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Makalo MJR, Settypalli TBK, Meki IK, Bakhoum MT, Ahmed HO, Phalatsi MS, Ramatla T, Onyiche TE, Nionzima-Bohloa L, Metlin A, Dhingra M, Cattoli G, Lamien CE, Thekisoe OMM. Genetic Characterization of Lumpy Skin Disease Viruses Circulating in Lesotho Cattle. Viruses 2024; 16:762. [PMID: 38793643 PMCID: PMC11125814 DOI: 10.3390/v16050762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease is one of the fast-spreading viral diseases of cattle and buffalo that can potentially cause severe economic impact. Lesotho experienced LSD for the first time in 1947 and episodes of outbreaks occurred throughout the decades. In this study, eighteen specimens were collected from LSD-clinically diseased cattle between 2020 and 2022 from Mafeteng, Leribe, Maseru, Berea, and Mohales' Hoek districts of Lesotho. A total of 11 DNA samples were analyzed by PCR and sequencing of the extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) glycoprotein, G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor (GPCR), 30 kDa RNA polymerase subunit (RPO30), and B22R genes. All nucleotide sequences of the above-mentioned genes confirmed that the PCR amplicons of clinical samples are truly LSDV, as they were identical to respective LSDV isolates on the NCBI GenBank. Two of the elevem samples were further characterized by whole-genome sequencing. The analysis, based on both CaPV marker genes and complete genome sequences, revealed that the LSDV isolates from Lesotho cluster with the NW-like LSDVs, which includes the commonly circulating LSDV field isolates from Africa, the Middle East, the Balkans, Turkey, and Eastern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabusetsa Joseph Raporoto Makalo
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (T.R.); (T.E.O.); (O.M.M.T.)
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security, and Nutrition, Private A82, Maseru, Lesotho;
| | - Tirumala Bharani Kumar Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (T.B.K.S.); (I.K.M.); (H.O.A.); (G.C.); (C.E.L.)
| | - Irene Kasindi Meki
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (T.B.K.S.); (I.K.M.); (H.O.A.); (G.C.); (C.E.L.)
| | - Mame Thierno Bakhoum
- Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires ISRA/LNERV(LNERV), BP 2057, Dakar, Senegal;
| | - Hatem Ouled Ahmed
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (T.B.K.S.); (I.K.M.); (H.O.A.); (G.C.); (C.E.L.)
| | | | - Tsepo Ramatla
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (T.R.); (T.E.O.); (O.M.M.T.)
| | - ThankGod Emmanuel Onyiche
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (T.R.); (T.E.O.); (O.M.M.T.)
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Maiduguri, P. M. B. 1069, Maiduguri 600230, Nigeria
| | - Lineo Nionzima-Bohloa
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security, and Nutrition, Private A82, Maseru, Lesotho;
| | - Artem Metlin
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Madhur Dhingra
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (T.B.K.S.); (I.K.M.); (H.O.A.); (G.C.); (C.E.L.)
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (T.B.K.S.); (I.K.M.); (H.O.A.); (G.C.); (C.E.L.)
| | - Oriel Matlhahane Molifi Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (T.R.); (T.E.O.); (O.M.M.T.)
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Mackereth GF, Rayner KL, Larkins AJ, Morrell DJ, Pierce EL, Letchford PJ. Surveillance for lumpy skin disease and foot and mouth disease in the Kimberley, Western Australia. Aust Vet J 2024; 102:200-214. [PMID: 38220215 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
We quantified the sensitivity of surveillance for lumpy skin disease (LSD) and foot and mouth disease (FMD) in cattle in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. We monitored producer and veterinary activity with cattle for 3 years commencing January 2020. Each year, ~274,000 cattle of 685,540 present on 92 pastoral leases (stations) were consigned to other stations, live export or slaughter. Veterinarians examined 103,000 cattle on the stations, 177,000 prior to live export, and 10,000 prior to slaughter. Detection probabilities for the disease prior to transport or during veterinary procedures and inspections were elicited by survey of 17 veterinarians working in Northern Australia. The veterinarians estimated the probabilities that they would notice, recognise, and submit samples from clinical cases of LSD and FMD, given a 5% prevalence of clinical signs in the herd. We used scenario tree methodology to estimate monthly surveillance sensitivity of observations made by producers and by veterinarians during herd management visits, pre-export inspections, and ante-mortem inspections. Average monthly combined sensitivities were 0.49 for FMD and 0.37 for LSD. Sensitivity was high for both diseases during the dry season and low in the wet season. We estimated the confidence in freedom from the estimated surveillance sensitivity given one hypothetically infected herd, estimated probability of introduction, and prior confidence in freedom. This study provided assurance that the Kimberley is free of these diseases and that routine producer and veterinary interactions with cattle are adequate for the timely detection of the disease should they be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Mackereth
- Northern Region, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Broome, Western Australia, 6725, Australia
| | - K L Rayner
- Northern Region, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Broome, Western Australia, 6725, Australia
| | - A J Larkins
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - D J Morrell
- Broome Cattle Vets, Broome, Western Australia, Australia
| | - E L Pierce
- Broome Cattle Vets, Broome, Western Australia, Australia
| | - P J Letchford
- Pastoral Veterinary Solutions, Kununurra, Western Australia, Australia
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Di Felice E, Pinoni C, Rossi E, Amatori G, Mancuso E, Iapaolo F, Taraschi A, Di Teodoro G, Di Donato G, Ronchi GF, Mercante MT, Di Ventura M, Morelli D, Monaco F. Susceptibility of Mediterranean Buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis) following Experimental Infection with Lumpy Skin Disease Virus. Viruses 2024; 16:466. [PMID: 38543831 PMCID: PMC10974937 DOI: 10.3390/v16030466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease of cattle and water buffalo characterized by cutaneous nodules, biphasic fever, and lymphadenitis. LSD is endemic in Africa and the Middle East but has spread to different Asian countries in recent years. The disease is well characterized in cattle while little is known about the disease in buffaloes in which no experimental studies have been conducted. Six buffaloes and two cattle were inoculated with an Albanian LSD virus (LSDV) field strain and clinically monitored for 42 days. Only two buffaloes showed fever, skin nodules, and lymphadenitis. All samples collected (blood, swabs, biopsies, and organs) were tested in real-time PCR and were negative. Between day 39 and day 42 after inoculation, anti-LSDV antibodies were detected in three buffaloes by ELISA, but all sera were negative by virus neutralization test (VNT). Cattle showed severe clinical signs, viremia, virus shedding proven by positive real-time PCR results, and seroconversion confirmed by both ELISA and VNT. Clinical findings suggest that susceptibility in buffaloes is limited compared to in cattle once experimentally infected with LSDV. Virological results support the hypothesis of buffalo resistance to LSD and its role as an accidental non-adapted host. This study highlights that the sensitivity of ELISA and VNT may differ between animal species and further studies are needed to investigate the epidemiological role of water buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Di Felice
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
- Servizio Veterinario Igiene degli Allevamenti e Produzioni Zootecniche, ASL2 Lanciano Vasto Chieti, 66054 Vasto, Italy
| | - Chiara Pinoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Emanuela Rossi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Giorgia Amatori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Elisa Mancuso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Iapaolo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Angela Taraschi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Giovanni Di Teodoro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Guido Di Donato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Gaetano Federico Ronchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Maria Teresa Mercante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Mauro Di Ventura
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Daniela Morelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Federica Monaco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
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Sendow I, Meki IK, Dharmayanti NLPI, Hoerudin H, Ratnawati A, Settypalli TBK, Ahmed HO, Nuradji H, Saepulloh M, Adji RS, Fairusya N, Sari F, Anindita K, Cattoli G, Lamien CE. Molecular characterization of recombinant LSDV isolates from 2022 outbreak in Indonesia through phylogenetic networks and whole-genome SNP-based analysis. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:240. [PMID: 38438878 PMCID: PMC10913250 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a transboundary viral disease of cattle and water buffaloes caused by the LSD virus, leading to high morbidity, low mortality, and a significant economic impact. Initially endemic to Africa only, LSD has spread to the Middle East, Europe, and Asia in the past decade. The most effective control strategy for LSD is the vaccination of cattle with live-attenuated LSDV vaccines. Consequently, the emergence of two groups of LSDV strains in Asian countries, one closely related to the ancient Kenyan LSDV isolates and the second made of recombinant viruses with a backbone of Neethling-vaccine and field isolates, emphasized the need for constant molecular surveillance. This current study investigated the first outbreak of LSD in Indonesia in 2022. Molecular characterization of the isolate circulating in the country based on selected LSDV-marker genes: RPO30, GPCR, EEV glycoprotein gene, and B22R, as well as whole genome analysis using several analytical tools, indicated the Indonesia LSDV isolate as a recombinant of LSDV_Neethling_vaccine_LW_1959 and LSDV_NI-2490. The analysis clustered the Indonesia_LSDV with the previously reported LSDV recombinants circulating in East and Southeast Asia, but different from the recombinant viruses in Russia and the field isolates in South-Asian countries. Additionally, this study has demonstrated alternative accurate ways of LSDV whole genome analysis and clustering of isolates, including the recombinants, instead of whole-genome phylogenetic tree analysis. These data will strengthen our understanding of the pathogens' origin, the extent of their spread, and determination of suitable control measures required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrawati Sendow
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Irene Kasindi Meki
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400, Vienna, P.O. Box 100, Austria.
| | - Ni Luh Putu Indi Dharmayanti
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Heri Hoerudin
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Atik Ratnawati
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Tirumala Bharani K Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400, Vienna, P.O. Box 100, Austria
| | - Hatem Ouled Ahmed
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400, Vienna, P.O. Box 100, Austria
| | - Harimurti Nuradji
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Muharam Saepulloh
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Rahmat Setya Adji
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Nuha Fairusya
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, West Java, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400, Vienna, P.O. Box 100, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, A-1400, Vienna, P.O. Box 100, Austria
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Arjkumpa O, Wachoom W, Puyati B, Jindajang S, Suwannaboon M, Premashthira S, Prarakamawongsa T, Dejyong T, Sansamur C, Salvador R, Jainonthee C, Punyapornwithaya V. Analysis of factors associated with the first lumpy skin disease outbreaks in naïve cattle herds in different regions of Thailand. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1338713. [PMID: 38464702 PMCID: PMC10921558 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1338713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Thailand experienced a nationwide outbreak of lumpy skin disease (LSD) in 2021, highlighting the need for effective prevention and control strategies. This study aimed to identify herd-level risk factors associated with LSD outbreaks in beef cattle herds across different regions of Thailand. Methods A case-control study was conducted in upper northeastern, northeastern, and central regions, where face-to-face interviews were conducted with farmers using a semi-structured questionnaire. Univariable and multivariable mixed effect logistic regression analyses were employed to determine the factors associated with LSD outbreaks. A total of 489 beef herds, including 161 LSD outbreak herds and 328 non-LSD herds, were investigated. Results and discussion Results showed that 66% of farmers have operated beef herds for more than five years. There were very few animal movements during the outbreak period. None of the cattle had been vaccinated with LSD vaccines. Insects that have the potential to act as vectors for LSD were observed in all herds. Thirty-four percent of farmers have implemented insect control measures. The final mixed effect logistic regression model identified herds operating for more than five years (odds ratio [OR]: 1.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04-2.53) and the absence of insect control management on the herd (OR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.29-3.25) to be associated with LSD outbreaks. The implementation of insect-vector control measures in areas at risk of LSD, especially for herds without vaccination against the disease, should be emphasized. This study provides the first report on risk factors for LSD outbreaks in naïve cattle herds in Thailand and offers useful information for the development of LSD prevention and control programs within the country's context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orapun Arjkumpa
- Animal Health Section, The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Wanwisa Wachoom
- Nawa District Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Nakhon Phanom, Thailand
| | - Bopit Puyati
- Buriram Provincial Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Buriram, Thailand
| | - Sirima Jindajang
- Animal Health Section, The 7th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Minta Suwannaboon
- Animal Health Section, The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sith Premashthira
- Regional Field Epidemiology Training Program for Veterinarian, Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tippawon Prarakamawongsa
- Regional Field Epidemiology Training Program for Veterinarian, Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tosapol Dejyong
- Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chalutwan Sansamur
- Akkhararatchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Roderick Salvador
- College of Veterinary Science and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Philippines
| | - Chalita Jainonthee
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center for Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center for Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Sudhakar SB, Mishra N, Kalaiyarasu S, Sharma RK, Ahirwar K, Vashist VS, Agarwal S, Sanyal A. Emergence of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infection in domestic Himalayan yaks (Bos grunniens) in Himachal Pradesh, India. Arch Virol 2024; 169:51. [PMID: 38374459 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-05994-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated and confirmed natural lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infection in Himalayan yaks (Bos grunniens) in Himachal Pradesh, India, based on clinical manifestations and results of genome detection, antibody detection, virus isolation, and nucleotide sequencing. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis based on complete GPCR, RPO30, and EEV gene sequences revealed that the LSDV isolates from these yaks and local cattle belonged to LSDV subcluster 1.2.1 rather than the dominant subcluster 1.2.2, which is currently circulating in India, suggesting a separate recent introduction. This is the first report of natural LSDV infection in yaks in India, expanding the known host range of LSDV. Further investigations are needed to assess the impact of LSDV infection in yaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Bhushan Sudhakar
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462 022, India
| | - Niranjan Mishra
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462 022, India.
