Comprehensive molecular level characterization of protein- and polyphenol-rich tara (Caesalpinia spinosa) seed germ flour suggests novel hypothesis about possible accidental hazards

Tara (Caesalpinia spinosa, Leguminosae) seed germ (TSG), a by-product of tara gum (E417) extraction, has been used as a protein- and polyphenol-rich food ingredient for human and animal nutrition. Nevertheless, TSG is the alleged culprit for a recent foodborne outbreak of even severe acute illnesses that have affected hundreds of individuals in the USA, perhaps triggered by nonprotein amino acids such as baikiain. Herein, the composition of TSG has been characterized at molecular level, with a focus on proteins, phenolics, lipids, and mineral composition. TSG contains 43.4 % (w/w) proteins, tentatively identified for the first time by proteomics, and 14 % lipids, consisting of 83.6 % unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid. Ash is surprising high (6.5 %) because of an elevated concentration of P, K, Ca, and Mg. The detection of a rare earth element such as gadolinium (Gd, 1.6 mg kg-1), likely sourced from anthropogenic pollution, suggests alternative hypotheses for the origin of TSG hazards.

Immune response enhancement by dietary supplementation with Caesalpinia sappan extract in weaned pigs challenged with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

BACKGROUND

At present, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV) is one of the most severe epidemics impacting pig farming globally. Despite the fact that a number of studies have been conducted on potential solutions to this problem, none have proven effective. The focus of problem solving is the use of natural ingredients such as plant extracts. Popular throughout Asia, Caesalpinia sappan (CS) is a therapeutic plant that inhibits PRRSV in vitro. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the efficacy of CS extract dietary supplementation on the productive performance, antibody levels, immunological indicators, and lung pathology of PRRSV-challenged weaned pigs. A total of 32 weaned piglets (28 days old) were randomized into 4 groups and kept separately for 14 days. The treatments were organized in a 2 × 2 factorial design involving two factors: PRRSV challenge and supplementation with 1 mg/kg CS extract. The pigs in the PRRSV-challenged groups were intranasally inoculated with 2 mL of PRRSV (VR2332) containing 104 TCID50/mL, while those in the groups not challenged with PRRSV were inoculated with 2 mL of normal saline.

RESULTS

In the PRRSV-challenged group (CS + PRRSV), supplementation with CS extract led to an increase in white blood cells (WBCs) on Day 7 post infection (p < 0.05) and particularly in lymphocytes on Days 7 and 14. The antibody titer was significantly greater in the CS + PRRSV group than in the PRRSV-challenged group not administered CS (PRRSV group) on Day 14 postinfection (S/P = 1.19 vs. 0.78). In addition, CS extract administration decreased the prevalence of pulmonary lesions, which were more prevalent in the PRRSV-challenged pigs that did not receive the CS extract.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study suggest that supplementation with CS extract is beneficial for increasing WBC counts, especially lymphocytes, increasing the levels of antibodies and reducing the prevalence of lung lesions in PRRSV-infected pigs.

Network pharmacology-integrated molecular docking analysis of phytocompounds of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (peacock flower) as potential anti-metastatic agents

Caesalpinia pulcherrima, or peacock flower, has been a subject of cancer therapeutics research, showing promising anti-cancer and anti-metastatic properties. The present research aims to investigate the anti-metastatic potential of the flower, through bioinformatics approaches. Metastasis targets numbering 471 were identified through overlap analysis following NCBI gene, Gene Card and OMIM query. Phytocompounds of the flower were retrieved from PubChem and their protein interactions predicted using Super-PRED and TargetNet. The 28 targets that overlapped with the predicted proteins were used to generate STRING >0.7. Enrichment analysis revealed that C. pulcherrima may inhibit metastasis through angiogenesis-related and leukocyte migration-related pathways. HSP90AA1, ESR1, PIK3CA, ERBB2, KDR and MMP9 were identified as potential core targets while and 6 compounds (3-[(4-Hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]-7,8-dimethoxychromen-4-one (163076213), clotrimazole (2812), Isovouacapenol A (636673), [(4aR,5R,6aS,7R,11aS,11bR)-4a-hydroxy-4,4,7,11b-tetramethyl-9-oxo-1,2,3,5,6,6a,7,11a-octahydronaphtho[2,1-f][1]benzofuran-5-yl] benzoate (163104827), Stigmast-5-en-3beta-ol (86821) and 4,2'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxychalcone (592216)) were identified as potential core compounds. Molecular docking analysis and molecular dynamics simulations investigations revealed that ERBB2, HSP90AA1 and KDR, along with the newly discovered 163076213 compound to be the most significant metastasis targets and bioactive compound, respectively. These three core targets demonstrated interactions consistent with angiogenesis and leukocyte migration pathways. Furthermore, potentially novel interactions, such as KDR-MMP9, KDR-PIK3CA, ERBB2-HSP90AA1, ERBB2-ESR1, ERBB2-PIK3CA and ERBB2-MMP9 interactions were identified and may play a role in crosslinking the aforementioned metastatic pathways. Therefore, the present study revealed the main mechanisms behind the anti-metastatic effects of C. pulcherrima, paving the path for further research on these compounds and proteins to accelerate the research of cancer therapeutics and application of C. pulcherrima.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Ex vivo and in vitro antiplasmodial activity and toxicity of Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston (Fabaceae)

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Malaria is among the most prevalent and devastating parasitic diseases globally with most cases reported in Sub-Saharan Africa. One of the major reasons for the high malaria prevalence is the ever-increasing emergence of resistant strains of malaria-causing parasites to the currently used antimalarial drugs. This, therefore, calls for the search for antimalarial compounds with alternative modes of action. Plants used in traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria offer possible sources of such compounds. Caesalpinia decapetala has been used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases including malaria. However, the antiplasmodial activity of the plant has never been reported.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To determine the ex vivo and in vitro antiplasmodial activities of the extracts of the roots, stem bark and leaves of Caesalpinia decapetala.

METHODOLOGY

The roots, stem bark and leaves of Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston (Caesalpiniaceae) were collected and air-dried under a shade then extracted consecutively with dichloromethane and methanol (1:1 (v/v) (4 × 0.8 L). The extracts were tested for antiplasmodial activities against four strains of Plasmodium falciparum (W2, DD2, 3D7, and D6) and fresh P. falciparum field isolates using the SYBR green I assay. The mean fifty percent inhibition concentration (IC50) was determined for each assay. An acute oral toxicity test was done based on the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD 425) guidelines using Swiss albino mice.

RESULTS

The leaves and stem bark extracts showed good antiplasmodial activities with IC50 values of 4.54 and 4.86 μg/mL, respectively, when tested against the fresh field isolates ex vivo. Similarly, the roots extract showed an IC50 value of 6.49 μg/mL when tested against field isolates ex vivo. The roots extract showed the highest antiplasmodial activities among the samples when tested against W2 (IC50 = 6.12 μg/mL), DD2 (IC50 = 8.17 μg/mL), and D6 (IC50 = 16.02 μg/mL) strains of P. falciparum whereas the leaves showed the highest activity (IC50 = 9.3 μg/mL) when tested against the 3D7 strain of P. falciparum. No mortality was observed for the mice treated with 2000 mg/kg of the leaves and stem bark extracts. The mouse treated with 2000 mg/kg of the roots extracts regained weight by day 12 of the observation period.

CONCLUSION

Caesalpinia decapetala has the potential to suppress the growth of P. falciparum thereby contributing to combating the recurrent emergence of antimalarial drug resistance.

State-of-the-art advancement in tara gum polysaccharide (Caesalpinia spinosa) modifications and their potential applications for drug delivery and the food industry

In preference to synthetic or petroleum-based materials, current research in food and pharmaceutical industries has focused on the development of biodegradable and sustainable materials due to their low toxicity, and biocompatibility. In particular, the natural water-soluble polysaccharide tara gum (Caesalpinia spinosa) has been widely used as a food-grade and drug-delivery agent due to its biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Moreover, owing to its easily modifiable hydroxy groups, tara gum, and its derivatives have been employed as food packaging films and pharmaceutical materials. In the present critical review, facile grafting methods of tara gum are reviewed, and an up-to-date comprehensive application of tara gum polysaccharides revealed their uses in pH-sensitive food packaging. In addition, modified tara gum materials exhibited improved drug delivery applications with biocompatible properties. The non-toxic nature and non-Newtonian, pseudoplastic rheological properties as well as the synergistic behavior of tara gum with other polysaccharides explore its further industrial applications in several fields. Additionally, several approaches for improving tara gum for use as a stabilizer and thickener for food items, and monitoring food spoilage, have provided notable customized characteristics. In brief, its many advantages make tara gum polysaccharide a promising material for applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

The potential of galactomannan from Caesalpinia ferrea on erosive dentin wear reduction in vitro

