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Zhao Y, Bi Q, Wei Y, Wang R, Wang G, Fu G, Ran Z, Lu J, Zhang H, Zhang L, Jin R, Nie Y. A DNA vaccine (EG95-PT1/2/3-IL2) encoding multi-epitope antigen and IL-2 provokes efficient and long-term immunity to echinococcosis. J Control Release 2023; 361:402-416. [PMID: 37527761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcosis is a highly prevalent global zoonosis, and vaccines are required. The commercial vaccine based on a protein-based subunit (EG95), however, is limited by its insufficient cellular immunity, a short protection period, and limited prevention against novel mutant strains. Herein, we applied bioinformatics to develop a DNA vaccine (pEG95-IL2) expressing both multi-epitope-based antigens (EG95-PT1/2/3) and an IL-2 adjuvant to regulate T cell differentiation and memory cell response. EG95-PT1/2/3 was screened with hierarchical structure prediction from the epitope conformation of B cells with high confidence across various species to guarantee immunogenicity. Importantly, cationic arginine-rich lipid nanoparticles (RNP) were utilized as a delivery vehicle to form lipoplexes that had a transfection efficiency of nearly two orders of magnitude greater than that of commercial reagents (Lipofectamine 2000 and polyethyleneimine) with both immune and nonimmune cells (DC2.4 and L929 cells, respectively). RNP/pEG95-IL2 lipoplexes displayed a robust and long-term antigen expression, as well as adjuvant effects during the immunization. Consequently, intramuscular injection of RNP/pEG95-IL2 elicited similar humoral immune responses and significantly greater cellular responses in mice when compared with those of the commercial vaccine. In addition, the inoculation protocol of RNP/pEG95-IL2 with sequential booster further strengthens cellular immunity in comparison with the homologous booster. Those findings provide a promising strategy for improving plasmid vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qunjie Bi
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ruohan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gang Fu
- Chongqing Auleon Biological Co., Ltd., Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Zhiguang Ran
- Chongqing Auleon Biological Co., Ltd., Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Jiao Lu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Heyang Zhang
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, the Netherlands
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rongrong Jin
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yu Nie
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Irvine DJ, Aung A, Silva M. Controlling timing and location in vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 158:91-115. [PMID: 32598970 PMCID: PMC7318960 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most powerful technologies supporting public health. The adaptive immune response induced by immunization arises following appropriate activation and differentiation of T and B cells in lymph nodes. Among many parameters impacting the resulting immune response, the presence of antigen and inflammatory cues for an appropriate temporal duration within the lymph nodes, and further within appropriate subcompartments of the lymph nodes– the right timing and location– play a critical role in shaping cellular and humoral immunity. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of how vaccine kinetics and biodistribution impact adaptive immunity, and the underlying immunological mechanisms that govern these responses. We discuss emerging approaches to engineer these properties for future vaccines, with a focus on subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
| | - Aereas Aung
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Murillo Silva
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Suschak JJ, Williams JA, Schmaljohn CS. Advancements in DNA vaccine vectors, non-mechanical delivery methods, and molecular adjuvants to increase immunogenicity. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017. [PMID: 28604157 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A major advantage of DNA vaccination is the ability to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses. DNA vaccines are currently used in veterinary medicine, but have not achieved widespread acceptance for use in humans due to their low immunogenicity in early clinical studies. However, recent clinical data have re-established the value of DNA vaccines, particularly in priming high-level antigen-specific antibody responses. Several approaches have been investigated for improving DNA vaccine efficacy, including advancements in DNA vaccine vector design, the inclusion of genetically engineered cytokine adjuvants, and novel non-mechanical delivery methods. These strategies have shown promise, resulting in augmented adaptive immune responses in not only mice, but also in large animal models. Here, we review advancements in each of these areas that show promise for increasing the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Suschak
- a U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
| | | | - Connie S Schmaljohn
- a U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
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Suschak JJ, Williams JA, Schmaljohn CS. Advancements in DNA vaccine vectors, non-mechanical delivery methods, and molecular adjuvants to increase immunogenicity. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2837-2848. [PMID: 28604157 PMCID: PMC5718814 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1330236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A major advantage of DNA vaccination is the ability to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses. DNA vaccines are currently used in veterinary medicine, but have not achieved widespread acceptance for use in humans due to their low immunogenicity in early clinical studies. However, recent clinical data have re-established the value of DNA vaccines, particularly in priming high-level antigen-specific antibody responses. Several approaches have been investigated for improving DNA vaccine efficacy, including advancements in DNA vaccine vector design, the inclusion of genetically engineered cytokine adjuvants, and novel non-mechanical delivery methods. These strategies have shown promise, resulting in augmented adaptive immune responses in not only mice, but also in large animal models. Here, we review advancements in each of these areas that show promise for increasing the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Suschak
- a U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
| | | | - Connie S Schmaljohn
- a U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
