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Patel MV, Kumar N, Solanki JB, Kalyani IH, Patel DC, Bhinsara DB. Exploring the relationship between flumethrin resistance and Anaplasma marginale infection in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks of cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:113. [PMID: 38557923 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03955-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The study explores the relationship between flumethrin resistance and Anaplasma marginale infection in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus of cattle in South Gujarat, India. Adult Immersion Test (AIT) was used to assess flumethrin resistance and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm A. marginale infection. Species-specific PCR resulted in the amplification of 576 bp of msp5 gene of A. marginale in 17.69% (49/277) groups of ticks, and subsequent digestion with EcoRI cleaved it into two distinct segments. Navsari district, noted level Ι resistance [resistance factors (RF) = 1.78-3.34], and A. marginale prevalence was 16.67, 15.38, 23.08, 15.38, and 11.76% in Navsari, Jalalpore, Gandevi, Chikhli, and Vansda sub-districts, respectively. Similarly, Vyara and Dolvan sub-districts of Tapi observed level Ι resistance (RF = 1-3.63), with A. marginale positivity of 21.43 and 22.22%, while Valod and Songhad demonstrated susceptibility, with 14.29 and 12.50% of A. marginale, respectively. Moving to Surat, the Mahuva, Bardoli, Mandvi, Palsana, and Kamrej sub-districts observed the level Ι resistance (RF = 1.94-2.89), coupled with 14.29, 17.65, 20, 20, and 21.43% of A. marginale, respectively. Lastly, in Valsad district, Dharampur, Kaparada, Valsad, and Umbergaon noted level Ι resistance (RF = 1.67-1.81), and corresponding A. marginale positivity rates of 18.18, 19.23, 15.00, and 20.00%. The scatter plot unveiled a significant moderate positive correlation between RF and A. marginale positivity% (p = 0.0362), characterized by a Pearson correlation coefficient (r) of 0.4963. The covariance (1.1814) highlighted fluctuations, while the coefficient of determination (r2) (0.2463) clarified that 24.63% of the variability in A. marginale positivity% could be attributed to the RF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghavi Vasantbhai Patel
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Navsari, Gandhinagar, 396 450, India
| | - Niranjan Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Navsari, Gandhinagar, 396 450, India.
| | - Jayesh Babulal Solanki
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Navsari, Gandhinagar, 396 450, India
| | - Irsadullakhan Habibullakhan Kalyani
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Navsari, Gandhinagar, 396 450, India
| | - Dharmeshkumar Chandrakantbhai Patel
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Navsari, Gandhinagar, 396 450, India
| | - Dharmeshkumar Babubhai Bhinsara
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Navsari, Gandhinagar, 396 450, India
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Velázquez-Sarmiento F, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Alonso-Díaz MA, Fernández-Salas A, Romero-Salas D. METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE SENSU LATO NATIVE TO LIVESTOCK SOILS CAUSES HIGH MORTALITY ON RHIPICEPHALUS MICROPLUS LARVAE, ADULTS AND AFFECTS THEIR REPRODUCTION. J Parasitol 2024; 110:106-113. [PMID: 38503316 DOI: 10.1645/23-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The acaricidal effect of 14 strains of Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato isolated from soil of livestock farms in the Mexican tropics was evaluated against larvae and engorged females, and during the laying and hatching of eggs of Rhipicephalus microplus (Ixodida: Ixodidae). For each fungal strain, the larvae mortality percentage was evaluated through a larval immersion test, while the reproductive efficiency indices in engorged females were measured using adult immersion tests at a dose of 1 × 108 conidia/ml. All strains of M. anisopliae (s.l.) proved to be highly effective against R. microplus larvae (66-100%) and engorged females (100%). The strains also showed a good effect in inhibiting egg laying (16.45-56.38%) and a moderate effect in decreasing egg hatching (5.24-32.68%). Two strains demonstrated to be effective against all development phases of R. microplus in an integrated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Velázquez-Sarmiento
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz 91710, Mexico
| | - R I Rodríguez-Vivas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - M A Alonso-Díaz
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (CEIEGT-FMVZ-UNAM), Km. 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, Martínez de la Torre 93600, Mexico
| | - A Fernández-Salas
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (CEIEGT-FMVZ-UNAM), Km. 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, Martínez de la Torre 93600, Mexico
| | - D Romero-Salas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz 91710, Mexico
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de Aquino LM, Zapa DMB, de Castro Rodrigues D, Strydom T, Torres S, Ferreira LL, Barufi F, de Amaral HOA, de Borges FDA, Gallina T, de Mendonça RP, Soares VE, Monteiro CMO, Lopes WDZ. Two protocols using fluralaner for Rhipicephalus microplus strategic control on taurine cattle in a tropical region. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:15. [PMID: 38191412 PMCID: PMC10775593 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different treatment strategies using a new commercial formulation containing pour-on fluralaner on Rhipicephalus microplus infestation in cattle and in pastures in a tropical climate region where up to five generations of this tick species can occur per year. METHODS Forty-five naturally infested cattle were divided into three experimental groups: T01, treated with fluralaner (2.5 mg/kg) pour-on every 42 days; T02, the cattle received the first treatment with fluralaner on Day 0 but the next treatment involved a weekly visual evaluation; T03, control, received palliative treatment with a spray formulation when the group mean was ≥ 30 ticks. Counts of female R. microplus were performed weekly until day 343, and larval counts on pasture were performed on Days 0, 30, and 60 and every 30 days until Day 330. RESULTS Using fluralaner, six applications were performed in Group T01, and four were performed in Group T02. In the control group (T03), it was necessary to perform eight palliative acaricide treatments with the spray formulation. The animals in T01 and T02 showed lower mean tick counts (p ≤ 0.05) than the control group (T03) on 28 and 27 of the 49 evaluated dates, respectively. In the paddock where the animals were kept as controls, the R. microplus larvae counts increased to 1458. In the paddocks where the animals were treated with fluralaner, the number was ≤ 19 per paddock during the study. CONCLUSIONS The different strategic treatment protocols performed with pour-on fluralaner (2.5 mg/kg) over a year in taurine cattle in a tropical region with a history of up to five annual generations of cattle ticks were effective, maintaining levels of R. microplus infestations in animals and in pastures close to zero in most of the study. Depending on the retreatment criterion adopted, the number of applications per year may be lower, resulting in a reduction in the mean cost of acaricide treatment per year and lower exposure of R. microplus populations to the active ingredient, resulting in lower resistance and selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Mendes de Aquino
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Dina Maria Beltran Zapa
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Castro Rodrigues
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- MSD Animal Health, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tom Strydom
- MSD Animal Health, 20 Spartan Road, Isando, Kempton Park, 1619, South Africa
| | | | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernando de Almeida de Borges
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso Do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vando Edésio Soares
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- University of Brazil, Descalvado, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Marcio Oliveira Monteiro
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Department of Biosciences and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
- Department of Biosciences and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Pérez-Otáñez X, Vanwambeke SO, Orozco-Alvarez G, Arciniegas-Ortega S, Ron-Garrido L, Rodríguez-Hidalgo R. Widespread acaricide resistance and multi-resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus in Ecuador and associated environmental and management risk factors. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2024; 15:102274. [PMID: 37918285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus is a cattle tick widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. Various acaricides are used and applied to control the ticks, but resistance is common. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the spatial distribution of resistance to the most commonly applied acaricides (amitraz, ivermectin, and alpha-cypermethrin) in ticks and assess potential risk factors associated with tick resistance in a strip between ±0.5° latitude of the continental part of Ecuador. Larval package tests were used to evaluate the level of acaricide resistance in 96 cattle farms. The association between 11 farm management and 8 ecological variables and acaricide resistance and multi-resistance was evaluated. Dose-response models were used to study the level of resistance. 72 % (69/96), 70 % (67/96), and 64 % (61/96) of farms had ticks resistant to amitraz, ivermectin, and alpha-cypermethrin, respectively. Multi-resistance was also widespread. Larger herds and dairy farms had a significantly higher probability of resistance for three commonly used acaricides. Environmental factors related to rainfall were also associated with acaricidal resistance presence. Ivermectin resistance was associated with use of the acaricide (OR = 8.9909; 7.7519-10.2300), mean temperature (OR = 1.3205;1.0742-1.6799)), and inversely associated with paddock rotation (OR = 0.1753; 0.0294-0.7836), and precipitation of the wettest month (BIO13) (OR = 0.9903; 0.9839-0.9957); amitraz with use of the acaricide (OR = 4.3934; 3.3679-5.4188), precipitation seasonality (BIO15) (OR=0.9742; 0.9542-0.9925), and precipitation (OR = 0.9995; 0.9994-0.9999); and alpha-cypermethrin with precipitation (OR=0.9995; 0.9990-0.9999) and use of the acaricide (OR = 14.4597; 13.4343-15.4852). In conclusion, acaricide resistance was widespread in our study area. Better-integrated tick management and environmentally friendly control strategies are required to reduce the use of acaricides while limiting tick-associated damage in herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Pérez-Otáñez
- Centre for Earth and Climate research, Earth & Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Sophie O Vanwambeke
- Centre for Earth and Climate research, Earth & Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Geoconda Orozco-Alvarez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Lenin Ron-Garrido
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Richar Rodríguez-Hidalgo
