellular response and extracellular vesicles characterization of human macrophages exposed to fine atmospheric particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:112933. [PMID: 31382213 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to fine atmospheric Particulate Matter (PM) is one of the major environmental causes involved in the development of inflammatory lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. When PM is penetrating in the pulmonary system, alveolar macrophages represent the first line of defense, in particular by triggering a pro-inflammatory response, and also by their ability to recruit infiltrating macrophages from the bone marrow. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the gene expression and cytokine production involved in the toxicological and inflammatory responses of infiltrating macrophages, as well as the Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) production, after their exposure to PM. The ability of these EVs to convey information related to PM exposure from exposed macrophages to pulmonary epithelial cells was also evaluated. Infiltrating macrophages respond to fine particles exposure in a conventional manner, as their exposure to PM induced the expression of Xenobiotic Metabolizing Enzymes (XMEs) such as CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, the enzymes involved in oxidative stress SOD2, NQO1 and HMOX as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines in a dose-dependent manner. Exposure to PM also induced a greater release of EVs in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the produced EVs were able to induce a pro-inflammatory phenotype on pulmonary epithelial cells, with the induction of the release of IL6 and TNFα proinflammatory cytokines. These results suggest that infiltrating macrophages participate in the pro-inflammatory response induced by PM exposure and that EVs could be involved in this mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Perrine J Martin
- University of Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unit of Environmental Chemistry and Interactions with Life, UCEIV EA4492, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Dunkerque, France.
| | - Amélie Héliot
- University of Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unit of Environmental Chemistry and Interactions with Life, UCEIV EA4492, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Dunkerque, France.
| | - Gauthier Trémolet
- University of Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unit of Environmental Chemistry and Interactions with Life, UCEIV EA4492, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Dunkerque, France.
| | - Yann Landkocz
- University of Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unit of Environmental Chemistry and Interactions with Life, UCEIV EA4492, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Dunkerque, France.
| | - Dorothée Dewaele
- University of Littoral Côte d'Opale, Common Center of Measurements, CCM, Dunkerque, France.
| | - Fabrice Cazier
- University of Littoral Côte d'Opale, Common Center of Measurements, CCM, Dunkerque, France.
| | - Frédéric Ledoux
- University of Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unit of Environmental Chemistry and Interactions with Life, UCEIV EA4492, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Dunkerque, France.
| | - Dominique Courcot
- University of Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unit of Environmental Chemistry and Interactions with Life, UCEIV EA4492, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Dunkerque, France.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Brines M, Dall'Osto M, Amato F, Minguillón MC, Karanasiou A, Grimalt JO, Alastuey A, Querol X, van Drooge BL. Source apportionment of urban PM 1 in Barcelona during SAPUSS using organic and inorganic components. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:32114-32127. [PMID: 31494852 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Source apportionment of atmospheric PM1 is important for air quality control, especially in urban areas where high mass concentrations are often observed. Chemical analysis of molecular inorganic and organic tracer compounds and subsequently data analysis with receptor models give insight on the origin of the PM1 sources. In the present study, four source apportionment approaches were compared with an extended database containing inorganic and organic compounds that were measured during an intensive sampling campaign at urban traffic and urban background sites in Barcelona. Source apportionment of the combined database, containing both inorganic and organic compounds, was compared with more conventional approaches using inorganic and organic databases separately. Traffic emission sources were identified in all models for the two sites. The combined inorganic and organic databases provided higher discrimination capacity of emission sources. It identified aerosols generated by regional recirculation of biomass burning, secondary biogenic organic aerosols, harbor emissions, and specific industrial emissions. In this respect, this approach identified a relevant industrial source situated at NE Barcelona in which a waste incinerator plant, a combined-cycle power plant, and an industrial glass complex are located. Models using both inorganic and organic molecular tracer compounds improve the source apportionment of urban PM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Brines