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Gassen RB, Romão PRT, Freitas DN, Rodrigues Junior LC. Construction and Functional Characterization of a Fusion Protein Interleukin-21/Immunoglobulin for Long-Term In Vivo Biodisponibility. DNA Cell Biol 2016; 35:146-55. [PMID: 26720885 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2015.2847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-21 has been intensively studied for use in therapy of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and chronic viruses due to its immunomodulatory properties, especially on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. The objective of this study was to produce an optimized form of IL-21 with improved stability. Plasmids encoding the murine IL-21 alone (pIL-21) or IL-21 genetically fused to portions from mouse IgG3 (pIL-21/Ig) were constructed, and the efficiency of expression, protein kinetics, biodisponibility, and function were analyzed. The genetic constructions of pIL-21 and pIL-21/Ig were transfected into HEK 293 cells, and significant levels of functional IL-21 were obtained. The amino acid of murine IL-21 and IgG3 cloned showed 100% identity with correspondent published sequences. At 24 h of incubation, increased levels of IL-21 were detected in the supernatants of pIL-21. At 72 h of culture, the levels of IL-21 in the supernatant of cells transfected with pIL-21/Ig were significantly higher than those secreted by pIL-21-transfected cells. Furthermore, the data showed that our chimeric IL-21/Ig present improved systemic disponibility in BALB/c mice and conserved the intrinsic ability to increase the frequency of CD4(+) T cells, NKT cells, and CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Benedetti Gassen
- 1 Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Cultivo de Células, Centro Universitário Franciscano (UNIFRA) , Santa Maria, Brazil .,2 Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pedro Roosevelt T Romão
- 3 Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA) , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Deise Nascimentode Freitas
- 1 Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Cultivo de Células, Centro Universitário Franciscano (UNIFRA) , Santa Maria, Brazil .,2 Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Rodrigues Junior
- 1 Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Cultivo de Células, Centro Universitário Franciscano (UNIFRA) , Santa Maria, Brazil .,3 Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA) , Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Abstract
In the two decades since their initial discovery, DNA vaccines technologies have come a long way. Unfortunately, when applied to human subjects inadequate immunogenicity is still the biggest challenge for practical DNA vaccine use. Many different strategies have been tested in preclinical models to address this problem, including novel plasmid vectors and codon optimization to enhance antigen expression, new gene transfection systems or electroporation to increase delivery efficiency, protein or live virus vector boosting regimens to maximise immune stimulation, and formulation of DNA vaccines with traditional or molecular adjuvants. Better understanding of the mechanisms of action of DNA vaccines has also enabled better use of the intrinsic host response to DNA to improve vaccine immunogenicity. This review summarizes recent advances in DNA vaccine technologies and related intracellular events and how these might impact on future directions of DNA vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- a Vaxine Pty Ltd, Bedford Park , Adelaide , Australia.,b Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology , Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre , Adelaide , SA , Australia
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- a Vaxine Pty Ltd, Bedford Park , Adelaide , Australia.,b Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology , Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre , Adelaide , SA , Australia
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Tomala J, Kovar M. IL-2/anti-IL-2 mAb immunocomplexes: A renascence of IL-2 in cancer immunotherapy? Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1102829. [PMID: 27141363 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1102829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo biological activity of IL-2 can be dramatically increased by complexing with anti-IL-2 mAb. Moreover, IL-2/anti-IL-2 mAb immunocomplexes selectively stimulate different subsets of immune cells, depending on the clone of anti-IL-2 mAb that is used. Thus, IL-2/S4B6 mAb complexes strongly stimulate CD122high populations, namely NK and memory CD8+ T cells. They also intermediately stimulate Treg cells. Conversely, IL-2/JES6.1 mAb immunocomplexes have no stimulatory activity for CD122high populations. However, they potently and highly selectively stimulate CD25+ cells (i.e., Treg and activated T cells). IL-2/S4B6 mAb immunocomplexes have also been shown to possess antitumor activity in various mouse tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Tomala
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Kovar
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague, Czech Republic
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A eukaryotic expression plasmid carrying chicken interleukin-18 enhances the response to newcastle disease virus vaccine. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 22:56-64. [PMID: 25355794 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00636-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is an important cytokine involved in innate and acquired immunity. In this study, we cloned the full-length chicken IL-18 (ChIL-18) gene from specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryo spleen cells and provided evidence that the ChIL-18 gene in a recombinant plasmid was successfully expressed in chicken DT40 cells. ChIL-18 significantly enhanced gamma interferon (IFN-γ) mRNA expression in chicken splenocytes, which increased IFN-γ-induced nitric oxide (NO) synthesis by macrophages. The potential genetic adjuvant activity of the ChIL-18 plasmid was examined in chickens by coinjecting ChIL-18 plasmid and inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine. ChIL-18 markedly elevated serum hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers and anti-hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (anti-HN)-specific antibody levels, induced the secretion of both Th1- (IFN-γ) and Th2- (interleukin-4) type cytokines, promoted the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes, and increased the populations of CD3(+) T cells and their subsets, CD3(+) CD4(+) and CD3(+) CD8(+) T cells. Furthermore, a virus challenge revealed that ChIL-18 contributed to protection against Newcastle disease virus challenge. Taken together, our data indicate that the coadministration of ChIL-18 plasmid and NDV vaccine induces a strong immune response at both the humoral and cellular levels and that ChIL-18 is a novel immunoadjuvant suitable for NDV vaccination.