Gels containing juca seed galactomannan (JSG) were evaluated for their potential to prevent the progression of dentin erosive wear in an in vitro study with four experimental groups (n = 9). The treatments included distilled water (DW), 0.05% stannous fluoride (121 ppm F), and 0.5% or 1% JSG. The specimens underwent a cycle (3 times/day) consisting of immersion in 1% citric acid (5 minutes), treatment (5 minutes), and artificial saliva exposure (2 hours/overnight) for 5 days. Surface changes were assessed using mechanical profilometry (wear), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-test (p < 0.05). The negative control group exhibited the highest wear (6.0 µm ± 3.5), significantly differing from the group treated with 0.05% stannous fluoride gel (p = 0.007), which showed less dentin loss. The groups treated with 0.5% and 1% JSG showed results similar to the negative control (p = 0.661; p = 0.212, respectively) and the stannous fluoride group (p = 0.103; p = 0.379, respectively). In the SEM images, the specimen treated with stannous fluoride showed obliterated tubules, while the JSG gels formed crystals on the dentin surface, as confirmed by the presence of oxygen and calcium in the EDS analysis. Although the JSG gels showed similar results to the stannous fluoride, did not exhibit superior efficacy at the tested concentrations.

with Cyclodextrins for Bovine Mastitis

The main components of Caesalpinia sappan L. (CS) are brazilin and brazilein, which show high potential in pharmacologic applications. However, these have been drastically limited by the poor water solubility and stability. The present study investigates the formation of inclusion complexes F1, F2, and F3 between CS and β-cyclodextrin (βCD), hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD), respectively. These complexes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results showed that the highest encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of CS extract were 44.24% and 9.67%, respectively. The solubility and stability of CS extract were significantly increased through complexation in phase solubility and stability studies. The complexes F1-F3 showed mainly significant antibacterial activities on gram-positive bacteria pathogens causing mastitis. Moreover, the expression levels of COX-2 and iNOS were significantly decreased in LPS-induced inflammatory cells at concentrations of 50 and 100 µg/mL. In addition, treatment of complex F3 (CS/MβCD) in bovine endothelial cells remarkably increased the chemokine gene expression of CXCL3 and CXCL8, which were responsible for immune cell recruitment (9.92 to 11.17 and 8.23 to 9.51-fold relative to that of the LPS-treated group, respectively). This study provides a complete characterization of inclusion complexes between CS extract and βCD, HPβCD, and MβCD for the first time, highlighting the impact of complex formation on the pharmacologic activities of bovine mastitis.

Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Caesalpinia sappan extract: In vitro evaluation of antifungal and antibiofilm activities against Candida albicans

Synthesis of nanoparticles using natural organic substances has attracted more attention due to avoiding inorganic toxicity. This work aimed to synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using Caesalpinia sappan heartwood extract as a reducing agent. The effects of pH of synthesis reaction were investigated. The obtained CuONPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Their particle size, size distribution, and zeta potential were determined using photon correlation spectrophotometry. Candida albicans is a major cause of chronic fungal infections due to its biofilms leading to severe drug resistance problems. In this study, in vitro antifungal and antibiofilm activities as well as killing kinetics of the synthesized CuONPs against C. albicans were investigated. Additionally, fungal biofilm was observed by using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results showed that the pH of the synthesis reaction played an important role in the physicochemical properties and antifungal activities of the obtained CuONPs. CuONPs synthesized at pH 10 and 12 showed the relatively small and narrow size distribution with high negative zeta potential and time-dependent killing kinetics. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirms obvious fungal biofilm reduction and increased fungal cell death after exposure to CuONPs. These findings suggest the optimal pH of CuONPs synthesis using C. sappan extract as a reducing agent. The results on antifungal and antibiofilm activities indicate that the obtained CuONPs can be a promising agent for treating fungal infection.

Safety and efficacy of P2Et extract from Caesalpinia spinosa in breast cancer patients: study protocol for a randomized double blind phase II clinical trial (CS003-BC)

BACKGROUND

Chemotherapy in breast cancer is effective but can generate significant toxicity and lead to tumor resistance. Joint treatment with standardized plant extracts can be an alternative to improve the response and allow an effective activation of the antitumor immune response that favors recovery in the short and long term. The P2Et extract of Caesalpinia spinosa presents antitumor activity in cells and animal models of breast cancer, improves the tumor microenvironment, and induces activation of the specific immune response against the tumor and is synergistic when used together with anthracyclines, which makes it a good candidate for evaluation in patients.

METHODS

Conducted at a single center, this phase II study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial aimed at assessing the safety and efficacy of P2Et extract in patients diagnosed with stage II and III breast cancer, who are eligible for neoadjuvant treatment. The study aims to determine the safety profile at the previously established optimal biological dose from phase I trial while investigating various efficacy outcomes. These outcomes include improvements in quality of life, immunomodulation, metabolic profile, microbiome, as well as clinical indicators such as tumor reduction, disease-free survival, and pathological response, assessed at different stages of the treatment regimen.

DISCUSSION

Treatment with the P2Et extract in breast cancer patients is hypothesized to enhance overall well-being, positively influencing their quality of life, while also triggering an antitumor immune response and enhancing immune infiltration. These combined effects have the potential to contribute to improved long-term survival outcomes for patients receiving the phytomedicine alongside neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

This trial was registered in the US National Library of Medicine with identifier NCT05007444. First Registered August 16th, 2021. Last Updated: August 9th, 2022.

A Comprehensive Review on Bioactive Compounds Found in Caesalpinia sappan

Sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan) is a tropical hardwood tree found in Southeast Asia. Sappan wood contains a water-soluble compound, which imparts a red color named brazilin. Sappan wood is utilized to produce dye for fabric and coloring agents for food and beverages, such as wine and meat. As a valuable medicinal plant, the tree is also known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. It has been observed that sappan wood contains various bioactive compounds, including brazilin, brazilein, sappan chalcone, and protosappanin A. It has also been discovered that these substances have various health advantages; they lower inflammation, enhance blood circulation, and are anti-oxidative in nature. Sappan wood has been used as a medicine to address a range of illnesses, such as gastrointestinal problems, respiratory infections, and skin conditions. Studies have also suggested that sappan wood may have anticarcinogenic potential as it possesses cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. Based on this, the present review emphasized the different medicinal properties, the role of phytochemicals, their health benefits, and several food and nonfood applications of sappan wood. Overall, sappan wood has demonstrated promising medicinal properties and is an important resource in traditional medicine. The present review has explored the potential role of sappan wood as an essential source of bioactive compounds for drug development.

Gastroprotective effect methanol extract of Caesalpinia coriaria pods against indomethacin- and ethanol-induced gastric lesions in Wistar rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd is widely used as a traditional medinal plant in Mexico for protective and healing purposes and the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate the gastroprotective effect of extract of Caesalpinia coriaria pods against ethanol-induced and indomethacin-induced gastric lesion models, its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities, and its main compounds through LC-MS analysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Male Wistar rats were orally administered a methanol extract obtained from the pods of C. coriaria at doses of 10, 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg prior to inducing gastric lesions with ethanol or indomethacin. Gastric mucosal lesions were evaluated by macroscopic and histopathological alterations. Determination of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), alpha tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), leukotriene B₄ (LTB₄), nitrites/nitrates, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and H₂S gastric levels were investigated. Its main compounds of the active extract through LC-MS analysis.

RESULTS

Phenolic compounds were identified as major components of methanol extract. LC-MS analysis identified 15 constituents, and the significant compounds were gallic acid, 3-O-galloylquinic acid, digalloylglucose, tetragalloylglucose, valoneic acid dilactone, pentagalloylglucose, digalloylshikimic acid, and ellagic acid. Pretreatment with the extract at doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg significantly reduced gastric ulcer lesions in both models. Compared with the reference drugs (omeprazole or ranitidine, respectively), no significant difference was found (p < 0.05). The extract's gastroprotective effect was accompanied by significant decreases in leukocyte recruitment, and gastric levels of TNF-α and LTB₄ by two to fourfold (p < 0.05). Also, gastric levels of PGE₂ gastric levels were maintained and the antioxidant enzyme activities of SOD and nitrate/nitrite in the gastric tissue were improved (p < 0.05). The LC-MS analysis indicated the presence of hydrolyzable tannins (mainly gallic acid derivatives).

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that the gastroprotective effect of the methanol extract of C. coriaria pods occurs through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and NO modulation properties, and gallic acid derivatives may be the main possible compounds responsible for its actions.

Sappanone A: A natural PDE4 inhibitor with dual anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities from the heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan L

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Sumu (Lignum sappan), the dry heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan L., is a traditional Chinese medicine used as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The study aspired to discover natural phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors with dual anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities from Sumu for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To accurately and efficiently identify natural PDE4 inhibitors from Sumu, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) analysis methods were used for structure-based virtual screening of a self-built database of primary polyphenols in Sumu. According to the previous studies of Sumu and the free radical scavenging mechanism of polyphenols, the reported antioxidant components from Sumu and the potential antioxidants with the antioxidant pharmacophore of catechol and π-conjugated moieties were selected from the potential PDE4 inhibitors predicted by docking. Sappanone A, a potential PDE4 inhibitor with antioxidant activity from Sumu, was selected, calculated and synthesized to evaluate its dual anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions in vitro and in vivo studies. Herein sappanone A was assayed for its inhibitory effects against PDE4 enzyme activity, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW264.7 macrophages and malondialdehyde (MDA) production induced by Fe²⁺ in mouse lung homogenate; sappanone A was also assayed for its abilities of radical (DPPH) scavenging, reducing Fe³⁺ and complexing Fe²⁺ in vitro. Additionally, LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice was used to evaluate its anti-inflammatory activity as a PDE4 inhibitor in vivo, and the levels of TNF-α and total protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the lung were assayed.