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Astronomy and Meteorology, Faculty of Physics, University of Barcelona, C/ Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Dall'Osto
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fulvio Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Cruz Minguillón
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angeliki Karanasiou
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Carrion-Matta A, Kang CM, Gaffin JM, Hauptman M, Phipatanakul W, Koutrakis P, Gold DR. Classroom indoor PM 2.5 sources and exposures in inner-city schools. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:104968. [PMID: 31295642 PMCID: PMC6728184 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Children spend over 6 h a day in schools and have higher asthma morbidity from school environmental exposures. The present study aims to determine indoor and outdoor possible sources affecting indoor PM2.5 in classrooms. Weeklong indoor PM2.5 samples were collected from 32 inner-city schools from a Northeastern U.S. community during three seasons (fall, winter and spring) during the years 2009 to 2013. Concurrently, daily outdoor PM2.5 samples were taken at a central monitoring site located at a median distance of 4974 m (range 1065-11,592 m) from the schools. Classroom indoor concentrations of PM2.5 (an average of 5.2 μg/m3) were lower than outdoors (an average of 6.5 μg/m3), and these averages were in the lower range compared to the findings in other schools' studies. The USEPA PMF model was applied to the PM2.5 components measured simultaneously from classroom indoor and outdoor to estimate the source apportionment. The major sources (contributions) identified across all seasons of indoor PM2.5 were secondary pollution (41%) and motor vehicles (17%), followed by Calcium (Ca)-rich particles (12%), biomass burning (15%), soil dust (6%), and marine aerosols (4%). Likewise, the major sources of outdoor PM2.5 across all seasons were secondary pollution (41%) and motor vehicles (26%), followed by biomass burning (17%), soil dust (7%), road dust (3%), and marine aerosols (1%). Secondary pollution was the greatest contributor to indoor and outdoor PM2.5 over all three seasons, with the highest contribution during spring with 53% to indoor PM2.5 and 45% to outdoor PM2.5. Lower contributions of this source during fall and winter are most likely attributed to less infiltration indoors. In contrast, the indoor contribution of motor vehicles source was highest in the fall (29%) and winter (25%), which was presumably categorized by a local source. From the relationship between indoor-to-outdoor sulfur ratios and each source contribution, we also estimated the local and regional influence on indoor PM2.5 concentration. Overall, the observed differences to indoor PM2.5 are related to seasonality, and the distinct characteristics and behavior of each classroom/school.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleshka Carrion-Matta
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Choong-Min Kang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Gaffin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Respiratory Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marissa Hauptman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wanda Phipatanakul
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diane R Gold
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Spatial Distributions, Sources, Potential Risks of Multi-Trace Metal/Metalloids in Street Dusts from Barbican Downtown Embracing by Xi'an Ancient City Wall (NW, China). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16162992. [PMID: 31434262 PMCID: PMC6727082 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A total of 116 dust samples in downtown within the city wall were collected, and the spatial occurrence, source and health risk status of 19 trace metal/metalloids bound in street dusts (SDs) were systematically investigated. Geochemical maps, associations, risk models and indices were calculated to define levels of distribution, possible natural or anthropogenic sources, ecological and human health risks. It was found that the wide variations of these 19 trace metals would be observed in spatial maps, which indicated strongly anthropogenic activities inputs. Compared to the calculations of the potential ecological risk index of toxic trace metals, Pb (Eri = 20.32) ranked at the level of considerable ecological risk. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk from most trace metals exposed to children and adults were no significant health risks, except for the non-carcinogenic risk of Cr and As to children, and the carcinogenic risk of Cr to adults. The unacceptable risk locations were observed at traffic conjunctions, which should be given attention. The source apportionment results indicated that the trace metals/metalloids Co, Ga, Nb, As, Ni, and Y, coupled with main elements Al, K, Mg, Ca and Si, would possibly originate from "Soil Re-suspension", whereas Fe, Cu, Rb, La, Ba, Mn, Ti, Ce and Zr were possibly derived from "Brake Wear". As regards the Na, no valid assumption was formulated about the presence of this element in brake wear, while Cr, Sr, Zn were possibly associated with "Tire Wear". Comparatively, V would be suggested as a representative source of fuel consumption, and Pb could possibly belong to "Traffic Pigment". It was noted that the barbican city, surrounded by the Xi'an Ancient City Wall at 12 m high, would trap the trace metal emissions, and consequently increase the health risk for local residents.