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Abstract
Despite many years of research, human DNA vaccines have yet to fulfill their early promise. Over the past 15 years, multiple generations of DNA vaccines have been developed and tested in preclinical models for prophylactic and therapeutic applications in the areas of infectious disease and cancer, but have failed in the clinic. Thus, while DNA vaccines have achieved successful licensure for veterinary applications, their poor immunogenicity in humans when compared with traditional protein-based vaccines has hindered their progress. Many strategies have been attempted to improve DNA vaccine potency including use of more efficient promoters and codon optimization, addition of traditional or genetic adjuvants, electroporation, intradermal delivery and various prime-boost strategies. This review summarizes these advances in DNA vaccine technologies and attempts to answer the question of when DNA vaccines might eventually be licensed for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Saade
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
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Annamalai T, Selvaraj RK. Interleukin 4 increases CCR9 expression and homing of lymphocytes to gut-associated lymphoid tissue in chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 145:257-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Baden LR, Blattner WA, Morgan C, Huang Y, Defawe OD, Sobieszczyk ME, Kochar N, Tomaras GD, McElrath MJ, Russell N, Brandariz K, Cardinali M, Graham BS, Barouch DH, Dolin R. Timing of plasmid cytokine (IL-2/Ig) administration affects HIV-1 vaccine immunogenicity in HIV-seronegative subjects. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:1541-9. [PMID: 21940420 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the potential immunostimulatory effect of interleukin (IL) 2 as a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine adjuvant, we conducted a study of a plasmid coding for a fusion protein of IL-2 and immunoglobulin (IL-2/Ig). METHODS This phase I trial evaluated an HIV-1 DNA vaccine with the plasmid cytokine adjuvant (IL-2/Ig) in 70 HIV-negative adults. Subjects received placebo (group C), adjuvant alone (group A), vaccine alone (group D), increasing doses of adjuvant concurrent with vaccine (groups T1-T4), or adjuvant given 2 days after vaccine (group T5). RESULTS No significant differences in adverse events were observed between treatment groups. Cellular immune responses to envelope protein EnvA peptides were detected by interferon (IFN) γ and IL-2 enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays in 50% and 40% of subjects, respectively, in T4, and in 100% and 80% in T5. The median responses for groups T4 and T5, respectively, were 90 and 193 spot-forming cells (SFCs)/10⁶ peripheral blood mononuclear cells (P = .004; T4 vs T5) for the IL-2 ELISPOT assay and 103 and 380 SFCs/10⁶ PBMCs (P = .003; T4 vs T5) for the IFN-γ ELISPOT assay. A trend to more durable cellular immune responses in T5 was observed at 1 year (T5 vs T4/D; P = .07). Higher anti-Env antibody responses were detected with T5 than with T4. CONCLUSIONS Plasmid IL-2/Ig significantly increased immune responses when administered 2 days after the DNA vaccine, compared with simultaneous administration. These observations have important implications for the development of cytokine augmentation strategies. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT00069030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey R Baden
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, MA, USA
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Uto T, Tsujimura K, Uchijima M, Seto S, Nagata T, Suda T, Chida K, Nakamura H, Koide Y. A novel vaccine strategy to induce mycobacterial antigen-specific Th1 responses by utilizing the C-terminal domain of heat shock protein 70. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 61:189-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhang W, Yin Z, Liu N, Yang T, Wang J, Bu Z, Wu D. DNA-chitosan nanoparticles improve DNA vaccine-elicited immunity against Newcastle disease virus through shuttling chicken interleukin-2 gene. J Microencapsul 2011; 27:693-702. [PMID: 21034363 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2010.507881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, pCAGG-ChIL2 plasmid DNA containing the chicken interleukin-2 (ChIL-2) gene was used to prepare DNA-chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs). The CNPs prepared were spherical, with mean diameters between 100 and 200 nm, have a positive surface charge, and could protect DNA against DNase I degradation. The CNPs prepared were successfully used to transfect the Df-1 cell line with almost no cytotoxicity. CNPs prepared at an amino group to phosphate group ratio (N/P ratio) of 16 provided the highest transfection efficiency (1.1%) in medium with a pH of 6.5. When pCAGG-ChIL2 CNPs were administered to chickens simultaneously with a DNA vaccine against Newcastle disease virus (NDV), haemagglutination inhibition antibody titers and serum interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels were significantly higher than in chickens immunised with the NDV DNA vaccine alone (p < 0.05). The results demonstrate that pCAGG-ChIL2 CNPs improve DNA vaccine-elicited immunity against NDV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