RESULTS

The present study predicted and validated that sappanone A was a promising PDE4 inhibitor from Sumu with dual anti-inflammation and antioxidant activities from Sumu. In vitro, sappanone A remarkably inhibited PDE4 enzyme activity and reduced TNF-α production induced by LPS in RAW264.7 macrophages and MDA production induced by Fe²⁺ in mouse lung homogenate. Meanwhile, it showed outstanding abilities of scavenging DPPH radicals, reducing Fe³⁺ and complexing Fe²⁺. In vivo, sappanone A (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, i.p., twice daily for 7 days) distinctly prevented LPS-induced ALI in mice by reducing the levels of TNF-α and total protein in BALF and MPO activity in the lung.

CONCLUSION

Sappanone A is a natural PDE4 inhibitor with dual anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities from the traditional Chinese medicine Sumu, which may be a promising therapeutic agent to prevent the vicious cycle of COPD inflammation and oxidative stress.

Protease inhibitor from Libidibia ferrea seeds attenuates inflammatory and nociceptive responses in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Libidibia ferrea (Mart. ex. Tul.) L.P. Queiroz is a Brazilian native tree locally known as jucá and pau-ferro, and it has been used in folk medicine for relieving, asthma, bronchitis, sore throat, rheumatism, enterocolitis and fever. The anti-inflammatory properties of L. ferrea were confirmed for its stem, fruit, leaves, bark and seeds extracts, however little is known about the natural compounds that may be associated with that response.

AIM OF THIS STUDY

In a normal physiological condition, many enzymes play an important role in catalyzing biological functions. Among them, proteases are of great interest. Although they take part of many biological systems, as the inflammatory process, when deregulated, proteases may cause system malfunctions, such as under- or overproduction of cytokines, or immune cells activation. Thus, protease inhibitors prevent these immune responses by regulating proteases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive response of a protease inhibitor purified from L. ferrea seeds (LfTI).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In vitro (5, 50 and 250 μg/mL of LfTI) and in vivo (0.6, 3 e 15 mg/kg of LfTI) assays were performed. Male Swiss mice weighing 18-25 g were used for cell harvesting and for the in vivo assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was analyzed in vitro by macrophage cytotoxicity, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production, and cell adhesion assays; and in vivo by leukocyte recruitment, nitric oxide (NO) production, vascular permeability, paw edema and mast cell degranulation assays. The anti-nociceptive activity was evaluated through abdominal writhing test induced by acetic acid and formalin sensitization.

RESULTS

Our results showed that, in vitro, LfTI is not cytotoxic. Also, LfTI (50 μg/mL) inhibited macrophage H₂O₂ production (48.2%), and adhesion (48.4%). LfTI (0.6, 3 e 15 mg/kg) decreased polymorphonuclear cell recruitment dose-dependently, and it inhibited NO production (53%), vascular permeability (40.7%) and paw edema at 3 mg/kg at different time, but it did not inhibit mast cell degranulation. Besides, LfTI did not inhibit either the number of writhing or the licking time in the formalin test in the second phase (inflammatory). However, LfTI (3 mg/kg) inhibited licking time at the first phase (neurogenic) in the formalin sensitization (46.1%).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results show that LfTI has anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive (neurogenic pain) effects, and these effects might be associated with the inhibition of inflammatory proteases and/or protease-activated receptors activation hindering.

Changes in cell wall composition and ultrastructure related to desiccation during the seed maturation of Paubrasilia echinata (brazilwood)

Paubrasilia echinata (brazilwood) is an endangered native tree from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest whose seeds tolerate maturation drying, but, unlike classic orthodox seeds, they quickly lose viability after shedding. This work analyzed the biochemical and ultrastructural changes during the maturation of brazilwood seeds, with particular attention to the cell walls and organization of the cellular components. The physiological seed maturity was accompanied by increased starch content and decreased soluble sugars. Arabinose increased considerably and was the predominant cell-wall sugar during maturation, suggesting a rise in arabinans that contribute to greater cell wall flexibility. This increase was consistent with the cell wall infolding observed in the hypocotyl axis and cotyledons during the maturation of brazilwood seeds. Ultrastructural analyses showed changes in the number and distribution of protein bodies and amyloplasts and the reorganization of lipid droplets into large drops or masses during seed desiccation. Our findings demonstrate that brazilwood seeds behave like other orthodox seeds during maturation, performing the cell wall and metabolic changes before the major decline in the seed water content. However, the high vacuolization and reorganization of lipid bodies observed at 65 DAA suggest that cell deterioration occurs to some extent at the end of the maturation period and could be responsible for reducing the longevity of the brazilwood dried seeds.

Anticancer activity of Caesalpinia sappan by downregulating mitochondrial genes in A549 lung cancer cell line

Background: The standardization and mechanism of action of  Caesalpinia sappan as an anticancer agent are still lacking. This study aimed to understand the mechanism of action of  C,sappan extract as an anticancer agent.

Methods: This study was conducted using the A549 lung cancer cell line to understand the mechanism of action of  C. sappan extract as an anticancer agent. The cytotoxicity activity, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, protein-related apoptosis (i.e., BCL-2and BAX protein) assays, and RNA sequencing were performed level were measured. Moreover, the antioxidant activity, total flavonoids, and phenolics of C.sappan were also assessed.

Results:C.sappan has strong antioxidant activity (22.14 ± 0.93 ppm) total flavonoid content of (529.3 ± 4.56 mgQE/g), and phenolics content of (923.37 ± 5 mgGAE/g). The C.sappan ethanol extract inhibited cancer cell growth and arrested at G0/G1 phase of cell cycle, inducing apoptosis by increasing BAX/BCL-2 protein ratio in A549 lung cancer cell line. Furthermore, results from RNA sequencing analysis showed that C.sappan ethanol extract caused downregulation of genes acting on mitochondrial function including adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and respiration.

Conclusions: This study demonstrated that C.sappan has the ability to inhibit cancer cell growth by inducing apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in A549 cells.

[Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of four components from root bark of Caesalpinia decapetala in rats by UPLC-MS/MS]

To identify the pharmacodynamic material basis of root bark of Caesalpinia decapetala extract and clarify the dynamic changes and distribution characteristics of the compounds in vivo.UPLC-MS/MS was used for simultaneous determination of 3-deoxysappanchalcone, isoliquiritigenin, protosappanin B, and protosappanin B-10-O-β-D-glucoside in plasma, heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, stomach and duodenum of rats, to further study the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of root bark of C.decapetala extract in rats.Statistical analysis of obtained data demonstrated that the established analytical methods of the four components in biological matrix met the requirements of biological sample determination.The pharmacokinetic parameters showed that the t_(1/2 z), T_(max), C_(max), AUC_(0-t), MRT_(0-t), and CL_(z/F) of each component were 4.57-13.47 h, 0.22-0.51 h, 27.60-6 418.38 μg·L~(-1), 112.45-11 824.25 h·μg·L~(-1), 3.89-9.01 h, and 9.85-96.87 L·h~(-1)·kg~(-1), respectively.The results of tissue distribution revealed that at different time points, the components were widely but unevenly distributed in the body.Specifically, they were more distributed in the stomach and duodenum, followed by liver, spleen, lung, and kidney, and the least distribution was observed in the heart.

[Simultaneous determination of content of eight components in Caesalpinia decapetala by UPLC-MS/MS]

The present study established the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of the content of eight major active components in Caesalpinia decapetala and performed the quality evaluation of C. decapetala from different habitats with the chemical pattern recognition. The analysis was carried out on a Waters BEH C_(18) column(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm) at 40 ℃, with the mobile phase of water containing 0.1% formic acid(A) and acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid under gradient elution, the flow rate of 0.3 mL·min~(-1), and the injection volume of 1 μL. The electrospray ionization(ESI) source in the negative mode and multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) were used for MS quantitative analysis. The content results were analyzed by the hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA) and principal component analysis(PCA) for the evaluation of the quality difference. Eight components showed good linear relationships within their respective concentration ranges(r&gt;0.999), with the average recoveries of 96.85%-103.4% and RSD of 0.52%-2.8%. The analysis results showed that the quality of samples from different batches was different. The samples were classified into three clusters by HCA and PCA. The method is simple, sensitive, accurate, and efficient, and can be used for the quality evaluation of C. decapetala.