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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Hakami MA, Malak N, Khan A, Ullah H, Cossío-Bayúgar R, Nasreen N, Niaz S, Khan A, Chen CC. In Silico Exploration and Experimental Validation of Camellia sinensis Extract against Rhipicephalus microplus and Sarcoptes scabiei: An Integrated Approach. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2040. [PMID: 37895422 PMCID: PMC10608266 DOI: 10.3390/life13102040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcoptes scabiei is an ectoparasite of humans and animals that causes scabies. The Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a blood-sucking ectoparasite that transmits various pathogens. These two parasites have caused great losses to a country's dairy and agriculture sectors. The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro and in silico efficacy of Camellia sinensis plant extracts. Different concentrations of C. sinensis ethanolic plant extracts were prepared using the maceration method and were used against mites and ticks (in adult immersion test AIT and larval packet test LPT) to evaluate their in vitro acaricidal activity. Additionally, in silico molecular docking was performed to investigate the inhibitory interactions between the phytochemicals of the plant and S. scabiei and R. microplus glutathione transferase proteins (SsGST and RmGST). This study observed that the plant extract showed high efficacy in vitro against mites and different tick stages in adult immersion and larval packet tests. Additionally, the in silico study revealed a strong binding interaction between ellagic acid and SsGST protein, with a binding energy of -7.3 kcal/mol, with respect to permethrin (-6.7 kcal/mol), whereas quercetin and RmGST resulted in a docking score of -8.6 kcal/mol compared to deltamethrin (-8.2 kcal/mol). Overall, this study explored the potential of C. sinensis as a natural alternative for controlling tick and mite infestations and provided insights into the inhibitory mechanisms of its phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ageeli Hakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh 11911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nosheen Malak
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Afshan Khan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Hidayat Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Raquel Cossío-Bayúgar
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal eInocuidad, INIFAP, Km 11 Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla, No. 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec 62550, Mexico
| | - Nasreen Nasreen
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Sadaf Niaz
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Adil Khan
- Department of Zoology and Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24420, Pakistan
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Research Centre for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Bravo-Ramos JL, Sánchez-Otero MG, Sánchez-Montes S, Ballados-Gonzalez GG, Gamboa-Prieto J, Romero-Salas D, Bonilla-Rojas S, Espín-Iturbe LT. Efficacy of hydroethanolic extract of Randia aculeata seed against the southern cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) on naturally infested cattle under field conditions. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023; 91:319-330. [PMID: 37735304 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00835-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a major problem of concern for cattle industry in tropical and subtropical areas. Control of cattle tick is based mainly on the use of chemical acaricides, which has contributed to the emerging problem of selection of resistant tick lineages. Plants have been used as an alternative to conventional acaricidal drugs. On the other hand, the acaricidal activity of hydroethanolic extract of Randia aculeata seed (EHRA) has been demonstrated against R. microplus under laboratory conditions. However, the utility of EHRA seed as a potential acaricidal needs to be determined under field conditions. For this reason, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the EHRA against R. microplus sprayed on naturally infested calves, determine the effect of the EHRA seed on acetylcholinesterase activity in R. microplus larval and identify the chemical composition of EHRA. Forty-five male calves were divided in three groups and treated with: G1 water; G2 EHRA 20% w/v and G3 coumaphos 0.2% v/v. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in R. microplus larvae was determined by a colorimetric assay. The chemical composition of EHRA was accessed through HPLC/MS. Significantly fewer ticks were observed after 24 h on the treated group compared to control group. EHRA significantly inhibited in vitro AChE activity in R. microplus at all tested concentrations. Chlorogenic acid, vanillinic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid. rutin, quercetin, (-)-epicatechin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, quercetin, vanillin, 2,4-dimethoxy-6-methylbenzoic acid, scopoletin and ferulic acid were identified in the extract. The results provided new data for the elucidation of the mechanisms of EHRA acaricide action and to further evaluate the use as a new alternative control agent against R. microplus under in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Bravo-Ramos
- Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Laboratorio de Parasitología, Unidad de Diagnóstico, Rancho Torreón del Molino, Carretera Federal Veracruz-Xalapa Km 14.5, Col. Valente Diaz, 91697, Veracruz, México, CP
| | - María G Sánchez-Otero
- Facultad de Bioanálisis, Universidad Veracruzana, Universidad Veracruzana, 91700, Veracruz, CP, México
| | - Sokani Sánchez-Montes
- Universidad Veracruzana. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Región Tuxpan, Carretera Tuxpan-Tampico Km 7.5, Tuxpan, 92870, Veracruz, México, CP
| | - Gerardo G Ballados-Gonzalez
- Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Laboratorio de Parasitología, Unidad de Diagnóstico, Rancho Torreón del Molino, Carretera Federal Veracruz-Xalapa Km 14.5, Col. Valente Diaz, 91697, Veracruz, México, CP
| | - Jannete Gamboa-Prieto
- Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Laboratorio de Parasitología, Unidad de Diagnóstico, Rancho Torreón del Molino, Carretera Federal Veracruz-Xalapa Km 14.5, Col. Valente Diaz, 91697, Veracruz, México, CP
| | - Dora Romero-Salas
- Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Laboratorio de Parasitología, Unidad de Diagnóstico, Rancho Torreón del Molino, Carretera Federal Veracruz-Xalapa Km 14.5, Col. Valente Diaz, 91697, Veracruz, México, CP.
| | - Sashenka Bonilla-Rojas
- Facultad de Bioanálisis, Universidad Veracruzana, Universidad Veracruzana, 91700, Veracruz, CP, México
| | - Luz T Espín-Iturbe
- Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Laboratorio de Parasitología, Unidad de Diagnóstico, Rancho Torreón del Molino, Carretera Federal Veracruz-Xalapa Km 14.5, Col. Valente Diaz, 91697, Veracruz, México, CP
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Juache-Villagrana AE, Ponce-Garcia G, Gonzalez-Escandon MDJ, Vazquez-Dominguez IF, Castro-Bautista AG, Lopez-Monroy B, Rodriguez-Sanchez IP, Ojeda MGA, Flores AE. Status of Acaricide Resistance and Detecting the Knockdown Resistance Mutation T2134A in the Cattle Tick Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) from Northeastern Mexico. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2023; 39:122-128. [PMID: 37364181 DOI: 10.2987/23-7113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus is the most important tick in veterinary medicine, given its repercussions on animal production. The principal strategy to avoid adverse effects associated with R. microplus is the chemical control of tick populations through organosynthetic acaricides. Therefore, monitoring susceptibility to acaricides is paramount in any control program. This study aimed to analyze the resistance status of 2 populations of R. microplus from northeastern Mexico to the organochlorine (OC) lindane, organophosphates (OP) coumaphos, chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos, and the synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) flumethrin, deltamethrin, and cypermethrin. Discriminating doses (DD) of each acaricide were used in the larval packet bioassay (LPT). Additionally, the presence of the knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation T2134A associated with pyrethroid resistance was evaluated using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The populations of R. microplus showed a high frequency of resistance to SP, with mortality rates of less than 5%; they also showed resistance to the OPs (diazinon and chlorpyrifos) with mortality rates ranging from 1.29% to 34.62%; meanwhile, they were susceptible to coumaphos and chlorfenvinphos. Mortality rates higher than 66% were observed for lindane, indicating susceptibility. The mutant allele of the kdr mutation T2134A was detected in 75% and 100% of the pools analyzed. The populations studied presented a highly resistant profile to pyrethroids, with the presence of the kdr mutant allele A2134. The susceptibility to the organophosphates such as coumaphos and chlorfenvinphos of R. microplus from northeastern Mexico should be noted.
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Identification of the G184C, C190A and T2134A mutations in the para-sodium channel gene of the southern cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus associated with resistance to cypermethrin in northern Veracruz, Mexico. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 39:100838. [PMID: 36878623 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The southern cattle tick (Rhipicephalus microplus) represents one of the ectoparasites with the greatest distribution worldwide. Infestations by this arthropod can cause a decrease in the production of meat and milk, as well as anaemia and the transmission of bacterial and parasitic agents. For this reason, several active molecules have been developed to control these arthropods. A widely used group of ixodicides are pyrethroids, especially cypermethrin, which have knockdown effects on ticks. Resistance to cypermethrin has been reported in ticks since the 2000s; it was registered for the first time in Mexico in 2009. Even though multiple studies have evaluated resistance with conventional tests, there are few studies in Mexico that have identified the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with resistance. Hence, the aim of this work was to monitor three mutations associated with resistance in the sodium/chlorine channel in eight populations of ticks from northern Veracruz. Engorged adult females were collected from which genomic DNA was extracted. Subsequently, three mutations in domains II and III of para‑sodium channel gene were detected by conventional PCR and sequencing. Global alignments were done with the reference sequences deposited in GenBank. A total of 116 engorged females were analysed, of which 10 tested positive for G184C and C190A of domain II of the para‑sodium channel gene. T2134A was present in domain III in a single production unit. This is the first work where molecular monitoring of cypermethrin resistance has been carried out in the northern zone of the state of Veracruz.
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Showler AT, Harlien JL. Desiccant Dusts, With and Without Bioactive Botanicals, Lethal to Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Canestrini (Ixodida: Ixodidae) in the Laboratory and on Cattle. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:346-355. [PMID: 36734019 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The exotic southern cattle fever tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini) (Ixodida: Ixodidae), since its eradication from the United States in 1943, made a strong incursion into Texas, beginning 2016. The pest is arguably the most economically detrimental ectoparasite of cattle, Bos taurus L., worldwide. Current R. (B.) microplus control mostly relies on conventional synthetic acaricides to which the ixodid has been developing resistance. Our study demonstrates that commercially available desiccant dust products, with and without bioactive botanical additives, are strongly lethal, when applied dry, against larval R. (B.) microplus in the laboratory, and after being released on dust-treated cattle. Deadzone (renamed Celite 610, a diatomaceous earth product), Drione (silica gel + pyrethrins + piperonyl butoxide synergist), and EcoVia (silica gel + thyme oil), each prophylactically prevented larval R. (B.) microplus from attaching to and feeding on stanchioned calves. Desiccant dust-based products are less likely than conventional synthetic acaricides to decline in terms of efficacy as a result of ixodid resistance, and other desiccant dust advantages, including extended residual, flexibility in terms of application methods, environmental, animal, and human safety, and possible compatibility with organic, or 'green', production systems, are discussed. We anticipate that the desiccant dusts we evaluated, and others not included in this study (e.g., kaolin, perlite, and silica gel) will be effective when used with other control tactics in integrated pest management approaches for controlling R. (B.) microplus (and other ixodid species).