| | - Semmannan Kalaiyarasu
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462 022, India
| | - Ram Krishan Sharma
- Veterinary Hospital, Cheog, Theog-171209, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Khusboo Ahirwar
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462 022, India
| | - Vikram S Vashist
- State Veterinary Hospital Complex, Cart Road, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India
| | - Sonam Agarwal
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462 022, India
| | - Aniket Sanyal
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462 022, India
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Suwankitwat N, Deemagarn T, Bhakha K, Songkasupa T, Vitoonpong R, Trakunjaroonkit P, Rodphol S, Nuansrichay B, Chintapitaksakul L, Wongsarattanasin K, Kwon OK, Kang HE, Shin YK. Complete Genomic Characterization of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Isolates from Beef Cattle in Lopburi Province, Central Thailand, during 2021-2022. Vet Sci 2023; 11:10. [PMID: 38250916 PMCID: PMC10818611 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral infection that impacts the cattle industry. The most efficient approach to prevent disease involves the utilization of live-attenuated LSD vaccines (LAVs), which stands out as the most successful method. However, LAVs might be subjected to changes to their genomes during replication that increase viral infectivity or virulence. The objective of this study was to monitor alterations in the genetic characteristics of the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in beef cattle following the administration of LAVs in Lopburi Province of Central Thailand. A total of four skin samples from LSD cases were collected from non-vaccinated animals that exhibited LSD clinical symptoms from two distinct districts, spanning three subdistricts within the region. The samples of cattle were analyzed using real-time PCR targeting the LSDV074 p32 gene, the virus was isolated, and the entire genome sequences were evaluated through a single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analysis, and phylogenetic trees were assembled. The investigations revealed that LSDVs from two isolates from Chai Badan district exhibited significant mutations in the open reading frame (ORF) 023 putative protein, while another two isolates from Lam Sonthi district had a change in the untranslated region (UTR). For a result, the most proficient disease diagnosis and control should be evaluated on viral genetics on a regular basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutthakarn Suwankitwat
- National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.D.); (K.B.); (T.S.); (R.V.); (P.T.); (S.R.); (B.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Taweewat Deemagarn
- National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.D.); (K.B.); (T.S.); (R.V.); (P.T.); (S.R.); (B.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Kultyarat Bhakha
- National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.D.); (K.B.); (T.S.); (R.V.); (P.T.); (S.R.); (B.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Tapanut Songkasupa
- National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.D.); (K.B.); (T.S.); (R.V.); (P.T.); (S.R.); (B.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Ratchaneekorn Vitoonpong
- National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.D.); (K.B.); (T.S.); (R.V.); (P.T.); (S.R.); (B.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Pannaporn Trakunjaroonkit
- National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.D.); (K.B.); (T.S.); (R.V.); (P.T.); (S.R.); (B.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Sureenipa Rodphol
- National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.D.); (K.B.); (T.S.); (R.V.); (P.T.); (S.R.); (B.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Bandit Nuansrichay
- National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.D.); (K.B.); (T.S.); (R.V.); (P.T.); (S.R.); (B.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Lerdchai Chintapitaksakul
- National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.D.); (K.B.); (T.S.); (R.V.); (P.T.); (S.R.); (B.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Khanin Wongsarattanasin
- Animal Health Development Group, Lopburi Provincial Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Lopburi 15000, Thailand;
| | - Oh-Kyu Kwon
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (O.-K.K.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Hae-Eun Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (O.-K.K.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Yeun-Kyung Shin
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (O.-K.K.); (H.-E.K.)
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Mazloum A, Van Schalkwyk A, Babiuk S, Venter E, Wallace DB, Sprygin A. Lumpy skin disease: history, current understanding and research gaps in the context of recent geographic expansion. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1266759. [PMID: 38029115 PMCID: PMC10652407 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1266759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease is recognized as a transboundary and emerging disease of cattle, buffaloes and other wild ruminants. Being initially restricted to Africa, and since 1989 the Middle East, the unprecedented recent spread across Eurasia demonstrates how underestimated and neglected this disease is. The initial identification of the causative agent of LSD as a poxvirus called LSD virus, was well as findings on LSDV transmission and epidemiology were pioneered at Onderstepoort, South Africa, from as early as the 1940s by researchers such as Weiss, Haig and Alexander. As more data emerges from an ever-increasing number of epidemiological studies, previously emphasized research gaps are being revisited and discussed. The currently available knowledge is in agreement with the previously described South African research experience that LSDV transmission can occur by multiple routes, including indirect contact, shared water sources and arthropods. The virus population is prone to molecular evolution, generating novel phylogenetically distinct variants resulting from a diverse range of selective pressures, including recombination between field and homologous vaccine strains in cell culture that produce virulent recombinants which pose diagnostic challenges. Host restriction is not limited to livestock, with certain wild ruminants being susceptible, with unknown consequences for the epidemiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mazloum
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Antoinette Van Schalkwyk
- Agricultural Research Council – Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Estelle Venter
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Discipline Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - David B. Wallace
- Agricultural Research Council – Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Schlosser-Perrin L, Holzmuller P, Fernandez B, Miotello G, Dahmani N, Neyret A, Bertagnoli S, Armengaud J, Caufour P. Constitutive proteins of lumpy skin disease virion assessed by next-generation proteomics. J Virol 2023; 97:e0072323. [PMID: 37737587 PMCID: PMC10617387 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00723-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is the causative agent of an economically important cattle disease which is notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health. Over the past decades, the disease has spread at an alarming rate throughout the African continent, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, the Russian Federation, and many Asian countries. While multiple LDSV whole genomes have made further genetic comparative analyses possible, knowledge on the protein composition of the LSDV particle remains lacking. This study provides for the first time a comprehensive proteomic analysis of an infectious LSDV particle, prompting new efforts toward further proteomic LSDV strain characterization. Furthermore, this first incursion within the capripoxvirus proteome represents one of very few proteomic studies beyond the sole Orthopoxvirus genus, for which most of the proteomics studies have been performed. Providing new information about other chordopoxviruses may contribute to shedding new light on protein composition within the Poxviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Schlosser-Perrin
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier (I-MUSE), Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Holzmuller
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier (I-MUSE), Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard Fernandez
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier (I-MUSE), Montpellier, France
| | - Guylaine Miotello
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Noureddine Dahmani
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier (I-MUSE), Montpellier, France
| | - Aymeric Neyret
- CEMIPAI, University of Montpellier, UAR3725 CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jean Armengaud
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Philippe Caufour
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier (I-MUSE), Montpellier, France
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10
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Nizeyimana G, Vudriko P, Erume J, Mubiru F, Eneku W, Biryomumaisho S, Mwebe R, Arinaitwe E, Ademun R, Atim S, Ayebazibwe C, Muhanguzi D, Tweyongyere R. Spatio-temporal analysis of sheep and goat pox outbreaks in Uganda during 2011-2022. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:224. [PMID: 37891597 PMCID: PMC10612334 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03788-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sheep and goat pox (SGP) caused by sheep poxvirus (SPV) and goat poxvirus (GPV) respectively; are transboundary and World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)-notifiable viral diseases. There is barely any coherent information about the distribution and prevalence of SGP for Uganda. We therefore conducted this study to describe the temporal and spatial distribution of SGP suspected outbreaks in Uganda for the period 2011-2020 as well as serologically confirm presence of SGP antibodies in suspected SGP outbreaks reported in 2021-2022. RESULTS Thirty-seven [37] SGP outbreaks were reported across the country during the study period. North-eastern region [that comprises of Karamoja region] had the highest number of outbreaks [n = 17, 45%]; followed by Central [n = 9, 2.4%], Northern [n = 8, 2.2%] and Western region [n = 3, 0.08%]. Reports from district veterinary personnel indicate that the prevalence of; and mortality rate and case fatality rate associated with SGP were 0.06%, 0.02% and 32% respectively. There was a steady increase in the number of reported SGP outbreaks [x̄ = 4] over the study period. Seropositivity of SGPV antibodies in outbreak sheep and goats that were investigated during the study period [2021-2022] was [n = 41, 27%, 95 CI;] CONCLUSION: Our analyses of SGPV passive and active reports indicate that SGP is present in Uganda with a decade long average of four outbreaks per annum. During this period, about a third of all SGPV-clinically infected animals died. SPG is therefore a major constraint to small ruminant health and productivity in Uganda. Introduction of animals from infected herds and breach in farm biosecurity were the most important predictors of SGP outbreaks. In addition to the already existing SGP commercial vaccines, small ruminant screening for SGPV before introducing them to naïve herds and ensuring on farm biosecurity should be part of the SGP control tool pack for Ugandan small ruminant farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Nizeyimana
- Department of Pharmacy Clinical and Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Patrick Vudriko
- Department of Pharmacy Clinical and Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Erume
- Department of Bimolecular and Bio Lab Sciences, School of Biosecurity, Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Frank Mubiru
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Wilfred Eneku
- Department of Pharmacy Clinical and Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Savino Biryomumaisho
- Department of Pharmacy Clinical and Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Robert Mwebe
- National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, Directorate of Animal Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Eugene Arinaitwe
- National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, Directorate of Animal Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Rose Ademun
- National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, Directorate of Animal Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Stella Atim
- National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, Directorate of Animal Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Chrisostom Ayebazibwe
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dennis Muhanguzi
- Department of Bimolecular and Bio Lab Sciences, School of Biosecurity, Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Robert Tweyongyere
- Department of Pharmacy Clinical and Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
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11
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Zhai Q, Zhou X, Du L, Yang N, Lou Y, Liu J, Zhai S. A Real-Time Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay for Specific Detection of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus. Vet Sci 2023; 10:625. [PMID: 37888577 PMCID: PMC10611296 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infection, accompanied by loss of hide quality, poor reproductive efficiency, consistent degenerative emaciation, and milk yield reduction of animals, causes severe economic implications in endemic zones. The heterologous attenuated goat pox (GTPV) vaccine (AV41 strain) was used in China to prevent LSDV infection. Only a few LSDV detection methods that distinguish LSDV from GTPV vaccine strains have been reported before. For simple, rapid, and specific detection of LSDV, the real-time recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) method was established with the specific primers and probes designed according to the conserved regions of ORF132 gene sequences. The assay could be finished within 20 min at a constant temperature (39 °C). This method had a limit of detection (LOD) of 15 copies/μL for LSDV and no cross-reaction with the nucleic acids of goat pox virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, Pasteurella multocida, and bovine healthy tissue. Furthermore, 43 clinical samples were detected by this method and the real-time PCR recommended by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), with a kappa value, was 0.94. These results demonstrated that the real-time RPA method for detecting LSDV developed in this study was characterized by high sensitivity and specificity, which has wide application value in the clinical diagnosis and detection of LSDV in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhai
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Q.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xia Zhou
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Q.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Liyin Du
- Zijin Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Zijin 517400, China;
| | - Nan Yang
- Zhengzhou Zhongdao Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 451000, China;
| | - Yakun Lou
- Zhengzhou Zhongdao Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 451000, China;
| | - Jianying Liu
- Guangdong Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Shaolun Zhai
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Q.Z.); (X.Z.)