Cassane diterpenoids from the seeds of Caesalpinia bonduc and their nitric oxide production and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities

Ten previously undescribed cassane diterpenoids, cassabonducins A-J, and eleven known compounds were isolated from the seeds of Caesalpinia bonduc. The structures of the undescribed compounds were elucidated by extensive analysis of spectroscopic data (IR, HRESIMS, and ¹H, ¹³C and 2D NMR) and their absolute configurations were determined by the ECD data and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. ε-Caesalpin-Ⅶ was obtained from natural resources for the first time. Cassabonducin A possessed noteworthy inhibitory activity against LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 macrophages with IC₅₀ value of 6.12 μM. Cassabonducin D and neocaesalpin N showed moderate α-glucosidase inhibition at the concentration of 50 μM with inhibitory capacities of 47.17% and 43.83%, respectively.

Anthelmintic effect of four extracts obtained from Caesalpinia coriaria foliage against the eggs and larvae of Haemonchus contortus

To investigate the in vitro anthelmintic efficacy of dividivi (Caesalpinia coriaria), a traditional medicinal plant used in Central America and the northern part of South America, extracts from the foliage of this plant were subjected to the egg hatching test (EHT) and larval exsheathment inhibition test (LEIT), against Haemonchus contortus. Four different extracts were evaluated: acetone-water (AW), methanol-water (MW), acetone-water-dichloromethane (AWD) and methanol-water-dichloromethane (MWD). The concentrations used for the EHT and LEIT tests ranged from 500 to 4000 µg mL-1 and six repetitions per concentration. The effective concentrations (EC50) were calculated using Probit analysis. The EC50 for EHT were 2947.0, 3347.0, 3959.6 and 4538.7 µg mL-1 for MWD, MW, AW and AWD, respectively. The EC50 for LEIT were 2883.4, 5927.4, 9876.3 and 9955.4 µg mL-1 for AWD, AW, MWD and MW, respectively. The methanol extracts were the most effective in inhibiting the hatching of eggs, while the acetone extracts showed efficacy in inhibiting larval exsheathment. This study explains the importance that C. coriaria has as a medicinal plant in Central and South American countries.

heartwood for eco-friendly coloring of recycled paper based packing material and its in silico toxicity analysis

The uses of natural dyes are getting popularized due to the increased awareness regarding the toxicity of many chemical colorants. The chemical colorants are being replaced by the natural colorants for the various industrial applications. The plant-based natural colorants are considered eco-friendly and toxic free. In the present study, we report a natural dye from the heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan suitable for paper based packing materials. This forms the first report on the study of natural dye obtained from the heartwood of C. sappan on paper material. The extracted dye had a good photostability and able to make imprints on recycled paper bags. Moreover, a significant inhibition of bacterial growth was observed at a higher dye concentration of 100 μg mL^-1 against P. aeruginosa which was higher than the standard antibiotics. Growth inhibition was also observed in case of B. subtilis (22 ± 0.17 mm) and K. pneumonia (21 ± 0.53 mm) at 100 μg mL^-1. The dye could be used in making medicated packing materials and have many other bio-potential which was validated through in silico toxicity analysis. The application of such natural dyes in paper material value addition will help in a cleaner and sustainable process during paper recycling.

Bioengineering of an elastase inhibitor from Caesalpinia echinata (Brazil wood) seeds

Protease inhibitors have been widely used in several therapeutic applications such as in the treatment of bleeding disorders, hypertension, cancer and pulmonary diseases. In a previous work, we demonstrated that a Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor isolated from the seeds of Caesalpinia echinata (CeEI) exhibits pharmacological potential in lung inflammatory diseases in which neutrophil elastase plays a crucial role. However, an important challenge in the use of natural products is to ensure a commercially viable production. In this work, we report the cloning, expression and purification of two recombinant CeEI isoinhibitors with 700 base pairs encoding two proteins with 181 amino acid residues (rCeEI-4 and rCeEI-5). After the expression, each yielding 22 mg/L of active protein, both isoinhibitors presented a molecular mass of about 23.0 kDa, evaluated by SDS-PAGE. The inhibition constants for human neutrophil elastase (HNE) were 0.67 nM (rCeEI-4) and 0.57 nM (rCeEI-5), i.e., similar to the native inhibitor (1.90 nM). Furthermore, rCeEI-4 was used as a template to design smaller functional peptides flanking the inhibitor reactive site: rCeEI-36, delimited between the amino acid residues N³⁶ and S⁸⁸ containing a disulfide bond in the reactive-site loop, and rCeEI-46, delimited between S⁴⁶ and L⁷⁵ without the disulfide bond. The yields were 18 mg/L (rCeEI-36) and 12 mg/L (rCeEI-46). Both peptides inhibit HNE in the nanomolar range (K_i 0.30 ± 0.01 and 8.80 ± 0.23, respectively). Considering their size and the inhibitory efficiency, these peptides may be considered in strategies for the development of drugs targeting pulmonary disorders where elastase is involved.

Successful adsorption of bright blue and methylene blue on modified pods of Caesalpinia echinata in discontinuous system

Pods of the forest species Caesalpinia echinata were used as an alternative adsorbent to remove bright blue (BB) and methylene blue (MB) dyes. The raw and acid-treated samples were characterized by techniques like SEM, XRD, and FTIR. The acid-treated pod sample was characterized by an amorphous structure containing several cavities, bumps, and functional groups. The Elovich model was the most satisfactory to describe the adsorption kinetic data. The isothermal studies were better described by the Langmuir model for BB dye, with a maximum capacity of 261 mg g^-1, and Tóth model for MB dye, giving a maximum capacity of 288 mg g^-1. The thermodynamic study indicated a spontaneous and favorable process and endothermic nature for both dyes. In the treatment of two simulated effluents containing a mixture of different compounds such as dyes and salts, to simulate real wastewaters, the adsorbent was highly efficient, presenting around 80% of color removal for both effluents. Therefore, the acid-treated pods of Caesalpinia echinata have great potential to be applied as an alternative adsorbents in treating colored effluents in discontinuous systems.

Hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic activities of Caesalpinia bonduc seed kernels and Gymnema sylvestre leaves extracts in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

The objective of the current research was to validate the hepatoprotective and anti-hyperlipidemic activities of C. bonduc seed kernels (CBSK) and G. sylvestre leaves (GSL) hydro-methanolic extracts, separately and in combination (CBSKE+GSLE) in alloxan-induced diabetic rat model for 28 days. Diabetes was induced by i.p. injection of alloxan monohydrate (140 mg/kg body weight) to albino Wistar rats. Six groups of rats (n=9) were used. Group 1 was the normal control; group 2 was diabetic control. After induction of diabetes metformin (150mg/kg), CBSKE (400mg/kg), GSLE (400 mg/kg) and CBSKE+GSLE (400mg/kg) were administered to diabetic rat groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively for a period of 28 days. Diabetic rats exhibited an increase in serum blood glucose, liver function markers and lipid profile. Treatment of diabetic rats with metformin, CBSKE, GSLE and CBSKE+GSLE for 4 weeks significantly produced hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic effect via amelioration of raised serum glucose, liver profile, and lipid profile. The outcomes of this study suggest that G. sylvestre leaves and C. bonduc seed kernels have hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic potential which possibly help in managing diabetes-induced liver injury and hyperlipidemia.

Utilization of Pacara Earpod tree (Enterolobium contortisilquum) and Ironwood (Caesalpinia leiostachya) seeds as low-cost biosorbents for removal of basic fuchsin

Wastes from the Pacara Earpod tree (Enterolobium contortisilquum) and Ironwood (Caesalpinia leiostachya) seeds were studied as biosorbents for the removal of basic fuchsin from waters. Both biosorbents were prepared and characterized by different analytical methods. The characterization data showed that both materials were mainly composed of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. Both biosorbents exhibited roughened surfaces and surface functional groups such as C-H, C=O, C=C, C-O, C-N, and OH bonds. Furthermore, the XRD pattern shows an amorphous phase with a wide peak from 10 to 30° due to the lignin. In terms of dosage and pH, the use of 1 g L^-1 and 9.0, respectively, is recommended. The initial concentrations for the biosorption kinetics ranged from 50 to 500 mg L^-1, where the Pacara ear and the Ironwood reached an adsorption capacity of 145.62 and 100.743 mg g^-1 for the 500 mg L^-1. The pseudo-second-order was found to be the proper model for describing biosorption of basic fuchsin onto Pacara Earpod tree and Ironwood, respectively. For the isotherm experiments, the maximum experimental biosorption capacity was found to be 166.858 and 110.317 mg g^-1 for the Pacara Earpod and Ironwood for the initial concentration of 500 mg L^-1 at 328 K. The Langmuir and the Tóth models were the best for representing the equilibrium curves for the basic fuchsin on the Pacara Earpod and the Ironwood, respectively. Maximum adsorption capacities of 177.084 mg g^-1 and 136.526 mg g^-1 were achieved for the Pacara Earpod tree and Ironwood, respectively. The biosorption process was spontaneous, endothermic, and favorable for both biosorbents. The biosorbents were also applied for coloration removal of simulated textile effluents, reaching 66% and 54% for the Pacara Earpod and Ironwood, respectively. For the final application, the materials were used in fixed-bed biosorption, with an initial concentration of 200 mg L^-1, reaching breakthrough times of 710 and 415 min, leading to biosorption capacities of the column of 124.5 and 76.5 mg g^-1, for the Pacara Earpod and Ironwood, respectively.