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan T Showler
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA
| | - Jessica L Harlien
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA
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Obaid MK, Islam N, Alouffi A, Khan AZ, da Silva Vaz I, Tanaka T, Ali A. Acaricides Resistance in Ticks: Selection, Diagnosis, Mechanisms, and Mitigation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:941831. [PMID: 35873149 PMCID: PMC9299439 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.941831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are blood-feeding ecto-parasites that have a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Ticks cause economic losses in the form of reduced blood, meat and dairy products, as well as pathogen transmission. Different acaricides such as organochlorines, organophosphates, formamidines (e.g. amitraz), synthetic pyrethroids, macrocyclic lactones, fipronil, and fluazuron are currently used sequentially or simultaneously to control tick infestations. Most acaricide treatments now face increasingly high chances of failure, due to the resistance selection in different tick populations against these drugs. Acaricide resistance in ticks can be developed in different ways, including amino acid substitutions that result in morphological changes in the acaricide target, metabolic detoxification, and reduced acaricide entry through the outer layer of the tick body. The current literature brings a plethora of information regarding the use of different acaricides for tick control, resistance selection, analysis of mutations in target sites, and resistance mitigation. Alternatives such as synergistic use of different acaricides, plant-derived phytochemicals, fungi as biological control agents, and anti-tick vaccines have been recommended to avoid and mitigate acaricide resistance. The purpose of this review was to summarize and discuss different acaricides applied for tick control, their mechanisms of action and resistance selection, genetic polymorphisms in their target molecules, as well as the approaches used for diagnosis and mitigation of acaricide resistance, specifically in Rhipicephalus microplus ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nabila Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alam Zeb Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia and Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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Kaplan ZD, Richardson EA, Taylor CE, Kaufman PE, Weeks ENI. Determination of the Discriminating Concentration Towards Permethrin for Surveying Resistance in Amblyomma americanum. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:922-929. [PMID: 35323944 PMCID: PMC9113138 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Amblyomma americanum Linnaeus (Ixodida: Ixodidae) is ubiquitously present throughout the southeastern United States and is capable of vectoring several pathogens. White-tailed deer are the main host for adult A. americanum. However, this tick species is a generalist that will feed on most vertebrates, including humans, deer, livestock, and pets. Management of this species can be challenging due to a lack of cost-effective strategies. Acaricides are often utilized, however, this may lead to pesticide resistance. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) larval packet test (LPT) was performed on susceptible A. americanum to determine the lethal concentration (LC) and discriminating concentration (DC) values for permethrin. The FAO LPT was used at these pre-established values to compare levels of resistance in ticks collected from a captive deer farm and wild areas representing high and low permethrin exposure settings, respectively. Resistance ratios (RR) calculated from the LC values for the ticks collected from farmed and wild deer ranged between 1 and 2. A. americanum collected from farmed and wild deer were not found to be resistant, however, some samples had slightly elevated RRs as compared to the susceptible laboratory strain, which may suggest tolerance development. Although the A. americanum sampled in this study were not resistant to permethrin, the DC calculated in this study will allow for rapid evaluation of resistance in a permethrin resistance monitoring program such that alternate management strategies can be adopted if resistance is detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z D Kaplan
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - E A Richardson
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - C E Taylor
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - P E Kaufman
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - E N I Weeks
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Ozelame KPC, Mattia MMC, Dedavid e Silva LA, Randall LM, Corvo I, Saporiti T, Seixas A, da Silva Vaz I, Alvarez G. Novel tick glutathione transferase inhibitors as promising acaricidal compounds. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:101970. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Integrative Alternative Tactics for Ixodid Control. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030302. [PMID: 35323601 PMCID: PMC8948879 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Hard ticks are important for economic and health reasons, and control has mainly relied upon use of synthetic acaricides. Contemporary development of resistance and concerns relating to health and environmental safety have elicited exploration into alternative tactics for hard tick management. Some examples of alternative tactics involve biological control, desiccant dusts, growth regulators, vaccines, cultural methods, and ingested medications. Abstract Ixodids (hard ticks), ectoparasitic arthropods that vector the causal agents of many serious diseases of humans, domestic animals, and wildlife, have become increasingly difficult to control because of the development of resistance against commonly applied synthetic chemical-based acaricides. Resistance has prompted searches for alternative, nonconventional control tactics that can be used as part of integrated ixodid management strategies and for mitigating resistance to conventional acaricides. The quest for alternative control tactics has involved research on various techniques, each influenced by many factors, that have achieved different degrees of success. Alternative approaches include cultural practices, ingested and injected medications, biological control, animal- and plant-based substances, growth regulators, and inert desiccant dusts. Research on biological control of ixodids has mainly focused on predators, parasitoid wasps, infective nematodes, and pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Studies on animal-based substances have been relatively limited, but research on botanicals has been extensive, including whole plant, extract, and essential oil effects on ixodid mortality, behavior, and reproduction. The inert dusts kaolin, silica gel, perlite, and diatomaceous earth are lethal to ixodids, and they are impervious to environmental degradation, unlike chemical-based toxins, remaining effective until physically removed.
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Showler AT, Harlien JL. Lethal Effects of Commercial Kaolin Dust and Silica Aerogel Dust With and Without Botanical Compounds on Horn Fly Eggs, Larvae, Pupae, and Adults in the Laboratory. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:283-290. [PMID: 34401921 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), is an important bloodsucking ectoparasite of cattle throughout much of the world. The fly is mostly controlled using conventional synthetic insecticides but as concerns about resistance increase, alternative tactics have come under heightened scrutiny. Four desiccant dust products: Surround WP, a kaolin clay-based wettable powder; CimeXa, comprised of silica aerogel; Drione, silica aerogel + pyrethrins; and EcoVia, silica aerogel + thyme oil, were assessed for their lethal effects against horn fly eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults, under laboratory conditions. Although Surround WP and CimeXa did not prevent egg hatching and (when mixed with manure substrate) pupal development, the two products were associated with moderate reductions of emerged adults, and with complete adult contact mortality within 6 hr and 24 hr, respectively. Drione and EcoVia eliminated egg hatching, pupal development, and adults within 15 min to 1 hr, respectively, whether the flies were exposed to treated filter paper substrate or exposed by immersion in the dusts. Implications for horn fly control and advantages of inert desiccant dust formulations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan T Showler
- USDA-ARS Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Kerrville, TX, USA
| | - Jessica L Harlien
- USDA-ARS Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Kerrville, TX, USA
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15
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Dzemo WD, Thekisoe O, Vudriko P. Development of acaricide resistance in tick populations of cattle: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08718. [PMID: 35059516 PMCID: PMC8760414 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of acaricide resistance in ticks infesting cattle is a major problem in the livestock industry in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. To determine the current global trends and prevalence of acaricide resistance development (ARD) in tick populations of cattle, a systematic review and meta-analysis with an emphasis on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was conducted. Data searches from five English electronic databases yielded 88 journal articles published between 1992 and 2020. In total, 218 in - vitro bioassays were used to investigate 3939 tick populations of cattle; of these, the 57.6% that exhibited ARD were largely limited to South America (Brazil), Central America (Mexico), and Asia (India). A total of 3391 of these tick populations were R. (B.) microplus, of which 2013 exhibited ARD. Random effects meta-analyses indicated that the exhibition of ARD was higher in R. (B.) microplus (66.2%) than in other tick species. Global prevalence estimates of ARD in R. (B.) microplus vary as a function of geography, detection methods, and acaricide compounds. In general, high heterogeneity was noted among the studies. However, homogeneity was observed among studies from India, suggesting the establishment of acaricide resistance in Indian R. (B.) microplus populations. Current tick control interventions are urgently required to limit the evolution and implications of resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Diymba Dzemo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Private Bag X1, Mthatha 5117, South Africa.,Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Patrick Vudriko
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases and Vector Control, Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Clinics and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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Rodriguez-Vivas RI, España ER, Blanco IL, Ojeda-Chi MM, Trinidad-Martinez I, Islas JAT, Bhushan C. Monitoring the resistance of Rhipicephalus microplus to amitraz, flumethrin, coumaphos, and ivermectin on cattle farms in Mexico. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2021; 26:100644. [PMID: 34879955 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence, resistance ratios and factor associated with Rhipicephalu microplus populations resistant to amitraz, flumethrin, coumaphos, and ivermectina (IVM) in Mexico were studied. Field tick populations were collected from 54 farms in 15 different states of Mexico. The dose-response bioassays were carried out using the larval immersion test (amitraz and IVM) and the modified larval packet test (flumethrin and coumaphos) against R. microplus. Mortality data were subjected to probit analysis to calculate lethal concentrations at 50%. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the relation between resistance and possible associated factors. The phenotype was defined as high resistant (HR), low resistant (LR) or susceptible (S). The overall prevalence of cattle farms with R. microplus resistant to coumaphos, amitraz, flumethrin and IVM were 25.9, 46.2, 31.5 and 68.5%, respectively. For coumaphos, 74.1, 22.2, and 3.7% were classified as S, LR, and HR, respectively, whereas, for amitraz, 53.7, 24.1, and 22.2% of phenotypes were S, LR, and HR, respectively, for flumethrin 68.5, 14.8, and 16.7% were S, LR and HR respectively, and for IVM, 31.5, 46.3, and 22.2% were S, LR, and HR, respectively. We identified that cattle farms without acaricide rotation program (OR: 7.66, CL95%: 1.70-34.47, P: 0.008) had a higher probability of developing R. microplus resistant to amitraz. We concluded that amitraz and IVM resistance in R. microplus is frequent, but mainly at a low level in cattle farms of Mexico. Cattle farms without acaricide rotation program had higher probability of developing R. microplus resistant to amitraz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger I Rodriguez-Vivas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Código 97000, Mérida, Mexico.
| | - Eduardo Ramirez España
- Elanco Salud Animal SA de CV, Boulevard Puerta de Hierro 5153, piso 18, Col. Puerta de Hierro CP, 45116 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ivan Lozano Blanco
- Elanco Salud Animal SA de CV, Boulevard Puerta de Hierro 5153, piso 18, Col. Puerta de Hierro CP, 45116 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Melina M Ojeda-Chi
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Código 97000, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Iris Trinidad-Martinez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Código 97000, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Juan Agustin Torres Islas
- Elanco Salud Animal SA de CV, Boulevard Puerta de Hierro 5153, piso 18, Col. Puerta de Hierro CP, 45116 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Chandra Bhushan
- Elanco Animal Health, Alfred-Nobel Str. 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany
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Alonso-Díaz MA, Fernández-Salas A. Entomopathogenic Fungi for Tick Control in Cattle Livestock From Mexico. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:657694. [PMID: 37744087 PMCID: PMC10512273 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.657694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are one of the main economic threats to the cattle industry worldwide affecting productivity, health and welfare. The need for alternative methods to control tick populations is prompted by the high prevalence of multiresistant tick strains to the main chemical acaricides and their ecological consequences. Biological control using entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) is one of the most promising alternative options. The objective of this paper is to review the use of EPF as an alternative control method against cattle ticks in Mexico. Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (s.l.) and Beauveria bassiana s.l. are the most studied EPF for the biological control of ticks in the laboratory and in the field, mainly against Rhipicephalus microplus; however, evaluations against other important cattle ticks such as Amblyomma mixtum and R. annulatus, are needed. A transdisciplinary approach is required to incorporate different types of tools, such as genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics in order to better understand the pathogenicity/virulence mechanism in EPF against ticks. Laboratory tests have demonstrated the EPF efficacy to control susceptible and resistant/multiresistant tick populations; whereas, field tests have shown satisfactory control efficiency of M. anisopliae s.l. against different stages of R. microplus when applied both on pasture and on cattle. Epidemiological aspects of ticks and environmental factors are considered as components that influence the acaricidal behavior of the EPF. Finally, considering all these aspects, some recommendations are proposed for the use of EPF in integrated control schemes for livestock ticks.