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Ingolotti M, Kawalekar O, Shedlock DJ, Muthumani K, Weiner DB. DNA vaccines for targeting bacterial infections. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:747-63. [PMID: 20624048 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccination has been of great interest since its discovery in the 1990s due to its ability to elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses. DNA vaccines consist of a DNA plasmid containing a transgene that encodes the sequence of a target protein from a pathogen under the control of a eukaryotic promoter. This revolutionary technology has proven to be effective in animal models and four DNA vaccine products have recently been approved for veterinary use. Although few DNA vaccines against bacterial infections have been tested, the results are encouraging. Because of their versatility, safety and simplicity a wider range of organisms can be targeted by these vaccines, which shows their potential advantages to public health. This article describes the mechanism of action of DNA vaccines and their potential use for targeting bacterial infections. In addition, it provides an updated summary of the methods used to enhance immunogenicity from codon optimization and adjuvants to delivery techniques including electroporation and use of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Ingolotti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Vaccari M, Franchini G. Memory T cells in Rhesus macaques. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 684:126-44. [PMID: 20795545 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6451-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is one of the best studied species of Old World monkeys. DNA sequencing of the entire Rhesus macaque genome, completed in 2007, has demonstrated that humans and macaques share about 93% of their nucleotide sequence. Rhesus macaques have been widely used for medical research including drug testing, neurology, behavioral and cognitive science, reproduction, xenotransplantation and genetics. Because of the Rhesus macaque's sensitivity to bacteria, parasites and viruses that cause similar disease in humans, these animals represent an excellent model to study infectious diseases. The recent pandemic of HIV and the discovery of SIV, a lentivirus genetically related to HIV Type 1 that causes AIDS in Rhesus macaques, have prompted the development of reagents that can be used to study innate and adaptive immune responses in macaques at the single cell level. This review will focus on the distribution of memory cells in the different immunologic compartments of Rhesus macaques. In addition, the strategies available to manipulate memory cells in Rhesus macaques to understand their trafficking and function will be discussed. Emphasis is placed on studies of memory cells in macaques infected with SIV because many studies are available. Lastly, we highlight the usefulness of the Rhesus macaque model in studies related to the aging of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Vaccari
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccine Section, NCI, NIH, Building 41, Room D804, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Im SJ, Yang SH, Yoon SK, Sung YC. Increase of Plasma IL-12/p40 Ratio Induced by the Combined Therapy of DNA Vaccine and Lamivudine Correlates with Sustained Viremia Control in CHB Carriers. Immune Netw 2009; 9:20-6. [PMID: 20107534 PMCID: PMC2803296 DOI: 10.4110/in.2009.9.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We previously reported that IFN-γ producing T cell responses induced by the combined therapy of DNA vaccine and lamivudine for one year are important for the induction of sustained virological response (SVR). However, IFN-γ production is not sufficient to predict sustained viremia control in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) carriers treated. Methods Twelve CHB carriers were intramuscularly immunized 12 times at a 4-week interval with 8 mg of HBV DNA vaccine during the standard lamivudine treatment (100 mg/daily/1 year). The level of cytokines during and after the combined therapy in plasma of all 12 CHB carriers treated was determined by each ELISA kit. Six out of 12 CHB carriers revisited the clinic, and their HBV DNA levels were examined. Results The combined therapy increased plasma IL-12 and IL-12/p40 ratio during the treatment (baseline