Cytoprotective and antisecretory properties of methanolic extract of Distemonanthus benthamianus (Caesalpiniaceae) stem bark on acute gastric ulcer in rats

OBJECTIVES

In African traditional medicine, Distemonanthus benthamianus (Caesalpiniaceae) is used to treat many diseases including gastric ulcers. We evaluated in this study, the cytoprotective and antisecretory properties of the methanolic extract of the stem bark of this plant using different technics of gastric lesion induction.

METHODS

Cytoprotective and antisecretory activity of the methanolic extract of D. benthamianus stem bark was evolved through six methods of gastric lesion induction in experimental Wistar male rats (150-200 g): (1) gastric lesions induced by HCl/ethanol, (2) gastric lesions induced by Indomethacin- HCl/ethanol, (3) gastric lesion induced by Indomethacin, (4) gastric lesions induced by Pylorus ligation, (5) gastric lesions induced by histamine-Pylorus ligation, (6) gastric lesions induced by carbachol-Pylorus ligation. Mucus and gastric mucosal ulceration were evaluated. pH, gastric volume, and acidity were quantified in all pylorus ligation induction technics. Nitric oxide (NO) level was determined in indomethacin induced gastric ulcers.

RESULTS

At different doses (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg), extract reduced significantly the ulcer index. In all models used, that is 100.00% with HCl/ethanol; 100.00% with HCl/ethanol/indomethacin; 95.70% with Indomethacin; 74.79% with pylorus ligation, 95.94% histamine-Pylorus ligation, 99.54% carbachol-Pylorus ligation at the highest dose of 500 mg/kg. The lesion formation reduces in all the methods used followed by a significant increase of mucus production. The pylorus ligation technic revealed that the extract has an antisecretory activity.

CONCLUSIONS

The methanolic extract of D. benthamianus stem bark has both cytoprotective and antisecretory effects. This extract exerts its antisecretory effect trough cholinergic and histaminergic pathways.

Therapeutic effects of Caesalpinia minax Hance on complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis and the anti-inflammatory activity of cassane diterpenes as main active components

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Seeds of Caesalpinia minax Hance called 'Ku-Shi-Lian' (KSL) in China have been used as Zhuang or Dai folk medicines for treatment of common cold, fever, rheumatoid arthritis and dysentery for hundred years.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to investigate therapeutic efficacy of KSL extract using complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis in a rat model and the anti-inflammatory activity of cassane diterpenes as the main active material basis of this herb.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Arthritis was induced in male Wistar rats (200-220 g) by immunization with CFA. Dexamethasone (DXMS) and Tripterygium glycosides (TG) were chosen as the positive drugs. Water soluble fraction (CMW, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg) and chloroform soluble fraction (CMC, 400 and 800 mg/kg) of KSL were orally administered from day 1 and continued for 21 days. Change of paw swelling perimeter, arthritics score, body weight growth, were observed, and the production of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The histological changes in the ankle joint were analyzed in adjuvant induced arthritis rats. Moreover, the inhibitory effect on mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α of fourteen cassane diterpenes obtained from CMC extract were valued using the RAW 264.7 macrophages cell stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) assay.

RESULTS

The chloroform soluble fraction (CMC) showed the significantly suppressed change of paw swelling perimeter, arthritics score and increased body weight loss. The overproduction of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were remarkably suppressed in the serum. Fourteen cassane derivatives as the main constituents of CMC extract showed the promising activity on the expression mRNA of cytokine IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α produced by macrophages cells.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, the chloroform soluble fraction of 'KSL' (seeds of C. minax) was found to exert an anti-RA activity significantly in vivo for the first time, which indicted this fraction might be used as a powerful therapeutic agent for arthritis treatments. Cassane diterpenes, as the main constituents in this fraction, showed the anti-inflammation activity through the regulation of cytokine expression, which might be developed as target-agents for this national herb further developing.

Germination rates of four Chilean forest trees seeds: Quillaja saponaria, Prosopis chilensis, Vachellia caven, and Caesalpinia spinosa

Data on the germination rates of four tree species, natively founded in the Chilean Mediterranean-climate zone, were determined by germination in crop chambers. The obtained data were used to interpolate or extrapolate the time taken for 50% of seeds to germinate in each case. These results are useful for regional native forest research and, in a broad sense, for its use in models to study germination dynamics in Mediterranean-climate zones.

Anisotropic Snowman-Like Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Caesalpinia sappan Extract and In Vitro Antibacterial Activity

Anisotropic snowman-like silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using the extract of Caesalpinia sappan heartwood as a reducing agent in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Two surface plasmon resonance bands of the orange solution were observed at 446 nm and 539 nm in UV-visible spectra. High-resolution X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the face-centered cubic structure of the AgNPs. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images clearly revealed snowman-like AgNPs with an average size of 34.36 ± 11.44 nm. The C-O functional group was most likely involved in the synthesis of the AgNPs, which was demonstrated by Fourier transform infrared spectra. Most interestingly, the snowman-like AgNPs exhibited higher antibacterial activity than the spherical AgNPs and the extract alone. Among the tested strains, the snowman-like AgNPs showed the highest activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 4.69 μg/mL for the extract and 0.443 μg/mL for the silver. The antibacterial activity of the snowman-like AgNPs increased 24-fold against S. aureus. These results strongly suggested that the snowman-like AgNPs synthesized from C. sappan extract have potential for treating infected disease caused by S. aureus when the antibacterial activity was combined from plant extract and AgNPs. To our knowledge, the present report is the first in which the snowman-like AgNPs synthesized using a plant extract as a reducing agent showed excellent In Vitro antibacterial activity.

Multiple pharmacological activities of Caesalpinia crista against aluminium-induced neurodegeneration in rats: Relevance for Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and mainly affects cognitive function of the aged populations. Aluminium, a neurotoxic metal, has been suggested as a contributing factor of AD. Caesalpinia crista is a medicinal plant known for its anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. The present study was conducted in order to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of methanolic extracts of C. crista (MECC) on aluminium-induced neurodegeneration in rats. Co-administration with MECC significantly and dose dependently ameliorated the aluminium-dependent cognitive impairment, AChE hyperactivity and oxidative stress in the hippocampus and in the frontal cortex of rat brain. Moreover, MECC reduced the neuronal injury induced by aluminium as shown by the diminution of neuron loss and pyknosis in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. From this study, it is inferred that MECC protect against aluminium-induced behavioral alterations, cognitive function, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in vivo. Therefore, this plant may serve as a source of natural products having multiple functions and could be utilized as an anti-AD preparation.

Acaricidal activity of Havardia albicans and Caesalpinia gaumeri methanolic leaf extracts on Rhipicephalus microplus and its toxicity to laboratory animals

The acaricidal activity of methanolic extracts from the leaves of Havardia albicans (Kunth Britton and Rose) and Caesalpinia gaumeri (Greenm) were tested on the larvae and adults of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus Canestrini using the larval immersion test and the adult immersion test, respectively. The toxicity of these extracts was also evaluated on laboratory animals using toxicity bioassays at different concentrations: skin irritability (500 mg/ml), acute oral toxicity (5000 mg/kg), ocular irritability (1000 mg/ml) and dermal toxicity (5000 mg/kg). The acaricidal activity of the H. albicans extracts on R. microplus larvae showed a LC₅₀ of 7.0% (4.3-11.4) and a LC₉₉ of 25.5% (14.26-201.5). The acaricidal activity of the C. gaumeri extracts on larvae showed a LC₅₀ of 7.8% (5.74-10.65) and a LC₉₉ of 38.32% (22.22-146.48). The H. albicans extracts showed moderate acaricidal activity in the inhibition of egg laying (54.4 ± 12.4) and the inhibition of larval hatching (48.7 ± 6.8) in R. microplus adults. The C. gaumeri extracts also showed moderate acaricidal activity in the inhibition of egg laying (51.0 ± 11.2). However, none of the evaluated extracts showed significant toxicity on laboratory rodents. These plants show the potential to control R. microplus and could be administered topically or orally in animals. Further studies are needed to identify the active compound(s) and to evaluate the effects of these plants on R. microplus in vivo.

Modulator effect of a polysaccharide-rich extract from Caesalpinia ferrea stem barks in rat cutaneous wound healing: Role of TNF-α, IL-1β, NO, TGF-β

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

In folk medicine stem barks of Caesalpinia ferrea (Caesalpinioideae) are used to treat enterocolitis, rheumatism and wounds and in experimental procedures, its aqueous extracts demonstrated antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and healing effects.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The healing mechanism of the polyssacharide-rich extract of C. ferrea stem barks (TPL-Cf) was investigated in a model of excisional cutaneous wound in Wistar rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Excisional wounds received topical treatment with TPL-Cf (0.025-0.1%) during 21 days. Hypernociception, macroscopical, histological and immunohistochemical parameters were evaluated and analyzed by ANOVA, Bonferroni and Kruskal-Wallis tests, followed by Dunn and Chi-Square tests.