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12
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Wen J, Yin X, Zhang X, Lan D, Liu J, Song X, Sun Y, Cao J. Development of a Real-Time qPCR Method for the Clinical Sample Detection of Capripox Virus. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2476. [PMID: 37894134 PMCID: PMC10608805 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Capripox viruses (CaPVs), including sheep pox virus (SPV), goat pox virus (GPV), and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), are the cause of sheep pox (SPP), goat pox (GTP), and lumpy skin disease (LSD) in cattle. These diseases are of great economic significance to farmers, as they are endemic on farms and are a major constraint to international trade in livestock and their products. Capripoxvirus (CaPV) infections produce similar symptoms in sheep and goats, and the three viruses cannot be distinguished serologically. In this study, we developed a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method for identifying CaPV in goats, sheep, and cattle. Clinical samples were tested and verified. The developed assay was highly specific for target viruses, including GPVSPV and LSDV, which had no cross-reaction with other viruses causing similar clinical symptoms. An artificially synthesized positive control plasmid using the CaPV 32 gene inserted into the vector pMD19-T was used as a template, and the correlation coefficient of the linear regression curve (R2) was 0.9916, the estimated amplification efficiency (E) was 96.06%, and the sensitivity (limit of detection, LOD) was 3.80 copies per reaction. Using the clinical samples as a template, the limit of detection (LOD) was 4.91 × 10-5 ng per reaction (1.60 × 10-5-2.13 × 10-3 ng, 95% confidence interval (CI)), which means that this method was one of the most sensitive detection assays for CaPVs. A total of 85 clinical samples from CaPV-infected animals (goats, sheep, and cattle) and 50 clinical samples from healthy animals were used to test and compare the diagnostic results using the Synergy Brands (SYBR) Green-based PCR method recommended by the World Organization of Animal Health (WOAH). Both diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) (95.8-100%, 95% CI) and diagnostic specificity (DSp) (92.9-100%, 95% CI) results of the real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and SYBR Green PCR were 100%, and the kappa value (κ) was 1.0 (1-1, 95% CI). In summary, the assay established based on TaqMan probes was advantageous in high specificity, sensitivity, and general applicability and could be a competitive candidate tool for the diagnosis of CaPV in clinically suspected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China; (J.W.); (X.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xinying Yin
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China; (J.W.); (X.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China; (J.W.); (X.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Desong Lan
- Liaoning Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang 110164, China;
| | - Junshan Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Energy, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;
| | - Xiaohui Song
- China Animal Disease Prevention Control Center, Beijing 100125, China;
| | - Yu Sun
- China Animal Disease Prevention Control Center, Beijing 100125, China;
| | - Jijuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China; (J.W.); (X.Y.); (X.Z.)
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13
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Liu L, Wang J, Nie F, Li R, Gao Y, Sun X, Yuan W, Wang J. Development of the isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification assays for rapid detection of the genus Capripoxvirus. J Virol Methods 2023; 320:114788. [PMID: 37517457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Sheeppox virus (SPPV), goatpox virus (GTPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) belong to the genus Capripoxvirus (CaPV), and are important pathogens of sheep, goat and cattle, respectively. Rapid and reliable detection of CaPV is critical to prevent its spread and promote its eradication. This study aimed to develop the recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assays combined with real-time fluorescence (real-time RPA) and naked-eye visible lateral flow strip (LFS RPA) for rapid detection of CaPV. Both developed RPA assays worked well at 39 °C within 20 min. They were highly specific for the detection of GTPV, SPPV and LSDV, while no cross-reactivity was observed for other non-targeted pathogens and genomic DNA of goat, sheep and cattle. The limit of detection for real-time RPA and LFS RPA were 1.0 × 102 and 1.0 × 101 copies per reaction, respectively. In the artificially contaminated samples with GTPV, the detection results of RPA assays were consistent with those of real-time PCR. For 15 clinical samples, LSDV was detected by real-time RPA, LFS RPA and real-time PCR in 13, 15 and 15 samples, respectively. The developed RPA assays were specific, sensitive, and user-friendly for the rapid detection of CaPV, and could be a better alternative method applied in low-resources settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libing Liu
- Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Fuping Nie
- Technology Center of Chongqing Customs, Chongqing 400020, China
| | - Ruiwen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yixiang Gao
- Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Xiaoxia Sun
- Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Wanzhe Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Jianchang Wang
- Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs, Shijiazhuang 050051, China.
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14
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Porco A, Chea S, Sours S, Nou V, Groenenberg M, Agger C, Tum S, Chhuon V, Sorn S, Hong C, Davis B, Davis S, Ken S, Olson SH, Fine AE. Case report: Lumpy skin disease in an endangered wild banteng ( Bos javanicus) and initiation of a vaccination campaign in domestic livestock in Cambodia. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1228505. [PMID: 37601751 PMCID: PMC10434565 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1228505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of lumpy skin disease in an endangered banteng in Cambodia and the subsequent initiation of a vaccination campaign in domestic cattle to protect wild bovids from disease transmission at the wildlife-livestock interface. Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) was first detected in domestic cattle in Cambodia in June of 2021 and rapidly spread throughout the country. In September 2021, a banteng was seen in Phnom Tnout Phnom Pok wildlife sanctuary with signs of lumpy skin disease. Scab samples were collected and tested positive for LSDV. Monitoring using line transect surveys and camera traps in protected areas with critical banteng and gaur populations was initiated from December 2021-October 2022. A collaborative multisector vaccination campaign to vaccinate domestic livestock in and around priority protected areas with banteng and gaur was launched July 2022 and a total of 20,089 domestic cattle and water buffalo were vaccinated with LumpyvaxTM. No signs of LSDV in banteng or gaur in Cambodia have been observed since this initial case. This report documents the first case of lumpy skin disease in wildlife in Cambodia and proposes a potential intervention to mitigate the challenge of pathogen transmission at the domestic-wildlife interface. While vaccination can support local livestock-based economies and promote biodiversity conservation, it is only a component of an integrated solution and One Health approach to protect endangered species from threats at the wildlife-livestock interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Porco
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Cambodia Program, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sokha Chea
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Cambodia Program, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sreyem Sours
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Cambodia Program, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Vonika Nou
- General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Cain Agger
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Cambodia Program, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sothyra Tum
- National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - San Sorn
- General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chamnan Hong
- Department of Freshwater Wetlands Conservation, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ben Davis
- Our Future Organization, Preah Vihear, Cambodia
| | | | - Sereyrotha Ken
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Cambodia Program, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sarah H. Olson
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, New York, NY, United States
| | - Amanda E. Fine
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, New York, NY, United States
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15
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Suwankitwat N, Bhakha K, Molee L, Songkasupa T, Puangjinda K, Chamchoy T, Arjkumpa O, Nuansrichay B, Srisomrun S, Pongphitcha P, Lekcharoensuk P, Arunvipas P. Long-term monitoring of immune response to recombinant lumpy skin disease virus in dairy cattle from small-household farms in western Thailand. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 99:102008. [PMID: 37467568 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) was firstly reported in Thailand in 2021 which affected the cattle industry. However, there is limited information on the immune response of LSDV infection in Thailand where recombinant vaccine strain circulated. The aim of this research was to study the duration of LSD immune response of subclinical and clinical animals after natural infection in dairy cattle. Sixty-six dairy cattle from ten farms in central and western regions of Thailand were investigated. Antibody was detected by virus neutralization test and ELISA. Cell mediated immunity (CMI)-related cytokine gene expressions were evaluated. Antibody was detected until at least 15 months after the noticeable symptom. Cattle with subclinical disease had lower antibody levels compared to animals which had clinical disease. IFN-γ and TNF-α levels were increased, while IL-10 level was decreased in the infected animals compared to the controls. This study elucidated immune responses in dairy cattle herd affected by recombinant LSDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutthakarn Suwankitwat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bangkhen campus, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Virology section, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Kultyarat Bhakha
- Virology section, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Lamul Molee
- Virology section, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Tapanut Songkasupa
- Virology section, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Kanokwan Puangjinda
- Virology section, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Tapakorn Chamchoy
- Epidemiology section, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Orapun Arjkumpa
- The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Khon Kaen 40260, Thailand.
| | - Bandit Nuansrichay
- Virology section, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Smit Srisomrun
- Bovine Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.
| | - Phitcha Pongphitcha
- Bovine Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.
| | - Porntippa Lekcharoensuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bangkhen campus, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Pipat Arunvipas
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.
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16
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Sudhakar SB, Mishra N, Kalaiyarasu S, Ahirwar K, Chatterji S, Parihar O, Singh VP, Sanyal A. Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Infection in Free-Ranging Indian Gazelles (Gazella bennettii), Rajasthan, India. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1407-1410. [PMID: 37347787 PMCID: PMC10310394 DOI: 10.3201/eid2907.230043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Near a zoo in Bikaner, India, 2 free-ranging Indian gazelles (Gazella bennettii) displayed nodular skin lesions. Molecular testing revealed lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infection. Subsequent genome analyses revealed LSDV wild-type strain of Middle Eastern lineage. Evidence of natural LSDV infection in wild gazelles in this area indicates a broadening host range.
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17
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Pivova EY, Vlasov ME, Sevskikh TA, Povolyaeva OS, Zhivoderov SP. A Study of the Susceptibility of Laboratory Animals to the Lumpy Skin Disease Virus. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1489. [PMID: 37511863 PMCID: PMC10381359 DOI: 10.3390/life13071489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This article presents the results of a study on the susceptibility of laboratory animals to the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). Mice weighing 15-20 g, hamsters weighing 40-60 g, guinea pigs weighing 600-1200 g, and rabbits weighing 2.5-3 kg were used in this study. Nodules were observed on the skin of rabbits and hamsters at the sites of inoculation. The virus was isolated from the affected skin areas in cell culture and examined using real-time PCR, indicating its tropism for animal skin. The production of anticapripoxvirus antibodies was detected using the neutralization reaction, starting from 10 days after infection in mice, 27 days in rabbits, and 14 days in hamsters. Some laboratory animals exhibited multiple skin nodules. This indicates that these animal species may play a role in maintaining the epizootic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Yurievna Pivova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), 601125 Volginsky, Russia
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18
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Ren S, Chen H, Yuan L, Yang X, Afera TB, Rehman ZU, Wang H, Wang X, Ma C, Lin Y, Qiu X, Yin X, Sun Y. Phylogenetic and pathogenic characterization of lumpy skin disease virus circulating in China. Virology 2023; 585:127-138. [PMID: 37336054 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The genomic characterization of emerging pathogens is critical for unraveling their origin and tracking their dissemination. Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a rapidly emerging pathogen in Asia including China. Although the first Lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreak was reported in 2019, the origin, transmission, and evolutionary trajectory of LSDV in China have remained obscure. The viral genome of a circulating LSDV strain in China, abbreviated LSDV/FJ/CHA/2021, was sequenced using the next-generation sequencing technique. The morphology and cytoplasmic viral factory of these LSDV isolates were observed using transmission electron microscopy. Subsequently, the genomic characterization of this LSDV isolate was systematically analyzed for the first time using the bioinformatics software. The current study revealed that several mutations in the genome of LSDV isolates circulating in China were identified using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analysis, an instrument to evaluate for continuous adaptive evaluation of a virus. Furthermore, phylogenomic analysis was used to identify the lineage using the whole genome sequences of 44 LSDV isolates. The result revealed that the isolates from China were closely similar to that of the LSDV isolates from Vietnam, which are divided into a monophyletic lineage sub-group I. The SNPs and Simplot analysis indicate no significant occurrence of the recombinant event on the genome of LSDV isolates in China. Notably, the live virus challenge experiment demonstrated that the pathogenic characterization of this LSDV isolate belongs to a virulent strain. Collectively, we gain the first insight into the evolutionary trajectory, spatiotemporal transmission, and pathogenic characterization of circulating LSDV in China. This study provides a unique reference for risk assessment, guiding diagnostics, and prevention in epizootic and non-epizootic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanhui Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Haotai Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China.
| | - Lvfeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Xue Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Tadele Berihun Afera
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Zaib Ur Rehman
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
| | - Huibao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Xiangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Chunling Ma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Yuguang Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China; Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, PR China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Xiangping Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China
| | - Yuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730030, PR China.