vs. peak level: 41.8±8.3 vs. 163.1±29.2 pg/ml; p<0.01 and 0.96±0.25 vs. 3.58±0.86; p<0.01, espectively), and the peak level of plasma IL-12 and IL-12/p40 ratio was evoked at 6 to 10 months during the combined therapy. In particular, CHB carriers with SVR had two and three-fold higher level of the peak plasma IL-12 and plasma IL-12/p40 ratio than non-virological responders (NVRs), respectively (218.0±41.4 vs. 108.1±28.6 pg/ml; p=0.09 and 5.35±1.38 vs. 1.80±0.29; p<0.05, respectively), while p40 level was consistent during the combined therapy. In addition, there was no significant temporal correlation between the peak IL-12/p40 ratio and the elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in this study, contrast to IFN-α therapy which induced peak IL-12 level following ALT flares. Conclusion Our results indicate that the combined therapy induces the increase of plasma IL-12 and IL-12/p40 ratio, which are associated with long-term SVR in CHB carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jin Im
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science & Technology, Pohang, Korea
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Mealey RH, Leib SR, Littke MH, Wagner B, Horohov DW, McGuire TC. Viral load and clinical disease enhancement associated with a lentivirus cytotoxic T lymphocyte vaccine regimen. Vaccine 2009; 27:2453-68. [PMID: 19368787 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Effective DNA-based vaccines against lentiviruses will likely induce CTL against conserved viral proteins. Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) infects horses worldwide, and serves as a useful model for lentiviral immune control. Although attenuated live EIAV vaccines have induced protective immune responses, DNA-based vaccines have not. In particular, DNA-based vaccines have had limited success in inducing CTL responses against intracellular pathogens in the horse. We hypothesized that priming with a codon-optimized plasmid encoding EIAV Gag p15/p26 with co-administration of a plasmid encoding an equine IL-2/IgG fusion protein as a molecular adjuvant, followed by boosting with a vaccinia vector expressing Gag p15/p26, would induce protective Gag-specific CTL responses. Although the regimen induced Gag-specific CTL in four of seven vaccinated horses, CTL were not detected until after the vaccinia boost, and protective effects were not observed in EIAV challenged vaccinates. Unexpectedly, vaccinates had significantly higher viral loads and more severe clinical disease, associated with the presence of vaccine-induced CTL. It was concluded that (1) further optimization of the timing and route of DNA immunization was needed for efficient CTL priming in vivo, (2) co-administration of the IL-2/IgG plasmid did not enhance CTL priming by the Gag p15/p26 plasmid, (3) vaccinia vectors are useful for lentivirus-specific CTL induction in the horse, (4) Gag-specific CTL alone are either insufficient or a more robust Gag-specific CTL response is needed to limit EIAV viremia and clinical disease, and (5) CTL-inducing vaccines lacking envelope immunogens can result in lentiviral disease enhancement. Although the mechanisms for enhancement associated with this vaccine regimen remain to be elucidated, these results have important implications for development of lentivirus T cell vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Mealey
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164-7040, United States.
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18
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Chemokine receptor-mediated delivery of mycobacterial MPT51 protein efficiently induces antigen-specific T-cell responses. Vaccine 2008; 26:5165-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Lisziewicz J, Calarota SA, Lori F. The potential of topical DNA vaccines adjuvanted by cytokines. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:1563-74. [PMID: 17916048 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.10.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To improve the efficacy of DNA immunization epidermal Langerhans cells are attractive targets to deliver antigen-encoding plasmid DNA. Topical vaccination with naked plasmid DNA has been shown to induce immune responses, and their potency might be improved by chemical and physical methods aimed to enhance the efficiency of plasmid DNA delivery into the skin. Cytokines have also been evaluated as adjuvants for DNA vaccines because they influence the host immune response. This review focuses on the action of several cytokines tested as molecular adjuvants for DNA vaccines and the combination of them with the DermaVir Patch vaccine. DermaVir vaccine, topically administered under a patch, consists of a plasmid DNA that is chemically formulated into a nanoparticle to support vaccine delivery into epidermal Langerhans cells and to induce antigen-specific memory T cells.