RESULTS

TPL-Cf (0.1%) reduced wound area and hypernociception, and increased wound contraction. TPL-Cf reduced leukocyte infiltration and vascular permeability, and stimulated fibroblasia, angiogenesis, well formed granulation tissue, collagen deposition and epithelial layer formation. TPL-Cf reduced TNF-α expression and the levels of PGE2 (73%-day 5), IL-1 (42%-day 2), MDA (38%-day 5), total protein (53%-day 2; 73%-day 5) and MPO activity (53%-day 2), but increased the expression of i-NOS (days 5 and 7), TGF-β (day 5) and the levels of NO (3.6 fold-day 5).

CONCLUSION

The polysaccharide-rich extract of C. ferra stem barks accelerates wound healing by the control of the inflammatory phase and attenuates hypernociception via modulation of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, NO, TGF-β).

In vivo anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of a medicinal plant, Caesalpinia bonducella F

This research examined antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities of ethanolic extract of C. bonducella whole seeds in experimental albino rats. Three doses, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of the whole seed ethanolic extract prepared as a suspension in 2 ml of 2% gum acacia were used. Acute inflammatory and antipyretic activities were evaluated in experimental animals by carrageenan induced paw edema and brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia models, respectively. A significant (p<0.05) reduction in paw volumes, and pyrexia was noted in experimental animals when compared with control animals. The ethanol see extract (400 mg/kg) displayed in vivo anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic in terms of reduction in paw edema, % writhes inhibition and rectal temperature by (0.24±0.03), (31.38%) and (36.2±0.1), respectively. Overall the whole ethanolic seed extract at all tested concentrations produced significant (p<0.05) anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activities. The results obtained in this study clearly indicated the ethno-medicinal potential of C. bonducella in curing pain and inflammation related disorders, supporting its efficacy as a natural analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agent.

Possible mechanisms of action of Caesalpinia pyramidalis against ethanol-induced gastric damage

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul. (Fabaceae), known as "catingueira", is an endemic tree of the Northeast region of Brazil. This plant, mainly inner bark and flowers, has been used in traditional medicine to treat gastritis, heartburn, indigestion, stomachache, dysenteries, and diarrheas.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The ethanol extract of C. pyramidalis inner bark was used in rats via oral route, at the doses of 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg, in the ethanol-induced ulcer model and some of the mechanisms underlying to the gastroprotective effect of this plant investigated.

RESULTS

The ethanol extract of C. pyramidalis inner bark (100 mg/kg) produced reduction (P < 0.001) on the total lesion area in the ethanol-induced gastric damage. The gastroprotective response caused by the ethanol extract (100 mg/kg) was significantly attenuated (P < 0.05) by intraperitoneal treatment of rats with DL-Propargylglycine (PAG, a cystathionine-γ-lyase inhibitor; 25 mg/kg), but not by Nw-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; 70 mg/kg), and confirmed by microscopic evidence. The ethanol extract significantly decreased the number of mucosal mast cells compared to vehicle-treated group. The inflammatory cells of the ethanol extract (100 mg/kg)-treated ulcerated rats exhibited an upregulation of interleukin (IL)-4 protein expression and downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, observed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometer.

CONCLUSIONS

The present results suggest that the ethanol extract of C. pyramidalis produced dose-related gastroprotective response on ethanol-induce ulcer in rats through mechanisms that involved an interaction with endogenous hydrogen sulfide and reduction of inflammatory process with imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators, supporting the popular usage of this plant.

Cytotoxic constituents from the seeds of Vietnamese Caesalpinia sappan

CONTEXT

Caesalpinia sappan Linn. (Leguminosae) has been used in folk medicines for the treatment of many diseases. The heartwood of this plant contains various phenolic components with interesting biological applications; however, the chemical and biological potentials of the seed of this plant have not been fully explored.

OBJECTIVE

This study identified the cytotoxic activity of compounds from the seeds of C. sappan.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The methanol extract of the seed of C. sappan was suspended in H2O and then partitioned with CH2Cl2, EtOAc, and n-BuOH, successively. Diterpenoid compounds were isolated from the CH2Cl2-soluble fraction by silica gel column chromatography methods using organic solvents. The compound structures were determined by detailed analysis of NMR and MS spectral data. Cytotoxic activity was measured using a modified MTT assay against HL-60, HeLa, MCF-7, and LLC cancer cells. The activation of caspase-3 enzyme and western blotting assay were performed to confirm inhibitory mechanism of active compound.

RESULTS

Five cassane-type diterpenoids were isolated and identified as phanginin I (1), phaginin A (2), phanginin D (3), phanginin H (4), and phanginin J (5). Compounds 1-4 showed effective inhibition against HL-60 cells with the IC50 values of 16.4 ± 1.5, 19.2 ± 2.0, 11.7 ± 1.6, and 22.5 ± 5.1 μM. Compounds 1-3 exhibited cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells with the IC50 values of 28.1 ± 3.6, 37.2 ± 3.4, and 22.7 ± 2.8 μM. Treatment of HL-60 cell lines with various concentrations of 3 (0-30 μM) resulted in the growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

These findings demonstrate that compound 3 (phanginin D) is one of the main active components of the seed of C. sappan activating caspases-3 which contribute to apoptotic cell death.

Quantification of polyphenols and evaluation of antimicrobial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous and acetone-water extracts of Libidibia ferrea, Parapiptadenia rigida and Psidium guajava

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Vast numbers of plant species from northeastern Brazil have not yet been phytochemically or biologically evaluated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The goal of this work was to obtain, characterize and show the antimicrobial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous and acetone-water extracts of Libidibia ferrea, Parapiptadenia rigida and Psidium guajava.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The plant material (100g) was dried, and the crude extracts were obtained by using turbo-extraction (10%; w/v) with water or acetone:water (7:3, v/v) as the extraction solvent. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods were used to screen the crude extracts for hydrolysable tannins (gallic acid) and condensed tannins (catechins). The antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar-diffusion and microdilution methods against Gram-positive strains (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis INCQS 00016, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and a clinical isolate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) as well as Gram-negative strains (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella enteritidis INCQS 00258, Shigella flexneri and Klebsiella pneumoniae). To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity, a leukocyte migration model was used. Analgesic activity was determined by the hot plate test and the acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing test. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a significance level of 5%.

RESULTS

Parapiptadenia rigida presented the highest amount of total polyphenols (35.82 ± 0.20%), while the greatest catechin content was found in the acetone-water extract of Psidium guajava (EAWPg; 1.04 μg/g). The largest amounts of catechins were found in the aqueous extract of Libidibia ferrea (EALf; 1.07 μg/g) and the acetone-water extract of Parapiptadenia rigida (EAWPr; 1.0 μg/g). All extracts showed activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The aqueous and acetone-water extracts of Psidium guajava showed the greatest inhibition zones in the agar diffusion tests. In the evaluation of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the most susceptible Gram-positive bacterium was Staphylococcus epidermidis and the most susceptible Gram-negative bacterium was Shigella flexneri. EAPg and EAWPg showed the greatest MIC values. All extracts were significant inhibitors of leukocyte migration (p<0.05). Using the writhing test, significant analgesic activity was found for EAPr (50 mg/kg), EAWPr (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) and EAWPg (50 mg/kg) (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Thus, the appropriate extraction procedure preserves the chemical components such as gallic acid and catechin, and showed antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.

In vitro cytotoxic activity of Sa-Tri-Lhung-Klod remedy and its herbal ingredients on ovarian and cervical carcinoma cell lines

BACKGROUND

Sa-Tri-Lhung-Klod is a Thai traditional medicine remedy for postpartum in the lists of The National Drug List ofHerbal Medicine Products AD. It consists ofseventeen herbs and were obtained by maceration and used in the form of liquor for women's health care such as treatment ofamenorrhea, menopause and blood tonic. In addition, it also usedfor postpartum care for being anti-inflammation in postpartum and prevention of cancer in women.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate cytotoxic activity ofSa-Tri-Lhung-Klod remedy extracts and its herbal ingredients against human ovarian carcinoma cell line (SKOV-3) and cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cell line.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Sa-Tri-Lhung-Klod remedy and its plant ingredients were extracted by maceration in 95% ethanol and dried using evaporator. All extracts were testedfor cytotoxic activity by sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay.

RESULTS

Ethanolic extract ofSa-Tri-Lhung-Klod remedy displayed cytotoxic activity against SKOV-3 and HeLa with IC50 values of 72.84±1.07 and 47.24±2.83 μg/ml, respectively. It was classified as "less-active" according to the NCI guideline. However, Caesalpinia sappan, Mammea siamensis and Curcuma comosa showed high cytotoxic activity against SKOV-3 with IC50 values of 9.55±1.38 13.45±0.82 and 14.21±1.30 μg/ml, respectively. The ethanolic extracts ofCaesalpiniasappan and Mammea siamensis also exhibited cytotoxic activity against HeLa with IC50 values of 6.30±0.06 and 7.72±0.11 μg/ml, respectively.