Collapse
|
45
|
Hanfi MY, Yarmoshenko IV, Seleznev AA, Zhukovsky MV. The gross beta activity of surface sediment in different urban landscape areas. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06657-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
46
|
Samadi MT, Khorsandi H, Bahrami Asl F, Poorolajal J, Tayebinia H. Long-term exposures to Hypersaline particles associated with increased levels of Homocysteine and white blood cells: A case study among the village inhabitants around the semi-dried Lake Urmia. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 169:631-639. [PMID: 30496995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The dried bed of the world's second largest permanent Hypersaline lake, Lake Urmia, acts as a Hypersaline particle emission source. In the present study we aim to assess the health impact of this disaster and examine the association of Hypersaline particles with total and differential white blood cell counts (WBC) and homocysteine (Hcy), the biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases, in the residents around Lake Urmia. Based on the previous study three regions were selected as clean and polluted regions for ambient particulate matter (APM) from 2008 to 2015. Concentration of APM (PM10, PM2.5 and PM1; particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of less than 10, 2.5 and 1 µm, respectively) was measured in the selected regions and totally, 123 participants were selected randomly from villagers who have lived in the selected regions for at least eight years. Biomarkers and covariates were measured in the selected regions and were analyzed using multiple linear regression models. We found a statistically significant association between APM and selected biomarkers (Hcy, total WBC, neutrophil, monocyte, lymphocyte and basophile) in the polluted regions. These results are consistent with our hypothesis that long-term exposure to Hypersaline particles originated from drying Urmia Hypersaline Lake is related to increased cardiovascular risk biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Taghi Samadi
- Research Center for Health Sciences and Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Hassan Khorsandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Farshad Bahrami Asl
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Jalal Poorolajal
- Research Center for Health Sciences and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Heidar Tayebinia
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Li T, Sun G, Yang C, Liang K, Ma S, Huang L, Luo W. Source apportionment and source-to-sink transport of major and trace elements in coastal sediments: Combining positive matrix factorization and sediment trend analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:344-356. [PMID: 30240918 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Major and trace elemental concentrations in coastal marine sediments were incorporated into positive matrix factorization (PMF) to identify potential sources and source contributions. Transport pathways of fine-grained sediments and sediment-bound elements were inferred from sediment trend analysis (STA). The spatial distribution patterns of 21 elements (Co, Cu, Ni, Sr, Zn, V, Ba, Sc, Ga, Pb, Cr, Zr, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, K2O, MnO, TiO2, and P2O5) coupled with sediment grain sizes were investigated. The natural and anthropogenic sources of the elements were distinguished by their medium enrichment factors (EFs). Seven sources were recognized by PMF: weathering products, anthropologic emissions, sand, older sediment, biogenic carbonates, products of siliceous organisms, and mine exploitation. Some land-derived elements, including weathering products, anthropogenic-related elements, and mining-related elements, had a significant positive correlation with sediment silt, clay, and organic carbon contents. The spatial patterns of the land-derived elements' concentrations and source contributions were consistent with the sediment transport pathways inferred from the STA. This result revealed that the delivery of the land-derived elements was determined by marine current flows and the associated sediment transport processes. Conversely, elements originating from marine sources, such as sand and older sediment, and from the biological activities of calcareous and siliceous organisms showed little response to sediment transport and deposition processes. Our study links the outputs of statistically oriented approaches (e.g., PMF) to a process-based understanding of elemental transport in marine environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guihua Sun
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China
| | - Chupeng Yang
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Liang
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengzhong Ma
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Huang
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Luo
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Saraga DE, Tolis EI, Maggos T, Vasilakos C, Bartzis JG. PM2.5 source apportionment for the port city of Thessaloniki, Greece. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:2337-2354. [PMID: 30292125 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to identify the chemical fingerprints of potential PM2.5 sources and estimate their contribution to Thessaloniki port-city's air quality. For this scope, Positive Matrix Factorization model was applied on a comprehensive PM2.5 dataset collected over a one-year period, at two sampling sites: the port and the city center. The model indicated six and five (groups of) sources contributing to particle concentration at the two sites, respectively. Traffic and biomass burning (winter months) comprise the major local PM sources for Thessaloniki (their combined contribution can exceed 70%), revealing two of the major control-demanding problems of the city. Shipping and in-port emissions have a non-negligible impact (average contribution to PM2.5: 9-13%) on both primary and secondary particles. Road dust factor presents different profile and contribution at the two sites (19.7% at the port; 7.4% at the city center). The secondary-particle factor represents not only the aerosol transportation over relatively long distances, but also a part of traffic-related pollution (14% at the port; 34% at the city center). The study aims to contribute to the principal role of quantitative information on emission sources (source apportionment) in port-cities for the implementation of the air quality directives and guidelines for public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dikaia E Saraga
- Environmental Research Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece; University of Western Macedonia, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Environmental Technology Laboratory, Sialvera & Bakola Street, 50100 Kozani, Greece.