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20
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Yang Y, Chen J, Li H, Wang Y, Xie Z, Wu M, Zhang H, Zhao Z, Chen Q, Fu M, Wu K, Chi C, Wang H, Gao R. Porcine interleukin-2 gene encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles enhances immune response of mice to piglet paratyphoid vaccine. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 30:19-32. [PMID: 17034859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is vital to elicit and amplify the cellular and humoral immune responses to foreign antigens, which is extensively utilized in the control of infectious disease and treatment of various cancers. Porcine and murine IL-2 genes were, respectively, subcloned into VR1020, designated as VPIL-2 and VMIL-2, and then encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (CNP) prepared by ionic linkage. The BALB/c mice were intramuscularly co-administrated with chitosan-IL-2 nanoparticles (CNP-IL2) and paratyphoid vaccine to test the adjuvant effect of CNP-IL2. On day 35, the immunized mice were orally challenged with virulent Salmonella. The content of IgG, IgA, IgM, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and specific antibody titer as well as the number of immunocompetent cells were systematically analyzed in the vaccinated mice. The results revealed that the levels of immunoglobulins, cytokines, the specific antibodies, together with the numbers of lymphocytes significantly increased in vaccinated mice inoculated with CNP-VPIL2 in contrast with those with naked IL-2 plasmids and blank plasmids. The CNP-VPIL2 immunized mice exhibited higher humoral and cellular immune responses, less severe clinical signs and lesions of disease caused by the bacteria than the other groups after challenge. These findings suggest that CNP-VPIL2 has a significant enhancement effect on immune responses of mice, which results in better immunoprotection against Salmonella infection, indicating that CNP-VPIL2 could be employed as an effective immunoadjuvant to elevate immunity of animals to conventional vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Key Lab for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Education Ministry, Bioengineering Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Life Science College, Sichuan University, Wangjiang Road No. 29, Chengdu 610064, China
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21
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Ferrone CR, Perales MA, Goldberg SM, Somberg CJ, Hirschhorn-Cymerman D, Gregor PD, Turk MJ, Ramirez-Montagut T, Gold JS, Houghton AN, Wolchok JD. Adjuvanticity of plasmid DNA encoding cytokines fused to immunoglobulin Fc domains. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:5511-9. [PMID: 17000687 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Plasmid DNAs encoding cytokines enhance immune responses to vaccination in models of infectious diseases and cancer. We compared DNA adjuvants for their ability to enhance immunity against a poorly immunogenic self-antigen expressed by cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN DNAs encoding cytokines that affect T cells [interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-21, and the chemokine CCL21] and antigen-presenting cells [granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)] were compared in mouse models as adjuvants to enhance CD8+ T-cell responses and tumor immunity. A DNA vaccine against a self-antigen, gp100, expressed by melanoma was used in combination with DNA encoding cytokines and cytokines fused to the Fc domain of mouse IgG1 (Ig). RESULTS We found that (a) cytokine DNAs generally increased CD8+ T-cell responses against gp100; (b) ligation to Fc domains further enhanced T-cell responses; (c) adjuvant effects were sensitive to timing of DNA injection; (d) the most efficacious individual adjuvants for improving tumor-free survival were IL-12/Ig, IL-15/Ig, IL-21/Ig, GM-CSF/Ig, and CCL21; and (e) combinations of IL-2/Ig+IL-12/Ig, IL-2/Ig+IL-15/Ig, IL-12/Ig+IL-15/Ig, and IL-12/Ig+IL-21/Ig were most active; and (f) increased adjuvanticity of cytokine/Ig fusion DNAs was not related to higher tissue levels or greater stability. CONCLUSIONS These observations support the potential of cytokine DNA adjuvants for immunization against self-antigens expressed by cancer, the importance of timing, and the enhancement of immune responses by Fc domains through mechanisms unrelated to increased half-life.