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Monteiro C, Lage TCDA, Marchesini P, Vale L, Perinotto WMDS, Lopes WDZ, Fernandes SA, Bittencourt VREP, Furlong J, Prata MCDA. Combination of entomopathogenic nematodes with acaricides or essential oil of Lippia triplinervis against Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2021; 23:100526. [PMID: 33678380 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the combination effect of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88 and H. indica LPP1, with the acaricides deltamethrin, amitraz and chlorfenvinphos, and the essential oil (EO) of Lippia triplinervis, against engorged females of Rhipicephalus microplus. In order to verify the effect of acaricides and EO, the adult immersion test was used, and in the groups treated only with entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), 150 infective juveniles were used per female. In the treatments with nematodes in combination with the acaricides or EO, the females were immersed in the solutions (acaricide or EO) and then transferred to Petri dishes for application of the nematodes. The treatment with acaricides resulted in a control percentage lower than 70%, except in the group treated with chlorfenvinphos in the second experiment (84.3%). The control percentage was 73% for L. triplinervis EO, and greater than 90% in all the groups treated with nematodes. For treatments with EPNs combined with the acaricides or EO, the efficacy was greater than 95% (except for deltamethrin + HP88), and reached 100% in the treatment with LPP1 + amitraz. It can be concluded that the EPNs at the concentrations tested were compatible with the acaricides deltamethrin, amitraz and chlorfenvinphos, and with the EO of L. triplinervis. These combinations enhance the effect of these control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Monteiro
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235, s/n, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74605-050, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Tiago Coelho de Assis Lage
- Grupo de Química Supramolecular e Biomimética (GQSB), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Campus Universitário, Avenida P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, Minas Gerais CEP: 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Paula Marchesini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Rodovia BR 465, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro CEP: 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Letícia Vale
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Wendell Marcelo de Souza Perinotto
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológica, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Rua Rui Barbosa, 710, Cruz das Almas, Bahia CEP: 44380-000, Brazil.
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235, s/n, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74605-050, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Sergio Antônio Fernandes
- Grupo de Química Supramolecular e Biomimética (GQSB), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Campus Universitário, Avenida P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, Minas Gerais CEP: 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Vânia Rita Elias Pinheiro Bittencourt
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Rodovia BR 465, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro CEP: 23890-000, Brazil
| | - John Furlong
- Laboratório de Parasitologia da Embrapa Gado de Leite (Embrapa CNPGL), Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610, Bairro Dom Bosco, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais CEP: 36038-330, Brazil
| | - Márcia Cristina de Azevedo Prata
- Laboratório de Parasitologia da Embrapa Gado de Leite (Embrapa CNPGL), Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610, Bairro Dom Bosco, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais CEP: 36038-330, Brazil
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Agwunobi DO, Yu Z, Liu J. A retrospective review on ixodid tick resistance against synthetic acaricides: implications and perspectives for future resistance prevention and mitigation. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 173:104776. [PMID: 33771255 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ending of the nineteenth-century was characterized by an escalation of ticks and tick-borne diseases that resulted in the death of many cattle. This necessitated the search for an effective means of tick control. Arsenicals were introduced in Australia in 1895, and arsenic-based dipping vats went on to be used for about 40 years until resistance was found in ticks and more effective alternatives - chemical acaricides - were developed after World War II. However, the development of resistance by ticks, environmental persistence, and mammalian toxicity militated against the sustained use of subsequent chemical acaricides. Furthermore, the development of resistance is a phenomenon that would always evolve, and the multiple mechanisms underlying the synthetic acaricides resistance are of great importance for future integrated control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. Hence, this study retrospectively reviewed the development of synthetic acaricides and the underlying mechanisms of tick resistance against synthetic acaricides in the hope of providing the implications and perspectives for resistance prevention and mitigation for future tick control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond O Agwunobi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
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Shanmuganath C, Kumar S, Singh R, Sharma AK, Saminathan M, Saini M, Chigure G, Fular A, Kumar R, Juliet S, Upadhaya D, Kumar B, Srivastava S, Ghosh S. Development of an efficient antitick natural formulation for the control of acaricide-resistant ticks on livestock. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101655. [PMID: 33503550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Animal production has a key role in global economic development and food security. Ticks, specifically Rhipicephalus microplus cause substantial economic and health impacts on more than eighty percent of the world cattle population. Though synthetic acaricides play a major role in tick management, their injudicious usage has caused environmental pollution and also promote the establishment of multi-acaricide resistant tick populations which is a matter of great concern. To provide an effective tool for controlling these resistant ticks, the present work was aimed to develop safe and inexpensive antitick natural formulations. Our bioprospection studies of Ageratum conyzoides plant established it as a species potentially having strong acaricidal activity due to the presence of potent acaricidal phyto-chemicals. To develop a suitable antitick natural formulation, 41 samples/fractions/formulations were prepared from the dry powder of the whole aerial part of the A. conyzoides plant using different techniques and delivery matrices. The strongest antitick effect was recorded for formulation ACF6, which demonstrated 87 ± 6% mean mortality with 57 % inhibition of oviposition in treated female ticks. Ticks treated with the ACF6 formulation showed a significant (p < 0.001) reduction in cuticular protein (1.238 ± 0.01 mg/mL) as compared to control ticks (2.928 ± 0.01 mg/mL) but no significant difference in chitin content of treated ticks and control ticks was observed. The formulation was found safe in a rat model as no significant differences in biochemical and haematological parameters among treated and control rats were noted. Histopathological studies indicated no sign of hepatocellular necrosis and no significant changes in the weights of liver and spleen was recorded. The overall in vivo efficacy of the formulation was 85 % for experimentally infested cattle with direct mortality of more than 80 % within 96 h post-application. The lethal effect of the formulation was in the form of drying and dead ticks 1-2 d after application. The developed formulation has the potential to be adopted as an alternative tick control measure in an ecofriendly manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Shanmuganath
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Satyanshu Kumar
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Boriavi, Anand, 387310, Gujarat, India
| | - Raghuraj Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Boriavi, Anand, 387310, Gujarat, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - M Saminathan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Mohini Saini
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Gajanan Chigure
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Ashutosh Fular
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Sanis Juliet
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, 673576, Kerala, India
| | - Deepak Upadhaya
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India
| | - Bhanu Kumar
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, U.P., India
| | - Sharad Srivastava
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, U.P., India
| | - Srikanta Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, U.P., India.
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Soria ALG, Ramirez FR, Pliego AB, Guadarrama HRD, Farrera GPM, Angel GY, Chagoyán JCV, Gomaa RMM, Tenorio-Borroto E. Evaluating Hemolytic and Photo Hemolytic Potential of Organophosphorus by In Vitro Method as an Alternative Tool Using Human Erythrocytes. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:738-745. [PMID: 32101124 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200226104029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The present study aims to determine the phototoxic and haemolytic activity of organophosphorus. The use of alternative in vitro assays with human erythrocytes is suggested to predict the polluting effect of these products on health. METHODOLOGY Human erythrocytes from Toluca Blood Bank were used. Sodium dodecyl sulfate was employed as a positive control. Additionally, the haemolysis percentage of three organophosphate (Acetate, Chlorpyrifos, Malathion, Methamidophos, Methyl Parathion) induced photo haemolysis formulated with surfactants on a concentration of 2 x 109 erythrocytes were evaluated. Finally, the products were classified as irritant or phototoxic. RESULTS Results showed that the HC50 red blood cells were similar for each organophosphate (Malathion and Methamidophos) indicating very irritant action with ratio classification (L/D) of 0.041 and 0.053, respectively. On the other hand, Chlorpyrifos was classified as an irritant with L/D= 0.14. On the other hand, the HC50 obtained photo hemolysis assays irradiated red blood cells was similar for each organophosphate (Acetate, Chlorpyrifos, Malathion, Methamidophos, Methyl Parathion) indicating no phototoxic action. CONCLUSION As a conclusion, it can be said that the parameters of haemolysis and denaturation of proteins are good indicators to classify organophosphorus formulated with surfactants as irritating or phototoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L G Soria
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Fabiola R Ramirez
- Technological University of the Valley of Toluca, Carretera del Distrito Federal Km 7.5 Santa María Atarrasquillo, Lerma, State of Mexico, 52044, Mexico
| | - Alberto B Pliego
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Héctor R D Guadarrama
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe P M Farrera
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Autonomous University of Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Y Angel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Autonomous University of Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Mexico
| | - Juan C V Chagoyán
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Raafat M M Gomaa
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Esvieta Tenorio-Borroto
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca, Mexico
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22
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Showler AT, Garcia AR, Caesar RM. Lethal Effects of a Silica Gel + Pyrethrins (Drione) on Amblyomma americanum (Ixodida: Ixodidae) Larvae and Nymphs. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:1864-1871. [PMID: 32566948 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ixodids (hard ticks) ingest blood from host animals, and they can transmit pathogenic organisms that induce medical and veterinary diseases. As resistance to synthetic conventional acaricides becomes more common, alternative tactics are coming under heightened scrutiny. Laboratory bioassays were used to assess the efficacy of CimeXa, a commercially available silica gel desiccant dust product, and Drione, a commercial product containing silica gel + pyrethrins and a synergist, piperonyl butoxide, against lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Ixodida: Ixodidae), larvae and nymphs. Both life stages were completely killed by CimeXa by 24 h, and Drione caused total larval mortality within 1 h when they were briefly immersed in the dusts and when they crawled across dust-treated substrate; nymphs were completely killed by 4 h after the same kinds of exposure. Mortality of A. americanum larvae and nymphs occurred after the pests crawled across dried aqueous suspensions of the products, but this was not as efficient and fast-acting as when the immature life stages were exposed to dry dusts. Further, dried aqueous suspensions of Drione were not substantially more lethal than dried aqueous suspensions of CimeXa. CimeXa and Drione will provide prophylactic control on vegetation and animals for as long as the silica gel remains without being physically removed. Both of the dust-based products will likely also be effective against other problematic ixodid species. Advantages and disadvantages, and potential uses, of desiccant dust-based acaricides are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan T Showler
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Kerrville, TX
| | | | - Ryan M Caesar
- Department of Science, Schreiner University, Kerrville, TX
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23
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Esteve-Gasent MD, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Medina RF, Ellis D, Schwartz A, Cortés Garcia B, Hunt C, Tietjen M, Bonilla D, Thomas D, Logan LL, Hasel H, Alvarez Martínez JA, Hernández-Escareño JJ, Mosqueda Gualito J, Alonso Díaz MA, Rosario-Cruz R, Soberanes Céspedes N, Merino Charrez O, Howard T, Chávez Niño VM, Pérez de León AA. Research on Integrated Management for Cattle Fever Ticks and Bovine Babesiosis in the United States and Mexico: Current Status and Opportunities for Binational Coordination. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110871. [PMID: 33114005 PMCID: PMC7690670 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine babesiosis is a reportable transboundary animal disease caused by Babesia bovis and Babesiabigemina in the Americas where these apicomplexan protozoa are transmitted by the invasive cattle fever ticks Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Rhipicephalus(Boophilus) annulatus. In countries like Mexico where cattle fever ticks remain endemic, bovine babesiosis is detrimental to cattle health and results in a significant economic cost to the livestock industry. These cattle disease vectors continue to threaten the U.S. cattle industry despite their elimination through efforts of the Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program. Mexico and the U.S. share a common interest in managing cattle fever ticks through their economically important binational cattle trade. Here, we report the outcomes of a meeting where stakeholders from Mexico and the U.S. representing the livestock and pharmaceutical industry, regulatory agencies, and research institutions gathered to discuss research and knowledge gaps requiring attention to advance progressive management strategies for bovine babesiosis and cattle fever ticks. Research recommendations and other actionable activities reflect commitment among meeting participants to seize opportunities for collaborative efforts. Addressing these research gaps is expected to yield scientific knowledge benefitting the interdependent livestock industries of Mexico and the U.S. through its translation into enhanced biosecurity against the economic and animal health impacts of bovine babesiosis and cattle fever ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D. Esteve-Gasent
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Roger I. Rodríguez-Vivas
- Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, FMVZ, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán 97000, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | - Raúl F. Medina
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Dee Ellis
- Institute for Infectious Animal Diseases, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (D.E.); (C.H.)