| | - Evangelos I Tolis
- University of Western Macedonia, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Environmental Technology Laboratory, Sialvera & Bakola Street, 50100 Kozani, Greece
| | - Thomas Maggos
- Environmental Research Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - Christos Vasilakos
- Environmental Research Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece
| | - John G Bartzis
- University of Western Macedonia, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Environmental Technology Laboratory, Sialvera & Bakola Street, 50100 Kozani, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wu D, Li Q, Ding X, Sun J, Li D, Fu H, Teich M, Ye X, Chen J. Primary Particulate Matter Emitted from Heavy Fuel and Diesel Oil Combustion in a Typical Container Ship: Characteristics and Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12943-12951. [PMID: 30346144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Container ships have been widely recognized as an important emission source within maritime transport. Heavy fuel oil (HFO) and diesel oil (DO) are the two most commonly used fuels. This study reports the characteristics and toxicities of particulate matter (PM) emissions from HFO and DO combustion in a typical container ship. The PM number size distribution possesses a bimodal structure with peaks at ∼20 nm and ∼100 nm. The PM2.5 emission factors (EFs) are 3.15 ± 0.39 and 0.92 ± 0.02 g/kg fuel for HFO and DO, respectively. The benzo[a]pyrene equivalent carcinogenic potency (BaPeq) of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contained in HFO and DO PM2.5 is approximately 0.81 ± 0.10 and 0.12 ± 0.04 mg/kg fuel, respectively. BaPeq concentration shows an increasing tendency with decreased PM size. The reactive oxygen species activity and cytotoxicity of HFO PM2.5 samples are ∼2.1 and ∼2.5 times higher than those of DO PM2.5 samples, respectively. These health risks are both significantly attributed to the BaPeq content in PM2.5 with correlations of 0.86-0.92. Furthermore, the examined biological effects are much greater than those of atmospheric PM2.5 collected in Shanghai. Our results imply that better fuel quality is important for improving air quality and reducing health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Qing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
- Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), No. 3663 Northern Zhongshan Road , Shanghai 200062 , China
| | - Xiang Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Jianfeng Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Dan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Monique Teich
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Xingnan Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
- Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), No. 3663 Northern Zhongshan Road , Shanghai 200062 , China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wang H, Qiao B, Zhang L, Yang F, Jiang X. Characteristics and sources of trace elements in PM 2.5 in two megacities in Sichuan Basin of southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1577-1586. [PMID: 30077406 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To characterize major trace elements in PM2.5 and associated sources in two megacities, Chengdu (CD) and Chongqing (CQ), in Sichuan Basin of southwest China, daily PM2.5 samples were collected at one urban site in each city from October 2014 to July 2015 and were analyzed for their contents of thirteen trace elements including four crustal elements (Al, Ca, Fe, and Ti), eight trace metals (K, Cr, Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb, Ni, and V), and As. Multiple approaches including correlation analysis, enrichment factor, principal component analysis, and conditional probability function (CPF) were applied to identify potential sources of these elements. Most of the measured trace elements in Sichuan Basin were found to have lower concentrations than in the other regions of China. K and Fe were the most abundant elements at CD with an annual mean concentrations of 720 ± 357 and 456 ± 248 ng m-3, accounting for 34.6% and 21.9% of the total analyzed trace elements, respectively. Ca presented the highest concentration among all of the elements at CQ with annual mean of 824 ± 633 ng m-3 (29.1% of the total). Crustal elements had the highest concentrations in spring while heavy metals had distinct seasonal variations typically with the highest concentrations in winter and the lowest in summer. Ti and Al were identified to be primarily from soil while most of the analyzed heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni) and As were from anthropogenic sources associated with coal combustion, industrial emission from glassmaking production and iron/steel manufacturing, and non-exhaust vehicle emission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanbo Wang
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China; Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Baoqing Qiao
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Fumo Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
| | - Xia Jiang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| |
Collapse
|