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MESH Headings
- Acute-Phase Reaction/immunology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Autoantigens/immunology
- CD8 Antigens/metabolism
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/immunology
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Hypopigmentation/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/genetics
- Immunotherapy, Active/adverse effects
- Immunotherapy, Active/methods
- Immunotherapy, Active/statistics & numerical data
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Plasmids/chemistry
- Plasmids/immunology
- Survival Analysis
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Time Factors
- Vaccines, DNA/adverse effects
- Vaccines, DNA/chemistry
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina R Ferrone
- The Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Medical and Graduate Schools of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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22
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Abstract
Significant progress made in the field of tumor immunology by the characterization of a large number of tumor antigens, and the better understanding of the mechanisms preventing immune responses to malignancies has led to the extensive study of cancer immunization approaches such as DNA vaccines encoding tumor antigens. This article reviews major aspects of DNA immunization in cancer. It gives a brief history and then discusses the proposed mechanism of action, preclinical and clinical studies, and methods of enhancing the immune responses induced by DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodica Stan
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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23
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Kamimura D, Sawa Y, Sato M, Agung E, Hirano T, Murakami M. IL-2 in vivo activities and antitumor efficacy enhanced by an anti-IL-2 mAb. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:306-14. [PMID: 16785526 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.1.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-2 is a potent immunostimulant and has been tested for clinical use, including in immunotherapy for cancers and HIV infection. Here we show that a widely used neutralizing anti-murine IL-2 mAb (S4B6) exhibits unexpected activities that enhance the treatment effects of IL-2 in vivo. Coinjection of the anti-IL-2 mAb with a plasmid carrying murine IL-2 cDNA significantly increased the serum IL-2 levels and induced a substantial increase in the division of CD8+ T and NK1.1(high) cells in vivo. Injection of the mAb premixed with recombinant murine IL-2 showed the same enhanced effect. A 5-day treatment with the anti-IL-2 mAb alone gradually increased the CD44(high)CD8+ population, and the increased population was maintained for >300 days, suggesting that the mAb can gradually maintain and potentially enhance the bioactivity of endogenous IL-2 for extended periods. Furthermore, combined treatment with the anti-IL-2 mAb plus the IL-2 plasmid markedly enhanced Ag-specific CTL activity in vivo and partially protected mice from tumor metastasis to the lungs, compared with the anti-IL-2 mAb or IL-2 plasmid alone. These results demonstrated IL-2-enhancing effects of the anti-IL-2 mAb in vivo and suggest that combining a neutralizing anti-IL-2 Ab with IL-2 gene delivery might be used effectively to enhance IL-2 functions in clinical applications.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/physiology
- Antigens, Ly
- Antigens, Surface/biosynthesis
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/agonists
- Antineoplastic Agents/blood
- Antineoplastic Agents/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Hyaluronan Receptors/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-2/blood
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Interleukin-2/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/biosynthesis
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Lymphocyte Count
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/agonists
- Recombinant Proteins/blood
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kamimura
- Laboratory for Cytokine Signaling, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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24
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Sheets RL, Stein J, Manetz TS, Duffy C, Nason M, Andrews C, Kong WP, Nabel GJ, Gomez PL. Biodistribution of DNA plasmid vaccines against HIV-1, Ebola, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or West Nile virus is similar, without integration, despite differing plasmid backbones or gene inserts. Toxicol Sci 2006; 91:610-9. [PMID: 16569729 PMCID: PMC2377020 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Vaccine Research Center has developed a number of vaccine candidates for different diseases/infectious agents (HIV-1, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome virus, West Nile virus, and Ebola virus, plus a plasmid cytokine adjuvant-IL-2/Ig) based on a DNA plasmid vaccine platform. To support the clinical development of each of these vaccine candidates, preclinical studies have been performed in mice or rabbits to determine where in the body these plasmid vaccines would biodistribute and how rapidly they would clear. In the course of these studies, it has been observed that regardless of the gene insert (expressing the vaccine immunogen or cytokine adjuvant) and regardless of the promoter used to drive expression of the gene insert in the plasmid backbone, the plasmid vaccines do not biodistribute widely and remain essentially in the site of injection, in the muscle and overlying subcutis. Even though approximately 10(14) molecules are inoculated in the studies in rabbits, by day 8 or 9 ( approximately 1 week postinoculation), already all but on the order of 10(4)-10(6) molecules per microgram of DNA extracted from tissue have been cleared at the injection site. Over the course of 2 months, the plasmid clears from the site of injection with only a small percentage of animals (generally 10-20%) retaining a small number of copies (generally around 100 copies) in the muscle at the injection site. This pattern of biodistribution (confined to the injection site) and clearance (within 2 months) is consistent regardless of differences in the promoter in the plasmid backbone or differences in the gene insert being expressed by the plasmid vaccine. In addition, integration has not been observed with plasmid vaccine candidates inoculated i.m. by Biojector 2000 or by needle and syringe. These data build on the repeated-dose toxicology studies performed (see companion article, Sheets et al., 2006) to demonstrate the safety and suitability for investigational human use of DNA plasmid vaccine candidates for a variety of infectious disease prevention indications.