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19
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Koltsov A, Sukher M, Kholod N, Namsrayn S, Tsybanov S, Koltsova G. Isolation and Characterization of Swinepox Virus from Outbreak in Russia. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1786. [PMID: 37889719 PMCID: PMC10252027 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Swinepox virus (SWPV) is the only member of the Suipoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family and is an etiologic agent of a worldwide disease specific for domestic and wild pigs. SWPV outbreaks are sporadically recorded in different regions of Russia. In 2013, an outbreak of the disease causing skin lesions was registered on a pig farm in Russia. The presence of SWPV in the scab samples was assessed by in-house real-time PCR, reference PCR amplification, and nucleotide sequencing of the viral late transcription factor-3 (VLTF-3) gene and was then confirmed by virus isolation. Thus, the in-house real-time PCR proposed in this study could serve as a useful tool for the rapid specific detection of the swinepox virus. In the study, it has been demonstrated for the first time that nasal and oral swabs can be used for PCR diagnosis of the disease and for swinepox virus isolation. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolated virus was closely related to SWPV isolates registered in Germany, USA, and Brazil, and slightly differed from the Indian isolates. During experimental infection of pigs, a low pathogenicity of the Russian isolate was observed. Our data provides the first report on the isolation and characterization of swinepox virus in Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Galina Koltsova
- Federal Research Centre for Virology and Microbiology, Academician Bakoulov Street 1, 601125 Volginsky, Vladimir Region, Russia; (A.K.); (M.S.); (N.K.); (S.N.); (S.T.)
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20
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Omoniwa DO, Meki IK, Kudi CA, Sackey AK, Aminu M, Adedeji AJ, Meseko CA, Luka PD, Asala OO, Adole JA, Atai RB, Atuman YJ, Settypalli TBK, Cattoli G, Lamien CE. Poxvirus Infections in Dairy Farms and Transhumance Cattle Herds in Nigeria. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051051. [PMID: 37243137 DOI: 10.3390/v15051051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy Skin disease (LSD) is an economically important disease in cattle caused by the LSD virus (LSDV) of the genus Capripoxvirus, while pseudocowpox (PCP) is a widely distributed zoonotic cattle disease caused by the PCP virus (PCPV) of the genus Parapoxvirus. Though both viral pox infections are reportedly present in Nigeria, similarities in their clinical presentation and limited access to laboratories often lead to misdiagnosis in the field. This study investigated suspected LSD outbreaks in organized and transhumance cattle herds in Nigeria in 2020. A total of 42 scab/skin biopsy samples were collected from 16 outbreaks of suspected LSD in five northern States of Nigeria. The samples were analyzed using a high-resolution multiplex melting (HRM) assay to differentiate poxviruses belonging to Orthopoxvirus, Capripoxvirus, and Parapoxvirus genera. LSDV was characterized using four gene segments, namely the RNA polymerase 30 kDa subunit (RPO30), G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), the extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) glycoprotein and CaPV homolog of the variola virus B22R. Likewise, the partial B2L gene of PCPV was also analyzed. Nineteen samples (45.2%) were positive according to the HRM assay for LSDV, and five (11.9%) were co-infected with LSDV and PCPV. The multiple sequence alignments of the GPCR, EEV, and B22R showed 100% similarity among the Nigerian LSDV samples, unlike the RPO30 phylogeny, which showed two clusters. Some of the Nigerian LSDVs clustered within LSDV SG II were with commonly circulating LSDV field isolates in Africa, the Middle East, and Europe, while the remaining Nigerian LSDVs produced a unique sub-group. The B2L sequences of Nigerian PCPVs were 100% identical and clustered within the PCPV group containing cattle/Reindeer isolates, close to PCPVs from Zambia and Botswana. The results show the diversity of Nigerian LSDV strains. This paper also reports the first documented co-infection of LSDV and PCPV in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Oludare Omoniwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Radiology, University of Jos, Jos 930001, Plateau State, Nigeria
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Irene Kasindi Meki
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Caleb Ayuba Kudi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Kojo Sackey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Maryam Aminu
- Department of Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Pam Dachung Luka
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | | | - Jolly Amoche Adole
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | | | - Yakubu Joel Atuman
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Tirumala Bharani Kumar Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
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21
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Wolff J, Beer M, Hoffmann B. Cross-Protection of an Inactivated and a Live-Attenuated Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Vaccine against Sheeppox Virus Infections in Sheep. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040763. [PMID: 37112675 PMCID: PMC10143431 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheeppox virus (SPPV) (genus Capripoxvirus, family Poxviridae) infections are a highly virulent and contagious disease of sheep with a high morbidity and mortality, especially in naïve populations and young animals. For the control of SPPV, homologous and heterologous live-attenuated vaccines are commercially available. In our study, we compared a commercially available live-attenuated lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) vaccine strain (Lumpyvax) with our recently developed inactivated LSDV vaccine candidate regarding their protective efficacy against SPPV in sheep. Both vaccines were proven to be safe in sheep, and neither clinical signs nor viremia could be detected after vaccination and challenge infection. However, the local replication of the challenge virus in the nasal mucosa of previously vaccinated animals was observed. Because of the advantages of an inactivated vaccine and its heterologous protection efficacy against SPPV in sheep, our inactivated LSDV vaccine candidate is a promising additional tool for the prevention and control of SPPV outbreaks in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janika Wolff
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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22
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The emergence of novel Iranian variants in sheeppox and goatpox viral envelope proteins with remarkably altered putative binding affinities with the host receptor. Virus Genes 2023; 59:437-448. [PMID: 36913064 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-01987-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of Sheep and goat pox (SGP) viral infections have increasingly been reported despite vaccinating the majority of sheep populations in Iran. The objective of this study was to predict the impacts of the SGP P32/envelope variations on the binding with host receptors as a candidate tool to assess this outbreak. The targeted gene was amplified in a total of 101 viral samples, and the PCR products were subjected to Sanger sequencing. The polymorphism and phylogenetic interactions of the identified variants were assessed. Molecular docking was performed between the identified P32 variants and the host receptor and the effects of these variants were evaluated. Eighteen variations were identified in the investigated P32 gene with variable silent and missense effects on the envelope protein. Five groups (G1-G5) of amino acid variations were identified. While there were no amino acid variations in the G1 (wild-type) viral protein, G2, G3, G4, and G5 proteins had seven, nine, twelve, and fourteen SNPs, respectively. Based on the observed amino acid substitutions, multiple distinct phylogenetic places were occupied from the identified viral groups. Dramatic alterations were identified between G2, G4, and G5 variants with their proteoglycan receptor, while the highest binding was revealed between goatpox G5 variant with the same receptor. It was suggested that the higher severity of goatpox viral infection originated from its higher affinity to bind with its cognate receptor. This firm binding may be explained by the observed higher severity of the SGP cases from which G5 samples were isolated.
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23
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Sareyyüpoğlu B, Uzar S, Saraç F, Enül H, Adıay C, Çokçalışkan C, Arslan A, Öztap G, Gülyaz V. Immune response against lumpy skin disease after simultaneous vaccination of cattle with sheep pox and goatpox and foot and mouth disease vaccines. Vet Microbiol 2023; 281:109726. [PMID: 37054661 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) and Lumpy skin disease (LSD) are contagious viral diseases that cause significant economic damage in the livestock industry of countries. Cattle are vaccinated two times a year with FMD and sheep pox and goat pox vaccines (SGP) within 30-day intervals to combat both diseases in Türkiye. However, vaccinations in different periods increase vaccination costs, labor, and distress on animals. Therefore, it was aimed to determine the effects of simultaneous vaccination of FMD and SGP vaccines on the immunity against LSD and FMD in cattle. For this purpose, animals were divided into 4 groups; SGP vaccinated group (Group 1, n = 10), FMD vaccinated group (Group 2, n = 10), FMD and SGP simultaneously vaccinated group (Group 3, n = 10), and the unvaccinated control group (Group 4, n = 6). Blood samples were collected and analyzed to detect the antibody response against the LSD via Capripoxvirus (CaPV) ELISA and FMD by Virus Neutralisation test (VNT) and Liquid Phase Blocking ELISA (LPBE). A live virus challenge study was performed to determine the immune response against LSD. The mean antibody titers were determined protective levels on 28 days post vaccination (DPV) against FMDV serotypes O and A, respectively. The logarithmic difference of skin lesions was calculated log10 titer > 2.5. LSD genome could not be detected in the blood, eyes, and nose swap samples of the challenged animals on the 15th day via PCR. In conclusion, adequate protective immune response was provided against LSD when the SGP and FMD vaccines were used simultaneously in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serdar Uzar
- Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Fahriye Saraç
- Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Hakan Enül
- Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Cumhur Adıay
- Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | | | | | - Gonca Öztap
- Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate Food and Control, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Veli Gülyaz
- Harran University Veterinary Faculty Department of Virology, Sanlıurfa, Turkiye
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24
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Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of pox infection among sheep and goats in selected districts of Afar region, Ethiopia. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12394. [PMID: 36590490 PMCID: PMC9801102 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sheep and goat pox virus infection is highly devastating viral disease of small ruminants that cause severe production losses in sheep and goats in Ethiopia and also limits international trade. A cross-sectional study was employed with the objective to estimate the seroprevalence of pox infection and to assess associated risk factors during the study period, February to April, 2020. A total of 384 serum samples were collected from apparently healthy sheep and goats. Serum neutralization test was used to detect the presence of antibodies against pox virus at national veterinary institute. Descriptive statistics, univariable and Multivariable logistic analyses were used in this study. Results The overall animal level seroprevalence of sheep and goat pox virus was found to be 15.36% (n = 59/384) and species level prevalence rate was found to be 14.5% (n = 16/110) in sheep and 15.69% (n = 43/274) in goats in the study areas. Among the associated factors considered in this study, sex (P = 0.010), age (P = 0.012) and herd size (P = 0.029) were found to be statistically associated with seropositivity of pox infection in multivariable logistic regression. The odds of seropositivity in female animals were 3.9 times more likely to develop pox infection than male animals (AOR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.203-4.015%) and the odds of young animals were 2.14 times more likely to be seropositive to pox infection than old aged animals (AOR = 2.14; 95% CI = 1.169-3.633%). Moreover, the odds of large-sized flocks of animals were 3.10 times more likely to be seropositive to pox disease than small-sized flocks (AOR = 3.10; 95% CI = 1.30-4.42%). Conclusion This study finding revealed that sheep and goat pox virus is prevalent and widespread diseases of small ruminant in afar region. Therefore, further study should be carried out to estimate region wise magnitude of the disease and control measures should be put in place to minimize the economic losses associated with this disease.