| | - Andy Schwartz
- Texas Animal Health Commission, Austin, TX 78758, USA;
| | - Baltazar Cortés Garcia
- Departamento de Rabia Paralítica y Garrapata, Dirección de Campañas Zoosanitarias, Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASICA), Avenida Insurgentes Sur N° 489 Piso 9, Colonia Hipódromo, Alcaldía Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de Mexico 06100, Mexico;
| | - Carrie Hunt
- Institute for Infectious Animal Diseases, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (D.E.); (C.H.)
| | - Mackenzie Tietjen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA–ARS), Knipling–Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA; (M.T.); (A.A.P.d.L.)
| | - Denise Bonilla
- Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service International Services, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-APHIS), Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA;
| | - Don Thomas
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Cattel Fever Tick Research Laboratory, Moore Air Base, Edinburg, TX 78541, USA;
| | - Linda L. Logan
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Hallie Hasel
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, (USDA-APHIS-VS), Austin, TX 78701, USA;
| | - Jesús A. Alvarez Martínez
- CENID-SAI, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agricolas y Pecuarias, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Col. Progreso. Jiutepec, Morelos 62390, Mexico;
| | - Jesús J. Hernández-Escareño
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, General Francisco Villa S/N, Hacienda del Canada, Ciudad General Escobedo, Nuevo León 66054, Mexico;
| | - Juan Mosqueda Gualito
- Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, C. A. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Carretera a Chichimequillas, Ejido Bolaños, Queretaro Queretaro 76140, Mexico;
| | - Miguel A. Alonso Díaz
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz 93600, Mexico;
| | - Rodrigo Rosario-Cruz
- BioSA Research Lab., Natural Sciences College, Campus el ‘Shalako’ Las Petaquillas, Autonomous Guerrero State University, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 62105, Mexico;
| | - Noé Soberanes Céspedes
- Lapisa S.A. de C.V. Carretera La Piedad-Guadalajara Km 5.5, Col. Camelinas, La Piedad, Michoacán 59375, Mexico;
| | - Octavio Merino Charrez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Km. 5 Carretera Victoria-Mante, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas 87000, Mexico;
| | - Tami Howard
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, (USDA-APHIS-VS), Field Operations, Southern Border Ports, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA;
| | - Victoria M. Chávez Niño
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, International Services, (USDA-APHIS-IS), Mexico, Sierra Nevada 115, Col. Lomas de Chapultepec, Mexico City 11000, Mexico;
| | - Adalberto A. Pérez de León
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA–ARS), Knipling–Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA; (M.T.); (A.A.P.d.L.)
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Vilela VLR, Feitosa TF, Bezerra RA, Klafke GM, Riet-Correa F. Multiple acaricide-resistant Rhipicephalus microplus in the semi-arid region of Paraíba State, Brazil. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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Arafa WM, Klafke GM, Tidwell JP, de León AAP, Esteve-Gassent M. Detection of single nucleotide polymorphism in the para-sodium channel gene of Rhipicephalus annulatus populations from Egypt resistant to deltamethrin. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101488. [PMID: 32723654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus annulatus field populations collected from small cattle farms in Beni-Suef province in Egypt were evaluated for deltamethrin resistance by toxicological in vitro bioassays (adult immersion test-AIT and larval packet test-LPT). Moreover, a quantitative PCR high resolution melting (PCR-HRM) technique was used to detect nucleotide substitutions in the voltage-gated sodium channel (Na-channel) gene. By the in vitro bioassays, the examined ticks were phenotypically categorized as deltamethrin susceptible (populations El-Wasta - A, and El-Hakamna - C) or resistant (populations El-Wasta - B, El-Hakamna - D, EL-Halabia - E, and Kom-abokhalad - F). Based on LPT findings, the phenotypic resistant populations were found to have a resistance ratio between 6.5 - 10.8. The PCR-HRM genotyping of the ticks showed variable melting curves among the populations in domain II of the Na-channel gene. Analysis of the curves showed the presence of wild type, mutant homozygous, and mutant heterozygous tick individuals. By sequencing the PCR amplified fragments, the C190A mutation was the only detected nucleotide polymorphism of domain II among the phenotypically resistant populations, which was present in 39.5 % (34/86) of the ticks tested. On the other hand, the phenotypically susceptible populations A and C did not show C190A mutant homozygous (RR) individuals. Meanwhile, in domain III all of the examined populations revealed melting curves like the wild type. Furthermore, the sequence analysis of these populations confirmed the absence of SNPs in domain III. The C190A single point mutation was detected for the first time in domain II of the Na-channel gene of deltamethrin-resistant R. annulatus in Egypt using PCR-HRM. Screening for efficacy of chemical compounds used by farmers to control ticks on cattle should be considered as part of animal health programs to manage the emerging resistance to acaricides in R. annulatus populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed M Arafa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62512, Egypt.
| | - Guilherme M Klafke
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, 22675 North Moorefield Rd. MAB 6419, Edinburg, TX, 78541, USA; Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal - IPVDF, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Jason P Tidwell
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, 22675 North Moorefield Rd. MAB 6419, Edinburg, TX, 78541, USA
| | - Adalberto A Pérez de León
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX, 78028, USA
| | - Maria Esteve-Gassent
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4467, USA
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Showler AT, Harlien JL. Effects of Silica-Based CimeXa and Drione Dusts Against Lone Star Tick (Ixodida: Ixodidae) on Cattle. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:485-492. [PMID: 31618422 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ixodid ticks vector pathogens of humans, livestock, and wildlife, and occur in tropical and temperate regions worldwide. We used the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Ixodida: Ixodidae), as a model for other ixodid species, including the southern cattle fever tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini) (Ixodida: Ixodidae). We assessed the lethality of CimeXa, an inert silica-based desiccant dust, and Drione, a silica-based desiccant dust with pyrethrin and piperonyl butoxide (PBO), against A. americanum larvae and nymphs on calves. CimeXa was highly lethal to larvae released onto shaved calf skin 72-96 h previously, and moderately toxic to nymphs. It did not affect immature life stages treated after they began feeding because desiccation was offset by ingestion of blood. Being inert, CimeXa can protect cattle from infestation before feeding occurs for a potentially indefinite period of time. Drione killed immatures within 24 h when released on treated skin and when applied to feeding ixodids because of the pyrethrin and PBO (PBO will also reduce resistance to pyrethrin if it develops). When CimeXa was applied to calves with the hair intact, ≈90% and ≈70% of A. americanum larvae and nymphs, respectively, were killed within 24 h and Drione killed 100% of each life stage. Drione also prevented and drastically reduced egg production and hatching. While CimeXa protects against infestation by immatures, Drione will also control ticks that are feeding. When pyrethrin and PBO in Drione eventually degrade, the silica aerogel carrier can continue to protect against infestation indefinitely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan T Showler
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Kerrville, TX
| | - Jessica L Harlien
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Kerrville, TX
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27
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Higa LDOS, Barradas Piña FT, Rodrigues VDS, Garcia MV, Salas DR, Miller RJ, de Leon AP, Barros JC, Andreotti R. Evidence of acaricide resistance in different life stages of Amblyomma mixtum and Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from the same farm in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. Prev Vet Med 2019; 174:104837. [PMID: 31756672 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the resistance of Amblyomma mixtum and Rhipicephalus microplus ticks from co-infested bovines from the Veracruz region in Mexico to different acaricide families and to demonstrate the viability of the packet test on different A. mixtum instars. The following acaricide families were used: a combination (cypermethrin 15 g + chlorpyrifos 25 g + citronella 1 g + butoxide piperonyl 15 g), amidine (formamidine 12.5 g), pyrethroid (cypermethrin 15 g), and organophosphate (dichlorvos 60 g + chlorpyrifos 20 g). Regarding the packet test in both species, resistance was found for the pyrethroid and amidine families in A. mixtum and R. microplus, as efficacy did not surpass 40 %, including in immature instars; regarding the adult immersion test in R. microplus, the efficacy was 93.3 % for the amidine family and 26.2 % for the pyrethroid family. The proposed methodology is an alternative technique to optimize resistance detection in immature ticks with a heteroxenous life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro de Oliveira Souza Higa
- Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, UFMS -Universidade Federal Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Vinicius da Silva Rodrigues
- Pós-Graduação em Imunologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcos Valério Garcia
- Laboratório de Biologia do Carrapato, Embrapa Gado de Corte, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Dora Romero Salas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinária y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Robert John Miller
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Kerville, TX, USA
| | - Adalberto Perez de Leon
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Kerville, TX, USA
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Fernández-Salas A, Alonso-Díaz MA, Alonso-Morales RA. Effect of entomopathogenic native fungi from paddock soils against Rhipicephalus microplus larvae with different toxicological behaviors to acaricides. Exp Parasitol 2019; 204:107729. [PMID: 31348914 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study are to: (1) evaluate the in vitro acaricidal effect of 54 Metarhizium anisopliae strains, six Beauveria bassiana strains and one Purpureocilium lilacinum strain, against the larvae of two populations of Rhipicephalus microplus (multi-resistant and susceptible to chemical acaricides); and (2) determine the lethal concentrations required to eliminate the 50% (LC50) and 99% (LC99) of larvae through the use of entomopathogenic fungi (EF) with high acaricidal effects. The mortality percentage was evaluated by larval immersion tests at a dose of 1 × 108 conidia/mL for each fungal strain. For calculating LC50 and LC99, four doses (1 × 108, 1 × 107, 1 × 106 and 1 × 105) were used. Nine strains of M. anisopliae and the P. lilacinum strain showed a high mortality percentage in the R. microplus larvae of both populations. The best strains that showed the lowest values of LC50 and LC99 for tick elimination were MaV50 and PlV01. In conclusion, several strains of entomopathogenic fungi showed a high acaricidal effect against the R. microplus larvae of both populations, suggesting that these fungi might be a promissory adjuvant in the control of R. microplus, including those who are resistant. Finally, the discovery of a P. lilacinum strain with a high acaricidal effect is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Fernández-Salas
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de La Torre, C.P. 93600, Martínez de La Torre, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Alonso-Díaz
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de La Torre, C.P. 93600, Martínez de La Torre, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Rogelio Alejandro Alonso-Morales
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, D.F, Mexico
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Martínez-Arzate SG, Sánchez-Bermúdez JC, Sotelo-Gómez S, Diaz-Albiter HM, Hegazy-Hassan W, Tenorio-Borroto E, Barbabosa-Pliego A, Vázquez-Chagoyán JC. Genetic diversity of Bm86 sequences in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks from Mexico: analysis of haplotype distribution patterns. BMC Genet 2019; 20:56. [PMID: 31299900 PMCID: PMC6626424 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-019-0754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ticks are a problem for cattle production mainly in tropical and subtropical regions, because they generate great economic losses. Acaricides and vaccines have been used to try to keep tick populations under control. This has been proven difficult given the resistance to acaricides and vaccines observed in ticks. Resistance to protein rBm86-based vaccines has been associated with the genetic diversity of Bm86 among the ectoparasite’s populations. So far, neither genetic diversity, nor spatial distribution of circulating Bm86 haplotypes, have been studied within the Mexican territory. Here, we explored the genetic diversity of 125 Bm86 cDNA gene sequences from R. microplus from 10 endemic areas of Mexico by analyzing haplotype distribution patterns to help in understanding the population genetic structure of Mexican ticks. Results Our results showed an average nucleotide identity among the Mexican isolates of 98.3%, ranging from 91.1 to 100%. Divergence between the Mexican and Yeerongpilly (the Bm86 reference vaccine antigen) sequences ranged from 3.1 to 7.4%. Based on the geographic distribution of Bm86 haplotypes in Mexico, our results suggest gene flow occurrence within different regions of the Mexican territory, and even the USA. Conclusions The polymorphism of Bm86 found in the populations included in this study, could account for the poor efficacy of the current Bm86 antigen based commercial vaccine in many regions of Mexico. Our data may contribute towards designing new, highly-specific, Bm86 antigen vaccine candidates against R. microplus circulating in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Martínez-Arzate
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Kilometro 15.5 Carretera Panamericana, CP 50200, Toluca-Atlacomulco, Mexico
| | - J C Sánchez-Bermúdez
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Kilometro 15.5 Carretera Panamericana, CP 50200, Toluca-Atlacomulco, Mexico
| | - S Sotelo-Gómez
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Kilometro 15.5 Carretera Panamericana, CP 50200, Toluca-Atlacomulco, Mexico
| | - H M Diaz-Albiter
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.,Colegio de la Frontera del Sur, Carretera Villahermosa-Reforma Km 15.5, Ranchería Guineo, sección II, CP 86280, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - W Hegazy-Hassan
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Kilometro 15.5 Carretera Panamericana, CP 50200, Toluca-Atlacomulco, Mexico
| | - E Tenorio-Borroto
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Kilometro 15.5 Carretera Panamericana, CP 50200, Toluca-Atlacomulco, Mexico
| | - A Barbabosa-Pliego
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Kilometro 15.5 Carretera Panamericana, CP 50200, Toluca-Atlacomulco, Mexico
| | - J C Vázquez-Chagoyán
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Kilometro 15.5 Carretera Panamericana, CP 50200, Toluca-Atlacomulco, Mexico.