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MESH Headings
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/genetics
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
- Animals
- Ebolavirus/genetics
- Ebolavirus/immunology
- Female
- Genes, Viral
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/genetics
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Injections, Intravenous
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Plasmids
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/genetics
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/immunology
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control
- Tissue Distribution
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/pharmacokinetics
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/pharmacokinetics
- West Nile Fever/genetics
- West Nile Fever/immunology
- West Nile Fever/prevention & control
- West Nile virus/genetics
- West Nile virus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Sheets
- U.S. Public Health Service, Vaccine Production Program, NIH/NIAID/Vaccine Research Center, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7628, USA.
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25
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Barouch DH, Yang ZY, Kong WP, Korioth-Schmitz B, Sumida SM, Truitt DM, Kishko MG, Arthur JC, Miura A, Mascola JR, Letvin NL, Nabel GJ. A human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 regulatory element enhances the immunogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA vaccines in mice and nonhuman primates. J Virol 2005; 79:8828-34. [PMID: 15994776 PMCID: PMC1168733 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.14.8828-8834.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmid DNA vaccines elicit potent and protective immune responses in numerous small-animal models of infectious diseases. However, their immunogenicity in primates appears less potent. Here we investigate a novel approach that optimizes regulatory elements in the plasmid backbone to improve the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. Among various regions analyzed, we found that the addition of a regulatory sequence from the R region of the long terminal repeat from human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) to the cytomegalovirus (CMV) enhancer/promoter increased transgene expression 5- to 10-fold and improved cellular immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antigens. In cynomolgus monkeys, DNA vaccines containing the CMV enhancer/promoter with the HTLV-1 R region (CMV/R) induced markedly higher cellular immune responses to HIV-1 Env from clades A, B, and C and to HIV-1 Gag-Pol-Nef compared with the parental DNA vaccines. These data demonstrate that optimization of specific regulatory elements can substantially improve the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines encoding multiple antigens in small animals and in nonhuman primates. This strategy could therefore be explored as a potential method to enhance DNA vaccine immunogenicity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan H Barouch
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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26
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Barouch DH, Letvin NL, Seder RA. The role of cytokine DNAs as vaccine adjuvants for optimizing cellular immune responses. Immunol Rev 2005; 202:266-74. [PMID: 15546399 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines represent a diverse group of immunologic effector and regulatory proteins that are critical components of the host response to invading pathogens. They have also been utilized as adjuvants to enhance immune responses to vaccines. In particular, plasmid cytokines have been studied extensively as candidate adjuvants for DNA vaccines in preclinical models and are now entering early-phase clinical trials. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of cytokine biology, T-lymphocyte differentiation, and potential applications of plasmid cytokines in the rational design of improved vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan H Barouch
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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27
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Sumida SM, McKay PF, Truitt DM, Kishko MG, Arthur JC, Seaman MS, Jackson SS, Gorgone DA, Lifton MA, Letvin NL, Barouch DH. Recruitment and expansion of dendritic cells in vivo potentiate the immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines. J Clin Invest 2004. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200422608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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28
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Sumida SM, McKay PF, Truitt DM, Kishko MG, Arthur JC, Seaman MS, Jackson SS, Gorgone DA, Lifton MA, Letvin NL, Barouch DH. Recruitment and expansion of dendritic cells in vivo potentiate the immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:1334-42. [PMID: 15520866 PMCID: PMC524232 DOI: 10.1172/jci22608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2004] [Accepted: 08/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DCs are critical for priming adaptive immune responses to foreign antigens. However, the utility of harnessing these cells in vivo to optimize the immunogenicity of vaccines has not been fully explored. Here we investigate a novel vaccine approach that involves delivering synergistic signals that both recruit and expand DC populations at the site of antigen production. Intramuscular injection of an unadjuvanted HIV-1 envelope (env) DNA vaccine recruited few DCs to the injection site and elicited low-frequency, env-specific immune responses in mice. Coadministration of plasmids encoding the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) and the DC-specific growth factor fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand with the DNA vaccine resulted in the recruitment, expansion, and activation of large numbers of DCs at the site of inoculation. Consistent with these findings, coadministration of these plasmid cytokines also markedly augmented DNA vaccine---elicited cellular and humoral immune responses and increased protective efficacy against challenge with recombinant vaccinia virus. These data suggest that the availability of mature DCs at the site of inoculation is a critical rate-limiting factor for DNA vaccine immunogenicity. Synergistic recruitment and expansion of DCs in vivo may prove a practical strategy for overcoming this limitation and potentiating immune responses to vaccines as well as other immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Sumida
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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