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25
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Chaix E, Boni M, Guillier L, Bertagnoli S, Mailles A, Collignon C, Kooh P, Ferraris O, Martin-Latil S, Manuguerra JC, Haddad N. Risk of Monkeypox virus (MPXV) transmission through the handling and consumption of food. MICROBIAL RISK ANALYSIS 2022; 22:100237. [PMID: 36320929 PMCID: PMC9595349 DOI: 10.1016/j.mran.2022.100237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox (MPX) is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by Monkeypox virus (MPXV), an enveloped DNA virus belonging to the Poxviridae family and the Orthopoxvirus genus. Since early May 2022, a growing number of human cases of Monkeypox have been reported in non-endemic countries, with no history of contact with animals imported from endemic and enzootic areas, or travel to an area where the virus usually circulated before May 2022. This qualitative risk assessment aimed to investigate the probability that MPXV transmission occurs through food during its handling and consumption. The risk assessment used "top-down" (based on epidemiological data) and "bottom-up" (following the agent through the food chain to assess the risk of foodborne transmission to human) approaches, which were combined. The "top-down" approach first concluded that bushmeat was the only food suspected as a source of contamination in recorded cases of MPXV, by contact or ingestion. The "bottom-up" approach then evaluated the chain of events required for a human to become ill after handling or consuming food. This approach involves several conditions: (i) the food must be contaminated with MPXV (naturally, by an infected handler or after contact with a contaminated surface); (ii) the food must contain viable virus when it reaches the handler or consumer; (iii) the person must be exposed to the virus and; (iv) the person must be infected after exposure. Throughout the risk assessment, some data gaps were identified and highlighted. The conclusions of the top-down and bottom-up approaches are consistent and suggest that the risk of transmission of MPXV through food is hypothetical and that such an occurrence was never reported. In case of contamination, cooking (e.g., 12 min at 70°C) could be considered effective in inactivating Poxviridae in foods. Recommendations for risk management are proposed. To our knowledge, this is the first risk assessment performed on foodborne transmission of MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Chaix
- Risk Assessment Department, ANSES, National Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Île-de-France, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mickaël Boni
- Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Laurent Guillier
- Risk Assessment Department, ANSES, National Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Île-de-France, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphane Bertagnoli
- École nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, Toulouse F-31076, France
| | - Alexandra Mailles
- Santé publique France, French national public health agency, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Catherine Collignon
- Risk Assessment Department, ANSES, National Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Île-de-France, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pauline Kooh
- Risk Assessment Department, ANSES, National Agency for Food Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Île-de-France, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Olivier Ferraris
- Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Sandra Martin-Latil
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, University of Paris-EST, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jean-Claude Manuguerra
- Environment and Infectious Risks Unit, Laboratory for Urgent Response to Biological Threats (CIBU), Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, France
| | - Nadia Haddad
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRAE, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France
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Khalafalla A. Lumpy Skin Disease: An Economically Significant Emerging Disease. Vet Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.108845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a severe viral disease of cattle caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a member of the Capripoxvirus genus of the poxviridae family. Fever and flat disk-like skin nodules on the skin characterize the disease. It can also lead to death and significant economic losses, especially in herds, that have never been exposed to the virus. Blood-feeding insects, such as specific types of flies, mosquitoes, and ticks, are thought to be the primary vectors of LSDV transmission. Most African and middle eastern countries have a high prevalence of lumpy skin disease. The disease extended to southeast Europe, the Balkans, and the Caucasus in 2015 and 2016 and is still spreading throughout Asia. The World Organization for Animal Health [WOAH] has designated LSD as a notifiable illness due to the likelihood of fast transmission. The rapid spread of disease in formerly disease-free areas emphasizes the need to know the disease epidemiology and the virus’s interaction with its host. This chapter aims to provide the latest developments in the etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control of LSD.
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Parvin R, Chowdhury EH, Islam MT, Begum JA, Nooruzzaman M, Globig A, Dietze K, Hoffmann B, Tuppurainen E. Clinical Epidemiology, Pathology, and Molecular Investigation of Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreaks in Bangladesh during 2020-2021 Indicate the Re-Emergence of an Old African Strain. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112529. [PMID: 36423138 PMCID: PMC9698944 DOI: 10.3390/v14112529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) emerged in Bangladesh in mid-2019, leading to great economic losses for cattle farmers. This study describes the recent occurrence of the LSDV in Bangladesh and examines the clinical manifestation of the disease in local cattle breeds, characteristic epidemiological features, and pathological findings in affected animals. In addition, a full-genome sequencing of two local LSDV isolates was carried out. A total of 565 animals from 88 households were investigated, and 165 samples (skin lesions, saliva, nasal discharge, feces, and milk) were collected for virus detection. Pathology and immunohistochemistry were performed on nodule biopsies. Fever, nodular skin lesions, and swelling of the joints were the most common clinical manifestations. Skin lesions had a higher concentration of viral DNA compared to other sample types and were therefore selected for virus isolation and characterization. Pathology of the LSD skin nodules comprised a granulomatous reaction in the dermis and hypodermis that extended to the surrounding tissues. Development of the skin lesions started with swelling of keratinocytes with cytoplasmic vacuolation, vasculitis, panniculitis, thrombosis, and infarction. Altogether, the LSDV produced transmural, hemorrhagic, necrotizing, proliferative and ulcerative dermatitis. The LSD viral antigen was detected occasionally in the macrophages, epithelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. The complete genome sequence analysis revealed that the two Bangladeshi field strains (BD-V392.1 and BD-V395.1) were distinct from the contemporary field strains and were closely related to the ancestral African Neethling strain. The findings of this study will improve the diagnosis, monitoring, and control of LSD in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokshana Parvin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2002, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (E.T.)
| | - Emdadul Haque Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2002, Bangladesh
| | - Md Taohidul Islam
- Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Jahan Ara Begum
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2002, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2002, Bangladesh
| | - Anja Globig
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Klaas Dietze
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Eeva Tuppurainen
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (E.T.)
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Keck H, Eschbaumer M, Beer M, Hoffmann B. Comparison of Biosafety and Diagnostic Utility of Biosample Collection Cards. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112392. [PMID: 36366491 PMCID: PMC9697902 DOI: 10.3390/v14112392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Six different biosample collection cards, often collectively referred to as FTA (Flinders Technology Associates) cards, were compared for their ability to inactivate viruses and stabilize viral nucleic acid for molecular testing. The cards were tested with bluetongue virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), small ruminant morbillivirus (peste des petits ruminants virus), and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), encompassing non-enveloped and enveloped representatives of viruses with double-stranded and single-stranded RNA genomes, as well as an enveloped DNA virus. The cards were loaded with virus-containing cell culture supernatant and tested after one day, one week, and one month. The inactivation of the RNA viruses was successful for the majority of the cards and filters. Most of them completely inactivated the viruses within one day or one week at the latest, but the inactivation of LSDV presented a greater challenge. Three of the six cards inactivated LSDV within one day, but the others did not achieve this even after an incubation period of 30 days. Differences between the cards were also evident in the stabilization of nucleic acid. The amount of detectable viral genome on the cards remained approximately constant for all viruses and cards over an incubation period of one month. With some cards, however, a bigger loss of detectable nucleic acid compared with a directly extracted sample was observed. Using FMDV, it was confirmed that the material applied to the cards was sufficiently conserved to allow detailed molecular characterization by sequencing. Furthermore, it was possible to successfully recover infectious FMDV by chemical transfection from some cards, confirming the preservation of full-length RNAs.
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Nesterov A, Mazloum A, Byadovskaya O, Shumilova I, Van Schalkwyk A, Krotova A, Kirpichenko V, Donnik I, Chvala I, Sprygin A. Experimentally controlled study indicates that the naturally occurring recombinant vaccine-like lumpy skin disease strain Udmurtiya/2019, detected during freezing winter in northern latitudes, is transmitted via indirect contact. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1001426. [PMID: 36337212 PMCID: PMC9632959 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1001426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) caused by LSD virus (LSDV), is a member of the poxvirus genus Capripoxvirus. It is classified as a notifiable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) based on its potential for rapid spread and global economic impact. Due to these characteristics, the mode of LSDV transmission has prompted intensive research efforts. Previous experimental studies using the virulent vaccine-derived recombinant LSDV strain Saratov/2017, demonstrated that this strain has the capacity for transmission in a vector-proof environment. This study demonstrated that a second novel recombinant vaccine-derived LSDV strain Udmurtiya/2019, can infect bulls in contact with diseased animals, in the absence of insect vectors. Bulls were housed in an insect proof animal biosafety level 3 facility, where half the animals were inoculated intravenously with the recombinant LSDV (Udmurtiya/2019), whilst the remaining five animals were mock-inoculated but kept in contact with the inoculated group. Both the infected / inoculated group (IN) and uninfected / incontact group (IC), were monitored for 41 days with continuous registration of body temperature, observations for clinical signs and collection of blood samples and nasal swabs for testing of LSDV presence using real-time PCR. Results indicated that cohabitation of animals from both groups was sufficient to transmit the virus from the IN to the IC-group, with the onset of clinical signs including pyrexia (~41°C) and classical LSD nodular skin lesions starting at 10 dpi for the IN group and 16 dpi for the IC-group. Additionally, the presence of LSDV genomes as well as anti-LSDV antibodies were detected in swabs, blood and serum samples from animals belonging to both groups. These results provides additional evidence of LSDV transmission in a controlled environment without direct contact between diseased and healthy animals, yet in the absence of vectors. Based on these observations, the question concerning a hypothetical relation between mutations in the virus genome and its mode of transmission gains more importance and requires additional investigations with direct comparisons between classical and novel recombinant LSDV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Mazloum
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | | | | | - Antoinette Van Schalkwyk
- Agricultural Research Council—Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Ilya Chvala
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
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Suwankitwat N, Songkasupa T, Boonpornprasert P, Sripipattanakul P, Theerawatanasirikul S, Deemagarn T, Suwannaboon M, Arjkumpa O, Buamithup N, Hongsawat A, Jindajang S, Nipaeng N, Aunpomma D, Molee L, Puangjinda K, Lohlamoh W, Nuansrichay B, Narawongsanont R, Arunvipas P, Lekcharoensuk P. Rapid Spread and Genetic Characterisation of a Recently Emerged Recombinant Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in Thailand. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100542. [PMID: 36288155 PMCID: PMC9609959 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically important disease of cattle caused by LSD virus (LSDV), a member of poxviruses. It had never been found in Thailand before March 2021, but has since spread broadly to various provinces. Regional veterinarians have collected samples from the LSD cattle and submitted them for diagnosis as a part of disease surveillance during the outbreaks. Our study aimed to monitor the distribution of the outbreaks by recording the LSD cases based on clinical signs and laboratory tests up to June 2022, and characterise the causative agent virologically and genetically. Outbreak maps were created to illustrate the rapid temporal distribution of the LSD index cases in each province of Thailand. We detected two distant origins of the outbreaks. LSDV DNA was confirmed in blood, milk, and skin samples collected from sick animals by real-time PCR. LSDV was proven to be the causative virus based on serological, virological, and pathological diagnoses. By genetic analysis, the Thai LSDV is a recombinant virus derived from a vaccine strain previously appearing in China and Vietnam. Its genetic material is a mosaic hybrid genome containing the vaccine virus DNA as the backbone interspersed with DNA fragments of a field strain. Abstract The emergence of the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) was first detected in north-eastern Thailand in March 2021. Since then, the abrupt increase of LSD cases was observed throughout the country as outbreaks have spread rapidly to 64 out of a total of 77 provinces within four months. Blood, milk, and nodular skin samples collected from affected animals have been diagnosed by real-time PCR targeting the p32 gene. LSDV was isolated by primary lamb testis (PLT) cells, followed by Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells, and confirmed by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA). Histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of a skin lesion showed inclusion bodies in keratinocytes and skin epithelial cells. Phylogenetic analyses of RPO30 and GPCR genes, and the whole genome revealed that Thai viruses were closely related to the vaccine-derived recombinant LSDV strains found previously in China and Vietnam. Recombination analysis confirmed that the Thai LSDV possesses a mosaic hybrid genome containing the vaccine virus DNA as the backbone and a field strain DNA as the minor donor. This is an inclusive report on the disease distributions, complete diagnoses, and genetic characterisation of LSDV during the first wave of LSD outbreaks in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutthakarn Suwankitwat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Sirin Theerawatanasirikul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Minta Suwannaboon
- Animal Health Section, The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Khon Kaen 40260, Thailand
| | - Orapun Arjkumpa
- Animal Health Section, The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Khon Kaen 40260, Thailand
| | | | | | - Sirima Jindajang
- Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nawakarn Nipaeng
- Veterinary Research and Development Center (Lower Northeastern Region), Department of Livestock Development, Surin 32000, Thailand
| | - Dilok Aunpomma
- Animal Health Section, The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Khon Kaen 40260, Thailand
| | - Lamul Molee
- Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Rawint Narawongsanont
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Pipat Arunvipas
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (P.L.); Tel.: +66-2-942-8436 (P.L.)
| | - Porntippa Lekcharoensuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (P.L.); Tel.: +66-2-942-8436 (P.L.)