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Kumar R. Molecular markers and their application in the monitoring of acaricide resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2019; 78:149-172. [PMID: 31190248 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring acaricide resistance and understanding the underlying mechanisms are critically important in developing strategies for resistance management and tick control. Identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the acaricide-resistant associated gene of Rhipicephalus microplus has enabled the development of molecular markers for detection and monitoring of resistance against different types of acaricide. There are many molecular markers developed for resistance monitoring, including mutations on target genes such as sodium channel, acetylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase, β-adrenergic octopamine receptor, octopamine-tyramine etc. Molecular genotyping through molecular markers can detect the presence of resistance-associated genes in a tick population before it reaches high frequency. This review aims to provide an update on the various molecular markers discovered to date from different regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinesh Kumar
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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31
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Arafa WM, Mohammed AN, Abo El-Ela FI. Acaricidal efficacy of deltamethrin-zinc oxide nanocomposite on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus tick. Vet Parasitol 2019; 268:36-45. [PMID: 30981304 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the veterinary field, there is a great concern about the issue of acaricides resistance in cattle ticks. A comparative study was designed to evaluate the in vitro acaricidal efficacy of imidacloprid nano-emulsion, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), deltamethrin, deltamethrin-ZnO NPs, and deltamethrin-Ag NPs. In addition, the novel formulations of deltamethrin (deltamethrin-ZnO NPs and deltamethrin-Ag NPs) against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus were also evaluated by in vivo animal efficacy trials. Nanoparticles and their loaded forms, deltamethrin-Ag NPs and deltamethrin-ZnO NPs, were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrum (FTIR). The adulticidal activity of deltamethrin-ZnO NPs at different concentrations; 2 mL/L, 1 mL/L, 0.5 mL/L and 0.25 mL/L induced a significant (P ≤ 0.05) lethal effect on adult ticks compared to deltamethrin-Ag NPs at the same concentrations. The larvicidal efficacy of deltamethrin-ZnO NPs resulted in a complete larval mortality within 24 h of exposure, while deltamethrin and deltamethrin-Ag NPs exhibited 100% immobility of larvae 48 h post-exposure. Furthermore, the in vivo experiments showed a considerable reduction in the tick's survival after using deltamethrin-ZnO NPs. There was no significant effect of different treatments on liver or kidney function tests at pre- and post-treatment of animals. In conclusion, deltamethrin-ZnO nanocomposite was the most effective adulticide and larvicide against R. (B.) annulatus. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report for using deltamethrin-ZnO NPs as an acaricide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed M Arafa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa N Mohammed
- Department of Hygiene, Zoonoses and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Fatma I Abo El-Ela
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
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Castro KNDC, Canuto KM, Brito EDS, Costa-Júnior LM, Andrade IMD, Magalhães JA, Barros DMA. In vitro efficacy of essential oils with different concentrations of 1,8-cineole against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2018; 27:203-210. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120180015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the acaricidal activity of essential oils from three species of plants with intermediary concentrations of 1,8-cineole against the tick species Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. For this purpose, five serial concentrations (100.0, 50.0, 25.0, 12.5, 6.2 mg/mL) of essential oils from Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze, Ocimum gratissimum L. and Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B. L. Burtt & R. M. Sm. were used on larval packet and adult immersion tests. The essential oils were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID), being detected 35.8, 24.7 and 24.0% of 1.8-cineol in the oils of M. suaveolens, O. gratissimum and A. zerumbet, respectively. The lethal concentration (LC 50) of each oil for larvae and engorged females was calculated through Probit analysis. All essential oils showed high efficacy (≥ 95.0%) on engorged females at the 100.0 mg/mL concentration. In regards to larvae, O. gratissimum (LC 50 = 11.9 mg/mL) was the most potent, followed by the A. zerumbet (LC50 = 19.7 mg/mL) and the M. suaveolens (LC50 = 51.6 mg/mL) essential oils. These results show that other compounds interfere with 1,8-cineole action.
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Rodriguez-Vivas RI, Jonsson NN, Bhushan C. Strategies for the control of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks in a world of conventional acaricide and macrocyclic lactone resistance. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3-29. [PMID: 29152691 PMCID: PMC5748392 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infestations with the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, constitute the most important ectoparasite problem for cattle production in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, resulting in major economic losses. The control of R. microplus is mostly based on the use of conventional acaricides and macrocyclic lactones. However, the intensive use of such compounds has resulted in tick populations that exhibit resistance to all major acaricide chemical classes. Consequently, there is a need for the development of alternative approaches, possibly including the use of animal husbandry practices, synergized pesticides, rotation of acaricides, pesticide mixture formulations, manual removal of ticks, selection for host resistance, nutritional management, release of sterile male hybrids, environmental management, plant species that are unfavourable to ticks, pasture management, plant extracts, essential oils and vaccination. Integrated tick management consists of the systematic combination of at least two control technologies aiming to reduce selection pressure in favour of acaricide-resistant individuals, while maintaining adequate levels of animal production. The purpose of this paper is to present a current review on conventional acaricide and macrocyclic lactone resistance for better understanding and control of resistant ticks with particular emphasis on R. microplus on cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger I Rodriguez-Vivas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Nicholas N Jonsson
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G61 1QH, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chandra Bhushan
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Alee 10, 51368, Leverkusen, Germany
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Reginato CZ, Cadore GC, Menezes FRD, Sangioni LA, Vogel FSF. Efficacy of commercial synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphates associations used to control Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in Southern Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2017; 26:500-504. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612017054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract This study evaluated the acaricidal efficiency of synthetic pyrethroids (SP) associated with organophosphates (OP) against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus populations in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. Ticks were collected in 54 cattle farms and tested using in vitro adult immersion test against four commercially available acaricide mixtures of SP and OP. Only one of four acaricides, comprising a mixture of cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, and fenthion, had a mean efficiency higher than 95%, and was effective in 94.44% (51/54) of the cattle farms tested. The acaricide with a mixture of cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, and citronelall had the lowest mean efficiency (62.11%), and was effective in 29.62% (16/54) of cattle farms tested. Furthermore, R. (B.) microplus in Southern Brazil exhibited differing degrees of resistance to SP and OP mixtures. The results suggest that the presence of fenthion contributes to the higher efficiency of the formulation with this active principle. This is possibly due to its recent commercial availability, as tick populations have been lower challenged with this product. Monitoring the resistance of ticks to carrapaticides is essential to maximize the efficiency of these products in the control of R. (B.) microplus.
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Wanderley LF, Batista KLR, Carvalho JFD, Lima ADS, Landulfo GA, Soares AMDS, Costa Junior LM. The first assessment of the stress inducible defense of Leucaena leucocephala with acaricidal potential effect against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2017; 26:171-176. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612017026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Plants respond to wounding caused by mechanical stress or herbivory by synthesizing defense proteins. There are no studies reporting the action of induced plant proteins against ticks. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mechanically wounded Leucaena leucocephala leaves against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Initially, we carried out time course experiments to evaluate the impact of mechanical wounding on the protein content and the peroxidase, catalase and protease inhibitor activities in L. leucocephala. We then evaluated the acaricidal activity on R. (B.) microplus from protein extract collected from L. leucocephala after mechanical wounding. L. leucocephala leaves were artificially wounded, and after 6, 12, 24 and 48h, the leaves were collected for protein extraction. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the proteins were performed. The protein content and peroxidase and protease activities increased 12h after wounding, and the acaricidal activity of this protein extract was evaluated using engorged R. (B.) microplus females. The protein extract obtained after wounding reduced egg production (8.5%) compared to those without wounding. Furthermore, the extract reduced egg hatching by 47.7% and showed an overall efficacy of 56.3% at 0.1 mgP/mL of the protein. We demonstrated that L. leucocephala defensive proteins could be effective against R. (B.) microplus.