CONCLUSION

These results support the use of Sa-Tri-Lhung-Klod remedy in Thai traditional medicine for preventing of ovarian cancer and cervical cancer Caesalpinia sappan, Curcuma comosa and Mammea siamensis were strikingly active against ovarian and cervical cancer cells. Their extracts have the potential for developing as new anti-cancer drugs for women health.

Radical scavenging activity of Caesalpinia spinosa

OBJECTIVES

To assess protective effects of the tara (Caesalpinia spinosa) extract against hyaluronan (HA) degradation evoked by cupric ions and ascorbate.

METHODS

Uninhibited/inhibited HA degradation was assayed by a decrease in dynamic viscosity of the HA solutions, whereas as a method rotational viscometry was used. To determine radical scavenging capacity of the tara extract, the ABTS and DPPH assays were performed.

RESULTS

The results of rotational viscometry showed remarkable protective effects of the tara extract against the degradation of HA. In the ABTS and DPPH assays the IC50 values of the tara extract 1.59 and 30.8 μg/mL indicated quite high radical scavenging properties.

CONCLUSION

The tara extract is an efficient antioxidant as demonstrated by the methods used.

The Immunosuppressant Protosappanin A Promotes Dendritic Cell-Mediated Expansion of Alloantigen-Specific Tregs and Prolongs Allograft Survival in Rats

Protosappanin A (PrA), an immunosuppressive ingredient of the medicinal herb Caesalpinia sappan L, prolongs heart allograft survival in rats, possibly by impairing the function of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). We examined the effects of PrA on the maturation and function of dendritic cells (DCs), a potent class of APCs, and the downstream cell–cell and intracellular signaling pathways mediating the immunosuppressive activity of PrA. PrA inhibited LPS-stimulated maturation of Wistar rat DCs in vitro as reflected by reduced expression of costimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) and reduced expression of TLR4 and NF-κB, two critical signaling components for antigen recognition. PrA also enhanced the release of IL-10 and decreased the release of IL-12 from DCs, but had no effect on the production of TGF-ß. In mixed cultures, Wistar DCs pretreated with PrA impaired the proliferation of Sprague Dawley (SD) rat T cells while promoting the expansion of SD rat CD4⁺CD25⁺ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Both oral PrA treatment and infusion of PrA-pretreated Wistar DCs prolonged cardiac allograft survival (Wistar donor, SD recipient) and expanded recipient CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ Tregs. Donor spleen cells, but not spleen cells from a third rat strain (DA), supported the expansion of recipient CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ Tregs and suppressed recipient T cell proliferation. We conclude that PrA triggers a tolerogenic state in DCs that allows for the induction of alloantigen-specific Tregs and the suppression of allograft rejection in vivo.

extracts suppressing IL-6 production in RAW 264.7 cells by PLS

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Caesalpinia sappan L. is distributed in Southeast Asia and also used as herbal medicine for the treatment of various diseases such as burning sensations, leprosy, dysentery, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The overproduction of IL-6 plays an important role in the prognosis of RA, but the active compounds from the extracts of Caesalpinia sappan L. suppressing IL-6 production remain unknown.

AIMS OF THE STUDY

Identifying the main active compounds of Caesalpinia sappan L. extracts inhibiting the IL-6 production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells by partial least squares (PLS).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sixty-four samples with different proportions of compounds were prepared from Caesalpinia sappan L. by supercritical CO2 fluid extraction (SCFE) and refluxing. Each of 64 samples was applied to RAW 264.7 cells with LPS to evaluate whether IL-6 production by LPS is affected by addition of each sample. The IL-6 production in medium was determined by ELISA and the inhibitory activity of each sample was analyzed. In addition, the fingerprints of these 64 samples were also established by ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). We used the PLS, a simplified method, to evaluate the results from IL-6 production and fingerprints.

RESULTS

Each of 64 samples markedly suppressed LPS-induced IL-6 production in RAW cells. The fingerprints by UPLC-MS clearly revealed variations among 64 samples produced in different extract conditions. The PLS analysis with IL-6 production and fingerprints by UPLC-MS suggested that the peaks 71, 93, 150, 157, 168 have more influence on the inhibitory activity of Caesalpinia sappan L. extracts. The peaks 71, 93, 150 are likely representing sappanone A, protosappanin E and neoprotosappanin, respectively. The peaks 157 and 168 are still at large.

CONCLUSION

This is the first report that sappanone A, protosappanin E, neoprotosappanin and two unidentified compounds can be considered as possible active compounds that might inhibit IL-6 production. Further studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of these five compounds on IL-6 production and possible mechanism.

Evaluation of mechanisms involved in the antinociception of the ethanol extract from the inner bark of Caesalpinia pyramidalis in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul. (Fabaceae) is an endemic tree of the Northeast region of Brazil, mainly in the Caatinga region. More commonly, inner bark or flowers are traditionally used to treat many painful and inflammatory processes. A common use of this plant is made by macerating a handful of its stem bark in a liter of wine or sugarcane brandy. It is drunk against stomachache, dysenteries, and diarrheas.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The ethanol extract of Caesalpinia pyramidalis inner bark was used in mice via oral route, at the doses of 10, 30, and 100mg/kg, in behavioral models of nociception and investigates some of the mechanisms underlying this effect.

RESULTS

The ethanol extract (30 and 100mg/kg, P<0.001), given orally, produced dose dependent inhibition of acetic acid-induced visceral pain. The ethanol extract also caused significant and dose-dependent inhibition of capsaicin-(100mg/kg, P<0.001) and glutamate-(10, 30, and 100mg/kg, P<0.01) induced pain. The antinociception caused by the ethanol extract (30mg/kg) in the abdominal constriction test was significantly attenuated (P<0.001) by intraperitoneal treatment of mice with l-arginine (600mg/kg).

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, the present results suggest that the ethanol extract of Caesalpinia pyramidalis produced dose-related antinociception in several models of pain through mechanisms that involved both glutamatergic system and/or the l-arginine-nitric oxide pathway, supporting the folkloric usage of the plant to treat various painful processes.

Gastroprotective activity of the ethanol extract from the inner bark of Caesalpinia pyramidalis in rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul. (Fabaceae), known as "catingueira", has been used in folk medicine in the treatment of various disorders such as gastritis, heartburn, indigestion, and stomach ache. However, the gastroprotective properties of this species have not yet been studied.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The ethanol extract of Caesalpinia pyramidalis inner bark was used in rats via oral route, at the doses of 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg. The antiulcer assays were performed using the ethanol- and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced ulcer models. Gastric secretion parameters (volume, pH, and total acidity) were also evaluated by the pylorus ligated model, and the mucus in the gastric content was determined. The anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of the ethanol extract of Caesalpinia pyramidalis was performed using the agar-well diffusion and broth microdilution methods.

RESULTS

The ethanol extract (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg) produced dose dependent inhibition (P<0.01) on the ulcer lesion index, the total lesion area, and the percentage of lesion area in the ethanol-induced ulcer model. The ethanol extract (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg) also reduced (P<0.001) the ulcer index in the indomethacin-induced ulcer model. In the model ligature pylorus, the treatment with Caesalpinia pyramidalis ethanol extract failed to significantly change the gastric secretion parameters. However, after treatment with the ethanol extract of Caesalpinia pyramidalis (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg), there was a significant increase (P<0.05) in mucus production. The ethanol extract showed anti-Helicobacter pylori activity, with inhibition halos of 12.0 ± 1.7 mm at 10,000 μg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of the ethanol extract were of 625 and 10,000 μg/mL, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, the present results suggest that the ethanol extract of Caesalpinia pyramidalis displays gastroprotective actions, supporting the folkloric usage of the plant to treat various gastrointestinal disturbances.

Antibacterial activity of extracts from five medicinal plants and their formula against bacteria that cause chronic wound infection

BACKGROUND

Chronic wound is caused by various factors such as chemotherapy, gene damage, treatment with steroids, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, blood pressure, infection and nutritional factors. One of the most common causes is bacterial infection. Antibacterial activity of several herbal plants has been reported. Thai medicinal plants which possess biological activities are potential to develop an alternative treatment of bacterial infection.

OBJECTIVE

To study efficiency of extracts from medicinal plants and their formula against bacteria that cause chronic wound infection.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Extraction of Thai medicinal plants including Curcuma longa Linn, Rhinacanthus nasutus Linn, Garcinia mangostana Linn, Caesalpinia sappan Linn and Centellia asiatica Linn was performed by maceration with 95% ethanol and decoction followed by freeze dry. Formulation was conducted by varying the ratio of each components. Antibacterial activity were determined disk diffusion and broth dilution against Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

RESULTS

Ethanolic extracts exhibited better antibacterial activity against tested strains than water extracts. Antibacterial activity of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. against S. aureus and MRSA showed the most effective with MIC value of 0.625 mg/ml. One of the five different formulas which contained two times proportion of C. sappan revealed that this formula was able to inhibit all tested strains with the MIC ranging between 0.156 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml.