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Oreiby A, Seada AS, Abou Elazab MF, Abdo W, Kassab M, Hegazy Y, Khalifa HO, Matsumoto T. Emergency Vaccination as a Control Strategy against Sheeppox Outbreak in a Highly Susceptible Population. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162084. [PMID: 36009674 PMCID: PMC9405467 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate a sheeppox outbreak in a highly susceptible naive sheep population in Kharsit village, Gharbia Governorate, Egypt. Moreover, to compare commercial sheeppox vaccines, the Romanian strain and RM-65 vaccines, as emergency vaccination against sheeppox under field conditions. In December 2018, a sheeppox outbreak occurred in a flock of 65 sheep upon the purchase of an apparently healthy ewe from outside the village. This ewe showed a systemic disease with cutaneous lesions after a few days, thereafter more cases began to appear. Cutaneous lesions in other sheep in the flock in the form of macules, papules, and scabs were common in wool-less areas of the body, in addition to fever and respiratory disorders. Postmortem findings revealed the congestion of visceral organs with apparent gross pathology of the lung. Biopsies of cutaneous lesions and visceral organs were collected, and sheeppox was identified by histopathology and transmission electron microscopy, which showed the existence of sheeppox cells and intracytoplasmic brick-shape sheeppox virions. The Romanian strain and RM-65 vaccines were used for the emergency vaccination for two different groups of animals and the third group was left as a control group. Serum samples were collected before vaccination as well as 21 days post-vaccination, and serum protein fractionation analysis was performed for all groups. The outbreak ended after 2.5 months, the cumulative incidence was 66.2%, and the overall case fatality was 51.1%. There was significantly higher protection against sheeppox infection and mortalities among RM-65 vaccine immunized group compared to Romanian strain vaccine-immunized animals at p < 0.05. RM-65-vaccinated animals did not show sheeppox cases or mortalities, compared to Romanian strain-vaccinated animals, which had mild pox signs in 78% of animals and case fatality of 35.7%. The serum protein analysis also indicated the superior performance of the RM-65 vaccine; it increased the level of α1-globulin and β-globulin compared to the Romanian strain, which increased the level of β-globulin only. The current study shows a better performance of the tested RM-65 than the Romanian strain vaccine for emergency vaccination against sheeppox under field conditions. These findings point to the validity of emergency vaccination against sheeppox and the importance of the comparative field evaluation of vaccines; however, wide-scale studies are required for further evaluation. Future investigation of whether the Romanian strain itself or vaccine-production-related issues are responsible for these findings is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atef Oreiby
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Ayman S. Seada
- Bacteriology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Tanta Branch, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F. Abou Elazab
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Walied Abdo
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Kassab
- Cytology and Histology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Yamen Hegazy
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Hazim O. Khalifa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita 286-0048, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashi Murayama, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.O.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Tetsuya Matsumoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita 286-0048, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.O.K.); (T.M.)
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Mathewos M, Dulo F, Tanga Z, Sombo M. Clinicopathological and molecular studies on cattle naturally infected with lumpy skin diseases in selected districts of Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:297. [PMID: 35922813 PMCID: PMC9347132 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03403-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lumpy skin disease is a contagious viral disease of cattle caused by LSDV that results in huge economic losses in the cattle industry. This study characterizes LSDV in cattle through clinicopathological and molecular techniques in selected districts of Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Methods A crossectional study was conducted from November 2020 to June 2021 using Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Histopathological techniques to confirm LSDV. Result This study revealed that the percentage of positivity of cattle for LSDV was 36.2%. Clinically, cattle infected with LSDV revealed fever (39–41 °C), nodular lesions on the skin and mucous membranes, and lymphadenopathy. Histopathologically, affected tissue revealed ballooning degenerations of the epidermis, infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells, vasculitis, and intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies. RT-PCR confirmed that DNA extracts from skin biopsies of virus isolates were positive for LSDV. Conclusion The present study confirms that LSDV is widely circulating in cattle of selected districts of the Wolaita zone. Thus, effective control measures through regular vaccination and further confirmation of circulating strains of LSDV through detailed molecular analysis should be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesfin Mathewos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia.
| | - Fistum Dulo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdneh Tanga
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Sombo
- National Animal Health Investigation and Diagnostic Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
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Li L, Qi C, Li J, Nan W, Wang Y, Chang X, Chi T, Gong M, Ha D, De J, Ma L, Wu X. Quantitative real-time PCR detection and analysis of a lumpy skin disease outbreak in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:936581. [PMID: 35958309 PMCID: PMC9362877 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.936581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a severe disease of bovine characterized by nodules on the skin, mucous membranes, and profuse nasal discharge which causes severe economic losses. In October 2020, an LSD outbreak case was found in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. A total of 1,206 cattle were sold from the same imported animal quarantine field to 36 farms after the quarantine period finished, and over 30 farmers reported symptoms such as skin scabs found in newly arrived cattle shortly after that. A large-scale LSD outbreak investigation was launched after laboratory diagnosis confirmed LSD. The clinical samples of 1,206 cattle from 36 farms, including 1,206 whole blood, 1,206 oral and nose swabs, and 355 scabs, were collected for the qRT-PCR test. The result showed that 51 whole blood samples (4.23%), 580 swab samples (48.09%), and 350 skin scabs (98.59%) were lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) positive, 33 of 36 farms were affected. This study aims to provide a basis for LSD epidemiological traceability, movement control, and measures for prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuanxiang Qi
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinming Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenlong Nan
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Xing Chang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Tianying Chi
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingxia Gong
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Da Ha
- Xilingol League Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jide De
- Xilingol League Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Lifeng Ma
- Inner Mongolia Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaodong Wu
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Flannery J, Shih B, Haga IR, Ashby M, Corla A, King S, Freimanis G, Polo N, Tse ACN, Brackman CJ, Chan J, Pun P, Ferguson AD, Law A, Lycett S, Batten C, Beard PM. A novel strain of lumpy skin disease virus causes clinical disease in cattle in Hong Kong. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e336-e343. [PMID: 34448540 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is an emerging poxviral pathogen of cattle that is currently spreading throughout Asia. The disease situation is of high importance for farmers and policy makers in Asia. In October 2020, feral cattle in Hong Kong developed multi-focal cutaneous nodules consistent with lumpy skin disease (LSD). Gross and histological pathology further supported the diagnosis and samples were sent to the OIE Reference Laboratory at The Pirbright Institute for confirmatory testing. LSDV was detected using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and additional molecular analyses. This is the first report of LSD in Hong Kong. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of the strain LSDV/Hong Kong/2020 and phylogenetic analysis were carried out in order to identify connections to previous outbreaks of LSD, and better understand the drivers of LSDV emergence. Analysis of the 90 core poxvirus genes revealed LSDV/Hong Kong/2020 was a novel strain most closely related to the live-attenuated Neethling vaccine strains of LSDV and more distantly related to wildtype LSDV isolates from Africa, the Middle East and Europe. Analysis of the more variable regions located towards the termini of the poxvirus genome revealed genes in LSDV/Hong Kong/2020 with different patterns of grouping when compared to previously published wildtype and vaccine strains of LSDV. This work reveals that the LSD outbreak in Hong Kong in 2020 was caused by a different strain of LSDV than the LSD epidemic in the Middle East and Europe in 2015-2018. The use of WGS is highly recommended when investigating LSDV disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Shih
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | | | | | | | - Simon King
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Noemi Polo
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Anne Ching-Nga Tse
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christopher J Brackman
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jason Chan
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Patrick Pun
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew D Ferguson
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.,CityU Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andy Law
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Samantha Lycett
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | | | - Philippa M Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, UK.,The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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High Efficiency of Low Dose Preparations of an Inactivated Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Vaccine Candidate. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071029. [PMID: 35891195 PMCID: PMC9319008 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Capripox virus-induced diseases are commonly described as the most serious poxvirus diseases of production animals, as they have a significant impact on national and global economies. Therefore, they are classified as notifiable diseases under the guidelines of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Controlling lumpy skin disease viral infections is based on early detection, slaughter of affected herds, and ring vaccinations. Until now, only live attenuated vaccines have been commercially available, which often induce adverse effects in vaccinated animals. Furthermore, their application leads to the loss of the “disease-free” status of the respective country. For these reasons, inactivated vaccines have increasingly generated interest. Since 2016, experimental studies have been published showing the high efficacy of inactivated capripox virus vaccines. In the present study, we examined the minimum protective dose of a BEI-inactivated LSDV-Serbia field strain adjuvanted with a low-molecular-weight copolymer adjuvant. Unexpectedly, even the lowest dose tested, with a virus titer of 104 CCID50 before inactivation, was able to provide complete clinical protection in all vaccinated cattle. Moreover, none of the vaccinated cattle showed viremia or viral shedding, indicating the high efficacy of the prototype vaccine even with a relatively low antigen amount.
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Tsai KJ, Tu YC, Wu CH, Huang CW, Ting LJ, Huang YL, Pan CH, Chang CY, Deng MC, Lee F. First detection and phylogenetic analysis of lumpy skin disease virus from Kinmen Island, Taiwan in 2020. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1093-1100. [PMID: 35691931 PMCID: PMC9412069 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease is an arthropod-borne bovine disease caused by lumpy skin disease
virus. A suspect lumpy skin disease case in a breeding cattle farm on Kinmen Island,
Taiwan was reported on July 8, 2020 and later confirmed the first occurrence of lumpy skin
disease in the country by molecular biological detections, electron microscopy, and
sequence comparison. Implementation of control measures including blanket vaccination on
the island effectively ceased the outbreaks. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the virus
discovered in the outbreaks was most similar to those identified in China in 2019.
Identifying this virus in the coastal areas in East Asia indicated the rapid eastward
spread of lumpy skin disease in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fan Lee
- Animal Health Research Institute
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Easy Express Extraction (Triple E)-A Universal, Electricity-Free Nucleic Acid Extraction System for the Lab and the Pen. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10051074. [PMID: 35630515 PMCID: PMC9144652 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10051074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the current nucleic acid isolation methods limits their use outside of the modern laboratory environment. Here, we describe a fast and affordable method (easy express extraction, called TripleE) as a centrifugation-free and electricity-free nucleic acid isolation method. The procedure is based on the well-established magnetic-bead extraction technology using an in-house self-made magnetic 8-channel and a rod cover. With this extraction system, nucleic acids can be isolated with two simple and universal protocols. One method was designed for the extraction of the nucleic acid in resource-limited “easy labs”, and the other method can be used for RNA/DNA extraction in the field for so-called molecular “pen-side tests”. In both scenarios, users can extract up to 8 samples in 6 to 10 min, without the need for any electricity, centrifuges or robotic systems. In order to evaluate and compare both methods, clinical samples from various viruses (African swine fever virus; lumpy skin disease virus; peste des petits ruminants virus; bluetongue virus), matrices and animals were tested and compared with standard magnetic-bead nucleic acid extraction technology based on the KingFisher platform. Hence, validation data were generated by evaluating two DNA viruses as well as one single-stranded and one double-stranded RNA virus. The results showed that the fast, easy, portable and electricity-free extraction protocols allowed rapid and reliable nucleic acid extraction for a variety of viruses and most likely also for other pathogens, without a substantial loss of sensitivity compared to standard procedures. The speed and simplicity of the methods make them ideally suited for molecular applications, both within and outside the laboratory, including limited-resource settings.