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Rosado-Aguilar JA, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Borges-Argaez R, Arjona-Cambranes KA. Acaricidal activity of Havardia albicans and Caesalpinia gaumeri methanolic leaf extracts on Rhipicephalus microplus and its toxicity to laboratory animals. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2017; 71:345-354. [PMID: 28497304 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-017-0130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The acaricidal activity of methanolic extracts from the leaves of Havardia albicans (Kunth Britton and Rose) and Caesalpinia gaumeri (Greenm) were tested on the larvae and adults of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus Canestrini using the larval immersion test and the adult immersion test, respectively. The toxicity of these extracts was also evaluated on laboratory animals using toxicity bioassays at different concentrations: skin irritability (500 mg/ml), acute oral toxicity (5000 mg/kg), ocular irritability (1000 mg/ml) and dermal toxicity (5000 mg/kg). The acaricidal activity of the H. albicans extracts on R. microplus larvae showed a LC50 of 7.0% (4.3-11.4) and a LC99 of 25.5% (14.26-201.5). The acaricidal activity of the C. gaumeri extracts on larvae showed a LC50 of 7.8% (5.74-10.65) and a LC99 of 38.32% (22.22-146.48). The H. albicans extracts showed moderate acaricidal activity in the inhibition of egg laying (54.4 ± 12.4) and the inhibition of larval hatching (48.7 ± 6.8) in R. microplus adults. The C. gaumeri extracts also showed moderate acaricidal activity in the inhibition of egg laying (51.0 ± 11.2). However, none of the evaluated extracts showed significant toxicity on laboratory rodents. These plants show the potential to control R. microplus and could be administered topically or orally in animals. Further studies are needed to identify the active compound(s) and to evaluate the effects of these plants on R. microplus in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Rosado-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Parasitología. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, CP 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Roger I Rodríguez-Vivas
- Laboratorio de Parasitología. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, CP 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Rocío Borges-Argaez
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No 130 Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, CP 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Karen A Arjona-Cambranes
- Laboratorio de Parasitología. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, CP 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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Rodriguez-Vivas RI, Ojeda-Chi MM, Trinidad-Martinez I, Bolio-González ME. First report of amitraz and cypermethrin resistance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato infesting dogs in Mexico. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 31:72-77. [PMID: 27859488 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Engorged female Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Ixodida: Ixodidae) were collected from dogs in the state of Yucatán, Mexico. Fourteen tick populations were collected from dogs at seven veterinary clinics, four residential homes and three cattle farms. The larval immersion test was used in the progeny of collected adult females to test susceptibility to amitraz and cypermethrin. Dose-mortality regressions, 50% lethal concentrations (LC50 ), confidence intervals and slope were estimated by probit analysis. For amitraz, 12 tick populations (85.7%) were classified as resistant and low inter-population variation in the phenotypic level of resistance was evident [resistance ratios (RRs) at LC50 : 1.0-13.0]. For cypermethrin, 12 tick populations (85.7%) were classified as resistant and substantial inter-population variation in the phenotypic level of resistance was evident (RRs at LC50 : 1.0-104.0). Thus, amitraz resistance in R. sanguineus s.l. is common, but generally occurs at low levels; however, alarmingly high levels of cypermethrin resistance are present in R. sanguineus s.l. populations in dogs in Yucatán, Mexico. The intensive use of both acaricides to control ectoparasites on dogs is likely to lead to more serious resistance problems that may cause high levels of control failure in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Rodriguez-Vivas
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - M M Ojeda-Chi
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - I Trinidad-Martinez
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - M E Bolio-González
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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Rodriguez-Vivas R, Ojeda-Chi M, Trinidad-Martinez I, Pérez de León A. First documentation of ivermectin resistance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Acari: Ixodidae). Vet Parasitol 2017; 233:9-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Costa-Júnior LM, Miller RJ, Alves PB, Blank AF, Li AY, Pérez de León AA. Acaricidal efficacies of Lippia gracilis essential oil and its phytochemicals against organophosphate-resistant and susceptible strains of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Vet Parasitol 2016; 228:60-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Veríssimo CJ, Vasques F, Duarte KMR, Paulino VT, Ambrósio LA. Management and control of parasites on dairy farms in northwestern region of São Paulo state. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 25:306-16. [PMID: 27580398 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cattle farming is of great economic and social importance in all Brazilian's regions. Parasites can reduce milk productivity, especially the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. This study consisted of a questionnaire answered by 40 milk producers in the northwestern region of the State of São Paulo. The aim was to ascertain how these producers controlled ticks and other parasites. Very many of them knew nothing about the biological cycle of the cattle tick or about strategic control or acaricide efficacy tests. The majority (87.5%) controlled ticks at a high frequency, without technical criteria and care to apply the acaricide. Spraying was the most used mode of acaricide application (95%) and endectocides were used by 45%. Cattle tick fever was the harm most associated with ticks (87.5%) followed closely by screwworm (77.5%). However, 65% were satisfied with their tick control. About the control of others parasites, all dewormed at least twice a year their animals; 65% were controlling horn fly; 40% had problems with screwworm. The interviewers had in general good level of education and the farms generally exhibited a high degree of technology for milk production on pasture because half of them received technical assistance frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecília José Veríssimo
- Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento do Estado de SP, Instituto de Zootecnia - IZ, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios - APTA, Nova Odessa, SP, Brasil
| | - Flávia Vasques
- Coordenadoria de Assistência Técnica Integral - CATI, Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento do Estado de São Paulo, Votuporanga, SP, Brasil
| | - Keila Maria Roncato Duarte
- Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento do Estado de SP, Instituto de Zootecnia - IZ, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios - APTA, Nova Odessa, SP, Brasil
| | - Valdinei Tadeu Paulino
- Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento do Estado de SP, Instituto de Zootecnia - IZ, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios - APTA, Nova Odessa, SP, Brasil
| | - Luis Alberto Ambrósio
- Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento do Estado de SP, Instituto de Zootecnia - IZ, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios - APTA, Nova Odessa, SP, Brasil
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Gupta S, Ajith Kumar KG, Sharma AK, Nagar G, Kumar S, Saravanan BC, Ravikumar G, Ghosh S. Esterase mediated resistance in deltamethrin resistant reference tick colony of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2016; 69:239-248. [PMID: 26979585 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-016-0032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of acaricide resistance is considered as one of the important facets of integrated tick management. In an attempt of development of resistance monitoring indicators, in the present study two reference tick lines of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus maintained in the Entomology laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India, were studied to determine the possible contributing factors involved in development of resistance to deltamethrin. Electrophoretic profiling of esterase enzymes detected high activities of EST-1 in reference resistant tick colony designated as IVRI-IV whereas it was not detectable in reference susceptible IVRI-I line of R. (B.) microplus. Esterases were further characterized as carboxylesterase or acetylcholinesterase based on inhibitor study using PMSF, eserine sulphate, malathion, TPP and copper sulphate. It was concluded that an acetylcholinesterase, EST-1, possibly plays an important role for development of deltamethrin resistance in IVRI-IV colony of R. (B.) microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehil Gupta
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - K G Ajith Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Gaurav Nagar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - B C Saravanan
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Gandham Ravikumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India.
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Fouche G, Ramafuthula M, Maselela V, Mokoena M, Senabe J, Leboho T, Sakong BM, Adenubi OT, Eloff JN, Wellington KW. Acaricidal activity of the organic extracts of thirteen South African plants against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus (Acari: Ixodidae). Vet Parasitol 2016; 224:39-43. [PMID: 27270388 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The African blue tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus, is a common tick species found in South Africa and affects cattle production as well as vectoring pathogens in regions of Africa and Asia. In an attempt to develop a non-toxic, lower cost and environmentally friendly tick control method, twenty-six plant extracts were prepared from thirteen plant species using 99.5% acetone and 99% ethanol. The adapted Shaw Larval Immersion Test (SLIT) was used to test the efficacy of the extracts. A 1% solution of each of the plant extracts was prepared for efficacy testing and the ethanol extracts were found to have better acaricidal activity than the acetone extracts. The ethanol extract from the leaves and flowers of Calpurnia aurea had the best activity [corrected mortality (CM)=82.9%] which was followed by the stem extract of Cissus quadrangularis (CM=80.4%). The plant species were screened against Vero cells and were found to have low toxicity. From this study it is apparent that there is potential for the development of botanicals as natural acaricides against R. (B.) decoloratus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bellonah M Sakong
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Olubukola T Adenubi
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Jacobus N Eloff
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
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Survey of cattle tick, Riphicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, resistance to amitraz and deltamethrin in New Caledonia. Vet Parasitol 2016; 217:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Graham KM, Sparagano OAE, Finn RD. Isolation of the monooxygenase complex from Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus - clues to understanding acaricide resistance. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016; 7:614-23. [PMID: 26850353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The monooxygenase complex is composed of three key proteins, a cytochrome P450 (CYP), the cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CPR) and cytochrome b5 and plays a key role in the metabolism and detoxification of xenobiotic substances, including pesticides. In addition, overexpression of these components has been linked to pesticide resistance in several important vectors of disease. Despite this, the monooxygenase complex has not been isolated from the Southern cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, a major disease vector in livestock. Using bioinformatics 115 transcriptomic sequences were analyzed to identify putative pesticide metabolizing CYPs. RACE-PCR was used to amplify the full length sequence of one CYP; CYP3006G8 which displays a high degree of homology to members of the CYP6 and 9 subfamilies, known to metabolize pyrethroids. mRNA expression levels of CYP3006G8 were investigated in 11 strains of R. microplus with differing resistance profiles by qPCR, the results of which indicated a correlation with pyrethroid metabolic resistance. In addition to this gene, the sequences for CPR and cytochrome b5 were also identified and subsequently isolated from R. microplus using PCR. CYP3006G8 is only the third CYP gene isolated from R. microplus and the first to putatively metabolize pesticides. The initial results of expression analysis suggest that CYP3006G8 metabolizes pyrethroids but further biochemical characterization is required to confirm this. Differences in the kinetic parameters of human and mosquito CPR in terms of NADPH binding have been demonstrated and could potentially be used to design species specific pesticides. Similar differences in the tick CPR would confirm that this is a characteristic of heamatophagous arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty M Graham
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University Newcastle, Ellison Building, Ellison Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Olivier A E Sparagano
- Coventry University, Alan Berry Building, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK.