CONCLUSION

C. sappan is the most effective herbal plant. The formula with two times proportion of C. sappan is potentially best formula for development of medicinal product of chronic wound infection. The potential active compound of C. sappan is suggested for further investigation of antimicrobial activity and other biological properties.

Immunomodulatory activities of the ethanolic extract of Caesalpinia bonducella seeds

Caesalpinia bonducella FLEMING (Caesalpiniaceae) is a plant well known for its medicinal value in Indian Ayurveda. However, to prove its efficiency for the clinical utilization, more experimental data will be beneficial.

AIMS OF THE STUDY

The present study involved the investigation of immunomodulatory activities of ethanolic extract of Caesalpinia bonducella seeds.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Neutrophil adhesion test, haemagglutinating antibody (HA) titre, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, phagocytic activity and cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression were determined by in vivo experiments.

RESULTS

The evaluation of immunomodulatory potential by oral administration of ethanolic seed extract of Caesalpinia bonducella (200-500 mg/kg) evoked a significant increase in percent neutrophil adhesion to nylon fibers as well as a dose-dependent increase in antibody titre values, and potentiated the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction induced by sheep red blood cells. Also it prevented myelosuppression in cyclophosphamide drug treated rats and good response towards phagocytosis in carbon clearance assay.

CONCLUSIONS

The results obtained in this study indicate that Caesalpinia bonducella possesses potential immunomodulatory activity and has therapeutic potential for the prevention of autoimmune diseases.

Heme oxygenase-1 mediates the inhibitory actions of brazilin in RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide

Brazilin, the main constituent of Caesalpinia sappan L., is a natural red pigment that has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to identify a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of brazilin. We found that brazilin did not cause cytotoxicity below 300 microM, and activated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner at 10-300 microM in RAW264.7 macrophages without affecting mRNA transcription of HO-1. Additionally, brazilin increased bilirubin production and HO-1 activity in RAW264.7 macrophages. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages, brazilin suppressed the release of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), interleukin (IL)-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). A specific inhibitor of HO-1, Zn(II) protoporphyrin IX, blocked the suppression of NO production, cytokines release and iNOS expression by brazilin. These results suggest that brazilin possesses anti-inflammatory actions in macrophages and works through a novel mechanism involving the action of HO-1.

Morphological changes induced by Caesalpinia bonducella seed extract on rat sperm: scanning electron microscope study

Morphological changes in the sperm of albino rats observed under scanning electron microscope illustrate the disturbance in the plasma membrane, as well as in the acrosomal membrane upon treatment with graded doses of an alcoholic seed extract of Caesalpinia bonducella. Considerable changes in the shape and size of the sperm head were observed, with the middle region of the sperm head being slightly constricted dorsoventrally. Most sperm appeared morphologically abnormal in the head region showing the distortion at the anterior region and bulging of the acrosomal membrane when compared with the control. The results of this study suggest that such effects might have resulted from general disturbance in proteins and alteration in the cauda epididymal milieu, probably due to an androgen deficiency consequent to the treatment with Caesalpinia bonducella.

Antifilarial activity of Caesalpinia bonducella against experimental filarial infections

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE

Lymphatic filariasis is a disabling disease that continues to cripple population in tropical countries. Currently available antifilarial drugs are not able to control the disease. Therefore, a better antifilarial is urgently required for proper management of the disease. We undertook this study to assess the antifilarial activity of Caesalpinia bonducella-seed kernel against rodent filarial parasite in experimental model.

METHODS

Microfilaraemic cotton rats and Mastomys coucha harbouring Litomosoides sigmodontis and Brugia malayi respectively, were treated with crude extract or fractions of the seed kernel C. bonducella through oral route for 5 consecutive days. Microfilaricidal, macrofilaricidal and female worm sterilizing efficacy was assessed.

RESULTS

Crude extract showed gradual fall in microfilariae (mf) count in L. sigmodontis-cotton rat model from day 8 post-treatment attaining more than 95 per cent fall by the end of observation period. It also exhibited 96 per cent macrofilaricidal and 100 per cent female sterilizing efficacy. The butanol fraction F018 caused 73.7 per cent reduction in mf count and 82.5 per cent mortality in adult worms with 100 per cent female sterilization. The aqueous fraction F019 exerted more than 90 per cent microfilaricidal activity and 100 per cent worm sterilization. Two chromatographic fractions, F024 and F025 of hexane soluble fraction exhibited 64 and 95 per cent macrofilaricidal activity, respectively. Both the fractions caused gradual fall in microfilaraemia and 100 per cent worm sterilization. In B. malayi-M. coucha model F025 showed gradual reduction in microfilaraemia and caused 80 per cent sterilization of female parasites

INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION

In conclusion, C. bonducella- seed kernel extract and fractions showed microfilaricidal, macrofilaricidal and female-sterilizing efficacy against L. sigmodontis and microfilaricidal and female-sterilizing efficacy against B. malayi in animal models, indicating the potential of this plant in providing a lead for new antifilarial drug development.

Mosquito larvicidal properties of various extract of leaves and fixed oil from the seeds of Caesalpinia bonduc (L) Roxb

A Preliminary laboratory trial was undertaken to determine the efficacies of petroleum ether, ethanolic, aqueous extracts of dried leaves and fixed oil from the seeds of Caesalpinia bonduc (L). Roxb (Family: Caesalpiniaceae) at various concentrations against the fourth instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus by following the WHO guidelines. Hundred per cent mortality was observed in 1% concentration of petroleum ether and ethanolic extract of leaf, whereas it was 55% in 2.5% concentration of aqueous extract and 92.6% in 2.5% concentration of fixed oil. The active constituent responsible for the mortality is to be isolated to come up with a promising larvicidal agent, which will be economic, non pollutant and ecofriendly.

Analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties of Mezoneuron benthamianum baill(Caesalpiniaceae)

The analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of Mezoneuron benthamianum (MB) were evaluated in mice, rats and rabbits using the mouse writhing, tail flick, hot plate and formalin-induced pain tests; 2-4-Dinitrophenol (DNP), D-Amphetamine and E-coli Lipopolysaccharide-induced pyrexia and carrageenan, egg albumin and xylene-induced oedema. The extract (400-1600 mg/kg) and acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg/ kg) produced a significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of the second phase response in the formalin pain model, while only the highest dose (1600 mg/kg) of the extract showed a comparable antinociceptive effect in the first phase. The extract also showed a dose-dependent inhibition of acetic acid induced abdominal writhing. The tail flick latency and the hot plate pain threshold were dose dependently enhanced by the extract but these were significantly lower than that produced by morphine (2 mg/kg). The 2,4-DNP and D-Amphetamine (10 and 5 mg/kg, i.p.respectively) increased the rectal temperatures of rats within 30 minutes of their administration. The extract at doses of 400,800 and 1600 mg/kg produced significant lowering of the elevated body temperature in rats. The extract (800 mg/ kg) administered orally to rabbits passaged with E. coil lipopolysacharride was able to relieve the pyrogen induced fever. The antipyretic effect produced by the extract was comparable to a standard antipyretic drug, aspirin. The extract (400-1600 mg/kg) administered 1h after carrageenan-induced paw swelling did not inhibit the oedema. No inhibitions were observed with the egg albumin and xylene induced oedema models. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, and saponins. Administration of the extract up to 2 g/kg (orally) did not produce any toxic effect in the acute toxicity studies in mice. The LD50 of the extract when administered intraperitoneally was 1021.31 mg/kg. The data obtained show that MB extract possesses analgesic and antipyretic activities but lacks an anti-inflammatory property.

(Brazilwood) seeds, an endangered leguminous tree from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Caesalpinia echinata seeds stored in laboratory environmental conditions lose their viability in one month whilst under low temperatures germination is maintained for 18 months of storage. These seeds are tolerant to desiccation, keeping their viability up to 0.08 gH2O.gDW-1. Since soluble carbohydrates are believed to be involved with desiccation tolerance and seed storability, the aim of this work is to analyze the content and composition of soluble carbohydrates in C. echinata seeds during storage in paper bags (PB) and glass flasks (GF) at laboratory room (RT) and cool (CT) temperatures. In freshly harvested seeds, total soluble carbohydrates comprised approximately 10% of the dry weight, decreasing to ca. 8% over 18 months of storage at RT. In seeds stored at CT, sugars varied differently decreasing initially and being restored at the end of the analysis period. The main neutral sugars in seeds from all treatments were sucrose, fructose and glucose. Raffinose and stachyose were present as traces. Free myo-inositol and other cyclitols were also detected. The main tendency observed was the variation in levels of both glucose and fructose in relation to sucrose, the highest levels of monosaccharides which were found in seeds stored at CT. The values of glucose and fructose were practically constant in seeds stored in paper bags for 18 months at CT, decreasing consistently in the other treatments, mainly at RT. Sucrose contents remained relatively stable. Changes in soluble sugars during storage suggest that the loss of germinability of seeds of C. echinata could be associated with low levels of glucose and fructose in relation to sucrose.