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Dao TD, Tran LH, Nguyen HD, Hoang TT, Nguyen GH, Tran KVD, Nguyen HX, Van Dong H, Bui AN, Bui VN. Characterization of Lumpy skin disease virus isolated from a giraffe in Vietnam. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3268-e3272. [PMID: 35502589 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
While investigating a giraffe death in a Vietnamese zoo, we successfully identified and isolated lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) from skin nodule biopsies and ruptured nodule wound swab samples. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolate obtained in this study was closely related to the previous Vietnamese and Chinese LSDV strains from cattle. This is the first report on the genome detection and isolation of LSDV in a diseased giraffe in Vietnam. Further study is needed to better understand the epidemiology of this disease in wildlife. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Duy Dao
- Virology Department in National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Long Hoang Tran
- Virology Department in National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hiep Dinh Nguyen
- Virology Department in National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Thi Hoang
- Virology Department in National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Giang Hoang Nguyen
- Virology Department in National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Kien Viet Dung Tran
- Bacteriology Department in National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huyen Xuan Nguyen
- Bacteriology Department in National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hieu Van Dong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy Town, Gia Lam District, Hanoi, 131000, Vietnam
| | - Anh Ngoc Bui
- Virology Department in National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vuong Nghia Bui
- Virology Department in National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Maw MT, Khin MM, Hadrill D, Meki IK, Settypalli TBK, Kyin MM, Myint WW, Thein WZ, Aye O, Palamara E, Win YT, Cattoli G, Lamien CE. First Report of Lumpy Skin Disease in Myanmar and Molecular Analysis of the Field Virus Isolates. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050897. [PMID: 35630342 PMCID: PMC9143258 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) causes lumpy skin disease in cattle and buffaloes, which is associated with significant animal production and economic losses. Since the 2000s, LSDV has spread from Africa to several countries in the Middle East; Europe; and Asia; including, more recently, several south-east Asian countries. In November 2020, Myanmar reported its first LSD outbreak. This study reports on the first incursion of LSD in Myanmar and the molecular analysis of the LSDV detected. Staff from the Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department (LBVD) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Irrigation collected samples from cattle with suspected LSD infection. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations’ Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) and the Joint International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)/FAO program’s Animal Health and Production laboratory provided LSDV diagnostic support to two regional veterinary diagnostic laboratories in Myanmar. Samples from 13 cattle tested positive by real-time PCR. Selected samples underwent sequence analysis in IAEA laboratories. The results show that the Myanmar LSDV sequences clustered with LSDV isolates from Bangladesh and India, LSDV Kenya, and LSDV NI-2490. Further characterization showed that the Myanmar LSDV is 100% identical to isolates from Bangladesh and India, implying a common source of introduction. These findings inform diagnosis and development of control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Thein Maw
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw 15015, Myanmar; (M.T.M.); (M.M.K.); (W.W.M.); (W.Z.T.); (O.A.); (Y.T.W.)
| | - Myint Myint Khin
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw 15015, Myanmar; (M.T.M.); (M.M.K.); (W.W.M.); (W.Z.T.); (O.A.); (Y.T.W.)
| | - David Hadrill
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Yangon 11011, Myanmar;
- Correspondence:
| | - Irene Kasindi Meki
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria; (I.K.M.); (T.B.K.S.); (G.C.); (C.E.L.)
| | - Tirumala Bharani Kumar Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria; (I.K.M.); (T.B.K.S.); (G.C.); (C.E.L.)
| | - Maung Maung Kyin
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Yangon 11011, Myanmar;
| | - Win Win Myint
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw 15015, Myanmar; (M.T.M.); (M.M.K.); (W.W.M.); (W.Z.T.); (O.A.); (Y.T.W.)
| | - Wai Zin Thein
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw 15015, Myanmar; (M.T.M.); (M.M.K.); (W.W.M.); (W.Z.T.); (O.A.); (Y.T.W.)
| | - Ohnmar Aye
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw 15015, Myanmar; (M.T.M.); (M.M.K.); (W.W.M.); (W.Z.T.); (O.A.); (Y.T.W.)
| | - Elisa Palamara
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 00153 Rome, Italy; (E.P.)
| | - Ye Tun Win
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw 15015, Myanmar; (M.T.M.); (M.M.K.); (W.W.M.); (W.Z.T.); (O.A.); (Y.T.W.)
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria; (I.K.M.); (T.B.K.S.); (G.C.); (C.E.L.)
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria; (I.K.M.); (T.B.K.S.); (G.C.); (C.E.L.)
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Development and Evaluation of a Combined Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) Live Vaccine. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020372. [PMID: 35215965 PMCID: PMC8880402 DOI: 10.3390/v14020372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm) is the causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP). Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease of cattle caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). LSD and CBPP are both transboundary diseases spreading in the same areas of Africa and Asia. A combination vaccine to control CBPP and LSD offers significant value to small-scale livestock keepers as a single administration. Access to a bivalent vaccine may improve vaccination rates for both pathogens. In the present study, we evaluated the LSDV/CBPP live combined vaccine by testing the generation of virus neutralizing antibodies, immunogenicity, and safety on target species. In-vitro assessment of the Mycoplasma effect on LSDV growth in cell culture was evaluated by infectious virus titration and qPCR during 3 serial passages, whereas in-vivo interference was assessed through the antibody response to vaccination. This combined Mmm/LSDV vaccine could be used to protect cattle against both diseases with a single vaccination in the endemic countries. There were no adverse reactions detected in this study and inoculated cattle produced high levels of specific antibodies starting from day 7 post-vaccination, suggesting that this combination vaccine is both safe and effective.
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Uzar S, Sarac F, Gulyaz V, Enul H, Yılmaz H, Turan N. Comparison and efficacy of two different sheep pox vaccines prepared from the Bakırköy strain against lumpy skin disease in cattle. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2022; 11:1-11. [PMID: 35223661 PMCID: PMC8844671 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2022.11.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Materials and Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Uzar
- Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fahriye Sarac
- Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Veli Gulyaz
- Harran University, Veterinary Faculty, Sanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Hakan Enul
- Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Yılmaz
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuri Turan
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
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Boshra H, Teffera M, Cao J, Babiuk S. Cloning Strategies for the Generation of Recombinant Capripoxvirus Through the Use of Screening and Selection Markers. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2465:195-207. [PMID: 35118623 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2168-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability to manipulate capripoxvirus through gene knockouts and gene insertions has become an increasingly valuable research tool in elucidating the function of individual genes of capripoxvirus, as well as in the development of capripoxvirus-based recombinant vaccines. The homologous recombination technique is commonly used to generate capripoxvirus knockout viruses (KO), and is based on the targeting of a particular viral gene of interest. This technique can also be used to insert a gene of interest. A protocol for the generation of a viral gene knockout is described. This technique involves the use of a plasmid which encodes the flanking sequences of the regions where the homologous recombination will occur, and will result in the insertion of an EGFP reporter gene for visualization of recombinant virus, as well as the E. coli gpt gene as a positive selection marker. If an additional gene is to be incorporated, this can be achieved by inserting a gene of interest for expression under a poxvirus promoter into the plasmid between the flanking regions for insertion. This chapter describes a protocol for generating such recombinant capripoxviruses. An alternative step for the removal of both the EGFP and gpt cassettes and an optional selection step using CRISPR technology are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Boshra
- Department of Pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Mahder Teffera
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jinxing Cao
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Sihvonen LH, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, De Clercq K, Gubbins S, Klement E, Stegeman JA, Antoniou S, Aznar I, Broglia A, Van der Stede Y, Zancanaro G, Roberts HC. Assessment of the control measures for category A diseases of Animal Health Law: Lumpy Skin Disease. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07121. [PMID: 35106095 PMCID: PMC8784982 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
EFSA received a mandate from the EC to assess the effectiveness of some of the control measures against diseases included in the Category A list according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases ('Animal Health Law'). This opinion belongs to a series of opinions where these control measures are assessed, with this opinion covering the assessment of control measures for Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD). In this opinion, EFSA and the AHAW Panel of experts review the effectiveness of: i) clinical and laboratory sampling procedures, ii) monitoring period and iii) the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zones, and the minimum length of time that measures should be applied in these zones. The general methodology used for this series of opinions has been published elsewhere; nonetheless, the transmission kernels used for the assessment of the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zones are shown. Several scenarios for which these control measures had to be assessed were designed and agreed prior to the start of the assessment. The monitoring period was assessed as effective, and based on the transmission kernels available, it was concluded that the protection zone of 20 km radius and the surveillance zone of 50 km radius would comprise > 99% of the transmission from an affected establishment if transmission occurred. Recommendations provided for each of the assessed scenarios aim to support the European Commission in the drafting of further pieces of legislation, as well as for plausible ad hoc requests in relation to LSD.
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Characterization of a Nigerian Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Isolate after Experimental Infection of Cattle. Pathogens 2021; 11:pathogens11010016. [PMID: 35055963 PMCID: PMC8780012 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), together with sheeppox virus and goatpox virus, belong to the genus Capripoxvirus within the family Poxviridae. Collectively, they are considered the most serious poxvirus diseases of agricultural livestock. Due to their severe clinical course and consequent loss of production, as well as high mortality of naïve small and large ruminant populations, they are known to have a significant impact on the economy and global trade restrictions of affected countries. Therefore, all capripox diseases are classified as notifiable under the guidelines of the World Organization of Animal Health (OIE). Since the 1970s, several outbreaks of LSD have been recorded in Nigeria. Until now, only a little information on the virus strains leading to the reported outbreaks have been published, dealing mainly with the phylogenetic relationship of those strains and the description of field outbreaks. During the present study, we experimentally infected cattle with a low-passage Nigerian LSDV strain isolated from a skin sample of LSD positive cattle in Nigeria in 2018. Clinical, molecular and serological data indicate that this LSDV isolate is highly pathogenic in cattle since it induced a severe clinical course and approximately 33% mortality in naïve Holstein Friesian cattle after experimental infection.