| | - Robert D Finn
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University Newcastle, Ellison Building, Ellison Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
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Ajith Kumar KG, Sharma AK, Kumar S, Ray DD, Rawat AKS, Srivastava S, Ghosh S. Comparative in vitro anti-tick efficacy of commercially available products and newly developed phyto-formulations against field collected and resistant tick lines of Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus) microplus. J Parasit Dis 2016; 40:1590-1596. [PMID: 27876990 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-015-0736-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is considered as one of the most widely distributed tick species ecto-parasitizing on livestock and causes fatal diseases with significant production loss. To address the problem of controlling acaricide resistant tick infestations on animals, attention has been paid to develop eco-friendly phyto-acaricides. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the comparative anti-tick activities of commercially available herbal and chemical products with chemically characterized phyto-formulations developed recently against field ticks and resistant tick lines of R. (B.) microplus. The chemical product Butox® Vet was found nearly passive against all the tested resistant tick lines. However, one of the commercial polyherbal product, Zerokeet® showed an efficacy (E%) of 41.8-75.4 % ([Formula: see text]) using recommended dilution (1:2) against field ticks and resistant tick lines. However, the other commercial product, Erina® EP has very limited efficacy against all the tested tick. In comparison, the newly developed phyto-formulation, NBA/13/B/2 and NAC-01 conferred an E% of 82.4-91.3 % ([Formula: see text]) and 62.3-94.6 % ([Formula: see text]), respectively, against tested resistant ticks. Results indicated higher marketing potentiality of newly developed formulation in the existing tick problem scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Ajith Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122 India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122 India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122 India
| | - D D Ray
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122 India
| | - A K S Rawat
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, UP 226001 India
| | - Sharad Srivastava
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, UP 226001 India
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122 India
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Ghosh S, Tiwari SS, Kumar B, Srivastava S, Sharma AK, Kumar S, Bandyopadhyay A, Julliet S, Kumar R, Rawat AKS. Identification of potential plant extracts for anti-tick activity against acaricide resistant cattle ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2015; 66:159-171. [PMID: 25717008 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-015-9890-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To develop an eco-friendly tick control method, seven plant extracts were prepared using 50 and 95% ethanol and evaluated for acaricidal activity against cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The adult immersion test was adopted for testing different extracts. Based on 72 h screening criterion, 95% ethanolic extracts of Datura metel fruits and Argemone mexicana whole plant were found effective showing more than 50% mortality of treated ticks. The 95% ethanolic extracts of D. metel fruits and A. mexicana whole plant exhibited acaricidal and reproductive inhibitory effects on treated ticks. The LC90 values of D. metel and A. mexicana extracts were determined as 7.13 and 11.3%, respectively. However, although both the extracts were found efficacious against deltamethrin-resistant IVRI-4 and multi-acaricide resistant IVRI-5 lines of R. (B.) microplus, they caused less mortality than treated ticks of the reference IVRI-I line. Phytochemical studies indicated the presence of alkaloids and glucosides in D. metel fruits and alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids and phenolics in A. mexicana whole plant extracts. The results indicated that these botanicals may play an important role in reducing the use of chemicals for tick control and possibly to manage resistant tick population in environment friendly manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanta Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, UP, India,
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Franco AO, Gomes MGM, Rowland M, Coleman PG, Davies CR. Controlling malaria using livestock-based interventions: a one health approach. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101699. [PMID: 25050703 PMCID: PMC4106824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Where malaria is transmitted by zoophilic vectors, two types of malaria control strategies have been proposed based on animals: using livestock to divert vector biting from people (zooprophylaxis) or as baits to attract vectors to insecticide sources (insecticide-treated livestock). Opposing findings have been obtained on malaria zooprophylaxis, and despite the success of an insecticide-treated livestock trial in Pakistan, where malaria vectors are highly zoophilic, its effectiveness is yet to be formally tested in Africa where vectors are more anthropophilic. This study aims to clarify the different effects of livestock on malaria and to understand under what circumstances livestock-based interventions could play a role in malaria control programmes. This was explored by developing a mathematical model and combining it with data from Pakistan and Ethiopia. Consistent with previous work, a zooprophylactic effect of untreated livestock is predicted in two situations: if vector population density does not increase with livestock introduction, or if livestock numbers and availability to vectors are sufficiently high such that the increase in vector density is counteracted by the diversion of bites from humans to animals. Although, as expected, insecticide-treatment of livestock is predicted to be more beneficial in settings with highly zoophilic vectors, like South Asia, we find that the intervention could also considerably decrease malaria transmission in regions with more anthropophilic vectors, like Anopheles arabiensis in Africa, under specific circumstances: high treatment coverage of the livestock population, using a product with stronger or longer lasting insecticidal effect than in the Pakistan trial, and with small (ideally null) repellency effect, or if increasing the attractiveness of treated livestock to malaria vectors. The results suggest these are the most appropriate conditions for field testing insecticide-treated livestock in an Africa region with moderately zoophilic vectors, where this intervention could contribute to the integrated control of malaria and livestock diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana O. Franco
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark Rowland
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G. Coleman
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clive R. Davies
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Pérez-Cogollo LC, Rosado-Aguilar JA, Ojeda-Chi MM, Trinidad-Martinez I, Miller RJ, Li AY, de León AP, Guerrero F, Klafke G. Rhipicephalus(Boophilus) microplus resistant to acaricides and ivermectin in cattle farms of Mexico. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2014; 23:113-22. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612014044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ticks and the diseases they transmit cause great economic losses to livestock in tropical countries. Non-chemical control alternatives include the use of resistant cattle breeds, biological control and vaccines. However, the most widely used method is the application of different chemical classes of acaricides and macrocyclic lactones. Populations of the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, resistant to organophosphates (OP), synthetic pyrethroids (SP), amitraz and fipronil have been reported in Mexico. Macrocyclic lactones are the most sold antiparasitic drug in the Mexican veterinary market. Ivermectin-resistant populations of R. (B.) microplus have been reported in Brazil, Uruguay and especially in Mexico (Veracruz and Yucatan). Although ivermectin resistance levels in R. (B.) microplus from Mexico were generally low in most cases, some field populations of R. (B.) microplus exhibited high levels of ivermectin resistance. The CHPAT population showed a resistance ratio of 10.23 and 79.6 at lethal concentration of 50% and 99%, respectively. Many field populations of R. (B.) microplus are resistant to multiple classes of antiparasitic drugs, including organophosphates (chlorpyrifos, coumaphos and diazinon), pyrethroids (flumethrin, deltamethrin and cypermethrin), amitraz and ivermectin. This paper reports the current status of the resistance of R. (B.) microplus to acaricides, especially ivermectin, in Mexican cattle.
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Busch JD, Stone NE, Nottingham R, Araya-Anchetta A, Lewis J, Hochhalter C, Giles JR, Gruendike J, Freeman J, Buckmeier G, Bodine D, Duhaime R, Miller RJ, Davey RB, Olafson PU, Scoles GA, Wagner DM. Widespread movement of invasive cattle fever ticks (Rhipicephalus microplus) in southern Texas leads to shared local infestations on cattle and deer. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:188. [PMID: 24742041 PMCID: PMC4022356 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a highly-invasive tick that transmits the cattle parasites (Babesia bovis and B. bigemina) that cause cattle fever. R. microplus and Babesia are endemic in Mexico and ticks persist in the United States inside a narrow tick eradication quarantine area (TEQA) along the Rio Grande. This containment area is threatened by unregulated movements of illegal cattle and wildlife like white-tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileus virginianus). Methods Using 11 microsatellite loci we genotyped 1,247 R. microplus from 63 Texas collections, including outbreak infestations from outside the TEQA. We used population genetic analyses to test hypotheses about ecological persistence, tick movement, and impacts of the eradication program in southern Texas. We tested acaricide resistance with larval packet tests (LPTs) on 47 collections. Results LPTs revealed acaricide resistance in 15/47 collections (32%); 11 were outside the TEQA and three were resistant to multiple acaricides. Some collections highly resistant to permethrin were found on cattle and WTD. Analysis of genetic differentiation over time at seven properties revealed local gene pools with very low levels of differentiation (FST 0.00-0.05), indicating persistence over timespans of up to 29 months. However, in one neighborhood differentiation varied greatly over a 12-month period (FST 0.03-0.13), suggesting recurring immigration from distinct sources as another persistence mechanism. Ticks collected from cattle and WTD at the same location are not differentiated (FST = 0), implicating ticks from WTD as a source of ticks on cattle (and vice versa) and emphasizing the importance of WTD to tick control strategies. We identified four major genetic groups (K = 4) using Bayesian population assignment, suggesting multiple introductions to Texas. Conclusions Two dispersal mechanisms give rise to new tick infestations: 1) frequent short-distance dispersal from the TEQA; and 2) rare long-distance, human-mediated dispersal from populations outside our study area, probably Mexico. The threat of cattle fever tick transport into Texas is increased by acaricide resistance and the ability of R. microplus to utilize WTD as an alternate host. Population genetic analyses may provide a powerful tool for tracking invasions in other parts of the world where these ticks are established.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David M Wagner
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, 1298 S Knoles Drive, PO Box 4073, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA.
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Acaricide and ivermectin resistance in a field population of Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the Mexican tropics. Vet Parasitol 2013; 200:179-88. [PMID: 24365245 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the Neotropics the control of tick infestations in red deer (Cervus elaphus) is achieved primarily through the use of acaricides and macrocyclic lactones. In Mexico, resistance to one or multiple classes of acaricides has been reported in Rhipicephalus microplus infesting cattle, but information on acaricide susceptibility in R. microplus infesting red deer is lacking. In this study we report the level of resistance to different classes of acaricides and ivermectin in R. microplus collected from red deer in the Mexican tropics. Engorged R. microplus females were collected from a red deer farm in Yucatan, Mexico. The larval packet test was used to detect resistance to the organophosphates (OPs) chlorpyrifos and coumaphos, synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) cypermethrin and permethrin, and the phenylpyrazol, fipronil. Resistance to the formamidine amitraz (Am), and ivermectin was ascertained using the larval immersion test. Data were subjected to probit analysis to determine lethal concentrations and resistance ratios to kill 50% (RR50) and 99% (RR99) of the tick population under evaluation in relation to susceptible reference strains. Additionally, allele specific polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the sodium channel F1550I mutation associated with SP resistance in R. microplus. The R. microplus population from red deer in Yucatan showed very high resistance to the two SPs evaluated (RRs>72.2 for cypermethrin; RR for permethrin resistance was so high a dose-response curve was not possible). All individual larvae tested to detect the sodium channel F1550I mutation associated with SP resistance in R. microplus were homozygous. The same tick population showed different levels of resistance to OPs (chlorpyrifos: RR50=1.55, RR99=0.63; coumaphos: RR50=6.8, RR99=5.9), fipronil (RR50=1.8, RR99=0.9), and amitraz (RR50=2.3, RR99=4.4). Resistance to ivermectin was regarded as moderate (RR50=7.1, RR99=5.0). This is the first report of R. microplus ticks collected from red deer in Mexico with different levels of resistance to four acaricide groups and ivermectin.
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