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Zewdie G, Derese G, Getachew B, Belay H, Akalu M. Review of sheep and goat pox disease: current updates on epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and control measures in Ethiopia. ANIMAL DISEASES 2021; 1:28. [PMID: 34806086 PMCID: PMC8591591 DOI: 10.1186/s44149-021-00028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheep pox, goat pox, and lumpy skin diseases are economically significant and contagious viral diseases of sheep, goats and cattle, respectively, caused by the genus Capripoxvirus (CaPV) of the family Poxviridae. Currently, CaPV infection of small ruminants (sheep and goats) has been distributed widely and are prevalent in Central Africa, the Middle East, Europe and Asia. This disease poses challenges to food production and distribution, affecting rural livelihoods in most African countries, including Ethiopia. Transmission occurs mainly by direct or indirect contact with infected animals. They cause high morbidity (75-100% in endemic areas) and mortality (10-85%). Additionally, the mortality rate can approach 100% in susceptible animals. Diagnosis largely relies on clinical symptoms, confirmed by laboratory testing using real-time PCR, electron microscopy, virus isolation, serology and histology. Control and eradication of sheep pox virus (SPPV), goat pox virus (GTPV), and lumpy skin disease (LSDV) depend on timely recognition of disease eruption, vector control, and movement restriction. To date, attenuated vaccines originating from KSGPV O-180 strains are effective and widely used in Ethiopia to control CaPV throughout the country. This vaccine strain is clinically safe to control CaPV in small ruminants but not in cattle which may be associated with insufficient vaccination coverage and the production of low-quality vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girma Zewdie
- National Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Getaw Derese
- National Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | | | - Hassen Belay
- Africa Union Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Center (AU-PANVAC), P. O. Box: 1746, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Mirtneh Akalu
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Gunture, AP 522502 India
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Agianniotaki EI, Chaintoutis SC, Haegeman A, De Clercq K, Chondrokouki E, Dovas CI. A TaqMan probe-based multiplex real-time PCR method for the specific detection of wild type lumpy skin disease virus with beta-actin as internal amplification control. Mol Cell Probes 2021; 60:101778. [PMID: 34774743 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2021.101778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a transboundary disease of economic importance affecting cattle and buffaloes. In South-Eastern Europe, immunization of cattle with homologous live attenuated vaccines for LSD control has prevented outbreaks since 2017, but has been associated with adverse reactions resembling disease symptoms. Thus, a diagnostic method suitable for disease surveillance in farms during vaccination campaigns with Neethling (Onderstepoort) and SIS type (Lumpyvax) live attenuated LSDV vaccines in Europe should be able to detect the wild type (WT) LSDV in animals with adverse reactions to the vaccines and samples with potentially high titers of the vaccine LSDV. To this end, a real-time PCR method targeting the EEV gene of LSDV was developed for the specific detection of WT strains, along with the use of beta-actin gene as an internal amplification control (IAC). Amplification efficiency of the WT virus target was 99.0% and 98.6%, in the presence and in the absence of high loads of vaccine LSDV, respectively. In the presence of 105.6 vaccine LSDV DNA copies, the limit of detection for WT LSDV was 12.6 DNA copies per reaction. The inter-assay CV was 0.04% for WT LSDV and 0.13% for beta-actin. The method can confirm diagnosis in suspect cases irrespective of the presence of the vaccine LSDV DNA by overcoming the masking effect of the WT LSDV. The simultaneous amplification of the beta-actin gene further assures the quality of diagnostic testing. The new method is a surveillance tool, complementing the DIVA real-time PCR during vaccination campaigns and can provide rapid insight on the targeted EEV gene in countries with novel and recombinant LSDV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini I Agianniotaki
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; National Reference Laboratory for Capripoxviruses, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Directorate of Athens Veterinary Center, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Serafeim C Chaintoutis
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andy Haegeman
- Exotic Viruses and Particular Diseases Unit, Sciensano, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Exotic Viruses and Particular Diseases Unit, Sciensano, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Eleni Chondrokouki
- National Reference Laboratory for Capripoxviruses, Department of Molecular Diagnostics, FMD, Virological, Rickettsial & Exotic Diseases, Directorate of Athens Veterinary Center, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Chrysostomos I Dovas
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Investigation of an outbreak of sheeppox among native sheep breeds in the Western Himalayas of India. Vet Res Commun 2021; 46:101-107. [PMID: 34585340 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09833-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of sheeppox was investigated in a cluster of villages situated in Western Himalayan ranges of a Northern Indian state. Non-migratory sheep (n = 80) of native breeds namely Gaddi and Rampur Bushair were infected and 15 have died. The outbreak started after a few animals contracted the disease during the summer grazing period at the highland pastures from migrating flocks of sheep. This initial outbreak resulted in a further spreading of the disease into the valley. Clinical examination revealed varying degree of cutaneous papular lesions and respiratory distress. Upon necropsy, visceral lesions in the lungs, trachea and kidneys were also found. Clinical and morbid samples were found positive for sheeppox virus using group specific P32 gene and I3L gene based multiplex PCR differentiating sheeppox and goatpox viruses. Histopathological, hematological and blood biochemical analysis also supported the pathology of an acute viral infection. The causative sheeppox virus strain was isolated using lamb testicular cell culture and phylogenetic analysis, based upon P32 and RPO30 genes, showed its clustering with other Indian strains reported from neighboring states. This study demonstrated the spread of sheeppox virus to new niches by migratory sheep flocks leading to establishment of endemic infections in many new pockets of higher Western Himalayas.
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Wang H, Kong Y, Mei L, Lv J, Wu S, Lin X, Han X. Multiplex Real-Time PCR Method for Simultaneous Detection and Differentiation of Goat pox Virus, Sheeppox Virus, and Lumpy Skin Disease Virus. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:1389-1393. [PMID: 33769495 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diseases caused by the Capripoxvirus species have very similar symptoms and are difficult to distinguish clinically. According to a recent report, Capripoxvirus are not strictly host specific. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify the viruses from ovine (include sheep and goat) or bovine, which will assist in selecting the appropriate vaccine and correct measures to control diseases. METHOD Universal primers for all Capripoxvirus and specific probes for lumpy skin disease virus, sheeppox virus, and goatpox virus were designed and analyzed to identify the viruses from ovine (including sheep and goats) or bovine species. The parameters of the system, such as the annealing temperatures and the quantities of primers and probes used, were optimized. The sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility were tested. RESULTS Each probe showed a specific fluorescent signal, with no cross reaction with other pathogens that cause symptoms similar to those of the poxviruses. The LOD was 102 copies of the target genome DNA. The 557 local clinical samples and samples from Ethiopia were successfully detected and the results were consistent with a restriction fragment length polymorphism PCR analysis of the P32 and RPO30 genes and gene sequencing. CONCLUSIONS This optimized real-time PCR detection system has good diagnostic sensitivity and specificity and can be used for the rapid and effective differential diagnosis of these diseases in goats, sheep, and cattle. HIGHLIGHTS It is a rapid detection method to distinguish the viruses from ovine (include sheep and goat) or bovine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Wang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, The Institute of Animal Quarantine, 11 Ronghuananlu Street, Yizhuang Economic and Technological Development Zone, Daxing District, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yufang Kong
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, The Institute of Animal Quarantine, 11 Ronghuananlu Street, Yizhuang Economic and Technological Development Zone, Daxing District, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Lin Mei
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, The Institute of Animal Quarantine, 11 Ronghuananlu Street, Yizhuang Economic and Technological Development Zone, Daxing District, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Jizhou Lv
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, The Institute of Animal Quarantine, 11 Ronghuananlu Street, Yizhuang Economic and Technological Development Zone, Daxing District, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Shaoqiang Wu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, The Institute of Animal Quarantine, 11 Ronghuananlu Street, Yizhuang Economic and Technological Development Zone, Daxing District, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Xiangmei Lin
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, The Institute of Animal Quarantine, 11 Ronghuananlu Street, Yizhuang Economic and Technological Development Zone, Daxing District, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Xueqing Han
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, The Institute of Animal Quarantine, 11 Ronghuananlu Street, Yizhuang Economic and Technological Development Zone, Daxing District, Beijing 100176, China
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Adedeji AJ, Ijoma SI, Atai RB, Dogonyaro BB, Adole JA, Maurice NA, Osemeke OH, Waziri IA, Atuman YJ, Lyons NA, Stevens KB, Beard PM, Limon G. Household and animal factors associated with sheeppox and goatpox sero-prevalence and identification of high-risk areas in selected States of northern Nigeria. Prev Vet Med 2021; 196:105473. [PMID: 34479042 PMCID: PMC8573585 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Sheeppox and goatpox (SGP) are transboundary, highly contagious diseases affecting sheep and goats with characteristic clinical signs. SGP affect populations of small ruminants in Africa, Asia and the Middle East and, as a result, threaten farmers’ livelihoods. Despite their importance, studies looking at factors that increase the risk of sheeppox-virus (SPPV) and goatpox-virus (GTPV) exposure and infection are limited. A cross-sectional study was conducted in three states of Northern Nigeria (Bauchi, Kaduna and Plateau) to determine the sero-prevalence and spatial patterns of SGP, and identify risk factors for SPPV/GTPV exposure at animal and household level. Sera samples were collected from 1,800 small ruminants from 300 households. Data on putative risk factors were collected using a standardised questionnaire. Twenty-nine small ruminants were sero-positive to SGP - apparent weighted sero-prevalence 2.0 %; 95 % C.I. 1.1–.3.0 %. Sero-positive animals came from 19 (6.3 %) households. Analysis of the questionnaire showed that a fifth (20.3 %) of farmers claimed to have experienced SGP outbreaks previously in their flocks, with 33 (1.8 %) of the individual animals sampled in this study reported to have had clinical signs. At animal level, the odds of being sero-positive were higher in older animals (>24months; OR = 8.0, p = 0.008 vs ≤24 months) and small ruminants with a history of clinical SGP (OR = 16.9, p = 0.01). Bringing new small ruminants into the household and having a history of SGP in the flock were the main factors identified at household level. Households were less likely to be sero-positive if the time between bringing animals into the household and sampling was over a year (PR = 0.31, p = 0.05), while households with a history of SGP were more likely to be sero-positive regardless of the timeframe. Important spatial heterogeneity was found. The Bayes smooth rate ranged from 0.06 to 4.10 % across local government areas (LGA), with LGA in the north-east or north-west of the study area identified as hot-spots for SGP exposure. Results from this study shed new light on the understanding of SGP epidemiology and provide key inputs to design risk-based surveillance and intervention programmes in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jolly A Adole
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicholas A Lyons
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK; European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Philippa M Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK; The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Midlothian, UK
| | - Georgina Limon
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK; The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK.
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Modise BM, Settypalli TBK, Kgotlele T, Xue D, Ntesang K, Kumile K, Naletoski I, Nyange JF, Thanda C, Macheng KN, Marobela-Raborokgwe C, Viljoen GJ, Cattoli G, Lamien CE. First molecular characterization of poxviruses in cattle, sheep, and goats in Botswana. Virol J 2021; 18:167. [PMID: 34391449 PMCID: PMC8364013 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01634-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poxviruses within the Capripoxvirus, Orthopoxvirus, and Parapoxvirus genera can infect livestock, with the two former having zoonotic importance. In addition, they induce similar clinical symptoms in common host species, creating a challenge for diagnosis. Although endemic in the country, poxvirus infections of small ruminants and cattle have received little attention in Botswana, with no prior use of molecular tools to diagnose and characterize the pathogens. Methods A high-resolution melting (HRM) assay was used to detect and differentiate poxviruses in skin biopsy and skin scab samples from four cattle, one sheep, and one goat. Molecular characterization of capripoxviruses and parapoxviruses was undertaken by sequence analysis of RPO30 and GPCR genes. Results The HRM assay revealed lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in three cattle samples, pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) in one cattle sample, and orf virus (ORFV) in one goat and one sheep sample. The phylogenetic analyses, based on the RPO30 and GPCR multiple sequence alignments showed that the LSDV sequences of Botswana were similar to common LSDV field isolates encountered in Africa, Asia, and Europe. The Botswana PCPV presented unique features and clustered between camel and cattle PCPV isolates. The Botswana ORFV sequence isolated from goat differed from the ORFV sequence isolated from sheep. Conclusions This study is the first report on the genetic characterization of poxvirus diseases circulating in cattle, goats, and sheep in Botswana. It shows the importance of molecular methods to differentially diagnose poxvirus diseases of ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tirumala Bharani Kumar Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Section, Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tebogo Kgotlele
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory, Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Dingrong Xue
- Animal Production and Health Section, Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria.,Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, China
| | | | - Kago Kumile
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory, Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Ivancho Naletoski
- Animal Production and Health Section, Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Carter Thanda
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory, Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | | | - Gerrit Johannes Viljoen
- Animal Production and Health Section, Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Section, Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Section, Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
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